#trade deficit of india

[empire-diaries]

India's $725 Billion Drain: Unveiling the Shocking Truth Behind Economic Meltdown | Empire Diaries

[curiousfactz]

India's Trade Deficit: Impact, Surplus, and Free Trade Agreements 2023-24

Hello everyone, India's trade deficit is the important point for India's international relations and it becomes also important for upsc exam point of view. Hope you enjoy it ☺️.

Context: India recorded a trade deficit with 9 out of its top 10 trading partners in 2023-24. More in News: Trade Surplus: The U.S. is the only top trading partner with which India has a trade surplus of $36.74 billioni. Other countries: India also has a trade surplus with Belgium, Maly, France, and Bangladesh. Bilateral Trade with China: Increased to $118.28 billion in 2023-24, with China…

[attud-com]

Upcoming Economic Data Releases for the Week of March 13: India, US, UK, Eurozone, and China

Upcoming Economic Data Releases for the Week of March 13: #India, US, UK, #Eurozone, and #China #NSEIndia #Nifty50 #BankNifty #OptionTrading #DuttaViews

Upcoming Key Economic Data Releases for the Week Beginning March 13, 2023 March 13: India CPI Feb March 14: India WPI inflation Feb India exports, imports, and trade deficit Feb India passenger vehicle sales Feb UK unemployment rate Jan US CPI Feb March 15: Eurozone industrial production MoM Jan US PPI and Core PPI Feb US retail sales Feb March 16: European Central Bank (ECB)…

[zvaigzdelasas]

With a history of short-term governments in Nepal’s 15 years of democratic progression, the current reconfiguration is no surprise, and it will be no surprise if the Maoists get back again with the Nepali Congress in months and years to come.

Power sharing, political discontent, ideological differences, underperformance, and pressure to restore Nepal to a Hindu state – a long list of reasons reportedly forced the Maoists to sever ties with the Nepali Congress. While the Nepali Congress expected the Maoist leader and current prime minister, Pushpa Kamal Dahal (also known by his nom de guerre, Prachanda) to leave the alliance, it did not expect an overnight turnaround. [...]

Dahal reportedly conveyed to the Nepali Congress chair, former Prime Minister Sher Bahadur Deuba, that external pressure forced him to join hands with CPN-UML and form a new government.

If this assertion is true, China emerges as a plausible factor, given its historical inclination toward forging alliances with leftist parties in Nepal. This notion gains credence in light of China’s past efforts, such as its unsuccessful attempt in 2020 to mediate the conflict between Oli and Dahal.

On the other hand, India has enjoyed a comfortable working relationship with the Nepali Congress and the Maoists. Although Maoists were a challenging party for New Delhi to get along with when Dahal first gained the prime minister’s seat in 2008, the two have come a long way in working together. However, the CPN-UML has advocated closer ties with the northern neighbor China; Beijing suits both their ideological requirements and their ultra-nationalistic outlook – which is primarily anti-India. [...]

India faces challenges in aligning with the Left Alliance for two key reasons. First, the energy trade between Nepal and India has grown crucial over the past couple of years. However, India strictly purchases power generated through its own investments in Nepal, refusing any power produced with Chinese involvement. With the CPN-UML now in government, Nepal may seek alterations in this arrangement despite the benefits of power trade in reducing its trade deficit with India.

Second, India stands to lose the smooth cooperation it enjoyed with the recently dissolved Maoist-Congress coalition. During the dissolved government, the Nepali Congress held the Foreign Ministry, fostering a favorable equation for India. Just last month, Foreign Minister N.P. Saud visited India for the 9th Raisina Dialogue, engaging with top Indian officials, including his counterpart, S. Jaishankar.

As concerns arise for India regarding the Left Alliance, there is also potential for shifts in the partnership between Nepal and the United States, a significant development ally. Particularly, there may be a slowdown in the implementation of the Millennium Challenge Corporation (MCC) projects. Despite facing domestic and Chinese opposition, the Nepali Parliament finally approved a $500 million MCC grant from the United States in 2022, following a five-year delay.

China perceives the MCC as a component of the U.S.-led Indo-Pacific strategy, countering its BRI. Hence Beijing aims to increase Chinese loans and subsidies to Nepal to enhance its influence.

To conclude, the re-emergence of Nepal’s Left Alliance signals a shift in power dynamics, impacting domestic politics and regional geopolitics. With China’s influence growing, Nepal’s foreign policy may tilt further toward Beijing, challenging India’s interests. This shift poses challenges for India, particularly in trade and diplomatic relations, while also affecting Nepal’s partnerships with other key players like the United States.

[[The Author,] Dr. Rishi Gupta is the assistant director of the Asia Society Policy Institute, Delhi]

6 Mar 24

[thelostdreamsthings]

"Putin is isolated."

BRICS, 50% of the World population is telling a big "fuck off" to the arrogant, declining and decadent G7 amounting to 10% of the World's population.

🇺🇳🇷🇺 UN Secretary General Guterres respectfully bows and shakes the hand of Putin in Russia’s Kazan at the BRICS summit.

A lot of people start crying and scream hysterically when they see this picture, for some reason.

[BRICS Currency Looms Large: Could This Be the Beginning of the End for U.S. Dollar Dominance?

For decades, the U.S. dollar has been weaponized as a tool of global dominance, wielded by the American empire to enforce its geopolitical will.

Through sanctions, coercive financial practices, and the threat of exclusion from the dollar-based system, the U.S. has effectively terrorized nations across the world.

The pretense of a “free market” economy has long been shattered by Washington's aggressive use of the dollar as a weapon to cripple economies, isolate adversaries, and exert control over global trade.

But the world is growing tired—sick and tired—of this financial tyranny. And now, with the rise of BRICS, we may be witnessing the beginning of the end for U.S. dollar supremacy.

BRICS—Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa—represent a bloc of nations that together account for nearly half of the global population and a significant chunk of the world’s GDP.

For years, these nations have been quietly collaborating to counterbalance the West's stranglehold over international finance, and now, they are inching closer to launching their own currency.

The creation of a BRICS currency signals an outright challenge to the dollar-dominated global economy, and it is nothing short of a revolt against American financial imperialism.

Why is this happening? The answer is simple: countries are fed up with being bullied. The U.S. has used its currency like a sledgehammer, smashing nations that dare to defy its hegemony.

Whether through sanctions on Iran, Venezuela, or Russia, or by financially suffocating smaller nations into submission, the dollar has become a tool of coercion rather than commerce.

Nations who once played by the rules of the so-called “global order” have found themselves punished, their economies crippled, and their people starved—merely for refusing to kowtow to Washington's dictates.

But BRICS is offering an alternative. The creation of a BRICS currency, backed by the economic strength of its member nations, offers the world a way out of the suffocating grip of the dollar.

This is not just about financial autonomy—it’s about reclaiming sovereignty, independence, and the right to conduct trade without the constant threat of U.S. interference.

Russia and China have been leading the charge in this effort, driven in part by the U.S. sanctions imposed on Moscow following the Ukraine conflict and the ongoing trade war with Beijing.

Both countries have moved aggressively to reduce their reliance on the U.S. dollar, increasing trade with each other and with other BRICS members in their local currencies.

They are laying the groundwork for a currency that could be based on a basket of commodities, potentially gold-backed, further weakening the grip of the U.S. dollar on the global market.

The U.S. has long prided itself on its role as the issuer of the world’s reserve currency, but this dominance was never guaranteed to last forever.

The BRICS currency threatens to dismantle the global financial architecture that has allowed the U.S. to live far beyond its means.

For decades, the U.S. has run massive deficits, printing money at will, secure in the knowledge that the world would continue to rely on the dollar.

But as BRICS nations move to establish their own currency, that privilege could evaporate overnight.

The implications for the U.S. are dire. If the dollar loses its status as the world’s reserve currency, the U.S. economy could face a severe reckoning.

The artificial demand for dollars that has kept interest rates low and allowed the U.S. to run massive debt could vanish, leading to inflation, higher borrowing costs, and potentially a fiscal crisis.

The American empire, propped up for so long by its control of global finance, could find itself in rapid decline.

For the rest of the world, however, the rise of a BRICS currency represents hope—a chance to escape the iron grip of U.S. financial imperialism. No longer will countries have to fear the punitive measures of the U.S. Treasury.

No longer will they have to worry about being cut off from the global financial system for standing up to American bullying.

The creation of a new currency could usher in a multipolar world, where nations are free to trade without being subject to the whims of a single superpower.

Of course, the U.S. will not go quietly. Washington will likely pull out all the stops to crush the BRICS currency before it can gain traction. The playbook will be the same: propaganda, financial sabotage, and even the threat of military intervention.

But this time, the world may not be so easily intimidated. The BRICS nations, backed by their vast resources and burgeoning economies, are prepared to stand their ground.

In the end, the creation of a BRICS currency is not just an economic development—it’s a revolutionary act. It’s a declaration that the age of American financial dominance is coming to an end, and that a new world is on the horizon.

The U.S. dollar, once seen as the bedrock of global stability, has become a symbol of oppression, and the world is ready to move on.

The question now is not whether the U.S. dollar will fall, but when. And as BRICS moves closer to launching its own currency, that day may be sooner than anyone expects.

The empire, long propped up by its financial manipulation, is facing a reckoning—one that could change the course of history.]

IMF Growth Forecast: 2024

🇮🇳India: 7.0% (BRICS)

🇨🇳China: 4.8% (BRICS)

🇷🇺Russia: 3.6% (BRICS)

🇧🇷Brazil: 3.0% (BRICS)

🇺🇸US: 2.8% (G7)

🇸🇦KSA: 1.5% (invited to BRICS)

🇨🇦Canada: 1.3% (G7)

🇿🇦RSA: 1.1% (BRICS)

🇬🇧UK: 1.1% (G7)

🇫🇷France: 1.1% (G7)

🇮🇹Italy: 0.7% (G7)

🇯🇵Japan: 0.3% (G7)

🇩🇪Germany: 0.0% (G7)

‼️ 159 out of 193 countries have signed up to use the new BRICS settlement system.

US and European Union will no longer be able to use economic sanctions as a weapon.

This system allows countries to settle trades and payments in their own currencies, reducing reliance on the U.S. dollar, which has long been the dominant global currency.

[zerogate]

What was almost more remarkable than Paul’s journeys was the breathtaking rise in infrastructure and transport that enabled him to make them: in other words, the roads, grain ships, seaways and highways of the Roman Empire. Read the accounts of Paul’s travels one way, and they are a chronicle of awesome faith; read them another, and they are a chronicle of the even more awesome efficiency of Roman transport networks.

Paul might be famous for those 10,000 miles but, as the historian Wayne Meeks has pointed out, that distance is puny in comparison to the distances that others travelled in this period: the gravestone of a merchant found in Phrygia, in modern Turkey, records that he had travelled seventy-two times to Rome – a trip that is perhaps 2,000 km in either direction.

This is not to say that travel was wholly safe: it wasn’t. People consulted interpreters of dreams about travel anxieties almost more than anything else, and not without cause: as the parable of the Good Samaritan clearly shows, being beaten up and left for dead while on the road was a well-known hazard. But, nonetheless, in this period travel was being revolutionized. Within the empire, Meeks writes, people ‘travelled more extensively and more easily than had anyone before them – or would again until the nineteenth century.’

[...]

Whether or not most Romans paused to think much about it, the scale of the trade that travelled through their empire by land and by sea was staggering. Archaeologists, who have used the number of shipwrecks found at the bottom of the Mediterranean as a guide to the number of ships that once sailed on its surface, suggest it was not until the nineteenth century that Mediterranean trade regained its Roman levels.

Greco-Roman traders gained such detailed knowledge of other lands that they could write authoritative guidebooks on the quality of the water in Indian ports and what sold well there (Italian wine was, apparently, considered a particularly exotic delicacy). International trade with the subcontinent grew so much that Roman writers fretted about the trade deficit that existed between it and Rome. ‘At the very lowest computation, India, the Seres, and the Arabian Peninsula, withdraw from our empire one hundred millions of sesterces every year,’ wrote Pliny, adding, primly, ‘so dearly do we pay for our luxury and our women.’

The number of coins in circulation increased in this period, as did the production of metal. Analysis of the ice caps of Greenland show that air pollution, caused by the smelting of such metals as lead, copper and silver, would not reach Roman levels again until the sixteenth or seventeenth century.

Another measure of the high levels of trade in this era is the amount of ancient packing material that remains – in other words, of Roman pots. Amphorae, which in Roman times were used to transport more or less everything, were produced on a colossal scale. To understand quite how colossal, travel to Rome, walk southwards down the Tiber from the Colosseum, and you will see a mound, patchily covered in grass. This fifty-metre-high hillock – which is known as Monte Testaccio – is made entirely from broken oil amphorae. Inside the mound lie the fragments of an estimated fifty-three million amphorae, in which an estimated six billion litres of oil were imported into Rome.

Not only did people travel far; they also travelled fast. The speed of Roman travel, particularly for the wealthiest, was astonishing. Early in its imperial history, Rome’s emperors had set up the Roman imperial post – probably in imitation of similar systems that had been read about – and envied – in ancient accounts about Persia. This was not a post system as modern minds might imagine it, to be used by everyone, but was for imperial messengers, and its infrastructure duly demonstrated imperial ambition and grandeur: every twenty-four miles or so was a rest station; at each station, forty of the finest, swiftest horses were stabled, along with a proportionate number of grooms. A courier could therefore arrive, switch horses and set off again, and travelling in this way might cover ‘a ten days’ journey in a single day’ – in other words, it is now thought, 160 miles.

As the historian Procopius explained, emperors had set such a system up so that if there was a war, mutiny or any other disaster anywhere in the empire, the news could reach Rome fast – and it seems to have worked. The evidence for this is unusually good, because, while such disasters may have been unpleasant for the emperor experiencing them, they have been splendidly useful to later historians, since imperial deaths and assassinations tend to appear in histories with careful time stamps. They can thus be used to calculate how fast ancient travel could, in extremis, be. And the answer is: very fast indeed. After the death of Nero, for example, a messenger travelled from Rome to Northern Spain (a distance overland of around 1,800 km) in a breathless seven days. Probably that messenger did the bulk of the journey over the sea. Nonetheless, it is very, very fast.

It wasn’t just people who were on the move, either. Head to a fancy Roman dinner party and the supper on your plate could easily be as international as the guests reclining at your side, for, as one satirist put it, the ‘bottomless gullet’ and ‘tireless gluttony’ of Rome was perpetually on ‘eager quest of dainties from all quarters’. A single gourmand might, for their dinner party, source ‘a peacock from Samos, a woodcock from Phrygia, cranes of Media, a kid from Ambracia, a young tunny from Chalcedon, a lamprey from Tartessus, codfish from Pessinus, oysters from Tarentum, cockles from Sicily, a swordfish from Rhodes, pike from Cilicia, nuts from Thasos, dates from Egypt, acorns from Spain...’

-- Catherine Nixey, Heresy

[whencyclopedia]

Smoke and Ashes: Opium's Hidden Histories

"Smoke and Ashes: Opium’s Hidden Histories" is a sweeping and jarring work of how opium became an insidious capitalistic tool to generate wealth for the British Empire and other Western powers at the expense of an epidemic of addiction in China and the impoverishment of millions of farmers in India. The legacy of this “criminal enterprise,” as the author puts it, left lasting influences that reverberate across cultures and societies even today.

Written in engaging language, Smoke and Ashes is a scholarly follow-up to the author’s famous Ibis trilogy, a collection of fiction that uses the opium trade as its backdrop. In Smoke and Ashes, the author draws on his years-long research into opium supplemented by his family history, personal travels, cross-cultural experience, and expertise in works of historical verisimilitude. Composed over 18 chapters, the author delves into a diverse set of primary and secondary data, including Chinese sources. He also brings a multidimensional angle to the study by highlighting the opium trade's legacy in diverse areas such as art, architecture, horticulture, printmaking, and calligraphy. 23 pictorial illustrations serve as powerful eyewitness accounts to the discourse.

This book should interest students and scholars seeking historical analysis based on facts on the ground instead of colonial narratives. Readers will also find answers to how opium continues to play an outsize role in modern-day conflicts, addictions, corporate behavior, and globalism.

Amitav Ghosh’s research convincingly points out that while opium had always been used for recreational purposes across cultures, it was the Western powers such as the British, Portuguese, the Spaniards, and the Dutch that discovered its significant potential as a trading vehicle. Ghosh adds that colonial rulers, especially the British, often rationalized their actions by arguing that the Asian population was naturally predisposed to narcotics. However, it was British India that bested others in virtually monopolizing the market for the highly addictive Indian opium in China. Used as a currency to redress the East India Company (EIC)’s trade deficit with China, the opium trade by the 1890s generated about five million sterling a year for Britain. Meanwhile, as many as 40 million Chinese became addicted to opium.

Eastern India became the epicenter of British opium production. Workers in opium factories in Patna and Benares toiled under severe conditions, often earning less than the cost of production while their British managers lived in luxury. Ghosh asserts that opium farming permanently impoverished a region that was an economic powerhouse before the British arrived. Ghosh’s work echoes developmental economists such as Jonathan Lehne, who has documented opium-growing communities' lower literacy and economic progress compared to their neighbors.

Ghosh states that after Britain, “the country that benefited most from the opium trade” with China, was the United States. American traders skirted the British opium monopoly by sourcing from Turkey and Malwa in Western India. By 1818, American traders were smuggling about one-third of all the opium consumed in China. Many powerful families like the Astors, Coolidges, Forbes, Irvings, and Roosevelts built their fortunes from the opium trade. Much of this opium money, Ghosh shows, also financed banking, railroads, and Ivy League institutions. While Ghosh mentions that many of these families developed a huge collection of Chinese art, he could have also discussed that some of their holdings were most probably part of millions of Chinese cultural icons plundered by colonialists.

Ghosh ends the book by discussing how the EIC's predatory behaviors have been replicated by modern corporations, like Purdue Pharma, that are responsible for the opium-derived OxyContin addiction. He adds that fossil fuel companies such as BP have also reaped enormous profits at the expense of consumer health or environmental damage.

Perhaps one omission in this book is that the author does not hold Indian opium traders from Malwa, such as the Marwaris, Parsis, and Jews, under the same ethical scrutiny as he does to the British and the Americans. While various other works have covered the British Empire's involvement in the opium trade, most readers would find Ghosh's narrative of American involvement to be eye-opening. Likewise, his linkage of present-day eastern India's economic backwardness to opium is both revealing and insightful.

Winner of India's highest literary award Jnanpith and nominated author for the Man Booker Prize, Amitav Ghosh's works concern colonialism, identity, migration, environmentalism, and climate change. In this book, he provides an invaluable lesson for political and business leaders that abdication of ethics and social responsibility have lasting consequences impacting us all.

Continue reading...

[thetechempire]

Donald Trump vs. Kamala Harris: What It Means For IT Companies in India

When it comes to U.S. politics, Indian IT companies pay close attention, especially in races with heavyweights like former President Donald Trump and Vice President Kamala Harris. Each candidate’s policies can have ripple effects, impacting everything from visa policies to foreign direct investment and trade partnerships. For India’s booming IT sector, this rivalry could shape the future in major ways, particularly around outsourcing, talent mobility, and international tech collaborations. Here’s what each candidate brings to the table and what it could mean for the Indian IT industry.

Donald Trump’s Policies and Their Potential Impact

Trump’s “America First” agenda in his previous term brought significant shifts to immigration and outsourcing policies. His administration’s stance leaned toward prioritizing American jobs and reducing dependency on foreign workers, which affected the H-1B visa system, a crucial pathway for many skilled Indian IT professionals to work in the United States.

Key Areas to Watch if Trump Returns to Power

H-1B Visa Reform: Under Trump, the H-1B visa process became more stringent, with increased scrutiny on applications and tightened eligibility criteria. The approach aimed to reduce the number of visas granted, thus limiting the talent flow from India to the U.S. If Trump were to return, he might push for more reforms that could make it harder for Indian IT companies to place skilled workers in the U.S. for long-term assignments.

Outsourcing Policies: Trump’s stance on outsourcing often pointed toward creating incentives for American companies to move jobs back to the U.S. Although a complete shutdown of outsourcing is unlikely, a renewed Trump presidency might include policies that create hurdles or add costs to IT companies operating in India to reduce offshoring.

Taxation and Trade Barriers: Trump previously aimed to negotiate trade deals that reduced the U.S. trade deficit. Indian IT firms could face higher tariffs or restrictions if they want to establish more U.S. partnerships or expand operations on American soil.

Potential Upside: Some experts argue that Trump’s pro-business mindset and regulatory reforms, such as tax cuts, could indirectly benefit Indian IT companies if they lead to economic growth. With more American firms thriving, there may still be demand for Indian IT services, albeit in a more restrictive environment.

Kamala Harris’s Approach and Potential Influence

As the daughter of Indian immigrants, Kamala Harris’s connection to India is often highlighted. Her political stance, generally aligned with Democratic ideals, has favored immigrant rights, inclusivity, and technological advancement. Harris’s policies could potentially be more favorable for Indian IT companies, especially regarding immigration and tech collaborations.

Key Areas to Watch if Harris Gains More Influence

Visa and Immigration Reform: Harris has shown consistent support for immigration reform that would protect skilled foreign workers, including those from India. Her stance could bring improvements to the H-1B program, possibly increasing quotas or reducing the administrative burden on Indian IT professionals. This would be a welcome shift, making it easier for Indian firms to deploy talent in the U.S.

Tech Collaborations and Bilateral Ties: Given Harris’s strong ties to India, she could prioritize policies that foster U.S.-India tech partnerships. This could mean better collaboration on AI, cybersecurity, and cloud computing initiatives, offering Indian IT companies more opportunities to work alongside American firms on high-stakes projects.

Outsourcing Flexibility: Unlike Trump, Harris is less likely to advocate for aggressive curbs on outsourcing. While some regulations may still push companies to consider American workers first, it’s likely that Harris’s approach would be more balanced and encourage mutual growth, allowing Indian IT firms to continue serving U.S. clients without significant restrictions.

STEM Education and Training Initiatives: Harris may also introduce policies aimed at training and upskilling the American workforce. However, this approach could complement the Indian IT industry rather than limit it, as it could create avenues for partnerships in training programs or tech-driven education solutions.

Potential Upside: A Harris-led approach may result in more collaborative policies, boosting IT companies’ confidence in expanding U.S. operations. By maintaining a balanced approach to immigration and tech regulations, she could make it easier for Indian firms to both work in the U.S. and bring American investments back to India.

What This Means for Indian IT Companies

Indian IT companies like TCS, Infosys, and Wipro rely heavily on their U.S. clientele, and visa restrictions can significantly impact how they operate. Here’s a summary of what IT firms should expect:

Talent Mobility: A Trump-led administration might restrict it, while Harris would likely enhance it.

Outsourcing Stability: Trump could discourage offshoring, whereas Harris might adopt a more relaxed stance.

Trade Relations: Trump’s trade policies could become more protectionist, while Harris might lean toward fostering partnerships.

Adaptations and Strategic Moves for Indian IT Firms

Regardless of who wins, Indian IT companies should prepare by adopting a flexible approach:

Diversifying Talent Locations: With potential visa issues on the horizon, companies can consider moving talent to other locations, such as Canada or even remote setups within India, to serve U.S. clients.

Increasing Local Hiring in the U.S.: To align with possible hiring preferences, Indian firms may continue to hire more U.S.-based talent and offer training to local employees.

Emphasizing Partnerships and Joint Ventures: Both political paths present opportunities for tech collaborations. Indian firms could look for joint ventures with U.S. companies, fostering a partnership approach that aligns with potential regulations.

Final Thoughts

The outcome of a Trump vs. Harris contest would have unique implications for the Indian IT industry. Trump’s focus on reducing dependency on foreign talent and protecting U.S. jobs could mean tighter visa regulations and fewer opportunities for Indian workers in the U.S. Harris, on the other hand, could be a gateway to a more balanced, globally-minded U.S. policy that emphasizes collaboration and growth.

Regardless of the outcome, Indian IT firms have shown resilience and adaptability, adjusting to regulatory changes while remaining global leaders in IT services.

[999-roses]

holy literal shit. so I'm currently having a 'patch up my world history' phase. I had a double take on this date stamp. like we forget about contemporaries of historical stuff happening all the time. anyway.

do yall know anything about the Opium Wars? Widely acknowledged as the beginning of the Chinese Century of Humiliation. There were 2 of them, the main actors were the British Empire declaring war on Qing Dynasty China. The explanation will be a little long-winded but it has everything to do with the concept of "free trade". tldr history of "free trade" being used as a 'ideal' to undermine territorial sovereignty, allowing imperialism its foot in the door

The first one in 1839-1842, which ended with the Treaty of Nanjing where China ceded sovereignty of Hong Kong the to Brits, originally an indeterminate lease. In the second one, 1856-1860, the French joined up with the British, the aftermath more complicated.

For brevity I'll be focusing on the background leading up to the 1st Opium War and more significantly, the Treaty of Nanjing.

Europeans of the bourgeois mercantile-colonizer variety (primarily British) were trading with China for Chinese goods, ceramics/fine porcelain, fine silk, spices, and tea, however they didn't really have goods that the Chinese wanted, so they were often in a trade deficit. They (mainly the British, they made their colony India grow opium) came up with the scheme of balancing the ledger by trading the Chinese for opium, a substance derived from poppy seeds that can be refined into morphine and other opiates. Opium quickly became a popular leisurely activity, particularly of upper-middle class, and just as quickly became a controlled and banned substance by the Qing government.

And so, the drug being illegal to be imported in, the Europeans fomented about their massive stocks of the good taking up all the storage in their fleets and off on Macau (trading post under control of the Portuguese), and smuggled as much of it into China as they could to sell. Their mercantile 'gentry' cited flowery language about liberalism and freedom - freedom of trade, that is, how it's not right nor should it be legal for other countries to bar their superior European merchants from trading anything they wished. Sovereignty of nations? Who?

Inevitably the Qing government caught smugglers and dealt with them according to their law. Foreigners breaking Chinese laws on Chinese land. I can't recall if they were executed, but the Europeans protested that Europeans should be exempt from Chinese (undertone barbaric&uncivilized) laws, that if a European broke a Chinese law, the Chinese should deport them to the immediate territory they came from to be dealt with by their own people, the fleet or island outpost not even a day's journey away from the scene of the smuggling crime, where they will just return to smuggling business as usual. (It should be noted that opium was illegal to trade in the British homeland, so it was extra duplicitous for them to claim to have the freedom of trading it in China.) More importantly, the opium that was seized from smugglers would not be returned to the Europeans.

The Chinese seized SO MUCH illegal opium. (They amassed the amount through making a deal for those surrendering the illegal substance to be compensated in tea.) In the historic event of Destruction of Opium at Humen (1839) 虎门销烟, the Chinese destroyed over 1000 TONS of opium. That's 2 MILLION pounds or 1 MILLION kilograms. In comparison, the 92000 pounds of tea dumped in the harbor at the Boston Tea Party is a joke. Lin Zexu 林则徐, the government official who oversaw this act, is still hailed as a hero today and is popularly seen as a Chinese resistor to European imperialism, weekend Chinese lessons out in the diaspora boonies didn't teach me anything about emperors or Sun or Mao, but they thought Lin was important enough to teach the diaspora children.

The British and their European mercantile compatriots were furious, and used this event as cassus belli for the first Opium War. After they won, the terms of the Treaty of Nanjing is pretty clear about what they wanted: * "reparations" for the "lost" opium (of which much of it was already compensated for by agreed 3-for-1 for tea by weight), lots and lots of other 'reparation' fees, with stipulations of British soldiers' continued presence until the fees are paid * No more Canton system where foreign trade is limited to Hong Kong. Foreign merchants were granted full "freedom of trade" at Five Treaty Ports, and the trade was only subject to a fixed tariff stipulated not by the Chinese but by this treaty. (I believe this made it 'legal' for foreigners to peddle opium again) * Hong Kong Island ceded to the British and becomes a British colony * agree to supplementary treaty further down the line - this was the Treaty of the Bogue, which granted extraterritoriality (ie British exempt from Chinese laws when on Chinese land) and Most Favored Nation status to the Brits

I know I'm glossing over a whole lot of details for brevity, so if you're interested in the topic here is a well-researched video about it (I recommend Nathan's whole playlist series 'Epic China', but it's a series he's still slowly making and not complete yet)

“Do not allow yourselves to be deluded by the abstract word ‘freedom’. Whose freedom? It is not the freedom of one individual in relation to another, but the freedom of capital to crush the worker.”

— Marx, On the Question of Free Trade 1848

[gsinfotechvispvtltd]

The Role of Coal Imports in Bridging the Global Energy Gap

Introduction

As the world grapples with increasing energy demands and the ongoing transition to renewable energy, coal remains a vital component in the global energy mix. For many nations, coal imports serve as a critical mechanism to meet energy needs, ensure industrial growth, and maintain economic stability. This blog explores how coal imports contribute to bridging the global energy gap and the challenges and opportunities they present.

Coal Imports: A Lifeline for Energy-Deficient Nations

Countries with limited domestic coal reserves rely heavily on imports to fuel their power plants and industries. Emerging economies, in particular, face an energy deficit as they strive to meet the demands of growing populations and expanding industries. For these nations, coal imports provide a stable and cost-effective solution to ensure a consistent energy supply.

Example: India and China are among the largest importers of coal globally. Despite having significant domestic reserves, their internal production often falls short of meeting the energy demands of their large populations and industrial sectors.

Energy Security and Economic Growth

Coal imports play a crucial role in bolstering energy security, particularly in regions with inadequate renewable energy infrastructure. Energy security ensures uninterrupted power supply, which is essential for economic activities such as manufacturing, transportation, and construction.

Insight: For energy-intensive industries like steel production, imported coal with specific quality requirements is indispensable. It ensures the production processes remain efficient and competitive in global markets.

Challenges in Coal Importation

While coal imports help bridge the energy gap, they come with challenges:

Supply Chain Vulnerabilities: Importing coal involves complex logistics, including transportation, storage, and distribution. Disruptions in supply chains—due to geopolitical tensions, natural disasters, or trade restrictions—can jeopardize energy security.

Environmental Concerns: The reliance on coal, whether imported or domestic, raises concerns about greenhouse gas emissions and climate change. Nations importing coal face increasing pressure to balance energy needs with environmental commitments.

Price Volatility: Coal prices are subject to fluctuations in global markets, influenced by factors like demand, production, and transportation costs. This volatility can strain the budgets of importing countries.

Future of Coal Imports in a Renewable World

The global shift toward renewable energy sources is reshaping the role of coal imports. As countries invest in solar, wind, and hydropower, the reliance on coal is expected to decline gradually. However, the transition is uneven across regions, with many developing economies likely to depend on coal imports for the foreseeable future.

Example: Southeast Asian nations like Vietnam and the Philippines continue to rely on coal imports to address their growing energy needs while simultaneously developing renewable energy infrastructure.

Conclusion

Coal imports are a crucial tool for bridging the global energy gap, particularly in energy-deficient regions. While they provide a reliable solution to meet immediate energy demands, their long-term sustainability depends on addressing environmental concerns and embracing cleaner energy alternatives.

As the world moves toward a greener future, coal imports will likely play a transitional role, helping nations balance their energy needs while building capacity for renewable energy. For now, coal remains a key player in ensuring energy access and economic progress across the globe.

[news365timesindia]

Afghanistan's currency, the Afghani, has recently emerged as one of the strongest performers globally, even surpassing the Indian Rupee against the US Dollar. As of 2024, the Afghani stands at approximately 77.09 per US Dollar, compared to the Indian Rupee at over 83 per US Dollar. This development, while surprising given Afghanistan’s challenging economic and political conditions, highlights a combination of strategic measures and external support that contributed to this outcome. Here’s how Afghanistan achieved this and what India can learn: Key Factors Behind the Afghani's Strength: 1. Strict Monetary Policies: - The Taliban banned the use of foreign currencies, including the US Dollar and Pakistani Rupee, in domestic transactions. This policy helped curb dependence on external currencies and reinforced the use of the Afghani. 2. Control Over Dollar Outflows: - Stringent restrictions on the outflow of US Dollars from Afghanistan reduced dollar shortages and maintained a stable currency supply. 3. Aid and Influx of Cash: - Humanitarian aid from the United Nations, amounting to billions of dollars, played a significant role. Regular cash shipments ensured liquidity, indirectly supporting the currency’s value. 4. Crackdown on Illegal Trading: - Criminalizing online currency trading and imposing severe penalties created a controlled financial ecosystem, reducing speculative pressures on the Afghani. 5. Dollar Smuggling and Hawala Networks: - While unconventional, dollar inflows through smuggling and the informal Hawala system provided additional support to the currency. Why the Indian Rupee Lags: 1. Trade Deficits: - India’s high reliance on imports, particularly for energy, leads to a persistent trade deficit, weakening the Rupee. 2. Global Economic Pressures: - Rising US interest rates and geopolitical tensions have heightened the demand for the US Dollar, affecting emerging markets like India. 3. Currency Policy: - The Indian government and RBI have not implemented stringent currency management measures comparable to Afghanistan’s, leaving the Rupee more vulnerable to external shocks. 4. Economic Dependency: - Unlike Afghanistan’s forced economic self-reliance, India’s open economy is more exposed to global currency fluctuations. Lessons and Implications: While the Afghani's rise highlights the effectiveness of strict monetary controls, its sustainability remains questionable given Afghanistan's economic fragility, low GDP growth, and heavy reliance on external aid. For India, addressing structural economic challenges such as trade deficits, promoting domestic manufacturing, and optimizing currency management could strengthen the Rupee over time. Afghanistan’s currency success underscores the importance of decisive monetary policy but also serves as a reminder of the risks tied to an over-controlled economic environment.

[news365times]

Afghanistan's currency, the Afghani, has recently emerged as one of the strongest performers globally, even surpassing the Indian Rupee against the US Dollar. As of 2024, the Afghani stands at approximately 77.09 per US Dollar, compared to the Indian Rupee at over 83 per US Dollar. This development, while surprising given Afghanistan’s challenging economic and political conditions, highlights a combination of strategic measures and external support that contributed to this outcome. Here’s how Afghanistan achieved this and what India can learn: Key Factors Behind the Afghani's Strength: 1. Strict Monetary Policies: - The Taliban banned the use of foreign currencies, including the US Dollar and Pakistani Rupee, in domestic transactions. This policy helped curb dependence on external currencies and reinforced the use of the Afghani. 2. Control Over Dollar Outflows: - Stringent restrictions on the outflow of US Dollars from Afghanistan reduced dollar shortages and maintained a stable currency supply. 3. Aid and Influx of Cash: - Humanitarian aid from the United Nations, amounting to billions of dollars, played a significant role. Regular cash shipments ensured liquidity, indirectly supporting the currency’s value. 4. Crackdown on Illegal Trading: - Criminalizing online currency trading and imposing severe penalties created a controlled financial ecosystem, reducing speculative pressures on the Afghani. 5. Dollar Smuggling and Hawala Networks: - While unconventional, dollar inflows through smuggling and the informal Hawala system provided additional support to the currency. Why the Indian Rupee Lags: 1. Trade Deficits: - India’s high reliance on imports, particularly for energy, leads to a persistent trade deficit, weakening the Rupee. 2. Global Economic Pressures: - Rising US interest rates and geopolitical tensions have heightened the demand for the US Dollar, affecting emerging markets like India. 3. Currency Policy: - The Indian government and RBI have not implemented stringent currency management measures comparable to Afghanistan’s, leaving the Rupee more vulnerable to external shocks. 4. Economic Dependency: - Unlike Afghanistan’s forced economic self-reliance, India’s open economy is more exposed to global currency fluctuations. Lessons and Implications: While the Afghani's rise highlights the effectiveness of strict monetary controls, its sustainability remains questionable given Afghanistan's economic fragility, low GDP growth, and heavy reliance on external aid. For India, addressing structural economic challenges such as trade deficits, promoting domestic manufacturing, and optimizing currency management could strengthen the Rupee over time. Afghanistan’s currency success underscores the importance of decisive monetary policy but also serves as a reminder of the risks tied to an over-controlled economic environment.

[jarvis-invest]

What is Forex Reserves & How is India winning the game?

At the end of every week, you hear news that Indian forex reserves have increased by X billion dollars or have reduced by Y billion dollars. What is forex reserve, and what does it mean when it increases or decreases?

Forex Reserves are assets held by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) in different forms. Some forms are foreign currencies, gold, and Special Drawing Rights (SDRs). These reserves by RBI act as a cushion for India against economic shocks and help us maintain stability in the face of currency fluctuations, trade deficits, or sudden capital outflows.

How does it help India?

Here are some ways:

Economic Stability: Forex reserves support the rupee as they help stabilize its value against other currencies. When the rupee depreciates, the RBI sells dollars from its reserves, supporting the rupee and keeping inflation in check. Recently, if you check the news, the same is happening. Indian forex reserve is falling as RBI is selling dollars.

Trade and Investment Confidence: High reserves enhance confidence among foreign investors, as they indicate that India can manage external obligations, attracting more Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and Foreign Portfolio Investment (FPI).

Emergency Fund for Economic Crises: During economic downturns or financial crises, reserves provide a buffer, allowing the Indian government to meet international obligations or import essential goods without borrowing.

Managing Inflation and Imports: Reserves allow the country to finance imports in challenging times, preventing supply shortages that could drive inflation.

For the stock market, High forex reserves make India more attractive to foreign investors, as they signal a stable economy and reduce the risk of currency volatility. In September, India reached a milestone of $700 billion in forex reserves. However, the reserves are falling. Also, FIIs are exiting the market, and the stock market is falling. Are you confused about which stocks to pick in such a volatile market? Take help from a SEBI Registered Investment Advisor or use Jarvis AI to make the most of the stock market in India.

[chemanalystdata]

Sugar Prices | Prices | Pricing | News | Database | Chart | ChemAnalyst

Sugar prices are a focal point of global economic discussion, given their significant impact on food production, international trade, and economic stability in many regions. The fluctuations in sugar prices are influenced by a diverse array of factors, including climatic changes, government policies, demand-supply imbalances, and international trade agreements. As one of the world's most widely traded commodities, the sugar market is closely monitored by both producers and consumers, with prices affecting the economies of several countries, especially those heavily reliant on sugar exports.

The price of sugar is highly dependent on weather conditions in the major producing regions, such as Brazil, India, and Thailand. These regions experience seasonal variations that can lead to either bumper crops or production deficits. For instance, droughts, excessive rainfall, or severe storms can have a devastating impact on sugarcane yields, leading to price hikes in the international markets. On the other hand, favorable weather conditions and abundant harvests can create a supply glut, resulting in lower prices. As such, any changes in meteorological conditions are closely monitored by market participants, who respond quickly to the shifting supply outlook.

Get Real Time Prices for Sugar: https://www.chemanalyst.com/Pricing-data/sugar-1607Global demand for sugar also plays a pivotal role in determining its price. Sugar is a staple in numerous food and beverage products, and consumption trends vary based on economic conditions, health awareness, and evolving consumer preferences. For instance, health-conscious consumers in some parts of the world are reducing their sugar intake due to concerns about obesity, diabetes, and other health issues, which can put downward pressure on demand. Conversely, developing countries with rising incomes and expanding populations may experience increased sugar consumption, supporting higher prices. Furthermore, the growing popularity of processed and convenience foods in emerging markets is another factor contributing to sustained sugar demand, which in turn influences market prices.

Another major determinant of sugar prices is the interplay between sugar and alternative sweeteners. As health-conscious consumers seek lower-calorie or non-sugar alternatives, there is growing competition from products such as high fructose corn syrup (HFCS), stevia, and artificial sweeteners. The demand for these alternatives can impact sugar consumption levels, potentially leading to fluctuations in market prices. However, regulatory policies, production costs, and consumer acceptance play critical roles in shaping the market dynamics between sugar and its alternatives.

The sugar market is also closely tied to government interventions, including subsidies, tariffs, and import/export restrictions. Policies designed to protect domestic producers often lead to price distortions in the global market. For example, countries like India have historically provided subsidies to their sugarcane farmers, boosting domestic production and exports. Such actions can lead to an oversupply of sugar in the global market, exerting downward pressure on prices. Similarly, export restrictions or high tariffs imposed by some countries to safeguard their local industries may reduce global supply, potentially pushing prices higher. Thus, government policies continue to play a pivotal role in shaping the sugar market landscape.

Another influential factor affecting sugar prices is the energy market, particularly the relationship between sugarcane and ethanol production. In countries like Brazil, sugarcane is a key raw material for both sugar and ethanol. When oil prices rise, there is often an increased demand for ethanol as an alternative fuel, which can lead to higher sugarcane allocation toward ethanol production. This shift can reduce sugar output, creating supply shortages and driving prices up. Conversely, when oil prices fall, the demand for ethanol declines, leading to a higher production of sugar and, in turn, potentially lower prices. As such, fluctuations in global energy prices and shifts in biofuel policies have a considerable impact on the sugar market.

International trade agreements and market speculation are additional factors that influence sugar prices. Trade deals between major producing and consuming countries can open new markets or restrict access, leading to price volatility. Similarly, market speculation, driven by hedge funds and other financial institutions, can amplify price movements. Speculators may buy and sell sugar futures contracts based on perceived market conditions, geopolitical developments, or changes in government policy, leading to rapid price swings. While speculation can enhance liquidity in the market, it can also lead to periods of heightened volatility, causing challenges for producers and consumers alike.

Currency fluctuations are yet another important consideration for sugar prices, given that the commodity is typically traded in U.S. dollars. Changes in exchange rates between the U.S. dollar and the currencies of major producing nations can have a profound impact on international trade dynamics. For example, a strong U.S. dollar makes sugar more expensive for buyers using other currencies, potentially reducing global demand. Conversely, a weak dollar can lead to higher demand from foreign buyers, as sugar becomes relatively more affordable.

Lastly, environmental concerns and sustainability initiatives are shaping the long-term trends in sugar production and prices. The environmental impact of sugarcane cultivation, including deforestation, water usage, and soil degradation, has come under increasing scrutiny. As consumers and governments prioritize sustainability, producers may face stricter regulations, which can increase production costs and influence market prices. Additionally, initiatives to promote sustainable and fair-trade sugar can attract a premium price, reflecting the growing demand for environmentally friendly and ethically produced commodities.

In conclusion, the factors influencing sugar prices are complex and interrelated. From climatic conditions and global demand to government policies and currency fluctuations, a multitude of elements impact the supply and demand dynamics that determine the market price of sugar. Understanding these factors is crucial for stakeholders across the sugar value chain, as they seek to manage risk, capitalize on market opportunities, and ensure the long-term sustainability of the industry. As the world continues to grapple with economic, environmental, and health-related challenges, sugar prices will remain a subject of keen interest and critical importance.

Get Real Time Prices for Sugar: https://www.chemanalyst.com/Pricing-data/sugar-1607

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[minadevivarma]

 KSET Economics Syllabus: Comprehensive Guide for Aspiring Educators 

KSET for economics tests candidates over a wide range of economic principles and theories compared to those called for by most teaching and academic positions. A proper understanding of the KSET Economics syllabus will help candidates target their preparation properly, including fundamental and advanced topics in economics. Below is the detailed breakdown of syllabus to help you in preparing better. 

Microeconomics and Macroeconomics 

The KSET Economics syllabus starts with the foundation of both Microeconomics and Macroeconomics. Under the Microeconomics head, you are supposed to study consumer behavior, utility analysis, demand and supply theories, market structures-perfect competition, monopoly, and oligopoly-and price determination. He needs to know the concepts of elasticity and indifference curves and various production functions like Cobb-Douglas production function. 

The topics under the syllabus of Macroeconomics are about national income accounting, Keynesian theory, classical and new classical models, and also modern growth theories. Important topics are GDP, inflation, monetary and fiscal policy, unemployment, and economic fluctuations. All these principles help in analyzing economic performance as well as large-scale issues in the economy. 

Public Economics 

The Public Economics area looks at the role of the government in the economy. It covers public goods, tax principles, budget deficits and beyond, public expenditure, and social welfare policies. Some knowledge of the underpinnings of revenue, public debt, and market interventions by the government, like subsidies and taxes are added elements that should be cleared up with this syllabus. 

International Economics 

The International Economics component encompasses discussions of trade theories and policies, exchange rates, balance of payments, and international economic institutions such as the IMF and World Bank. The examiners would expect the candidate to be conversant with such theories as comparative advantage, Heckscher-Ohlin, and trade barriers in classical and modern trade theories. This aspect also covers foreign exchange markets and the effects of a change in currency on international transactions. 

Development Economics and Growth 

Development Economics involves economic development and issues related to growth in developing countries. These include theories of development, poverty, inequality, population growth, and rural-urban migration. Also, often studied key models are Rostow's Stages of Growth, Lewis's Dual Sector Model, and others. The candidates should also be aware of strategies for reducing poverty, goals of sustainable development, and impacts of education, health, and technology on the economy. 

Indian Economy 

Indian Economy examines the nation's process of economic planning, industrial policy, agricultural policy, and financial sector reforms. It discusses issues surrounding the Five-Year Plans, liberalization and globalization reforms implemented in 1991, current trends in the Indian economy, and its ongoing problems. The students would be required to explain some problems like unemployment, inflation, poverty, and the state's welfare and economic growth policies. 

Money and Banking 

Money and Banking develops the theme of nature and function of money, role of the central bank, and the monetary system. The syllabus includes money supply, interest rates, inflation, and banking reforms. Important in this area is understanding RBI policies, the structure of India's financial system, and problems related to monetary policy. 

Environmental Economics 

This section deals with resource conservation, pollution control, and sustainable development. It discusses topics including environmental policies; cost-benefit analysis in environmental projects, renewable resources, and the economic impact of climate change. They are expected to understand how economics helps manage environmental challenges and promote sustainability. 

Mathematical Economics and Econometrics 

Mathematical economics relates to mathematical concepts used to solve economic problems. These concepts involve calculus and linear algebra. Within this context, part of the syllabus involves optimizing techniques as well as economic modeling. Applicants must be able to work with equations, derivatives, and elasticities. 

Many knowledge areas are required in the application of statistics to economics. Hence, questions on regression analysis, hypothesis testing, and the use of probability distributions form another important category. 

Another important area that one needs to know about econometric models is how to apply these models in analyzing economic data or forecasting economic trends. 

Statistics for Economics 

This paper covers statistical techniques as well as data collection, sampling methods, and probability theory. Important topics in this cover central tendencies, correlation, regression, and index numbers. Critical statistical analysis is important to be used in economics as it helps candidates interpret data and make informed economic decisions. 

Preparation Tips for KSET Economics 

A student must master all sections in detail, and there should be emphasis on key theories, models, and real-world application. Using previous year's question papers can also be helpful to aid in practice, as this exposes the candidate to the format of the exam and frequently asked topics. Regular attempts, especially of complex topics such as Econometrics and Mathematical Economics, will help one understand it. 

Conclusion 

The KSET Economics syllabus brings along an array of topics, and hence, candidates must approach each section systematically. With appropriate and consistent preparation and a good understanding of the syllabus, candidates can really brighten up their prospects in the KSET exam. Economics touches upon every dimension of society and its decision-making. Mastery of these topics will not only help excel in the KSET exam but also lay a foundation for an academic and research future.