#this whole sequence is like our manifesto

[fettiowi]

Sonadow fans when

[xenopoem]

Posthuman Review: Shaun Lawton & Nicholas Alexander Hayes

"In a few quick years, the first transhuman in vivo Minksian-Kurzweill clone emerges from its neonatal intensive care unit, eyes unblinking. Max quickly grows to establish the first CORE school (Consilience Of Recombinant Extropy) by the seasoned age of four. In the year 2020, eight-year-old Max engenders a transubstantiative doctrine reprising Heraclitus's ideas of flux. He publishes his manifesto >H by sending it back in time to his conception-year, where it now happens to appear on certain nodal points of the internet. Stars and their remnants, in the beginning, appear perfect with our skulls the shape of eggs while we listen to the music of the spheres. We never know we are dreaming, despite the uncanny appearance of our faces barely submerged below the surface of an image trapped on a screen, as if gazing at a host of cameras that were recording the whole scene and playing it back in overlapping sequences until rendered in 3D, a sort of holographic emergence as a film to show the whole fully recorded history of the human race intact in one performance taking hours to play out that tells the story of our pregalactic form expanding like a cell splitting into divisions congruent with the microchip cluster each acquires to their myriad snowflakes and fingerprints; no two are quite alike, this quality of uniqueness the most common attribute in the galaxy because it takes its shape from the constant force it has been from the beginning, a dorsal fin configuration pre-eminent to radial symmetry, subdivided from the pie & expanding in the recesses of our own mind at rates which we don’t share and we don't want to have to admit even to ourselves it could be the case but on the face of it our individuality evaporates along with the rest of the universe, siphoning itself back & forth both in and out of existence, in a blinking state of awakened beings cycled in an infinite figure eight Mobius strip, along the thermodynamic principle where the electromagnetic motors of creation pass along the triggering current arriving in its multiplicity of waves so here we are much further away from the start than we'd ever imagined before making it in a world on the verge of boiling over with accelerating change to the point it's quaking under this pretense we begin thinking about the stars & their remnants to which we end up belonging while the motion picture of our lives flashes inside our mind in an effortless gesture disarming the gravid affront with united civic resistance paving the way forward for the benefit of our progression into the distance only going to show which ends up being the case that it doesn't really matter so much as the belief we hold well and verily fixed foremost in our mind unravels before a hand to be woven in predetermined fashion foremost reveals the negative gravity bound pressure resistance capsule in the shape of a psychonautical skull transcript." - Shaun Lawton

Δ = (Σ(bug + defect + flaw + hitch + malfunction + mishap + problem + glitch + defeat + delay + difficulty + adversity + complication + crisis + deadlock + dilemma + gridlock + predict + meant + dire circumstance + hard ship + impasse + standoff + stand still + pickle + plight + condition + breakdown + trouble + anxiety + concern + danger + debacle + complication + hazard + catastrophe + changes + confrontation + disaster + calamity + emergency + failure + quandary + collapse + decline + breaks down + beating + annihilation + destruction + raw carnage + elimination + eradication + decimation + extinction + obsolescence + end of life + extermination + void + nullity + nonbeing + nothing + zero + ∅ + H in a few quick years + transhuman + Minksian-Kurzweill clone + neonatal intensive care unit + eyes unblinking + Max + CORE school + Consilience Of Recombinant Extropy + four + 2020 + eight-year-old Max + transubstantiative doctrine + Heraclitus's ideas of flux + manifesto + internet + STARS AND THEIR REMNANTS + beginning + skulls + shape of eggs + music of the spheres + dreaming + uncanny appearance + faces submerged + image trapped + screen + host of cameras + recording + overlapping sequences + 3D rendering + holographic emergence + fully recorded history + human race + pregalactic form + cell splitting + microchip cluster + snowflakes + fingerprints + uniqueness + galaxy + constant force + dorsal fin configuration + radial symmetry + mind + individuality + universe + existence + blinking state + awakened beings + infinite figure eight Mobius strip + thermodynamic principle + electromagnetic motors of creation + multiplicity of waves + accelerating change + quaking + stars & their remnants + motion picture of our lives + united civic resistance + progression + belief + fixed foremost + negative gravity bound pressure resistance capsule + psychonautical skull transcript by Shaun Lawton)

Explanation: The equation Δ represents the dynamic nature of life and the universe. It encompasses a wide range of elements, from challenges (bugs, glitches, difficulties, etc.) to unique qualities (uniqueness of snowflakes, fingerprints, etc.) to the constant changes in the cosmos. The equation also incorporates the concept of time travel and the emergence of transhuman technology.

Nicholas Alexander Hayes' figure (1)

Nicholas Alexander Hayes' figure (2)

[amporella]

SOUTH PARK FANDOM ENTITLEMENT: or, how discourse (and entitlement) ruins things for everybody.

I’ve been wanting to write something like this for a while, and here it is; 4k words on the causes, effects, and dangers of discourse (headcanon discourse, in particular) within fandom. Discourse (and entitlement) is the primary killer of creativity and connection within fandom, and in order to stop provoking it, there needs to be a collective consciousness about what we, as a whole, actually want out of a fandom space. So, without further adieu, here’s my manifesto on fandom (but more specifically, South Park) entitlement, complete with five sections and eight subsections. Let’s get into it!

Part 1: So, what is discourse, and what is entitlement?

Discourse, as we all know, is a staple of the fandom experience. You would be extremely hard pressed to find a fandom entirely free of discourse, whether the explanation is unrealistic similarity in views or differing views with no desire to prove one as more “legitimate” than another. South Park is not one of these fandoms; in fact, its discourse is widespread in both time and space, occurring since the early 2000s and spreading throughout all social media sites with a South Park fandom presence. However, what counts as discourse is debatable (and IS frequently debated), and to be able to properly analyze the causes and effects it has on the fandom, we need to define it. 

Oxford Languages defines discourse as “written or spoken communication or debate”. This definition, while not specific to fandom, is relatively accurate to what I’ll be discussing in this post. However, for clarity, I’ll also be providing a fandom-specific definition, which comes from Fanlore. Fanlore defines discourse as “a fan term for discussion, debate, and/or arguments”.

Okay, great! We have our definitions of discourse. However, for the purpose of this argument, I’ll be narrowing the definitions down to the latter parts - namely, the parts relating to debate and argument. Communication, while relevant to the argument, is not the issue with discourse; actually, it often ends up being the solution. But really, discourse isn’t the main purpose of this post; discourse is simply the cause of the greater issue of entitlement. So, in order to analyze entitlement’s effect on the fandom, we need to define that too. I promise this post is more than just definitions.

Once again, we’re going to be using Oxford Languages and Fanlore for our definitions, to achieve both an outsider and insider perspective of what entitlement actually means. Oxford Languages defines entitlement as “the fact of having a right to something”. Fanlore, on the other hand, does not have a specific page for entitlement - but it does have one for fan entitlement, which we will be using instead. Fanlore defines fan entitlement as “words or actions by a fan that imply (or sometimes even outright state) that the creators of a canon or other fans owe that fan something.” The creators part isn’t really relevant here, so we’ll stick with the part relating to other fans.

Now we have our relevant definitions, and we can all be on the same page while exploring what these two terms actually mean for the fandom. However, the introductory sequence of this post isn’t done yet. Before we really get into this, we need to talk about some relevant examples of discourse, specifically in the South Park fandom. I promise the part discussing examples of entitlement will come later.

So, what counts as a debate/argument within the fandom? I can come up with a few off the top of my head;

Is Kyle short or tall?

Is Stan a jock, or is his sportiness played up by fandom?

Is Butters pure of heart, or is he secretly kind of a dick?

Is Tweek ‘soft’ or ‘feral’?

What the fuck is going on with Craig?

These debates (though most specifically, the first one) have been going on for a long time. I know the intricacies of the first two debates the best, so I’ll be using them and their commonly used arguments as examples throughout this piece. 

Now we can be done with the introductory sequence! We know what discourse is, we know what entitlement (and fan entitlement) is, and we’ve seen a few common examples of how discourse presents itself in the fandom. However, most of you already knew all of that. Now, we can actually get into the meatier part of all of this, namely, why is this a thing, and how does it actually lead into entitlement?

Part 2: How does discourse start?

The root of discourse in any fandom is hard to pin down, but we can narrow it down to two general categories; canon-led discourse, and fanon-led discourse. 

i. Canon-Led Discourse

In this section, I’m not going to be describing how people originally used canon to come up with their fanworks. I think the concept of headcanons is relatively well known to all of us. However, I am going to be describing how people use canon to facilitate discourse. There are two different ways this happens, and surprisingly enough, they both directly contradict each other. So, let’s get into the canon paradox.

Let’s start with the first way; weaponizing canon. For this example, we’ll be using the short Kyle vs tall Kyle debate, with Post-Covid being the canon we’re weaponizing. Post-Covid, much to the chagrin of much of the fandom, gave us canonical adult designs - or, at least, as canonical as designs as we have so far. There are many aspects of these designs that people began to dissect and discuss, but one of the more discourse-y ones was Kyle’s height. Heights in Post-Covid were often inconsistent, but in most scenes, Kyle was depicted to be taller than Stan. As such, there were many ‘I told you so's' among the fandom. Another example of this would be the trans Kyle headcanon; Kyle is canonically AMAB, and people in support of trans Kyle are relentlessly criticized and reminded of this in order to devalue their headcanon. This is one way that canon-led discourse is facilitated; canon is taken as absolute gospel, and those who defect from it are punished and criticized. 

The second way directly contradicts the first way, but is often used by the same people. The second way involves deviating drastically from canon in response to canon-based headcanons one doesn’t like. Let’s take jock Stan as an example of this. We all know that Stan is a sporty person, and his interest in sports isn’t exclusive to the first season. Evidence of this can be found all over his room. People who use this method of discourse will understate this in order to undermine the headcanon - for example, claiming that Stan’s interest in sports is exclusive to the first season, and those who support the headcanon are making a mountain out of a molehill. How do these two ways exist simultaneously, especially among the same people? How can you weaponize canon in one scenario and undermine it in the next? 

The answer is that it’s not really about what’s canon. It’s about stifling and undermining opposing views, and creators, in any way possible.

ii. Fanon-Led Discourse

Fanon-led discourse refers to ways that people in the fandom utilize their fellow fans, as well as fandom tropes, to create discourse and convey their displeasure about concepts and headcanons that they don’t like. 

One way in which this is common is the martyr-ization of ‘unpopular opinions’, in which those who share these controversial opinions (whether through Twitter threads, specific blogs, or any other variety of post) believe that they are ‘martyrs’ for doing so, and that it is honorable that they’re brave enough to risk fandom persecution in the process. This is obviously a ridiculous concept - we are, after all, discussing headcanons about South Park - but the effects of it are very real, and those effects are often what lead into entitlement. Finally, we’ve gotten to that part! So, let me introduce you to the discourse to entitlement pipeline.

This concept of fandom persecution is not uncommon in any fandom - those who deviate from the norm will always feel as though they are being inherently punished by the lack of content supporting their ideas. This is what causes the entitlement. Due to this ‘punishment’, those with ‘unpopular opinions’ believe that they deserve content catered to them. They deserve content that entertains them. They deserve content that adheres to their headcanons, and when met with a lack of this content despite their efforts, their frustration gets worse, and they believe they deserve the content even more. The frustration is normal. It sucks to be part of a fandom where very few people agree with you. But there are also better ways to handle it. This cycle occurs on all platforms, and it occurs in varying levels of severity - some are serious enough to engage others with hostility on their own posts. Others will post about “let’s leave [x] in the past” and “come on, artists and writers, change it up a little!” Some will try and lessen the effects of this entitlement by instead saying that “it’s fine to write whatever you want, but [x] is just less interesting…” or “this was good, but I wish there was a proper [x]...” 

These are different variations of entitlement, but they are entitlement, all the same. 

Part 3: So, why does this matter? 

i. Content is not made specifically for you. 

This is one of the main issues with entitlement, and the blatant violation of social norms that one commits by performing one of the above actions; when creators make their content, they don’t make it specifically for you. A creator has no obligation to adhere to your headcanons. They have no obligation to make their content more interesting for you. You don’t get to decide whether their works are appropriate, or close enough to canon, or even just outright good. This is not your job to decide that. To be entirely frank; your unsolicited opinion on someone else’s content or opinions does not matter unless they are explicitly comfortable with receiving constructive criticism, because IT WAS NOT MADE FOR YOU.

Art and writing can be a very personal experience. Some artists and writers do make content for the community, but many make it exclusively for themselves; because making that kind of content makes them happy. They aren’t asking for criticism just by putting their work out there. Publicizing their work, especially when that work doesn’t disparage anybody, doesn’t give you the right to decide whether it should have the right to exist. This is a very terminally online perspective. It’s very easy to lose sight of social norms and politeness when you don’t see the face of the person that you’re criticizing, but they’re there. They exist, and their works aren’t made exclusively for your criticism and consumption. 

In 99% of scenarios, you have absolutely no right to police someone else’s work. If you have enough of a functioning hand to type out a statement claiming that one work should be left in the past, you have enough of a functioning hand to type out or draw a work supporting your interpretation. If you want work of your own interpretation, do it yourself.

But aren’t these kinds of people in the small minority? Why does it matter?

ii. Bad behavior in one area of the fandom encourages it in others.

The reason it matters is that it doesn’t stay as the small minority. In social psychology, this is called deindividualization - the process in which one loses their self awareness while in groups. The reason this happens is the belief that if one person is doing it, it’s more socially acceptable to do it. It’s the same kind of process that leads to witch hunts. One person being disrespectful makes everyone feel as though they have the same right to do so.

That first kind of entitlement I mentioned up there - the entitlement in which people are bold enough to harass others on their posts - lead into the second and third kinds, and those lead into even more subtle kinds. Kinds that involve being rude on tags in an artist's posts, along the lines of ‘this is good, but…’. Kinds that involve going into an author’s comment section and criticizing a specific part of their work, but doing it in a ‘kind’ way. It doesn’t matter if you do it in a kind way. You are still displaying entitlement towards an author’s work - you are still making the claim that the work is not good because it is not created directly for you, and you are still claiming that you are ‘owed’ something by the author. It’s fine not to like a specific type of content. It’s not fine to give unsolicited criticism to someone’s headcanon, artwork, fic, under the ruse of constructive criticism or kindness. Someone else doing it in a worse manner doesn’t make it okay for you to do so; it’s still unnecessary and hurtful.

iii. Entitlement decreases motivation, which is needed to keep fandoms alive.

One comment directed towards an artist or a writer may not do much, but the deindividualization effect - in which many people start to join the fray - diminishes the motivation of a creator. It’s hard to get yourself to continue making content when you’re met with relentless criticism and entitlement, whether subtle or not. The way people treat creators in fandom has been an issue for a long time - creators are met with death threats, with entitlement, with praise to their faces and slandering of their headcanons in an area where the creator can still see it. This doesn’t make people want to keep creating. It makes them miserable.

By being this entitled, or facilitating entitlement through discourse, one ruins the fandom for everybody. Things get actively worse when discourse becomes common - people start to leave, and those who don’t become disillusioned with creating. It’s hard to be part of a fandom where your opinion is not as common. But this is not the way to handle it. Cruelty towards a creator will often make a mark more than positivity does, and as such, it doesn’t matter if you leave a kind comment first. It doesn’t matter if you make a disclaimer that ‘you can write whatever you want’, because that’s not actually what you’re saying, and that’s not what’s actually going to affect the creator’s decision to continue creating. 

To keep a fandom alive, people need to create content. Posting passive-aggressively about tropes you don’t like doesn’t count as content. Posts encouraging others to share the opinions they hate doesn’t count as content. Negativity is not enough to keep a fandom alive. Be grateful to fandom creators - they’re the ones who make fandom spaces the wonderful places they typically are. Allowing yourself to get caught up in the wave of discourse is the quickest way to ruin it.

Part 4; But isn’t there content that people shouldn’t be allowed to produce?

There are instances in which people will simply hate headcanons for no reason at all, but often, people feel the need to justify their hatred - and that hatred is often justified with the claim that the relevant headcanon/concept is inherently harmful. Content that directly harms people shouldn’t be encouraged in fandom, but doesn’t that contradict what I said up there? How do we reconcile these two points? 

i. ‘Problematic content’ differs significantly in severity.

The South Park fandom has its horrifying content; in fact, that content likely occurs at a higher frequency than most other fandoms just due to the nature of the show. Anyone participating in the fandom for more than a few weeks will inevitably learn about these horror stories, ranging from horrifically antisemitic WWII aus to blatant racism. And these things should not be allowed in the fandom. 

However, the term ‘problematic’ is broad, and applying it to the above tropes as well as less harmful ones (i.e. short Kyle, short Tweek and tall Craig, etc) dilutes the actual nature of problematic content, as well as promotes the idea that fandom as a whole needs to be cleansed. It doesn’t. There needs to be a more significant distinction between the above tropes before one can safely say that there is a subset of content that should not be produced under any circumstances - and a way to measure that is by asking yourself is this problematic, or could this be problematic? Is the content irredeemably bad, or can it be handled respectfully? Is the content unrealistic to the point where it could only be bigotry, or could it be a legitimate possible outcome for that character? Is it impossible to come to this conclusion without the influence of bigotry or stereotypes, or could that portrayal come with innocent intentions? 

And beyond that; is this portrayal agreed upon by the large majority of the potentially affected group to be legitimately problematic, or is there a split? If so, who do you align yourself with?

ii. One person’s view is not sufficient for determining whether content is problematic; other factors have to be considered.

Legitimately problematic tropes and ideas, including the specific ones I mentioned above, are agreed by the massive majority of the affected group to be genuinely horrific. However, more questionable ones aren’t; the split is often even less than equal, with those finding it problematic being a part of the loud minority. So, how do you address this situation? 

Firstly; not only is one person insufficient for determining whether content is problematic, but in a lot of cases, one group may even be insufficient. The conversation about feminine/gender nonconforming Kyle is particularly relevant here; the importance about the Jewish perspective on such an issue is impossible to overstate, but gender non-conforming people and feminine gay men also have a stake in the conversation. GNC people cannot determine what is antisemitic (unless they’re Jewish, of course) and Jewish people cannot determine what’s an anti-GNC stance (unless, again, they’re GNC), but both perspectives still must be considered. You can’t make a decision on how problematic a portrayal is without taking an intersectional approach, and as such, the perspective of one individual is not damning. It gets even more complicated when you consider that the perspective of a group is not necessarily cohesive - one person may find a portrayal offensive, while another may think it’s valuable. Both opinions are valid, but they’re also inherently contradictory - you can’t fully incorporate both into your belief system about the issue. Multiple perspectives are even more valuable in this situation.

Another factor to consider is sociopolitical context - or, more specifically in the context of this argument, how are these groups actually portrayed? Once again, the question of GNC Kyle is important here - how often are GNC Jewish characters portrayed on TV, or in media in general, especially in a positive light? Fighting against stereotypical portrayals (feminine, nerdy Jewish men) is important, but the fact of the matter is that people who fit into that exist, and what good does it do them to remove all fandom representation out of fear of buying into harmful stereotypes? Attacking content relating to these fandom portrayals doesn’t necessarily help them; it actually just limits the rare positive representation that they do get. In this paragraph, I’m speaking about GNC Kyle, but the same concept applies to other groups; by directing anger towards portrayals that could be considered stereotypical, one tears down the vastly important diversity of the relevant group, and limits what people are allowed to see down to the most palatable versions. And that’s not the only issue that comes from insisting on exclusively palatable portrayals.

iii. There is legitimate harm in letting outside bigotry cloud your concept of a problematic depiction.

This is a common perspective throughout the fandom, and it’s diverse enough that it ends up being used in many threads of discourse; feminine Kyle and short Tweek being notable ones. It comes from a place of good intentions and of dispelling bigoted views and portrayals - but in the process, it attacks those that also come from places of good intentions. Short Tweek and tall Craig may be the most common example of this; posts about infantilizing Tweek are endlessly common in an effort to limit the commonality of such a portrayal. But in the process, the attacks on such a portrayal actually DO infantilize Tweek, as well as any actual short men. Accusing a couple with height differences of being “heteronormative” due to inherent bias from the creator delegitimizes gay couples with height differences. A similar perspective is cast onto feminine Kyle and masculine Stan - accusing the portrayal of being born of fetishization harms real life gender nonconforming people, as well as gay people in feminine/masculine relationships. In the process of trying to prevent problematic content, one is legitimizing the perspective of the bigot.

I know this portrayal comes from good intentions, but it comes at a heavy cost - the cost of determining what’s an ‘acceptable’ way for a character of a marginalized group to look, present, behave. Hatred towards short Tweek and tall Craig reinforces the perspective that gay couples with height differences are really just heterosexual lite. Hatred towards feminine Kyle and masculine Stan reinforces the same. Some people who depict these portrayals do have bad intentions, but many do not. It’s easy to forget that most people, regardless of what the news will have you believe, do have good intentions. 

Entitlement on behalf of one’s own good intentions is still entitlement. You’re not entitled to someone else changing their portrayal because it offends you. It’s okay to give people the benefit of the doubt, especially when there is reasonable basis for their portrayal. A character having some aspects that fit into a stereotype doesn’t necessarily mean the portrayer believes that stereotype is legitimate. It doesn’t necessarily make the character out of character, either; some people have traits that do fall into stereotypes, and that’s okay too. There IS some content that should be struck down immediately, but if there’s a question on whether the content could be bad, it’s okay to assume the best of someone until further evidence comes up. It’ll probably make your fandom experience much more pleasant in the long run.

Part 5; So, how do we fix all of this?

Discourse is, as mentioned earlier, a part of fandom. It’s inescapable. But there are ways to make it kinder; namely, buying into the ‘communication’ and ‘discussion’ parts of the definitions I mentioned way back at the start. Discussion is fine. Disliking a headcanon is fine. We all have tropes that we dislike, or even hate. But falling into the rabbit hole of entitlement crosses the line. 

In order to decrease entitlement, we have to decrease discourse - and in order to decrease discourse, we need to stop providing opportunities for it. We need to stop providing opportunities to air out hatred for other peoples’ opinions, and we need to stop legitimizing and martyr-izing the suffering of those who don’t fall in line with the majority. It’s okay to have varying opinions. It doesn’t make you special. It doesn’t make you more deserving of content, because none of us inherently deserve special treatment from creators.

Getting involved in creating content is a great way to help fix the general issue of entitlement within the fandom. Draw art that falls exactly in line with your specific takes on the characters. Write fanfics and describe the characters and relationships in any way you want to. Everyone can draw, and everyone can write, with enough practice. Write meta. Make edits. Make playlists. All of these are valid forms of expressing your perspective on the characters - and all of them contribute much more to the fandom than posts striking at perspectives that may differ from your own.

The internet is a great place to say whatever the hell you want, and technically, you can. There’s nothing stopping you from typing out a hateful response to someone’s posts, or slipping a little criticism into the tags, or making a post intended to stir up controversy. But before you choose to do so, consider that everyone you’re attacking is a person, and consider that the large majority of them are genuinely good. The people with bad intentions are always the loudest, but that shouldn’t delegitimize any concept that they chose to back. Any interpretation can be pushed for unsavory reasons; it doesn’t mean other people who support those interpretations are inherently bad, nor that it’s your job to correct them.

It’s okay to have faith in your fellow South Parkie (lol), and when you don’t like something, it’s okay to keep it to yourself. Supporting the opinions you love and making content rather than trying to shut it down will make you a much happier person, and it’ll make the fandom a much healthier space.

[tiesandtea]

I met two members of London Suede, Brett Anderson and Mat Osman, in the lounge of a major New York hotel. They were at the beginning of a four-city tour of the U.S. in support of their newest release, Coming Up on Columbia Records. I got a chance to talk to them about songwriting, performing and who they think can write a good song. Brett did almost all the talking and never took his sunglasses off. Hey, he's a rock star; he doesn't have to. This was my first time interviewing a British band and I couldn't escape the feeling of being Rob Reiner in Spinal Tap.

An interview with Brett & Mat by Dave Levine for Urban Desires, May 1997. The rest of the article under the cut. (x)

London Suede, or Suede as they're known in England, is at the forefront of the new Brit-Pop explosion that includes bands like Oasis, Blur and Pulp. They write lush poppy songs reminiscent of Bowie in the late seventies. As with many of the new British bands, success in America is hard won. They released their first record, Nude in 1993 and it went #1 in England but didn't make much sound on this side of the Atlantic. Why? well Brett thinks he knows, so read on.

UD: So have you guys been to New York a lot? LS: Yeah, we've been here quite a few times. UD: So what's the difference between London night life and New York? LS: I don't know really. I think every city in the world is pretty much the same, isn't it? I mean there's no difference between New York, and London. Everyone likes to think that they live in the biggest, baddest city in the world. London's just as big and bad as New York and Rio de Janeiro is just as big and bad as London. I think at this point in the twentieth century everyone is so well connected and the world's just become one big place... got tramps sittin' in the street and sex and sleaze and stuff like that. It's all the same, isn't it? UD: Except for the bars in London close at 11:00. LS: Yeah, but there are after-hours places. UD: What's your favorite place in the world to play? London? LS: Probably Thailand or Scandinavia. UD: Why? Because the crowds are crazy, and they just love it? LS: They're mad, especially in Singapore. They sing along with every word. UD: What about New York? To me, New York crowds are jaded. LS: Yeah, they are a bit. Last time we played here it was shit. I can't really get my hands around the mentality. I don't really know how to put this. I mean, I don't want to be offensive. UD: Go ahead be offensive, it makes good copy. LS: New Yorkers want to be shouted at or they don't respect you. They tend to assume that quietness equals weakness, which it doesn't. That's an assumption that I don't think anyone in the world makes. The first show we did here was really boring and the second show we were going through quite alot of bad times with the band. We were having alot of internal arguments and it was a real low point in our relations. We were so fucked up with each other, we absolutely fuckin' hated each other... I don't know how to put it.... UD: New York probably loved that. LS: Exactly, it came across in the gig. It was a real wild gig. UD: I read in your press release that when you first started playing, people hated you. Is that true? LS: (Both laughing) UD: Critically too, and then at some point it changed. Did you do anything? LS: No we just got better, that's all there is to it. We always were going against the grain, and so when you're doing something that is going against the grain and you're not very good at it, people hate you. When you do something against the grain and you're good at it, people start thinking it's something special. UD: So it was just experience, then? LS: Experience of playing live, learning how to sing and how to write songs.

UD: I want to give people here in the US that don't know much about you some background. How did you get started? LS: No one really fuckin' cares anyway. UD: ... Okay. Why do you think it's hard for modern British pop bands to break into the U.S.? LS: I know exactly why that is, 'cause the American music industry is obsessed with categories and things. And we aren't that happy with being categorized. In Europe we're just a pop band. We're #7, and George Michael is #5. You know, we're just a band. There is a song on the second album called "The Wild Ones." When we first played it for Sony they were doing somersaults. We thought it was like #1 and they took it to radio stations, and they couldn't get it played. They couldn't figure out if it was a love song or a rock song by a band with a bunch of guitars. We took it to alternative and they thought it was too mainstream, and we took it to mainstream and they thought it was too alternative. It's never been my desire to be neatly sectioned into some little box. Then you lose any mystery, any danger, any X factor that you might have had, and I don't think that many bands in Europe are happy being categorized like that. UD: Your press release touted you as the best lyricist of your generation-- LS: --I wouldn't believe anything it says there-- UD: --do you have any problem living up to that? LS: Do I have a problem with that? Yeah, I don't think it's true. I don't think anyone is the best lyricist of a generation. I should burn that press release. It's been the source of so much inflammatory rubbish. UD: What inspired you to start playing? LS: We just loved music and wanted to be in a band. LS: I wanted to be a song writer. UD: What songwriters do you admire? LS: Kraftwerk, Lennon and McCartney, Pet Shop Boys. UD: What do you think of Billy Bragg? LS: I think he's got a big nose. UD: (Laughing) I guess that would be 'not too much'. LS: Naw, I think he's alright. I like some of his love songs. UD: Yeah, he does write good love songs. LS: It's like Bob Dylan; I think all these political writers aren't as political when they are writing love songs. I think their political stuff stinks. Bob Dylan's political songs are so fucking one dimensional, and the same goes for Billy Bragg. UD: So you don't believe in the folk, socio-political commentary song? LS: Yeah I do. I just don't believe it's effective when it's put in that crass category. I don't think any of Bob Dylan's political songs were that moving. UD: ... What about "Times They Are A Changing"? LS: Yeah, I guess. UD: What about Elvis Costello? He's a guy who writes political songs. LS: Yeah I like "Shipbuilding." That's probably the best political song ever written. It goes beyond politics, and touches on the human consequences of politics, which I think song writing has got to do. I don't think you can just put numbers and manifestos within a chord sequence. I don't think it strikes a chord in the human heart. I think to actually say something to people you've got to say it with emotion. That's why I think that "Shipbuilding" is one of the best political songs.

UD: What's the worst thing about being on the road? LS: Standing in a pool of someone else's piss when you're on a fucking bus on a three-day journey. UD: Is there a story that goes along with that response? LS: No, that's an everyday occurrence. UD: What do you guys think about Tony Blair? LS: I think it's fucking great. I think it's the best thing to happen to England in a couple of years, wonderful. UD: In the United States they compare him a lot to Clinton. LS: A politician can never be one hundred percent great. I think a politician, as long as he inspires confidence in a positive way, then he's a good politician. And I think Blair and Clinton both do that. UD: What kind of press does Clinton get over there? LS: He gets good press. UD: He probably gets better press over there... LS: ... I'd rather see someone like him than some rejuvenated old skeleton like George Bush. You know what I mean? Some old man that looks like they've been revived, you know, dug up from the dead. UD: If you could just sit at home and write songs, would that satisfy you? LS: I don't think so, it's not boring enough yet to do that. There is part that is mundane. There are some low points but then there are some extreme highs and those highs can inform your writing. I think the point of it all is to actually let things inform other things, and let the whole thing become one big process. UD: Do you guys all get along on the road? LS: We've had fights in the past but not in the last couple of years. Although maybe we should start. LS: There is an idea. LS: Maybe I'll punch our bass player. UD: Head butt him? LS: Yeah, I want to give him a good head butt. LS: I might give him a hug. UD: No, don't do that. New Yorkers won't like it. Don't do the hug thing. Don't be nice or anything.

[kendrixtermina]

One thing that felt uncomfortable to go along with in the CF route for me was when Edelgard lies about what happened at Arianrhod to her closest allies (Black Eagle Strike Force) and blames it on the church. Can you give some insight as to why she does this? Especially when Edelgard criticizes the church for lying to the people of Fodlan, but isn’t she doing it here?

That’s certainly a moment that is genuinely ambiguous / a valid point of criticism and something I’d laud a whistleblower for exposing if it were a RL politician, but also the sort of realpolitik / appearance management that has taken place in most RL wars. 

Once you’re the leader of anything, allowing panic, division, etc. at bad moments comes with its costs. Of course this is hardly a carte blanche (see: Beating down legit protesters for superficial “order”), but neither is it a factor that can be ignored completely.

At the point of the Arianrhod attack Edelgard was one month away from seizing control of the landmass and ending the large-scale fighting, having one enemy taken out (the Church) and being able to turn all her resources on the other (the Agarthans)

The agarthans at this point know they’re losing control of Edelgard and they’re not stupid enough to have any illusions about her loyalty. So they fire a warning shot to demonstrate their superior weaponry. Arundel makes a thinly veiled threat to fire it on Enbarr. 

Of course at this point he basically gave away his location and allowed Edelgard & Hubert to come up with countermeasures, but they don’t want him to know that yet, their strategy involves that they keep being underestimated, let the Agarthans keep thinking that the “beasts” have no counter for the nukes pointed at their heads. 

But they still destroyed half a fortress killing the ppl inside. If she reveals that she’s got a rogue faction infiltrating her ranks that’s firing frightening superweapons nilly willy, there will be chaos outrage and disunity right before the final battle. If she doesn’t make a statement at all and declares it a mystery, no one will believe it and her own faction will get the blame throughout the country. So what does she do? Pin it on the enemy she is currently fighting anyways. The purpose here is not to reveal the Agarthan situation too early so they can focus on the church for now. 

It’s unclear if this was ever revealed to the public (probably not, I don’t think she’d cause a stir on principle alone) but the ending cards make it quite clear that the Strike Force was let in on the Agarthan situation later and helped her mop them up. 

Yeah, it’s defamation, an indisputable  textbook government cover up and maybe even technically a kind of propaganda, but her casus belli existed before it’s not like she’s basing it on the lie, and in most wars throughout history the factions have hidden or made a spin of failures & mishaps and made the enemy look bad. 

There are certainly many historical examples of such actions creating problems, such as fueling lingering resentments or creating general mistrust that can led to real information not being believed etc. so it’s by no means a safe action that is no big deal and I can see how it could be a legit dealbreaker for some, you certainly weren’t supposed to be 100% comfortable with it, or anything on the CF route, everyone involves is well aware that they’re doing ugly, costly things because (or so they see it) the alternatives are all worse. In that sense it’s the most self-aware one. It’s about actually looking at the bottom line of consequences, not what makes you feel like a hero. 

At the same time, doing things like that that squander her moral credibility genuinely IS a flaw in Edelgard’s leadership style - it’s probably why more ppl didn’t believe her manifesto, “she already lied to us cooperating with these shady guys”, making it look like a ‘he said she said’ situation to the wider public that can’t go & confirm the evidence for themselves. This is why Claude thinks he has a better shot at winning& implementing reforms in VW (”too shady for the ppl to get behind”) - just like Dimitri has no plans and Claude’s secrecy creating mistrust even when his secret plan is utterly benevolent.  Doesn’t matter how altruistic you are if you look suspicious it will have consequences I mean that’s how she loses on the other rouses, everyone ganks up on her cause she antagonized them all with suspicious actions. I’m not saying she’s any more perfect than the other 2. 

but putting that on the same scale as what Rhea did is comparing a candle to the sun. 

And maybe the Kantians in the audience will disagree with me but it can be a bit unhelpful to classify different actions of vastly different consequence and magnitude as “Lies”. There is a common principle (telling things that aren’t exactly true) but different magnitude. Clearly “The Confederacy was all great and glorious” and “I totally didn’t eat my little sister’s share of toffees” aren’t on the same level of immorality. 

Neither is below the “everythings fine and dandy” line but one is a lie about one incident for one clear purpose, and the other is creating a whole fake world view for the express purpose of control, maintaining harmful systems, suppressing any advancement of science & technology... for 1000 years. 

Scale, purpose and consequences are totally different. The arianrhod coverup coming to light would spark controversy & discussion on wether she should have done it under those circumstances; Some might change their opinion about her but overall everyone already knew that she’s not above dirty methods. If you told the average citizen of Fodland about all of Rhea’s lies, everything they know would be wrong. They would go from Adoring & worshipping her to being very confused about what’s true. 

It’s the difference between your average modern-day politician doing backroom deals with diverse industry lobbies to accomplish their other goals, and a place like Saudi Arabia. 

To get perspective here, let’s look at another example: Claude’s deceptions. 

He, too, ultimately wants what’s best for everyone and a lot of the time he decides to fool people to avoid fighting them, I don’t mean to bash him at all, but let’s look at his actions in and of themselves: 

Look at the sequence where he, Hilda & Byleth rope the church into helping them - that’s even more outright with the slimy politician tactics: He tries to downplay alliance involvement though he is totally in control, he says that “getting the church on our side will make fighting the empire look like a moral cause” implying that he doesn’t think it is one but wants to portray it as one to get ppl’s support, we’re told he made lots of promises to the merchants to get them on his side (so like that’s literal lobbyists), he installs Byleth as a figurehead, he tells the church ppl he wants to help them get back their old power when he really wants it to diminish and to drastically reorder the society.

He tells everyone he’ll help them save Rhea but while he still has basic human empathy for her & what happened to her he makes it clear he doesn’t want her to go back to being archbishop... at all. He even does this with Byleth: “Yeah, sure, teach we’re totally gonna save her”  though in their case he tries to hint that she’s not to be trusted for their own good. Despite his dishonesty, he’s actually a very good friend to them imho. (#broTP)

In the end the power struggle between Claude and Edelgard isn’t personal nor a righteous struggle - he’s just taking advantage of the chaos she caused and he needs the seat of power to reach his own goal. He thinks he can do it better and she’s in the way (and to be fair, she thinks the same about him) 

It’s your classic slimy politician: “he’s pretending to be for family values etc thing but really he wants power & is in cahoots with economic interests and he won’t do what he promised” etc. ... except with the plot twist that he’s deeply good and not actually all that ruthless.   In a sense he’s as much a total subverted trope as Edelgard.

So doesn’t he have the right to criticise Rhea either? Or do you see how, while not per perfect, he’s miles better and not remotely the same?

Edelgard isn’t 100% truthful, but by and large, she made her intentions very clear with the pamphlets and stuff (even if it meant antagonizing ppl who were against that) and all her soldiers generally know what they’re fighting for and are going to get out of it if they support her, or what the consequences will be if they fail, even if she kept some of the “how” to herself. 

Which isn’t to say that Claude ever makes ppl act against their interests even if it’s sometimes what he sees as their interests.

Under Rhea’s rule no one knew what the government’s doing, why it’s doing it, or to some degree, even that she IS the government... for 1000 years. There’s some cult of personality going on. She probably genuinely believes that it does benefit the sheeple to be “guided” by her, but she hasn’t even told Seteth about all she’s doing, she’s pretty much accountable to no one.

In terms of honesty, we could probably rank the lords like this: 

Dimitri (a few omissions at worst)

Seteth (lies mostly out of self-preservation)

Edelgard (some convenient secrecy here & there)

Yuri (about the same as El but I’d put him slightly higher for the fake betrayal) 

Claude (no one rly knows what he’s up to, but he gets ppl what he promised them and doesn’t outright betray them)

(very)

(big)

(gap)

Rhea (fake history, isolationist bubble, abuse of power left & right, manipulation, will smile in your face while planning to make you a meat puppet for her mom)

[ill-will-editions]

AUTONOMY AND COUNTER-POWER: RETHINKING THE QUESTION OF ORGANIZATION AFTER THE YELLOW VESTS MOVEMENT (2020)

First published in ACTA, January 6th, 2020. 

Translated by J.R. and Ill Will Editions. 

This text stems from a talk given by the French journal ACTA during an international congress organized by the Catalan magazine Catarsi in Barcelona last December. Now in its third iteration, the congress facilitates the exchange of intellectual reflection and militant experience between different countries, touching on themes such as unionism, urban struggles, the realities of fascism today, and the stakes of political communication in the digital age.

We take this opportunity to develop a report on the sequence of struggles in France  and across the globe in recent months, considering both its novel characteristics and its strategic impasses. Our aim here is to place the question of organization back on the table, while also proposing a rough sketch of what the seemingly-obscure concept of victory might look like today. -ACTA

The year 2019 witnessed a new wave of uprisings on a planetary scale. Dozens of countries around the world watched as their cities erupted into violence, their economies were paralyzed, and the legitimacy of their governments was challenged in the streets. Despite obvious differences in context, the majority were popular mobilizations centering around common issues: worsening precarity, social regression and fiscal austerity – the result of several decades of unchecked liberalism. Added to this was the corruption of elites, the disrepute of the political class, and the authoritarianism of the State.

A common element in a majority of these cases is the collapse of institutional mediations. Many of these movements formed at arm's length from parties and unions — when they were not openly hostile toward them. In France, the skepticism of the Yellow Vests toward any form of representation is evident to anyone, while the more recent movement against the proposed pension reforms has crystallized a tendency among the more combative union bases of acting autonomously from their bureaucratic leadership. We see this at several levels: for instance, in their decisive insistence on December 5th as a strike date, in their will to take control of how the strike will be handled (i.e. a “renewable” rather than a “pearled,” or slowdown, strike), in their experimentation with more conflictual forms of action, and in their refusal to obey calls for a truce (even when they emanate from trade federations themselves).

The Yellow Vests phenomenon casts a stark light upon a basic feature of our time, namely, that traditional representative bodies are no longer in a position to capture the energy of protest, let alone direct it. From here on out, those who face down the State are on their own. From Paris to Santiago, by way of Beirut, popular revolt is shattering the recognized frameworks of struggle, fleeing in every direction. At a planetary level, its principal weapons are the blockade and the riot.

While this reduction of the antagonism to two terms may in some cases safeguard the people against the betrayals and intrigues of politicians and the various other apparatuses, it is no less problematic when one considers its long-term consistency and its possible outcomes — we will return to this later.  

To be sure, several of the recent movements have succeeded in winning tactical victories: the abandonment of the new taxes at the root of the revolts in France and Lebanon, the suspension of the public transport fare hikes and the promise of a constitutional referendum in Chile, the abandonment of the austerity plan in Ecuador, the withdrawal of the extradition bill in Hong Kong, the resignation of Bouteflika in Algeria, etc.

States everywhere have bowed to popular pressure. Yet, with the exception of a few, the movements have kept going beyond these tactical achievements, and still continue today. In fact, it is this continuation, precisely, which reveals a major difficulty that cuts across every struggle in the current period: we have no shared conception today of what a victory might be, at either a tactical or a strategic level. (Insofar as a victory, in our view, is always the inscription in history of a point of irreversibility.)

We cannot see clearly what victory looks like. For us, the concept of victory is obscure.

By contrast, the twentieth century had at its disposal a relatively clear understanding of victory, one widely accepted by revolutionaries throughout the world. To be victorious meant to seize State power. This was to be done either by classic electoral means or else through an armed insurrection. Those “progressive” formations that came to power by respecting the rules of bourgeois democracy wound up either abandoning any prospect of social transformation, under the weight of institutional constraints or because of the intrinsic corruption of state structures, or else they found themselves vulnerable and powerless in the face of the reaction of the propertied classes and their imperialist allies. As for the revolutionary seizure of state power, historical experience has shown that, by itself, it in  no way guarantees a general advance toward communism and that, consequently, a successful insurrection alone cannot define the concept of victory. (In other words, we cannot remain satisfied with a strictly “military” definition of victory.)

But we have not yet been able to put forward a new concept of victory adequate to the novelty of the movements that have shaken the world in recent years and which have everywhere run up against the same strategic impasses.

*

The question of victory is directly related to the question of organization. The determination of this or that hypothesis of victory leads us to adopt a certain type of organization adapted to the success of this hypothesis. Lenin’s theory of the vanguard party (endowed with military discipline and committed to the objective of taking state power) issues directly from his analysis of the failures of the revolutionary uprisings of the nineteenth century—foremost among them being the Paris Commune. Thus was he led to delineate a new type of political organization capable at last of leading the proletariat to victory. And if the Leninist party-form imposed itself as the canonical form of revolutionary organization during most of the 20th century, it is largely owing to the prestige derived from their 1917 victory. The hypothesis had, in a way, proven itself.

Designed for seizing state power, the Leninist party certainly showed its formidable insurrectional efficacy; however, it proved to be radically deficient in the exercise of this power when it came to the post-revolutionary phase and the achievement of the strategic objectives of communism. As Alain Badiou wrote, “The Leninist party is incommensurable to the tasks of the transition to communism, despite the fact that it is appropriate to those of a victorious insurrection.”

Throughout the 1970s, French Maoists and Italian autonomists had (among other things) counted the overcoming of the traditional Leninist paradigm among the essential tasks of the politics of emancipation. It is this problem that we have inherited today.

We cannot help but notice the general disorientation that runs through the whole of our camp on this issue. Whereas some have decided to sweep away the motif of organization completely, on the pretext that it is, in and of itself, synonymous with a mortifying alienation, others have been content to carry on with the ossified model of the avant-garde party. The former glorify the movement, and perhaps even pure movement itself, reducing their political practice to following each of its new figures. Although they often display remarkable tactical activism during sequences of acute conflictuality, their fetishization of an affinity-driven approach condemns them to retreating during non-movement periods. As for the latter, they remain rigidly loyal to obsolete organisational models, and this prevents them from truly entering into and becoming internal to the movements in question, leading to a growing disconnect with the new dynamics of struggle.

We believe that the problem of organization is once again an open question, one that demands to be taken up anew by revolutionaries. The Yellow Vests movement has been a formidable testing ground for the relationship between mass movement and organized subjectivity. For us, one of the essential lessons of this sequence is that activists must be in the movement “like fish in the water.” They must be truly internal, that is, actually in the movement. This means participating in its basic assemblies, establishing connections with its local groups, carrying out investigations, upholding its main deadlines, and allowing the novelty of its forms of struggle to “contaminate” them—in short, putting themselves in the school of the masses. They cannot remain content with a posture of exteriority, or even worse, of scorn, which was something too many leftists fell into at the onset of the 2018 winter uprising. As Marx put it in the Manifesto: “Communists everywhere support every revolutionary movement against the existing social and political order.” That being said, however, the position of revolutionary militants cannot be purely one of tailing or following along [suivisme], for it is not merely a question of accompanying the movement, or even of disappearing into it, but of intervening in it politically.

This brings us to the fundamental point: political intervention always leads to a division. What unites a movement, especially at the beginning, has a negative dimension: different sections of the people come together in common opposition to a particular government, a particular bill, a particular aspect of the dominant order. The follower mentality treats this unity as something to be preserved at all costs and regards any effort to introduce political divisions as tending to weaken the movement itself. On the contrary, we believe that the negative unity of a movement always covers up important (sometimes even antagonistic) contradictions and that it is precisely the role of revolutionaries to intervene where these contradictions exist—and thus, to accept the division. For it is only through this work of division that true, affirmative unity can be built.

This kind of work has been undertaken within the Yellow Vests movement, for example around the question of antifascism. There is no doubt that the presence of the extreme right, whether in terms of diffuse reactionary opinion or the violent activism of small groups, was notable at the beginning of the movement. Nationalist, neo-fascist, or Pétainist formations felt comfortable enough to unfurl their banners at the Étoile roundabout, to strut down the Champs-Élysées, to beat up leftist activists—until the brutal attack on an NPA contingent on 26 January 2019. The organization of an explicit antifascist response made it possible to rout these nationalist groupuscules, which were de facto excluded from the marches. At a deeper level, the early construction of an antiracist front bringing together organizations based in working-class neighborhoods such as the Adama Committee, local Yellow Vests groups, and various autonomous collectives allowed the contradictions of the movement to be worked on politically, helping to develop its watchwords and thereby gradually marginalizing its reactionary component.

It is also clear that the movement’s political maturation process was accelerated by an early collective experience of police and judicial repression (that is, of State authoritarianism) at levels that had previously been reserved exclusively for the racialized populations of working-class neighborhoods—yet which have now become the default mode of repression meted out to the entire social movement.

We argue that the task of organized militants during a movement is not only to provide tactical support for mass action but also to carry out a properly political intervention within the movement, which in most cases will entail a deepening of a certain number of its internal contradictions.

But if the organized must be sensitive to the irruptions of events (rather than obsessing over the maintenance and reproduction of their own organized process), getting organized does bring with it a duration proper to revolts by crystallizing their most advanced political contents. This other sense of time is what allows organized revolutionaries to continue the political work even in sequences of low conflictuality. They get organized by taking root in a territory; by opening and running accessible, public spaces; by establishing durable structures, spaces for self-education, and tools for propaganda and debate; and by deepening theoretical elaborations—in short, by practicing a militant program.

As Marx observed, since they capable of imagining the next stage of the political process, communists are not satisfied with following the pure present of revolts. In particular, they cannot be satisfied with a succession of tactical gestures (however spectacular) lacking any strategic interrelation. Here again we have detected a recurring weakness: although we, in France, have been living in a period of exceptional and almost uninterrupted social conflictuality since 2016, we have observed the fragmentation and the inconsistency of revolutionary organizations. A short-sighted “movement-ism” seems to be preventing any long-term recomposition.

*

The Yellow Vests movement has  confirmed this: any politics of emancipation is today practiced at a distance from the State and its institutions. As a result, any organized process committed to emancipation can only be autonomous. The Yellow Vests have learned to rely on their own forces, they did not need any trade union or any political party to bring about a level of social antagonism unseen for over half a century. To borrow from Negri in his 1977 text, Capitalist Domination and Working Class Sabotage, it could be said that they combined a political destabilization of the regime (through the Saturday insurrectional riots) with the material destructuring of the system (through logistic blockades, the occupation of roundabouts and their territorial spread). Albeit in a fragmentary and incomplete way, they practiced larval forms of a popular counter-power.

This brings us back to the strategic considerations set out above. What do we mean by “counter-power?” Counter-power is the preliminary form of autonomy: it is both “liberated space,” a field of experimentation prefigurative of all other social relations, and “conflict zone,” a particular point where the reproduction of social command is blocked. Here positivity cannot be dissociated from negativity, nor creation from antagonism. For “the latencies of the future contained in the present are not limited to existing in ideological representations and political programs. On the contrary, they already manifest themselves in the eruption of the revolutionary process, externalizing themselves in the most surprising and unexpected configurations made possible by the successive puncturing of the dominant forms of relations,” as Curcio and Franceschini wrote in their 1982 text, Drops of Sunlight in the City of Specters.

To the extent that we must do away with the idea that nothing is possible prior to the conquest of central power; to the extent that the decline of the State must become not only an historical horizon but a principle visible in the present through political action itself—to this extent, counter-power is today the elementary reality of any emancipation process.

(France dotted with “yellow communes”—those occupied roundabouts and other innumerable pockets of self-organization which, in addition to the metropolitan riots, allowed thousands of proletarians to rediscover the meaning of fraternity while also laying the material conditions for a mass economic blockade—the France of last winter was undoubtedly a life-size approximation of this process of constituting, from below, an other power, a popular power that sets up its own institutions).

Whether one looks to the ZAD of Notre-Dame-des-Landes, or to the Yellow Vests themselves, recent experience shows that any dynamic of counter-power must confront the problem of self-defense and of protecting this counter-power. This issue is all the more pressing in the context of an authoritarian turn by the State whose repressive methods have become increasingly unhinged. We must likewise consider the possible forms in which a strategic (and not only tactical) negativity might be exercised—one committed to the destruction of bourgeois law, that foundation of the dominant order, a destruction that the capillary expansion of counter-power alone cannot ensure.

What then are the stakes of putting the question of organization back on the agenda? It is clear that only historical practice will allow us to make real progress on this issue. And that theoretical elaboration can only serve—but this is already a lot—to formulate problems.

We must get organized in the field of self-defense, which likewise determines offensive capacity. In this sense, to borrow an intuition from Tronti, it is a tactical function of mass antagonism. For, as we have said, the accumulation of popular power necessarily runs up against the “prohibitive power” of the State. Once it reaches a certain threshold of strength and temporal consistency, every emancipatory experiment confronts this “prohibitive power” that puts its very survival at stake. To envisage this as a linear process would be the height of naivety. Here is precisely where the role of organized political subjectivity lies: to “remove the obstacles” that oppose the growth of popular power, to break up the enemy’s command structure: “to strip capitalist domination of its hope, its possibility of a future,” as Scalzone put it in 1978. It is unclear, otherwise, how the emancipatory elements that developed “in the womb of the old society” could ever in fact be actualized, ratified, and generalized.

But this function alone does not exhaust the issue. Another essential aspect of any organizational process is its multiplicity. It cannot be “one dimensional.” This was, moreover, the principal error of the fighting formations in the 1970s cycle: the military function ended up absorbing all the others, reducing the specter of political practice to this one partial dimension. On the contrary, the organized must seek to combine and articulate different forms of struggle, different terrains, and different modes of intervention. As one agent of the Imaginary Party pointed out, “People forget, but the party has always been both legal and illegal, visible and invisible, public and conspiratorial.”  Its richness and potentiality reside in this plurality.

Organization must therefore also take on the role of political recomposition. Today, there are a variety of trajectories of struggle in the movement that act on specific terrains and claim relative autonomy. This is the case, for example, of feminist and antiracist movements (which are themselves traversed by major fault lines). The question of organization, at present, is therefore just as much a question of organizations. Hence the motif of the front that has been circulating recently, which is one possible form that this recomposition could take. What would be at issue is a space necessarily open to internal contradictions, within which revolutionary militants would have the task of working toward a determinate programmatic synthesis: to foster connections between centers of struggle and different social subjectivities, to thwart the risk of paralysis or fragmentation by affirming a communist projectuality as an evaluative criterion for real situations.

Since 2016, and more intensely in recent months, egalitarian alliances have been formed between combative union chapters, autonomous collectives, local Yellow Vests groups, working-class neighborhood organizations, radicalized ecological militants, and high school bases — our task today is to ensure that these alliances survive beyond mere movement temporalities, that is, to build a space of organization and coordination that might create the bases for a new type of popular unity.

[Photo credits: Maxwell Aurélien James, for the Collectif ŒIL]

[artemispanthar]

Do u think PD is evil? In my opinion it was misguided attempt to free the earth.

Oh, no, I don’t think she’s evil at all. I think she was maybe a bit selfish, ignorant, often a little insensitive, but ultimately well-intentioned. So far, we have no reason to believe the motivations for the rebellion aren’t the same. Here’s the official manifesto of Rose Quartz:

Fight for life on the planet Earth,Defend all human beings, even the ones that you don't understand,Believe in love that is out of anyone's control,And then risk everything for it!

These are not evil motivations, they’re pretty dang good motivations. Additionally, the idea that Gems should be free to decide their own purpose is also a good motivation.

Rose Quartz (Pink Diamond) fell in love with the Earth and the concept of growth and change, this led to her realizing that Gems, too, have the capacity to grow and change and decide who they want to be, this led to rallying Gems and convincing them of this fact, and trying to push the Diamonds away from colonizing the Earth with the idea that this would A) save the life on Earth and B) provide a place for Gems to be free of Diamond rule.

As Greg said, though, there’s no such thing as a good war. While Pink’s decision was perhaps not the best or wisest option, I’d wager any option was going to have dire consequences.

It’s unlikely that even being direct wouldn’t have convinced the Diamonds not to colonize Earth. Remember, after the rebellion Gems entered Era 2, which severely lacks resources, resulting in things like Peridot being smaller with no powers (or so she thought). Gems need to harvest planets in order to continue their species, giving up a planet means taking resources they need away. In “Your Mother and Mine,” Garnet describes a conversation between Rose and Pink (most likely actually between Pink and Yellow and/or Blue) where Rose asks that they leave Earth and spare the organic life there and Pink laughs, saying “You wish to save these lifeforms at the expense of our own?” If Pink didn’t want to colonize Earth, Yellow or Blue would’ve just taken over.

Pink could’ve led a war against Homeworld to free Earth, and that might’ve worked, but it’s unlikely that Pink could win against either Yellow or Blue by themselves and both of them would’ve been against her.

Pink might’ve had her Earth army, but that would go ahead the idea that Gems should be able to choose who they are and what they fight for, she’d just be another Diamond commanding her troops to die for a cause they don’t really have a passion for. By contrast, Rose convinced Gems to fight for the Crystal Gems by getting them to believe they can be whoever and whatever they want to be. They were fighting because they believed in their cause.

Now, maybe Pink could’ve convinced Gems of that fact as well, but I don’t think so. Diamonds are elite Gems, by Homeworld society Diamonds are unique and can do whatever they want while all Gems below them are made to serve them. A Diamond preaching that you can be whatever you want to be is disingenuous and comes from elite privilege and some Gems may’ve just played along because it’s what their Diamond wanted. But the same idea coming from a lower-ranked Gem is a lot more believable. Bismuth is one of the most passionate Crystal Gems, she hardcore believed in the cause, and a big reason for that is because she was so amazed at the idea of a Quartz Gem deciding to be different. I think the message wouldn’t have resonated nearly as much with her if it were just a Diamond preaching it.

I do certainly think Pink was misguided. She’s very much designed to look like a child. We’re first really introduced to her through Stevonnie, two children, in a sequence where Yellow is portrayed as Connie’s mother while Stevonnie (as Pink) is whining and complaining like a petulant child. That’s intentional for a lot of reasons, it puts us in the mind to understand both her more childish actions and understand that she really isn’t respected by the other Diamonds which makes it that much harder for her to get them to understand and she was likely very intimidated to even try, as children often are. “Rose Quartz shattered Pink” was kind of the “dog ate my homework” of an excuse, trying to deflect blame, duck out of responsibility, but often motivated by anxiety and fear and the belief that the real reason they don’t have their homework will be met with anger or dismissive disappointment. It comes from feeling powerless in a way that’s very specific to childhood, I think.

Blue told Pink that “As long as you’re there to rule, this colony will be completed” and ran with it, even though with mature thought one could understand she didn’t literally mean if Pink were removed everything would just be fine. Pink absolutely severely underestimated how much Blue and Yellow cared about her and how enraged they’d be at her shattering. I don’t think Pink was entirely naive about the horrors of war, though. It seems most likely that the memory at the end of “Rose’s Scabbard” takes place shortly before Pink’s “shattering” and Rose was very serious in it. But I think she certainly didn’t expect them to be as upset as they were. Rose seemed to know to shield against the Diamond’s attack, so it seems like Pink knew they were capable of doing that but perhaps thought they’d never actually do it (or, maybe, thought they wouldn’t be able to if she weren’t there?)

Though it’s also worth mentioning that Pink wasn’t just ducking responsibility. If she truly just wanted to run away from her problems, she could’ve had Pearl take the blame for the shattering or had Pearl disguise herself as some other unrelated Gem. But she specifically had Rose Quartz be the one who “shattered” Pink Diamond, likely with the belief that she’d bear the brunt of the consequences (and she kind of did, but mostly now as Steven). So even if some of her motivations were selfish or misguided, she wasn’t just trying to do what was best for her. I’d say she mostly just severely underestimated how much collateral damage would happen to everyone else around her.

I think gagging Pearl was ultimately harmful to her, but I don’t think Pink had malicious intentions at all with it, honestly she was probably trying to be kind (but also a little selfish, too). It’s easier to keep a secret if you literally cannot tell it (and so Pearl could talk as much as she wanted without worrying she’d accidentally blurt it out, since she literally couldn’t). I’d also wager some motivation might have been that if the rebellion failed and/or Pearl was captured, she couldn’t be forced to tell under interrogation and, perhaps, the physical restriction might’ve been an indicator that she was a Diamond’s Pearl and of course couldn’t be involve or, perhaps, that she was ordered by a Gem to be a rebel and thus wasn’t responsible for her actions. Those are just guesses, though, I’m just saying that while I think the gag order did hurt Pearl a lot in the long run, I don’t see it as a purely, intentionally malicious and selfish act

Here’s another important thing, too, the rebellion is often referred to as failed, both in the show and in the fandom, but it wasn’t really, not completely. The Crystal Gems were obliterated, yes, which is really bad, it failed on that front. But had they not driven Homeworld off the planet, all life on Earth would be gone. They would’ve bled Earth dry of its resources and moved on to another planet. All the sacrifices of the Crystal Gems did accomplish the very first point on the manifesto and while that doesn’t mitigate the pain and suffering that ensued, it’s still an important fact to remember.

Of course, you can have good motivations and do your best to do the right thing, but still really hurt people. You can still have, in addition to that, bad or selfish motivations. You can still make big mistakes. Pink was afraid to be honest with people, the Diamonds, her fellow Crystal Gems, even Pearl (the person she was closest with) and it got her bogged down in so many lies and secrets she was inevitably going to hurt everyone eventually. 

And I like that, honestly? Showing someone with good intentions can still do some awful, harmful things, that you can keep trying to be a better person and keep screwing up but keep trying. I think it’s important that people understand that it’s not just bad people who hurt people, it’s everyone. Everyone hurts other people in some way eventually, intentionally or unintentionally, with good intentions or bad, and it’s important to know that. Because if you think only bad or evil people can hurt people, what ends up happening if that you, believing yourself to be good, ignore or legitimize the hurt and pain you cause to people because your intentions were good, your motives were pure, etcetc, and you stop trying to be mindful of your effect on people because as a good person you don’t hurt people (or, rather, you don’t hurt other “good” people and anyone who ends up hurt was “bad” anyway), you stop growing and your compassion stagnates.

That’s my take on the whole thing for the time being anyway, certainly going to change and evolve the more we learn about Pink

[rugeon]

The level design of V&A Design/Play/Disrupt

Recently went to the V&A expo on videogames and thought it might be fun to try and think about it’s ‘level design’. I realise its silly to call it that and is more informed by planning an exhibition/ event planning and architecture, but w/e.

[pictured:  how do you Do it?, 2014 - Nina Freeman, Emmett Butler, Decky Coss, and Joni Kittaka]

This is mostly gonna be some simple thoughts on the experience of traversing the space of this exhibition, and how that space is used effectively to create different effects/ experiences, as well as notes on the smarter considerations on how the experience is paced/sequenced.

This warped/truncated/inaccurate/drawn from flawed memory map roughly shows the layout of the V&A expo:

The whole exhibition can be roughly broken up into four fairly distinct parts:

Exhibits of the design of different video games from differently sized studios ~2009 onwards. [blue]

Articles, talking points, video discussions and exhibits of games as part of our broader social context, concerned with violence, gender, sex, sexuality, race, language, protest etc. [orange]

A large video theatre showing some of the communities that form around games. [red]

An arcade showcasing several more experimental games and projects, that is open to free play. [yellow]

DESIGN

When you walk in you are greeted by a huge projector flashing between collages of the various exhibitions and the alternating titles DESIGN, PLAY, DISRUPT.

[pictured slides from Jenny Jiao Hsia’s talk on prototyping to make her game: ‘Consume Me’, 2016]

Seeing this is unavoidable when entering, and it serves as something of a banner to signal the transition into the formal exhibition space. YOU HAVE ENTERED THE WORLD OF THE VIDEO GAMES.

Mapping this first area of the 1. Design section of the exhibit we get something like this:

Note that these numbers are in an arbitrary order of roughly when I encountered them, and are not indicative of density, just general location of possibly several bits of each exhibit. Also this list is not exhaustive, nor is the map strictly accurate, I do not have an eidetic memory, but I do have a notebook and a smartphone.

Design/Play/DIsrupt screen

Large Print Text Binders

‘Journey’ gameplay montage projection

Notebooks, sketches, a headphone + video prototype demo, inspo photos/footage, graph and board of intended player journeys/narrative threads

‘Last of Us’ Dual screen demo showing gameplay and some of the work relevant to make that part of the game happen

Sketches, notebooks, board plotting out story events/setpieces in seasons, film made for atmosphere reference, blue sky concept art, colour scripts

Mocap footage +suit

Matt Lees @jam _sponge describing the anxious, excitable play of ‘Bloodborne’ between 3 screens.

Notebooks, sketches+concept art, level design docs, and SketchUp pics of early levels, headphones to listen to a recording of the soundtrack

Bunch of top designs for ‘Splatoon’

Early Prototype, creature sketches, fashion asset design

Playable prototypes from the making of Consume Me

Notebooks, corkboards, workplace ephemera, unity project demo, headphone + video 40 minute talk on prototypes

Music from ‘Kentucky Route Zero’ / KR0, visual representation of branching dialogue in twine, Margritte’s ‘Spring in the Forest’

Inspirations, typeface considerations, group wiki, twine showcase

Realtime Art Manifesto, Even more notebooks, with sketches and details of designing Tale of Tale’s ‘The Graveyard’

Playable demo of The Graveyard

Bench

Multi-screen montage of generated worlds in ‘No Man’s Sky’

Blueprint tool for spaceships, terrain debug tool, sci-fi inspirations

Visual inspirations

So what are some of the ways we can think about how this expo was laid out? 

For a start it’s fairly linear, there are no branching paths at Design/Play/Disrupt, it’d be a layout ill-suited to somewhere like this where there’s a strong desire for the audience to see all the content and assets (the exhibits) and not miss any pieces that time was spent curating. Thankfully unlike some videogames, this linearity is not gated. There are no attendants fiendishly running up behind you and closing doors as you move from one game to another, people might have missed something, or want to visit an earlier piece while friends are preoccupied with something for a little longer.

Exhibits are visited for the most part in a defined order, with some freedom in the Kentucky Route Zero/Graveyard room as well as the Splatoon/Consume Me room. You are encouraged to experience what is on display for each work and are being guided in a deliberate order, as opposed to set loose in an open hall with no boundaries where some attendees might skip or miss a part of the exhibition.

One thing tying sections you can explore or skip is their loose thematic / tonal linking:

To put it another way, there is a good reason that Bloodborne is next to The Last of Us. Both are triple-A big budget, rated 16+, 18+ action games for blood guts and all the cheery stuff. Consume Me and Splatoon work well next to eachother as the cute aesthetic and playable prototypes hanging from the ceiling work well across from Nintendo’s colourful and playful Splatoon. It would be a bit less natural to have the grotesque and rapacious sounds of Bloodborne echoing within the exact same room as Splatoon. I’m not saying any of these works don’t have some commonality beyond the arbitrary border I’ve drawn, but they fit better together. 

- Plus this open space invites an atmosphere of play after having just been cramped into two games rooms that feature horror elements

[Pictured: Splatoon’s section, as well as Consume Me minigame prototypes open to play, suspended from the ceiling]

This also showcases another thing about this event applicable to level design: the same space can be made appealing to different types of audiences. This is an exhibit about video games. I’ll admit this is just my gut but I’d be willing to bet that this exhibit is more likely to be attended by parents and their children than it would most other exhibits. I don’t know exactly what the V&A’s idea of the ideal attendant is, and that’s probably owed to the fact that this event catered to lots of different levels of assumed knowledge and engagement with videogames. 

Parent’s who might be a little out of touch with mainstream games, are quite likely to have been put off by bringing their kid to something that was entirely wall to wall Bloodborne, Dark Souls and other things as frightening (as much as I personally would have enjoyed that). Standing watching a parent pull their rapt child away from dulcet descriptions of how deadly mistakes are, in the big monster game, the success of the exhibition is apparent; the next room is a bit more targeted towards that kid’s age range (even though they did seem pretty into Bloodborne). 

[The concept art from Bloodborne is such a treat]

It’s no surprise as well that the first game is not The Last of Us, but Journey. More people are playing games now than ever but there remains a fair few people who still don’t really know what’s going on in games. As an exhibition that in part is attempting to show the breadth and depth of games being designed, it makes sense that the first introduction to what games are being made is a game without much in the way of traditional combative interaction. 

To wafflingly reiterate: the sequence of how things were placed matters: The accessibility options: 2. [Large Print Binders] are available at the start. Benches and places to sit are placed later throughout the exhibit (including rather wittily across from The Graveyard; a game where the entire goal is to make an old woman sit on a bench).

Reinforcing this point of how the same space can be made to cater to different people this event was extremely Multimedia. Explanations of parts each games design process written up, sketchbooks, and lots of different drawings, scrawled graphs, charts and plans. Concept art, drawings. Video of prototypes and animation, Sounds of ‘Long Journey Home’ echoing up the hall, and the omnipresent dread of Matt Lees echoing down, as well as headphones to listen to specific parts of the exhibition that might be less suited to how crowded the soundscape is or be for a more narrow audience (I wonder how many of the attendants listened to all ~40 Minutes of Jenny Jiao Hsia’s talk on prototyping. I did. It was good). Just in this section of the exhibit, there were so many different means of engagement, and they all felt very well matched to the story of each games development that they wanted to tell, while still offering different types of engagement. People can be looking at a video display showing how the layers of environmental concept art become important and manifest in The Last of Us, while someone else is poring over sketches of Ellie’s design. 

[Corkboard plotting out events + setpieces across the timeline of The Last of Us]

As an exhibition space, it is made with the fact that multiple people are occupying it at the same time in mind. If something is not available you can engage with something else. And if one type of engagement is not to your tastes there’s a good chance something else will be- not bothered about the wiki used to help the team of KR0 to communicate? Maybe you’ll be more interested in some of Ben Babbit’s sonic improvisations, or the visual inspirations involved in the creation of the game.

There’s more I could talk about wrt this first sections layout of how it winds you around instead of giving you a straightline to the exit, the choice of games playable being fundamentlly simple, an anecdotally sweet image of a child holding the obscenely big original xbox ‘duke controller’  on a pedestal and their dad cradling their hands. But I’ll just leave off this post here for now and maybe continue looking at V&A things and posting about it later.

To be continued..?

[aion-rsa]

The French Dispatch Review: Wes Anderson’s Love Letter to Journalists

https://ift.tt/eA8V8J

There’s a line early on in Wes Anderson’s The French Dispatch that will surely make any room full of journalists howl in amusement. Sitting at his desk, and under the typical kind of droll bewilderment we associate with Anderson heroes, Bill Murray’s editor of the film’s eponymous magazine exclaims, “She was told to turn in a few hundred words. This story is 14,000!”

Anyone who’s ever worked in a newsroom can feel seen by a throwaway line like that. Which is of course by design since Anderson’s new film exceeds being simply a love letter to the press; it’s a fawning portrait of adoration for the printed word in general, and The New Yorker in particular. Because in spite of the film’s intentionally embellished setting in Anderson’s current home of France, The French Dispatch, as both a fictional periodical and a film, is a painstaking recreation of the real wit and urbane conviviality we associate with that magazine. It’s a film filled with human interest stories, quizzical languor, and the occasional earnest epiphany. It also isn’t afraid to run long.

However, as with many an issue of The New Yorker, some of its stories will generate a naturally greater interest than others, which can be more of a bug than a feature when Anderson’s publication is also trying to build a larger, cohesive narrative through its many vignettes and storytelling cul-de-sacs.

Beyond the interstitial (and occasionally interluding) grind of daily life at the Dispatch, Anderson’s 10th film is primarily a triptych depicting the insulated world of Ennui-sur-Blasé, a fictional grand old city that’s as stereotypically French as that name implies. It was there that Arthur Howitzer Jr. (Murray) moved as a young man in the early 20th century, convincing his Kansas newspaperman father that the folks on the great plains needed monthly reports from the South of France. Quickly nurturing one of the most cosmopolitan reputations out of the Midwest, Howitzer’s The French Dispatch is a titan of prestige by the 1970s—which is when the film’s latest issue, with the articles that comprise our film’s vignettes, is going to print.

Among those stories are “The Concrete Masterpiece” by J.K.L. Berensen (Tilda Swinton), an art critic who’s turned the life story of psychopathic murderer, but brilliant artist, Moses Rosenthaler (Benicio Del Toro and Tony Revolori at different times in his life) into a bemusing treatise on the war between art and commerce. Meanwhile Frances McDormand’s Lucinda Krementz guides us through “Revisions to a Manifesto,” and her questionable reporting and support of a student uprising led by the young Zeffirelli (Timothée Chalamet) who is outraged, OUTRAGED!, that he is not allowed into his school’s female dormitories. Finally, Roebuck Wright (Jeffrey Wright) provides the strangest review to ever come out of food criticism when “The Private Dining Room of the Police Commissioner” turns into an unlikely kidnapping and hostage scenario.

Ever a visual perfectionist, Anderson imbues The French Dispatch with so many sumptuous sequences that it is probably his most decadent feast for the eyes to date. The film continues the adroit compositions and perfect symmetrical lines of his previous work, but it also attempts to surpass it. Recall The Life Aquatic scene where Anderson creates a life-sized diorama of all the rooms on Murray’s ship? I counted at least two sequences in Dispatch that did the same, including with a similarly bisected airplane. And remember the storytelling significance between the shifting aspect ratios in The Grand Budapest Hotel? Every “story” in The French Dispatch plays even more ambitiously with that trick while also throwing in punctuation marks of color or animation in its otherwise largely black and white, 4:3 presentation.

The French Dispatch truly does appear to be Anderson’s most richly composed film in the sense that nearly every frame is so densely populated with details and subtle visual quips that only when folks have the ability to pause the film will half of them become discernible. For Anderson’s longtime fans, it’s luxuriant—to the point of hedonism.

However, the way it feeds its essentially anthological storytelling structure proves much more cluttered.

The film’s wrap-around narrative about the Dispatch itself is Anderson at his most whimsical and familiar; it is therefore unlike most anthology films in that I suspect the film’s bookends will be most viewers’ favorite bits. But other than one other brief amuse-bouche of an “essay”—the Owen Wilson-led short, “The Bicyclist,” which is essentially a table-setter—the dry whimsy usually associated with the filmmaker is mostly supplanted by a more wistful melancholy befitting Ennui’s name.

That marriage between light and dark, and absurd and dreary, works best in “The Concrete Prison” when Del Toro’s self-loathing modern art painter and his obsession over his muse/prison guard Simone (Léa Seydoux) is sardonically juxtaposed with the lustful capitalism of Julian Cadazio (Adrien Brody), who is the businessman who makes Moses an internationally sought after artist. The pure cynicism in the tale, and the way Cadazio plainly demands “a double standard” be applied to a great artist who may have “accidentally” decapitated a bartender, is only complemented by the vignette’s flashes of color and anamorphic framing whenever Moses’ art is viewed onscreen. Beauty drowning out rapacity.

It’s a concept strong enough that it could’ve easily been a feature-length Anderson film. And yet, by contrast, “Revisions of a Manifesto,” barely has enough gas to sustain its less than 30 minutes of floorspace. That article’s similar experiments with color and form, and even French New Wave influences, feel more arbitrary than inspired, with the resolution ultimately reading as glib. In this way, the whole film suffers from being Anderson’s most detached and remote work to date. To be sure, it is as personal a tale as any for the filmmaker, with it not being hard to imagine the Texan-born child of the ‘70s growing up in his own American heartland backyard and dreaming of cosmopolitan living through episodic narratives arriving each week in the latest issue of The New Yorker.

But perhaps for that reason, the only characters with any genuine sympathy and emotional resonance are a few of the journalists, particularly Murray’s editor and Wright’s final essayist, who’s off-the-record conversations with the boss give the movie some fledgling pathos. There are overarching themes, of course, about the sanctity of art and narcissism of youth, but in a slighter work it becomes fairly muddled.

But even as a minor experience in the director’s oeuvre, The French Dispatch is still a worthwhile one: a treat to discover in the mailbox for those already subscribing to Anderson’s catalogue (myself included). It’s just for this issue, the illustrations buoy articles that you might’ve otherwise skimmed.

The French Dispatch premieres at the New York Film Festival on Oct. 2. It opens in the U.S. and UK on Oct. 22. 

cnx.cmd.push(function() { cnx({ playerId: "106e33c0-3911-473c-b599-b1426db57530", }).render("0270c398a82f44f49c23c16122516796"); });

The post The French Dispatch Review: Wes Anderson’s Love Letter to Journalists appeared first on Den of Geek.

from Den of Geek https://ift.tt/3l0hTiT

[tectum-atlas]

ESCRITOS-G “A DEVICE FOR CONTEMPLATION”

Posted in ESCRITOS-G by ARQUITECTURA-G on junio 21, 2018

Conversation between Kersten Geers, David Van Severen, Moisés Puente and ARQUITECTURA-G about Solo House designed by Office KGDVS.

Published in Apartamento Magazine #20

Photography by Adrià Cañameras

We’ve always been interested in the relationship between biographies and architecture. In previous issues we’ve talked about several houses intimately bound up with their owners—the architects that built these houses for themselves. Likewise, in this issue we want to talk about a house that is strongly tied to the character and careers of the architects who’ve built it. There is one major difference though: this house is for nobody. The house was designed by Kersten Geers and David Van Severen, from Office KGDVS, and it forms part of the collection of ‘Solo Houses’ developed by Frenchman Christian Bourdais. The Solo Houses are a set of secondary residences and a hotel designed by contemporary architects. The architects were provided with a sort of carte blanche brief, rather than responding to an actual client with specific needs. Given this unusual condition, we believe the house by Office KGDVS could be seen as a manifesto, of sorts, of their architecture. The collection of houses is surrounded by 100ha of unspoiled wilderness located in the Spanish region of Matarraña, itself an area of sublime landscape located between Zaragoza, Valencia, and Barcelona. Along with Moisés Puente, architect and editor, we went to Brussels to meet Kersten and David for lunch, to talk about wilderness, devices, and the background for living.

Moisés Puente:

How did such an unusual commission come about? How did everything start?

Kersten Geers:

The Solo House stems from our friendship with the Chilean architects Mauricio Pezo and Sofía von Ellrichshausen. We were all at the 2010 Venice Architecture Biennale. At the time they were already in talks with Christian Bourdais. I think that’s the very first moment we met Christian, but we still didn’t really have a proper conversation with him. In 2012, we were involved in the Biennale again, with San Rocco magazine, and we spent some time with Christian. It was certainly through Pezo von Ellrichshausen that he ended up commissioning a house from us, that’s for sure. He started a conversation with us, but we still didn’t really know what he was doing, apart from the fact that the project was called Solo. Then he came to our office and talked a little about his idea of carte blanche.

David Van Severen:

The opening of the house was in April 2017, and I remember the very first time we visited the site was exactly five years before, in April 2012. It’s quite a thing to get there. We met at Barcelona airport, then he took us in his car. Suddenly you end up in this magnificently beautiful spot, after almost three hours’ driving. The sun had already almost set, and we went straight to our spot; he just said, ‘This is your spot’. He chose this plateau in the middle of the wilderness, with mountains, trees, and a river down the hill. The whole experience was a beautiful thing.

Arquitectura-G:

So there was no brief at all.

Kersten:

No. Well, there was a very small brief. Christian was extremely proud of his decision to give us carte blanche, because as an architect you never have that kind of commission. The program is always very restrictive, in many different ways. His idea for the Solo House was to have a two- or three-bedroom house, and a living room. I remember us replying that that’s the kind of commission we always have; our clients usually say, ‘This is roughly the budget, this is the site, and this is the amount of rooms I need’. I mean, where is the element of carte blanche here? So there was a little bit of provocation from our side. In retrospect, it became almost an investigation for us—an attempt to find out how little house you need to make to still make a house. The challenge was then to invent another constraint for ourselves. I think the main constraint was twofold. On the one hand, despite the fact that Pezo von Ellrichshausen had very much pushed for us to be part of the group of chosen architects, they were building a house which looked very similar to the architecture we were building, with a central core and several rooms around it. They developed the plans totally on their own, individually, don’t get me wrong. In many respects though, it was like an ideal version of our own architecture. We’d made several plans with a set of rooms around a central core for projects that had never been built, like the one we did for Ordos, China, in 2008–2010, so if somebody had come to us saying we could do whatever we wanted, that might have been our first answer. But then the Pezo von Ellrichshausen house was already under construction, so that was an interesting problem for us. The second challenge had to do with the other houses by Didier Faustino, Sou Fujimoto, MOS Architects, etc. They were very expressive, almost sculptural. And even the Pezo von Ellrichshausen house is sculptural in a way. Given the site was so beautiful, we thought, ‘Fuck! Are we just going to make another sculpture?’ Maybe it wasn’t a good idea.

David: I think the biggest influence that Christian had on us was that he chose a spot for us. The site is almost 100ha, but when we started the design it was only like 70ha or something. He gave us this plateau—a weird choice, in our opinion—but in the end it was really the instigator for the design. There’s a beehive in the middle of the plateau, so we couldn’t really approach the centre. Then, somehow, you naturally gravitate towards the edge of the plateau because there’s nothing in the centre. We were stepping out towards the edge until it gets really steep, just for the idea of the view.

Kersten:

Yes, we were maybe a little bit disappointed because we had just visited the construction site for Pezo von Ellrichshausen’s house, which was really spectacular, given the huge views over the landscape. On the plateau, you were standing there and had absolutely nothing to see. At first we thought of an empty central core and a set of rooms around it that negotiated with the landscape. But all of a sudden, it made no sense to have a self-contained form that was independent from the site—because of the Pezo von Ellrichshausen house nearby and because of the site. We had to create a different strategy, to find the edge and to formalise it, rather than bringing something in ourselves to negotiate and redefine where the edge is.

David:

We like the fact that a house is somehow a background for life and form, and in this case it was more explicit because of the carte blanche idea. We had to ask ourselves, ‘What is our architecture?’ It’s like the house architectureends up fitting in with your portrait series, because in a way all architects build all houses for themselves—but without the client’s constraints, this house was us, all by ourselves. At some point we even wanted to make the surrounding nature disappear entirely be-cause it’s so overwhelming, almost paralysing. Understanding how much we wanted to dive into that nature was a really important moment in the design phase; we came up with the idea of having a roof that just gives basic shelter and represents the edge of the plateau in its size and shape. That was the beginning of a five-year process of designing and building the house.

The Solo House, a preconstruction impression collage by Office KGDVS.

Arquitectura-G:

You wanted to propose a house that was as little ‘house-like’ as possible. To do that, you first need to know what a house is.

Kersten:

Yes. Architecture is a strange profession, at least that’s how we approach it. You never know anything in architecture. And the moment you do know, you’d better stop doing it. I think our work is developed through approximations or general attempts to get somewhere. A key project for us was one that we did early on for the photographer Dirk Braeckman. It was a house made from a set of rooms. We might not have meant to say, ‘A house for us is a set of rooms’, but that’s the concept that emerged. The ‘room’ was there before, but the set, the sequence of rooms was new for us, and then it appeared in many other projects. In our world, a house has become a number of rooms of equal size, and it’s become a defiance of functionalism, inasmuch as we don’t believe that a kitchen has different proportions to the bathroom, which has different proportions to the bedroom, which has different proportions to the living room. That became a train of thought, which we connected to a kind of old city mansion and to a sense of extreme flexibility through extreme rigour. If you ask us what a house is—well, that’s what a house became for us. Maybe it isn’t a house for everybody, but that’s our house. Perhaps the whole idea of a house is already somehow undermined by that fact. David: Our main challenge was when we discovered the circle as a plan. We had to work out how thick the circle should be in order to live there. The first version had a 40m diameter with a 4m ring. But after measuring everything better onsite, the second version had a 45m diameter and a 4.5m ring. It was all related to the site; we really wanted to look for the edge, and at the same time define the width of the house we wanted to live in.

Arquitectura-G:

And how did you deal with the question of comfort in a second home?

Kersten:

A ‘real’ house is supposed to give you comfort so you survive and live well. A temporary home is much less interested in comfort. Of course there’s a minimum of required comfort, but the issue is more about trying to minimise the layers between you and the place where you are. In a city house, the idea of protection, of comfort, of being present and spending hours and days there is important. But in a temporary home, it’s about having shelter when necessary and having nothing when necessary. This kind of ambiguity—about being in a beautiful place and trying to be as close as possible to it—is like going to the zoo and wishing you could touch the tiger. I mean, you’d like to touch the tiger, and you’re always somehow disappointed that there are too many fences. In such a beautiful piece of wilderness, the challenge is to get rid of any fences. Our office is really interested in thresholds, borders, and perimeters; and in this case we had to redefine the idea of threshold and border. For us, they had often been quite heavy, but here they had to be as light as possible.

Moisés:

Does it have something to do with the climate? Is that the first time you’ve built in a Southern European country with hot summers, but where you’re also in a mountainous area, meaning it can be cold in winter?

David:

What’s important is not only the fact of building in a Southern European country, but the presence of the wilderness. Being in the middle of the wilderness is very special for us, as Belgians. You feel like the real wilderness in Belgium has been stolen; there’s nothing left untouched. Everywhere is mainly urban, a built environment. We’ve always had some kind of dream of what ‘wilderness’ is, what it could be. Then there’s the architectural ‘box’, but ultimately the box becomes just the design of its skin. The design of this thin line that defines what’s inside and what’s outside was a major part of the whole thought process for Solo House.

Kersten:

I’m thinking also of how David Hockney depicts hedonistic lifestyles. He’s always been fascinated by that, and in many projects it was more like the mise en scène of an interior, where you cut away an area of freedom in the middle of a bourgeois society. In a weekend house, you cut out a space, and you can do whatever you want there; it can be really exotic, there can be lions behind those walls. There can be a certain hedonism. I think that many of our projects introduce the perimeter like that, like a place to cut away, a place of freedom. A house doesn’t usually have these kinds of surroundings, so you have to build everything. But with the Solo House, everything was already there. We just had to make a frame for that universe and change a few parameters so the wilderness would never fade away. The result was to produce something like a bubble or a device that helps you survive, and the project became much more about that than any other we’d done before.

David:

We’re interested in the idea of measuring as well, not only the thickness of the perimeter but the idea of how big or small things are, how thick or thin, how you ultimately negotiate with the threshold and whether that’s also thick or thin. The circle plan gave us the challenge of how to hold up a circular room. We went through a few versions of structural research. One version involved a circle with four columns and a roof that was quite stable because of its own shape, with cables making it look pretty high-tech. We weren’t convinced though; we didn’t think we could just put up lines of columns for support. Then, suddenly, with the lines from the four columns, we came to the idea of a square inside the circle. In a weird way, this immediately gave a second layer to the project, and suddenly we had new challenges. How could the roof be continuous, without being interrupted as a form of shelter, but still be very comfortable? The site is at an altitude of 800m. It can be hot in summer and cold in winter; it’s a mountain climate. We also wanted to build a house that could survive on its own in the wilderness.

Arquitectura-G:

In an autonomous way?

David:

Yes, absolutely. There’s no gas, no electricity, no water, nothing. The whole house is a machine built for survival. We not only had to design the threshold that people will ultimately find there, but also make the machine work. The circular roof has a beam that actually services the whole house with a series of technical necessities: water tanks, batteries, a filter, boiler, solar panels. We didn’t hide these services, and decided to show the fact that you’re in the middle of a place that’s almost like an experiment. They’re almost sculptures.

Arquitectura-G:

Building an autonomous house in the middle of nowhere is a challenge precisely because you have to introduce lots of devices and technology, but you don’t want it to look like high-tech architecture. You have these transparent views cutting through the house towards the landscape, then you have the roof, and in order not to disturb these views, you took all the devices and put them on top of the roof. You gave the objects some presence and almost make them protagonists. You also invited an artist to paint the tanks. What is your relationship now with the world of devices? Has this house changed your vision?

Kersten:

It all depends on how conscious or unconscious you want to appear. We are very conscious of everything. Of course you can pretend that you’re not so conscious, but it’s not really true. There’s a history of architecture, and there’s this unfinished hightech argument which is very interesting and has been picked up from Buckminster Fuller, Reyner Banham, James Stirling. At the same time, there’s also Le Corbusier’s desire to formalise certain equipment on buildings, and this endless ambiguity around what a machine looks like and what you want it to look like. The machines are machines, but they are designed machines. You see it also on the Centre Pompidou. They’re not just simple tubes on the outside, but a designed version of tubes. Plus, devices don’t have the same lifespan as architecture, and for us this is an interesting problem. Regarding the Solo House, the moment you accept a water tank as a machine, you design it, you ask an artist to collaborate on it, and you know the water tank will be seen for the next 20 or 30 years, you’re going into that ambiguity. It’s sculptural detail on the smallest level, almost like a caryatide on a Greek temple. The artist Pieter Vermeersch only painted two of the objects, but it changes the way you look at all of them. If he’d painted more, or all of them, you’d have almost started to think, ‘You didn’t like the objects, so you had to mask them’. And if you don’t paint any of it, maybe they were just machines.

Moisés:

This also happens with the objects inside the house.

David:

Yes, exactly. It’s a real house with real needs; you need a kitchen, you need a bathroom, you need a bedroom. Each fixed piece of furniture was carefully designed. Also, the architecture itself organises the spaces, with the rows of columns marking the glass line. Each piece of fixed furniture is glued to a column. We like this rhythm of columns, but we also like the idea of organising life with a minimum of comfort machines. And each column allows the technical elements, like pipes and wires, to descend into the house from the roof, where all these supplies come from.

Arquitectura-G:

The warm climate allows well for this kind of radical approach—and your approach to the site and building material is really radical. But in the end the result is still in keeping with the average, bourgeois house, with bedrooms, a kitchen, and living areas.

Kersten:

This goes back to what we were saying about the carte blanche idea that wasn’t really carte blanche. Anyway, in the end a house is a house. You can decide to party in it every day or sleep in the living room or eat in the bedroom, but that’s about all the difference you can make. We’ve never thought that you have to challenge the way an office is designed, and we don’t have to challenge how people live. We feel that architecture is relatively disconnected from the way people use things. This house could be used by a family with two kids, with parents sleeping on one side and with the kids in their own wing, or by 30 people sleeping wherever they want. Who cares? We don’t think this is related to architecture so much.

David:

It’s not necessary to question every program again and again. It’s more about how you accommodate them. In this case, the kitchen stands at an exact distance between the columns, the cupboards are two columns further back, and there’s a fireplace another column back. This is how we think it works. Then of course we checked that the distances were fine and that they worked, but it wasn’t about questioning the kitchen as such. In the end, a kitchen is a kitchen, and you’d better make a good one. That’s how we think. We also had an opportunity to test the house. Kersten went with his girlfriend, and I went with my wife. We were very curious to see if after five years of working on it, the house would function. I’d say it was better than what we’d thought! When we went there and experienced it, everything worked as we’d dreamt. The walls that move around the house—it’s something you do all day. The sun rotates, and you live with this movement, and the morning is very different from midday or the evening.

Moisés:

I think the swimming pool pavilion is one of the most special places in this house. It’s the exception to the rule, a fourth room without walls that allows another kind of life.

David:

That’s a very important room. It’s like building a parameter that suddenly changes. Like the Notary’s Office we built in Antwerp, where we created a room and then immediately tried to dismantle it or make it explode by using the perimeter, its edges, and understanding that it’s suddenly not a room anymore. For the Solo House, the pool room is the largest open space, and all the guests tend to stay there instead of staying in the living room or the in-between areas.

Arquitectura-G:

You’re kind of obsessed with pools, and somehow we are, too. After the form, layout, and understanding of the site, the pool is the key to the house. It relates to the hedonistic approach you mentioned before, and the house probably wouldn’t be the same without it.

Kersten:

No, it wouldn’t. We’re very pragmatic architects. If you have a house in Matarraña and you want to stay there for longer than three days, you need the pool. Otherwise you don’t want to be there. We didn’t want a small tublike pool, but one that’s large enough to have a sense of freedom, the ability to swim in it. A pool is a place where things can happen. In an earlier version, the pool had a different orientation and occupied more of the central space, with a lake-like shape. But we didn’t like it because it took over the centre of the building all of a sudden. We realised that although we hadn’t thought about it too much beforehand, we couldn’t inhabit the central space, whether it was because of the bees or some other philosophical idea. We definitely felt that the pool was too present; it became a house around a pool, whereas later, in the final version, the pool is on the edge. It has a far more interesting relationship with the house this way, and leaves the wilderness of the courtyard more intact and thus more similar to the outside.

Arquitectura-G:

For us, as visitors, one of the key elements of the house is the size of the ring. Everything is far away from where you are. It doesn’t really matter, because it’s a secondary residence and a project where walking doesn’t bother you. The main thing about the size of the ring is that the central core is an enclosed courtyard, but it’s large enough to feel like a part of the landscape you see around the house, rather than a patio. We really liked the contrast between the enormous size of the ring’s diameter and the 4.5m width of the roof, which brings a domestic scale to the project. When you’re between the line of columns and the sliding doors of the façade, you feel like the dimensions are something you can control. You’re not in the middle of an infinite landscape, but in a house.

Moisés:

I feel the swimming pool is very important to defining the interior character of the courtyard, making it more of a garden than a landscape.

Kersten:

It’s maybe a word that we use a bit too often, but I think it’s ambiguous. We were always looking for that ambiguity. As we said, at the beginning the pool was in the wrong spot, so after we moved it to its current position, the landscape in the middle was somehow safe. Regarding the diameter of the circle, as David said, we realised the 40m diameter was too small, and we had to make it 45m to touch the real border of the plateau. We walked around the base, and in the very beginning before the building was actually erected I think we all felt it was right. Also, when you sit on one side of the circle, you’re pretty close to the other side in that it’s right in front of you on the opposite side of the courtyard. But then it’s not really too close.

Arquitectura-G:

So instead of doing a set of rooms, you did a set of distant rooms.

David:

It’s crucial. We introduced distance as an answer to the lack of walls. Distance be-comes your privacy; you can see things, but you’re not with them. Even when you were visiting, we had about 40 or 50 people there, and weirdly enough it was still OK.

Arquitectura-G:

Talking about privacy, out of curiosity, why are the toilets closed? Everything is really hedonistic; everything is open to both sides of the ring, to the landscape. Why is the toilet the only room that’s closed off?

Kersten:

I think we’re pragmatic. We believe in that moment when you don’t want to be seen. My favourite toilet is the outside one, by the pool house. You can leave the door open because nobody will ever pass by, and you’re in the middle of nature.

David:

There’s another answer to that question. In a way, we use very normal tools and devices to organise the house. The house has four segments: three of them closed sometimes, and one of them open. The bathrooms are closed, but one of them is open, so you provide a set of possibilities for life.

Kersten:

Just providing possibility is maybe the greatest thing we can do, and it’s not so necessary to twist everything upside down.

[impressivepress]

Charlie Chaplin in Moscow

Early Soviet filmmakers took great inspiration from Charlie Chaplin, but his critique of mass production put him at odds with them.

In Charlie Chaplin’s 1914 film The Fatal Mallet, you can see “IWW” chalked on a wall in the background. While no one knows if the director — who grew up in south London’s slums and became a globally recognized comedian — supported the Wobblies at the time, we do know that the characters he played in dozens of short films in the 1910s and early 1920s would have.

In The Adventurer, he plays an escaped convict; in Police, an ex-con forced into burglary by unemployment; in The Bank, a janitor working next to, but unable to get ahold of, money; in Work, a downtrodden contractor; in The Immigrant, a migrant so frustrated by his treatment he kicks an immigration officer; and, of course, in The Tramp, a homeless man looking for a stable life. All these men, who populated the rapidly changing, expanding, and radicalizing United States, might well have written IWW on a fence in Los Angeles.

Chaplin wouldn’t state his politics explicitly until well into the 1930s, a move that would put him in the House Committee on Un-American Activities’ crosshairs. But in the aftermath of the Russian Revolution, young Soviet artists, designers, and filmmakers already thought they knew exactly what his politics were.

In 1922, the new Moscow magazine Kino-Fot, edited by the constructivist theorist and committed Communist Aleksei Gan, published a special issue on Chaplin. Throughout, painter and designer Varvara Stepanova depicted the actor as an abstract object, his body’s parts transformed into exploded shards and flying polygons, identifiable only thanks to his trademark hat, cane, and moustache.

Aleksandr Rodchenko’s text declares, manifesto-style:

[Charlie’s] colossal rise is precisely and clearly — the result of a keen sense of the present day: of war, revolution, Communism.

Every master-inventor is inspired to invent by new events and demands.

Who is it today?

Lenin and technology.

The one and the other are foundations of his work.

This is the new man designed — a master of details, that is, the future anyman.

That same year in Petrograd, teenagers Grigori Kozintsev, Leonid Trauberg, and Sergei Yutkevich, who collectively called themselves The Factory of the Eccentric Actor (FEKS), published something called “The Eccentric Manifesto.” Under the sign of “Charlie’s arse,” they demanded:

ART AS AN INEXHAUSTIBLE BATTERING RAM SHATTERING THE WALLS OF CUSTOM AND DOGMA. But we have our forerunners! They are: the geniuses who created the posters for cinema, circus, and variety theatres, the unknown authors of dust jackets for adventure stories about kings, detectives, and adventurers; like the clown’s grimace, we spurn your High Art as if it were an elasticated trampoline in order to perfect our own intrepid salto of Eccentrism!

Meanwhile, a film director was perfecting a technique that would eventually bear his name: the Kuleshov effect, in which the juxtaposition of unrelated material creates a new mental link between them. He argued against slow paced, European montage, which treats cinema as a high art form akin to theater, and for the high-speed American montage that thrilled audiences.

Somehow, these people, all trying to create art in the young Soviet Union, agreed that Chaplin represented their ideal. In a series of theatrical productions and films over the next decade, they would try to make something that had the same effect on their viewers — a socialist, avant-garde slapstick comedy, informed by silent farce, technological romanticism, and contempt for high culture.

This history sits a little strangely with what many know about the Soviet Union’s first fifteen years of experimental filmmaking. Its directors, including Sergei Eisenstein, Lev Kuleshov, and Vsevelod Pudovkin as well as documentary pioneers like Dziga Vertov and Esther Shub, have earned formidable reputation for applying Marxist methodology to film.

Their contributions, including “the montage of attractions,” the “camera eye,” the “intellectual montage,” and the aforementioned Kuleshov effect, have grounded film curricula since the 1960s, often used in contrast to Hollywood’s formulaic spectacles. In fact, when French filmmaker Jean Luc-Godard stopped making crowd-pleasers in the 1960s and opted instead for punishing Althusserian didactic tableaux, he signed his films Dziga Vertov Group.

What this story leaves out is how Soviet directors’ ideas came out of their obsessions with the crassest and most lurid kinds of American film, its chases, special effects, and pratfalls. In translating Chaplin for Lenin, they combined these elements with their equally strong interest in another aspect of 1910s America: scientific management and industrial efficiency, especially the work of Frederick Winslow Taylor and Henry Ford.

The resulting films shared a bizarre and unstable comic Americanism, which you can see still in films like Kuleshov’s Adventurers of Mr West in the Land of the Bolsheviks, a high-speed, Keystone Kops satire about Western perceptions of the Soviet state; Boris Barnet’s Miss Mend, where an international communist secret society foils the evil plans of nefarious capitalists; Sergei Komarov’s A Kiss For Mary Pickford and Pudovkin’s Chess Fever, which used footage of American stars on Soviet visits and put them into new, bizarre farces; and Eisenstein’s first feature, Strike, where insurgent workers move with all the bounce and assurance of a mass circus troupe.

Stage director Vsevelod Meyerhold helped pioneer this style. From the early 1920s onwards, he developed a “biomechanical theater” that borrowed equally from the circus’s high-wire tricks and gymnastic leaps, from Charlie Chaplin’s and Buster Keaton’s jerky, ironic slapstick, and from the USSR’s development of Taylorism, led by government-sponsored think tanks like the League of Time and the Central Institute of Labor. The latter’s founder, Aleksei Gastev, a former metalworker, union leader, and poet, became a key figure for most of the 1920s avant-garde.

Looked at coldly, his ideas are unnerving and dystopian. He imagined the new Soviet working class as nameless machines working in seamless unified motion, a somewhat unlikely and wholly unfulfilled demand of the chaotic, largely rural, and unskilled labor force of the Soviet 1920s. Yet while Taylorism involved monitoring the worker’s motions to transform them into a predictable, high-performance cogs, Meyerhold’s biomechanics saw its protagonists as Chaplin-like comic machines, capable of humor and exuberance, not drab labor.

This appears even more strongly in another form of Soviet Chaplinism, which comes from an unlikely direction — formalist literary criticism. The great Viktor Shklovsky used Chaplin as an exemplar of his concept of “ostranienie” or “making-strange.” In his 1922 Literature and Cinematography, he tried to work out what set Chaplin apart from other actors, finally deciding that “the fact that [the movement] it is mechanized” makes it so funny.

In the American context, Chaplin was satirizing industrial, mass-production labor, but in the Soviet landscape — destroyed by seven years of war and economic collapse — the little tramp who moved with jerky assurance through a mechanized world was exactly the sort of “new man” they needed.

American visitors found this all disconcerting. The sympathetic artist Louis Lozowick had to explain to eager young constructivists in Moscow that he didn’t know anything about biomechanics, and that they, the Russians, had invented it themselves. A Ford Motor Company representative, treated by his hosts to some biomechanical theater, thought the whole thing ridiculous and farcical.

In the mid-1920s, the Soviet Eccentrists would move away from the leaps, special effects, and extravagant silliness of movies like The Adventures of Mr West and develop a more sober style, although equally indebted to the frantic pace of American montage and cartoonish American acting styles. The results, such as Eisenstein’s Battleship Potemkin and Pudovkin’s Mother, had a mixed reception in the USSR but became international sensations. Their kinetic action sequences changed cinema history, and their rousing revolutionary narratives got them banned across the free world.

This is when Charlie Chaplin first became aware of his Soviet fan club. He opposed the bans and helped get these films shown to American audiences. When Eisenstein made an abortive attempt to film Dreiser’s American Tragedy in Hollywood, the two directors became fast friends. But the Soviet film director who had the strongest effect on Chaplin — whose feature films like The Gold Rush and City Lights had become ever more sophisticated and socially critical — was Eisenstein’s great adversary, Dziga Vertov.

A groundbreaking documentarian, Vertov thought fictional films were inherently bourgeois and escapist. Nevertheless, his special effects, comic juxtapositions, and pounding sense of rhythm made him an Americanist in his own way. In 1930, he made the first Soviet sound film, Enthusiasm — Symphony of the Donbas. This hour of grueling industrial propaganda doesn’t much resemble The Fatal Mallet. It depicts mechanizing the Donets coalfield in Eastern Ukraine and teaching the mineworkers Taylorist efficiency.

Chaplin, however, was attracted to the unrivalled intensity of its juxtaposition of sound and image. Using field recordings from Ukraine’s mines and steelworks, Vertov created an industrial jazz of still-astonishing power, a relentless clanging pulse echoing that puts the soundtrack closer to Einsturzende Neubauten than to Al Jolson. Chaplin called it “one of the most exhilarating symphonies I have ever heard.”

Six years later, he made his response. Modern Times has become justly famous for its definitive critique of Taylorism and Fordism. In the factory sequences, machines feed Chaplin, his all-seeing boss monitors him on film, and the production line eventually eats him, until he floats, weightless, through the cogs inside, a tragic and bitter image of the smooth and seamless mechanized labor the Soviets longed for. Insisting on keeping the film wordless, Chaplin used a soundtrack of rhythmic clangs and crashes that mirrored Vertov’s “Donbas” symphony.

Coming when Taylorist speed-up was sparking some of the greatest strikes in American history — not to mention the CIO’s formation — you might expect that the Soviets welcomed the film as a critique of American capitalism’s brutality.

They didn’t. In a text called “Charlie the Kid,” Eisenstein criticized his friend for his satire’s infantilizing and utopic take on what mass production does to workers. Regarding the factory sequence, he asserted, “At our end of the world, we do not escape from reality to fairy-tale, we make fairy-tales real.”

The tramp of Modern Times, exhausted by labor and made homeless by unemployment, accidentally picks up a red flag midway through a strike, getting him arrested as a dangerous agitator. Chaplin himself would be notably supportive of the Soviet Union, and his refusal to fall in with McCarthyism was admirable; but the tramp might have silently held other opinions about industrial efficiency and five-year plans than those he helped inspire.

[owenteagued]

Could you recommend me some unique films? I feel like watching something different, really different!

Hmm… as a film major, I feel obliged to tell you that every movie is unique in its own way! It’s bound to be! You give the same script to two different directors and you’ll have two very different films and blah blah blah ok, annoying bullshit aside, these are some of the movies I’ve seen that are quite idiosyncratic in the way they tell their story (or their lack of story)…

Manifesto (dir. Julian Rosefeldt, 2015): this is a film… or an anti-film? Or maybe a film essay? That’s completely up to you! There’s no plot and it literally consists of Cate Blanchett (Goddess of Acting™) playing 13 different characters; each of them gets their 10:30 mins long segment where they spout out bits of a wide range of actual art manifestos. It’s not so much a film you watch, as it is a film you reflect upon and, if you wish, even have a conversation with. Do you agree or disagree with the character that claims art requires truth, not sincerity, for sincerity is the work of a lazy artist? Or maybe you feel more inclined towards the character that says we’re reaching an Epoque of Spirituality, where we’re creating images whose reality is self-evident, sublime and beautiful, where instead of making cathedrals out of Christ, man or life, we’re making them out of ourselves, out of our own feelings? Again, totally up to you! Oh, and I should mention that it is quite a funny film! Not so much a lmfao kind of funny, but I’ll bet you have the most tasteful chuckle of your life while watching it! Personally, I found the “I am for an art…” bit to be really really funny! 

Brothers of the Head (dir. Keith Fulton & Louis Pepe, 2005): this is a documentary about a couple of siamese twins that get groomed by a music producer into a wild punk-rock act back in 1970′s England! If you’re a punk-rock fan, then you might be wondering, how come I’ve never heard of these guys?? Well, that’s because they’re fake… It’s all fake! These supposedly siamese twins are actually played by irl twins Harry and Luke Treadaway (in their break-out roles) and they give damn good performances! The whole “Tommy touches himself!” scene will be one of the most uncomfortable (or funny, depending on who you are) things you’ll get to experience!

The Congress (dir. Ari Folman, 2013): this is a film where Robin Wright plays herself. She gets the offer to be digitalized by a movie studio so they can use her image in everything they want with no restrictions, in return she gets Good Money™ to care for her ailing son. But things get a little way too much out of control and the film becomes a Dantean journey that’s half live action and half animated. I’ll suggest you get pretty high before getting into this, otherwise it might be too confusing. Nevertheless, is a film with too much beauty in almost every single one of its frames (specially the animated sequences, which you might want to pause cuz there’s just so much shit going on!)

I guess three recs is a good place to start! You may not like my taste in film after all haha and that’s ok! Tho, if you do, and want some more recs then do tell me so! Also, if you’re not able to get any of these movies online, send me a message off anon and I can send you some blu ray rips for the Congress and Manifesto and a DVD rip for Brothers of the Head ;D

[ccliftonmajortwo2020]

Ive been currently looking back upon the UBUWEB site to find any films or pieces from artists exploring the ideas of dreams and the patterns that derive from them, after a few hours I came upon this paper about early surrealism in film by Toby Mussman in 1966.

The article goes through the beginnings of surrealist expression in film. starting with revolution of Dadaism expression after the first world war and concluding with the second surrealist manifesto being published in 1929 by Andre Breton, as well as going massively in depth into the work of Luis Bunnel (Un Chein Andalou). For me though what stands out the most when looking into the development of surrealism as a whole is the importance of how dreams could impact how cinema can be portrayed or even how to portray dreams in cinema as a whole. So i thought I would list out a few brilliant excerpts that discuss the mix of dreams and cinema that could potentially occur through different methods that have now been established overtime in cinema: 

AUTOMATISM — Using the devices of automatic writing and drawing, they found a sure tool to realise their goal of a new state of mind. Furthermore the inquiry into and the recording of dream imagery was employed to recognize and understand what Breton termed "the true functioning of thought — (that is) the dictation of thought, in the absence of all control by reason and excluding any aesthetic or moral preoccupation." Freud's thesis provided the key the Surrealists needed to consider the subconscious as the source spawning their artistic expression. Paul Eluard's concept of the "dreamer awake, " Doll's paranoic critical method, Max Ernst's hallucinations, everyday free association, and acceptance of the illogical chance occurence were all elements of what the Surrealists were aiming for, a new concept of conscious reality.

THE MARVELLOUS (But not merely the fantastic) — Through the researches of automatism, the tracing of dream Imagery, hallucinations, or the confrontations of chance, the quest was always for the Marvellous image. As Breton said, "Only the Mervellous is beautiful," the new imageries of which, in the words of Henri Peyre, "create the object anew for our blunted senses and . . . allow a dreamworld to glide gently into our consciousness." In painting and films the search for the Marvellous found its strongest statement in the depiction of the unanswerable mystery elicited by a disjunctive, simultaneous flow of images.

ORDINARY TIME RELATIONSHIPS ARE DENIED — The Surrealists were interested in achieving an apparently spontaneous flow of images in such a way that any concept of objective or constant time sequence may be ignored. Their sense of time was analogous to the dream flow, freed of the ballast of conventional, cause-and-effect relationships. Thus freedom and spontaneity were especially relevant for film as a medium since it employs temporal relationships aesthetically.

“Richter's most effective accomplishment in Filmstudy was the tentative establishment of a dream motif, in the sense that he was not restricted by action or plot structure to a specific spatial setting or environment. His technique was to build a smooth flow from one sequence to the next by using images which responded to one another both pictorially and rhythmically.”

Through reading these excerpts alone the things that stand out the most when it comes to the portrayal of dreams occurring in cinema, especially in the world of surrealism, is that there should be no restrictions when it comes to portraying the idea of dreams. Following from what Hans Richter explores in the Dream Motif, the ideas of plots, narrative structures or environment could and should be abolished in exchange for a piece that flows through one dream sequence to the next, simulating the unnatural flow of dreams that can occur when experiencing a dream. 

As well as this, from reading the parts that play upon the concept of The Marvellous image and the denial of Time relationships, really makes me feel  confident about going down the road of using a collage style of storytelling to portray the different patterns of dreams as a whole. Due to the concept of dreams flowing best through spontaneity, as well as using a less technical means of portraying the images could lend to the dream like aesthetic as a whole (film camera? VHS?) 

Its also nice to be reminded that surrealism as a whole had such a massive impact on the development of portraying dreams in early cinema through the works of Bunnel, Man Ray (L'Etoile de Mer, 1928), Ritcher (Filmstudy, 1926) and Francis Picabia (ENTR'ACTE, 1924) which I can now spend some time going over each film and picking out pieces I liked from them and how they portray dreams in there own pieces. 

[theartworksinc]

Celebrating Aurelia Lange’s ongoing collaboration with sustainable energy company: Bulb

To celebrate Aurelia Lange’s lengthily collaboration with sustainable energy company Bulb, we chatted to her about the creative process behind animating Bulb’s energetic seasonal mailer headers and how they reflect the ‘go green’ attitude of Bulb and its users.

Bulb is a green energy company that aims to help consumers reduce their energy costs, consumption and waste. “We want to make the whole industry better. And there are three ways we’re trying to do that – we’re making energy simpler, cheaper and greener.” – Hayden & Amit (Bulb’s Founders).

As Bulb’s values rest in reducing environmental impact, Aurelia’s work has to reflect this in its output. “One of the themes I like to include in the imagery is thinking about energy and the elements, As Bulb is a green energy company, I really love that all 4 natural elements are used – Solar (Fire) , Wind (Wind) , Bio fermentation ( Green gas) , and Hydro ( Water). Creating imagery around energy doesn’t have to be pipes and production – it can be interpreted in quite broad terms, I like to use the opportunity remind Bulb members that by being with Bulb they are having a positive impact on the environment and all who inhabits it.”

Aurelia recently spoke to Bulb about her process when creating their mailer headers, defining it as 4 key steps…

“Step 1: find your concept

At this stage, it’s good to ask some questions: ‘what do you want to communicate?’, ‘who is your audience?’

For the December email header, I worked from a concept of bird feeders over the winter months. This felt like a familiar, seasonal idea, which related to the environment and our relationship with it.

Step 2: research to understand your concept

It’s important to research around your concept and approach the idea with fresh eyes. Again, I asked myself some questions: ‘what type of birds do we see in December in the UK?’, ‘how do they behave?’. I watched videos of robins on YouTube before I started drawing.

Step 3: question through drawing

Drawing is a practice and language of looking, questioning, communicating and responding. To make an animation you need multiple frames, or many drawings. Together, they create the final moving image.

The need for so many drawings requires patience and allows room for exploration and playfulness, as you don’t rely on a single image to tell the whole story. I use pen, black Indian ink on paper. I believe drawing by hand creates more room for expression and experimentation.

Step 4: sequence, edit and simplify the animation

Once I have enough content to play with I scan the drawings and clean them up on Photoshop. This can take time but, by going through and addressing each frame, I always see something new. At this stage, I apply colour to the drawings so that they fit with Bulb’s brand guidelines.

When creating this email header, I was delighted to finish with drawings that I would never have arrived to had I not gone on such an inquisitive journey to study our robin. It reminds me of one of my favourite quotes”

When the outcome drives the process we will only ever go to where we have already been. If process drives outcome we may not know where we are going, but we will know we want to be there. – Bruce Mau, ‘An incomplete manifesto for growth’

Visit www.bulb.co.uk to see more of Aurelia’s stunning Illustrations for a truly great cause!

[chthulucene]

Uncanny Dimple

My final project Uncanny Dimple is a body of work that examines the close proximity between the cute and the creepy. Drawing from roboticist Masahiro Mori’s concept of the Uncanny Valley, which explains the eeriness of lifelike robots, my theory of the Uncanny Dimple portrays a parallel phenomenon in the context of cuteness. The robotic creatures inhabiting the dimple demonstrate the often contradictory affects we experience towards non-human actors. When does cuteness start to border on the grotesque? If cuteness is the outcome of extreme objectification of living beings, can it also be the result of an anthropomorphising inanimate objects? Why does cuteness trigger the impulse to nurture and to protect, but also to abuse and to violate? Cute things are often seen as innocent, passive, and submissive, but can they also manipulate, misbehave and demand attention?

This body of work is based on my MFA thesis Uncanny Dimple — Mapping the Cute and the Uncanny in Human-Robot Interaction, where I examine the aforementioned contradictions of cuteness by applying Donna Haraway’s Cyborg Manifesto (1991) and the Uncanny Valley theory by Masahiro Mori (1970). I also reference the recent research on the cognitive phenomenon of cute aggression, a commonly experiences impulse to harm cute objects. (Aragón et al. 2015; Stavropoulos & Alba 2018)

Sigmund Freud first coined the term uncanny in his 1919 essay Das Unheimliche to describe an unsettling proximity to familiarity encountered in dolls and wax figures. However, the contemporary use of the word has been inflated by the concept of the Uncanny Valley by roboticist Masahiro Mori. Mori’s notion was that lifelike but not quite living beings, such as anthropomorphic robots, trigger a strong sense of uneasiness in the viewer. When plotting experienced familiarity against human likeness, the curve dips into a steep recess — the so called Uncanny Valley — just before reaching true human resemblance.

As a rejection of rigid boundaries between “human”, “animal” and “machine”, Haraway’s cyborg theory touches many of the same points as Mori’s Uncanny Valley. Haraway addresses multiple persistent dichotomies which function as systems of domination against the “other” while mirroring the “self”, much like cuteness and uncanniness: “Chief among these troubling dualisms are self/other, mind/body, culture/nature, male/female, civilized/primitive, reality/appearance, whole/part, agent/resource, maker/made, active/passive, right/wrong, truth/illusion, total/partial, God/man.” (Haraway 1991: 59)

Haraway’s image of the cyborg, despite functioning more as a charged metaphor than an actual comment on the technology, still aptly demonstrates the dualistic nature of cuteness and its entanglements with the uncanny at the site of human-robot interaction. Furthermore, Haraway’s cyborg theory grounds the analysis of the cute to a wider socio-political context of feminist studies. In the Companion Species Manifesto where she updates her cyborg theory, Haraway (2003: 7) is adamantly reluctant to address cuteness as a potential source of emancipation (which seems to be the case with other feminists of the same generation): "None of this work is about finding sweet and nice — 'feminine' — worlds and knowledges free of the ravages and productivities of power. Rather, feminist inquiry is about understanding how things work, who is in the action, what might he possible, and how worldly actors might somehow be accountable to and love each other less violently." I argue on the contrary that some of these inquiries can be answered by exposing the potential of cuteness as a social and moral activator. While Haraway describes a false dichotomy between these “sweet and nice” worlds and “the ravages and productivities of power”, I believe that their entanglement is in fact an important site for feminist inquiry. By revealing the plump underbelly of cuteness, we can harness the subversive power it wields.

In my thesis I conclude that cuteness and uncanniness are both defined by their distance to what we consider “human” or “natural”, and shaped by the distribution of power in our relationships with objects that we deem having a mind or agency. I continue to propose that a similar phenomenon to the Uncanny Valley can be described in regard of cuteness, which I call the Uncanny Dimple. Much like Mori’s valley and Haraway’s cyborg, Uncanny Dimple is presented as a figuration: It does not necessarily try to make any empirical or quantitative claims about the experience of cuteness, but strives to utilise the diagram as a rhetorical device for better understanding the entangled affects of cuteness and uncanniness.

Similar to Mori’s visualisation of the Uncanny Valley, the Uncanny Dimple is mapped in a diagram where the horizontal axis denotes “human likeness”, but Mori’s vertical axis of “familiarity” is in this case replaced with cuteness. Similar to Mori, I propose that cuteness first increases proportionally with anthropomorphic features. As established in Konrad Lorenz’s Baby Schema model from 1943, cuteness also increase proportionally in the presence of neotenic (i.e. “babylike”) features, such as large eyes, tall forehead, chubby cheeks and small nose. I suggest that this applies only to some extent: When the neotenic features have reached a point where they are over-exaggerated beyond realism, but the total human likeness is still below the Threshold of Realism, cuteness climaxes at what I call the Cute Aggression Peak. When human likeness exceeds that point, cute aggression becomes unbearable, the experienced cuteness is surpassed by uncanniness, and the curve dips to the Uncanny Dimple.

I wanted to create various cute but uncanny creatures which all had their distinctive way of moving or interacting with the audience. I created multiple different prototypes of most of the creatures, and in the final installation I had eight different types:

1. Sebastian is an interactive quadruped robot that can detect obstacles. Sebastian will wake up if it's approaced, and run away. The inverse kinematic functions for the quadruped gait are based on SunFounder's remote controlled robot. In the basic quadruped gait three legs are on the ground while one leg is moving. The algorithm calculates the angles for every joint in every leg at every given time, so that the centre of gravity of the robot stays inside the triangle of the three supporting legs. I designed all the parts and implemented the new dimensions in the code. I also added the ultrasonic sensor triggering and obstacle detection. For calculating distance measurements based on the ultrasonic sensor readings I used the New Ping library by Tim Eckel.

2. Ritu is an interactive robotic installation using Arduino, various sensors, servo motors and electromagnet. Users are prompted to feed the vertically suspended robot, which will descend, pick the treat from the bowl, and take it up to its nest. There is a hidden light sensor in the bowl, which senses if food is placed in the bowl. This will trigger the robot to descend using a continous rotation servo motor winch. The distance the robot moves vertically is based on the reading of a ultrasonic sensor. The robot uses an electromagnet attached to a moving arm to pick up objects from the bowl. After succesfully grabbing the object, the robot will ascend and drop the object in a suspended nest. For calculating distance measurements based on the ultrasonic sensor readings I used the New Ping library by Tim Eckel.

3. Crawler Bois are two monopod robots that move with motorised crawling legs that mimic the mechanism of real muscles and tendons. Each robot has a leg that consist of two joints, two servo motors, a string, and two rubber bands. The first servo lifts and lowers the leg, and the second servo tightens the string (the "muscle") which contracts the joins. When the string relaxes, the rubber bands (the "tendons") pull the joints to their original position. The robots move back and forth in a randomised sequence and sometimes do a small dance.

4. Lickers are three individually interactive robots using servo motors, Scotch Yoke mechanisms, and sound sensors. The Scotch Yoke is a reciprocating motion mechanism, in this case converting the rotational motion of a 360 degree servo motor into the linear motion of a licking silicone tongue protruding from the mouth of a creature. If a loud sound is detected, the creature will stop licking and lift up its ears. The treshold of the sound detection can be modified directly from a potentiometer on the sound sensor module.

5. Shaking Little Critter is a simple interactive installation using an Arduino, a vibrating motor and a light sensor. Users are prompted to remove the creature's hat, after which it will "get cold" and start shaking around in its cage. The absence of the hat is detected with a light sensor on top of the creature's head.

6. Rat Queen is a robotic installation exploring the emergent features arising from the combination of pseudo-randomness and mechanic inaccuracy. It consist of five identical rats-like robots that are connected to a shared power supply with their tails. All the members of the Rat Queen move independently in randomised sequences, but because they are started at the same time, the randomness is identical, since the random seed is calculated based on the starting time of the program. However, due to small inaccuracies and differences in the continuous rotation servo motors and their installation, the movement patterns diverge, and the rats slowly get increasingly tangled with their tails.

7. Cute Aggression is an interactive sound installation using Arduino and Max MSP. Users can record sounds by whispering in a hidden microphone in the plush toy creature's ear. A tilt switch in the ear starts the recording when the ear is lifted. The sounds are played back when the user pets the creature. The petting is detected with conductive fabric using Capacitive sensing library by Paul Badger. The reading from the sensor is sent to a Max MSP patch via serial communication. The sounds a generated from the Arduino data using a granular synthesis method based on Nobuyasu Sakonda’s SugarSynth. Sounds can be modulated by manipulating the creature's nipples, which are silicone-covered potentiometers.

8. Cucumber Weasel is a modified version of the motorised toy know as weasel ball. The plastic ball has a weighted, rotating motor inside, which makes the ball roll and change directions. The toy usually has a furry “weasel” attached to it, but here it is replaced with a silicone cast of a cucumber.

References:

Aragón, O. R; Clark, M. S.; Dyer, R. L. & Bargh, J. A. (2015). “Dimorphous Expressions of Positive Emotion: Displays of Both Care and Aggression in Response to Cute Stimuli”. Psychological Science 26(3) pp. 259–273.

Badger, P. (2008). Capacitive sensing library.

Eckel, T. (2017). New Ping library for ultrasonic sensor.

Freud, S. (1919). The ‘Uncanny’. The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud, Volume XVII (1917-1919): An Infantile Neurosis and Other Works, pp. 217-256.

Haraway, D. (1991). "A Cyborg Manifesto: Science, Technology, and Socialist-Feminism in the Late Twentieth Century," in Simians, Cyborgs and Women: The Reinvention of Nature. New York, NY: Routledge.

Haraway, D. (2003). The Companion Species Manifesto: Dogs, People, and Significant Otherness. Chicago, IL: Prickly Paradigm Press.

Lorenz, K. (1943). “Die angeborenen Formen moeglicher Erfahrung”. Z Tierpsychol., 5, pp. 235–409.

Mori, M. (2012). "The Uncanny Valley". IEEE Robotics & Automation Magazine, 19(2), pp. 98–100.

Rutanen, E. (2019). Uncanny Dimple — Mapping the Cute and the Uncanny in Human-Robot Interaction.

Sakonda, N. (2011). SugarSynth.

Sunfounder (n.d.). Crawling Quadruped Robot Kit v2.0.

Stavropoulos K. M. & Alba L. A. (2018). “‘It’s so Cute I Could Crush It!’: Understanding Neural Mechanisms of Cute Aggression”. Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience, 12, pp. 300

[aion-rsa]

Line of Duty Series 6 Episode 3 Review: The End of the Line?

https://ift.tt/3dw1bmF

This Line of Duty review contains spoilers.

If looks could kill, they’d be clearing the corpses from Hillside Lane Station with a forklift right now. That whole hour was a filthy stare-a-palooza. Jo to Steve. Steve to Jo. Kate to Buckells when he announced the death of PC Lisa Patel with the emotion of somebody passing on a change to the office recycling policy, not missing a beat between his ‘sad news…tragically… thoughts with her family’ platitudes and a PR-friendly photo op. 

The dirtiest of all stares was a look of such fiery incredulity, it came through the screen and set off my living room smoke alarm. Vicky McClure’s eyes are weapons-grade in most situations, but when Kate questioned Ryan about his reservoir dip, they came close to blasting the little psycho backwards through a wall. Lyin’ Ryan had an answer for everything she put to him. It was a blown tyre that sent the cop car plunging into the reservoir. A gunshot. An unexpected rabbit. A dog did it. He lied like a chief political advisor in a rose garden, knowing that he was protected and could act with impunity. That’s why he tried to off Terry Boyle in a MacGyver stunt instead of something lower key and easier to disguise. After all, why not? The bigger the lie, the more they believe.

Well, Kate didn’t believe. She’s onto him. The moment the camera tracked across to her checking the rear-view mirror and pulling out of that car park, first my heart leapt, and then my stomach clenched. Ryan being on Kate’s team is like weeing with the cubicle door unlocked – you just can’t relax. Only when back-up had arrived and she was standing on that reservoir bank, blue blanket flapping in the wind like a superhero’s cape, was it safe to finally breathe out. For now at least.

The reservoir stunt was timed for maximum surprise, first with Lisa coming up for air, and then, like an old school monster movie, Terry breaking the surface just when you thought it was all over. Terrific stuff. Given that the rest of the episode’s tension came from everybody looking daggers at everybody else and silently adding ‘chinny reckon’ to the ends of their lines (“Wow, that was some good luck for you wasn’t it?”, “Yes ma’am, I thank my lucky stars,”), the sequence added variety.

Where Kate’s concerned, perhaps Ryan isn’t the one to worry about. Davidson might be the real danger. In Terry Boyle’s interview scene, Kate and Jo were a two-headed push-me-pull-you, going in opposite directions. By the end of the episode, Jo seemed to have Kate exactly where she wanted her, i.e. leading away Det Supt Buckells, a turkey Jo had hand-delivered to AC-12, plucked and trussed. 

Buckells is a prat, but that man’s no criminal mastermind. If he were, would he really store the stolen Vella files in his service vehicle? All that fiddling with golf clubs was supposed to point us towards “Caddy” and Tommy Hunter, but really pointed towards Buckells being a failing-upwards lightweight who’s in it for the pension and keener on improving his swing than either finding or concealing Gail Vella’s murderer. Ten quid says Jo set him up. Her “All under control now” laptop message to – presumably – H at the episode’s close said as much. The real questions are: does Kate know she’s being used to do Davidson’s dirty work? And with Jo framing more coppers than a photographer at a passing out ceremony, who’ll be next? 

It wasn’t all dirty looks being thrown about; there were a couple of lump-in-throat nods exchanged between Kate and Ted when she returned to AC-12 in civvies. To begin with, Hastings couldn’t even meet her eye, but by the time the lift doors closed on Kate’s auburn quiff, the ice between her and the gaffer had begun to thaw.

Read more

TV

Line of Duty Series 6 Episode 3: Buckells, Steve’s Painkillers & All Our Questions & Theories

By Louisa Mellor

TV

Line of Duty: Did the Daniel Morgan Murder Inspire Series 6?

By Louisa Mellor

That AC-12 lift, incidentally, is a cracking dramatic device. Whatever face a character puts on in public, alone in that metaphorically plummeting glass coffin, it all drops away and we see what’s really going on. Kate was more shaken by being back at the old gaff than she let on, Jo is really not enjoying the complicated chess game she’s been forced into playing – however good at it she’s proving to be. We saw from her anguished reaction to Lisa’s death and the news about Farida’s assault that she’s no ice queen. And Steve? Oh, Steve, Steve, Steve. 

As great as Vicky McClure is this episode, Martin Compston’s the one who breaks your heart. Series six has taken Steve down such a bleak path. His addiction, his loneliness, his chronic pain and desperate, failed attempt to kick the pills made for a tough watch. When he hinted jokily to Kate about that takeaway, it was obvious how much he missed their partnership. By the time he admitted to Steph Corbett that he had “no-one at all”, it was almost too much. 

Steve’s trapped – not, like most of this show’s trapped officers, because an OCG’s turning the screws on him – but because his job is all he has, and if he were to come clean about his injury, it could be taken away from him. That would a mighty waste, because DI Arnott is a bloodhound. Once he’d picked up the scent of something iffy about Steph’s finances, it led him all the way to her cash in the attic, burgeoning relationship be damned. What will his next move be? 

Speaking of screws turning on people, over at HMP Brentiss, poor Farida suffered by the same hand as Lindsay Denton all those years ago. Alison Merchant was one of the security officers who deliberately scalded Denton to stop her from talking in series two, and now she’s done the same to Farida. 

That was yet another link to the past from this series, which is weaving together everything that’s gone before in a way that feels valedictory. Vella’s reports have come out swinging for real-world targets (remember that 50,000 nurse promise in the 2019 Tory election manifesto?) with a ferocity that feels uncomfortably like a final push.

Ted in particular has had such a generous quota of enjoyable one-liners this series, he may as well be on a tour of his greatest hits, strutting onto stage and hitting the crowd with the one about bent coppers, the one about the letter of the law, then closing on this week’s t-shirt-worthy line about being the epitome of an old battle. Kate even joined Ted on stage for a back-to-back duet on the one about the preservation of life. It’s all feeling a little too complete for our man, from his rapprochement with Kate to AC’s Wise’s reference to wasting his “last roll of the dice.” With no news as yet on a seventh series commission (though given the chance, the BBC would be mad not to), might the gaffer, the show itself, or both be approaching the end of the line?

cnx.cmd.push(function() { cnx({ playerId: "106e33c0-3911-473c-b599-b1426db57530", }).render("0270c398a82f44f49c23c16122516796"); });

Line of Duty continues next Sunday the 11th of April at 9pm on BBC One.

The post Line of Duty Series 6 Episode 3 Review: The End of the Line? appeared first on Den of Geek.

from Den of Geek https://ift.tt/2PqyFLl