#tiger of india

[bdprimetv]

ভারতের সত্যিকারের বাঘ: ব্রিটিশরা যাকে দেখে বাঘের মতো ভয় পেতো। টিপু সুলতা...

টাইগার অব মাইসোর: টিপু সুলতানের জীবন, সংগ্রাম ও ঐতিহাসিক অবদান | Tipu Sultan Biography in Bengali

টিপু সুলতান—"টাইগার অব মাইসোর" নামে পরিচিত এক মহান বীর, যিনি ব্রিটিশ ইস্ট ইন্ডিয়া কোম্পানির বিরুদ্ধে প্রথম সুসংগঠিত প্রতিরোধ গড়ে তোলেন। এই ভিডিওতে আমরা তুলে ধরেছি তার শৈশব, সংগ্রামী জীবন, মাইসোরের চারটি যুদ্ধ, প্রশাসনিক দক্ষতা, সামরিক কৌশল, এবং ভারতের ইতিহাসে তার অবদান। আপনি জানবেন কীভাবে তিনি আধুনিক প্রযুক্তি, রকেট আর্টিলারি এবং অর্থনৈতিক উন্নয়নের মাধ্যমে মাইসোরকে শক্তিশালী করেছিলেন।

ভিডিওটি দেখার পর আপনি জানতে পারবেন:

টিপু সুলতানের শৈশব ও পরিবার��� ব্রিটিশদের বিরুদ্ধে তার ঐতিহাসিক যুদ্ধ ও প্রতিরোধ। তার প্রশাসনিক নীতি এবং ধর্ম���য় সহনশীলতা। "টাইগার অব মাইসোর" উপাধির পেছনের কাহিনী। তার মৃত্যুর কারণ এবং ব্রিটিশ শাসনের শুরু। কেন এই ভিডিওটি দেখবেন? টিপু সুলতান শুধুমাত্র একজন যোদ্ধা নন, তিনি ছিলেন ভারতের উন্নয়নের অগ্রদূত। তার জীবন এবং সংগ্রামের গল্পে রয়েছে বীরত্ব, শৌর্য এবং আত্মত্যাগের নিদর্শন। ইতিহাসপ্রেমী, শিক্ষার্থী, এবং যে কেউ ভারতীয় ঐতিহ্য সম্পর্কে জানতে চান, তাদের জন্য এটি একটি চমৎকার রিসোর্স।

ট্যাগস: #TipuSultan #TigerOfMysore #IndianHistory #MysoreWars #BengaliHistory #IndianFreedomFighters #TipuSultanBiography #BritishEastIndiaCompany

টিপু সুলতান, টাইগার অব মাইসোর, মাইসোর যুদ্ধ, টিপু সুলতানের জীবনী, ভারতীয় ইতিহাস, টিপু সুলতানের অবদান, ব্রিটিশ ইস্ট ইন্ডিয়া কোম্পানি, ভারতীয় স্বাধীনতা সংগ্রাম, মাইসোর রকেট, মাইসোর সাম্রাজ্য, Tipu Sultan, Tiger of Mysore, Mysore Wars, Tipu Sultan Biography, Indian History, British East India Company, Mysore Rocket, Indian Freedom Fighters, Tipu Sultan History, Bengali History, Historical Warriors, Indian Leaders, Independence Movement

[mammalianmammals]

Bengal Tiger (Panthera t. tigris), family Felidae, walking amongst Black Storks and an Egret at the Pilibhit Tiger Reserve, India

photograph by Punit Dhameja

[tsalala]

Amazing eyes on a tiger photographed by Anirudh Laxmipathy.

[pukindog-v2]

American Volunteer Group - AVG - pilot and group candids

[herpsandbirds]

Picasso Moth (Baorisa hieroglyphica), family Erebidae, found in India and SE Asia

photograph by msone

[invenusworld]

india love has rahu in chitra (tiger yoni) venus & saturn in purva bhadrapada (lion yoni) mars in dhanishta (lion yoni)

lion & tiger yoni natives are frequently drawn to cheetah/leopard/tiger print clothing

[pangeen]

" A Tusker in Golden Light " // © Subramanya Chandrashekar

[fatehbaz]

Tallying every single tree in the kingdom. Endangered South Asian sandalwood. British war to control the forests. European companies claim the ecosystem. Failure of the plantation. Until the twentieth century, the Empire couldn't figure out how to cultivate sandalwood because they didn't understand that the plant is actually a partial root parasite, so their plantation monoculture approach of eliminating companion species was self-defeating. French perfumes and the creation of "Sandalwood City".

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Selling at about $147,000 per metric ton, the aromatic heartwood of Indian sandalwood (S. album) is arguably [among] the most expensive wood in the world. Globally, 90 per cent of the world’s S. album comes from India [...]. And within India, around 70 per cent of S. album comes from the state of Karnataka [...] [and] the erstwhile Kingdom of Mysore. [...] [T]he species came to the brink of extinction. [...] [O]verexploitation led to the sandal tree's critical endangerment in 1974. [...]

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Francis Buchanan’s 1807 A Journey from Madras through the Countries of Mysore, Canara and Malabar is one of the few European sources to offer insight into pre-colonial forest utilisation in the region. [...] Buchanan records [...] [the] tradition of only harvesting sandalwood once every dozen years may have been an effective local pre-colonial conservation measure. [...] Starting in 1786, Tipu Sultan [ruler of Mysore] stopped trading pepper, sandalwood and cardamom with the British. As a result, trade prospects for the company [East India Company] were looking so bleak that by November 1788, Lord Cornwallis suggested abandoning Tellicherry on the Malabar Coast and reducing Bombay’s status from a presidency to a factory. [...] One way to understand these wars is [...] [that] [t]hey were about economic conquest as much as any other kind of expansion, and sandalwood was one of Mysore’s most prized commodities. In 1799, at the Battle of Srirangapatna, Tipu Sultan was defeated. The kingdom of Mysore became a princely state within British India [...]. [T]he East India Company also immediately started paying the [new rulers] for the right to trade sandalwood.

British control over South Asia’s natural resources was reaching its peak and a sophisticated new imperial forest administration was being developed that sought to solidify state control of the sandalwood trade. In 1864, the extraction and disposal of sandalwood came under the jurisdiction of the Forest Department. [...] Colonial anxiety to maximise profits from sandalwood meant that a government agency was established specifically to oversee the sandalwood trade [...] and so began the government sandalwood depot or koti system. [...]

From the 1860s the [British] government briefly experimented with a survey tallying every sandal tree standing in Mysore [...].

Instead, an intricate system of classification was developed in an effort to maximise profits. By 1898, an 18-tiered sandalwood classification system was instituted, up from a 10-tier system a decade earlier; it seems this led to much confusion and was eventually reduced back to 12 tiers [...].

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Meanwhile, private European companies also made significant inroads into Mysore territory at this time. By convincing the government to classify forests as ‘wastelands’, and arguing that Europeans would improves these tracts from their ‘semi-savage state’, starting in the 1860s vast areas were taken from local inhabitants and converted into private plantations for the ‘production of cardamom, pepper, coffee and sandalwood’.

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Yet attempts to cultivate sandalwood on both forest department and privately owned plantations proved to be a dismal failure. There were [...] major problems facing sandalwood supply in the period before the twentieth century besides overexploitation and European monopoly. [...] Before the first quarter of the twentieth century European foresters simply could not figure out how to grow sandalwood trees effectively.

The main reason for this is that sandal is what is now known as a semi-parasite or root parasite; besides a main taproot that absorbs nutrients from the earth, the sandal tree grows parasitical roots (or haustoria) that derive sustenance from neighbouring brush and trees. [...] Dietrich Brandis, the man often regaled as the father of Indian forestry, reported being unaware of the [sole significant English-language scientific paper on sandalwood root parasitism] when he worked at Kew Gardens in London on South Asian ‘forest flora’ in 1872–73. Thus it was not until 1902 that the issue started to receive attention in the scientific community, when C.A. Barber, a government botanist in Madras [...] himself pointed out, 'no one seems to be at all sure whether the sandalwood is or is not a true parasite'.

Well into the early decades of twentieth century, silviculture of sandal proved a complete failure. The problem was the typical monoculture approach of tree farming in which all other species were removed and so the tree could not survive. [...]

The long wait time until maturity of the tree must also be considered. Only sandal heartwood and roots develop fragrance, and trees only begin developing fragrance in significant quantities after about thirty years. Not only did traders, who were typically just sailing through, not have the botanical know-how to replant the tree, but they almost certainly would not be there to see a return on their investments if they did. [...]

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The main problem facing the sustainable harvest and continued survival of sandalwood in India [...] came from the advent of the sandalwood oil industry at the beginning of the twentieth century. During World War I, vast amounts of sandal were stockpiled in Mysore because perfumeries in France had stopped production and it had become illegal to export to German perfumeries. In 1915, a Government Sandalwood Oil Factory was built in Mysore. In 1917, it began distilling. [...] [S]andalwood production now ramped up immensely. It was at this time that Mysore came to be known as ‘the Sandalwood City’.

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Text above by: Ezra Rashkow. "Perfumed the axe that laid it low: The endangerment of sandalwood in southern India." The Indian Economic and Social History Review, Volume 51 (2014), Issue 1, pages 41-70. First published online 10 March 2014. DOI: 10.1177/0019464613515533 [Bold emphasis and some paragraph breaks/contractions added by me. Italicized first paragraph/heading in this post added by me. Presented here for commentary, teaching, criticism purposes.]

[funzos]

🐅

[sitting-on-me-bum]

Buffy Fish Owl, Sundarban Tiger Reserve, India

By Sudipta Chakraborty

[mapsontheweb]

India’s tiger population has seen a remarkable increase of nearly 24% in four years, surging from 2,967 in 2018 to 3,682 in 2022, as per a detailed census analysis.

India’s tiger count, now approximately 75% of the world’s total tiger population.

by themapsdaily

[blackleopards-whitelions]

66th post.

[tsalala]

“Hey, I guess you dropped something?”

The tigress Nayanthara with a pillow Tadoba-Andhari Tiger Reserve, India Photographed by Rohan Sharma

[pukindog-v2]

A quick sample of the AVG (American Volunteer Group), the "Flying Tigers"

[herpsandbirds]

Tiger Moth (Callindra principalis), family Erebidae, India

photograph by Vinayaraj