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pamphletstoinspire · 6 years ago

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A Padre Pio Inspirational Story

n Heaven, everything will be spring as far as beauty is concerned, autumn as far as enjoyment is concerned, summer as far as love is concerned. There will be no winter; but here winter is necessary to exercise self-denial and a thousand other little but beautiful virtues which are exercised at times of sterility. – St. Pio of Pietrelcina __________

Padre Pio: A Remarkable Intercessor

Yvette Levasseur experienced sadness and hardship from her earliest years. Her parents both died when she was just a child. After her parents’ death, her aunt and uncle who lived in Paris, France adopted her. Yvette moved from her home in Great Britain to live with them. Her aunt and uncle owned a small business in the downtown section of Paris where they made shoes for the handicapped. Yvette soon learned the trade and was able to help them in the shoe shop.

When Yvette was sixteen years old, her aunt passed away from cancer. Just two years later, her uncle also died. Yvette was on her own and very much alone in the big and bustling city of Paris. She gained strength by attending daily Mass at Our Lady of Victories parish.

After her aunt and uncle died, Yvette continued to make shoes. She lived alone in a tiny room above the shoe shop. It was a struggle to keep the business going and she barely had enough money for necessities. At times, bread and milk were her only staples as she could afford no more.One day at the bookstore in the parish of Our Lady of Victories, Yvette saw a book on Padre Pio. It looked so interesting that she purchased it. After she read the book, she had a great desire to visit Padre Pio in San Giovanni Rotondo. However, she knew it would be impossible as she did not have the financial means to make such a trip. By a stroke of luck, shortly after reading the book, she met a couple who were going to San Giovanni Rotondo. They invited her to go with them and she happily agreed. The year was 1958. She was able to attend Padre Pio’s Mass and to experience what she called the “true greatness” of Padre Pio’s presence.

After Yvette returned to Paris, she wrote a letter to Padre Pio asking for his prayers. She received a letter back which said that Padre Pio was praying for her and that he sent her his blessing. Shortly after, Yvette was offered a job. A woman wanted to hire Yvette to accompany her family on a two-month holiday trip to Savoia and tutor her two small children. Yvette.thought that it would be to her advantage to accept the job but first she wanted Padre Pio’s approval. She wrote to Padre Pio and asked him for advice. Soon a letter came back in the mail. “Do not take the job; remain in Paris,” were Padre Pio’s words of counsel. Yvette followed his advice.

Meanwhile, business at the shoe shop continued to decline. Yvette decided that it would be better to sell the business and get what money she could out of it rather than continue on a downward spiral and possibly lose everything. She wrote to Padre Pio again and asked for his advice. Once again, the answer from Padre Pio was a definite “no.” Yvette trusted Padre Pio completely and did not put the business up for sale.

A third opportunity soon presented itself. A woman wanted to hire Yvette to work as an assistant in her boutique in Luxembourg. To Yvette, it sounded like a good opportunity. It.would mean that she would have to leave Paris, but she didn’t mind. It was proving to be too difficult for her to make a living there. For the third time, she asked Padre Pio for advice and for the third time, his answer was “no.” Yvette decided to obey him blindly.Shortly after that, Yvette met a very nice man in Paris named Maurice. Before long, they married. Much to Maurice’s surprise, shortly before the wedding, he inherited a very profitable business from one of his relatives. Because of the inheritance, Maurice and Yvette were able to live very comfortably. The financial worries that had plagued Yvette for so long, were over for good. Soon their marriage was blessed with a beautiful son. Yvette returned to San Giovanni Rotondo to thank Padre Pio for his prayers and for her many blessings – her loving husband and her new son. To their great joy, Yvette and Maurice were blessed with two more children.

When Yvette thought about her life and all that had happened to her, it became clear to her why Padre Pio had advised her to stay in Paris. It was in Paris that she met her wonderful husband, Maurice. If she had accepted the job opportunities that had presented themselves, she would have had to leave Paris. If she had left Paris, her life would have taken a completely different turn. How happy she was that she followed Padre Pio’s advice.

After losing her parents and her aunt and uncle when she was young, Yvette had a great desire for a family of her own. Because she had experienced loneliness and personal loss in her youth, she knew the value and the blessing of family life. A good family was a true gift from God. Yvette would never take her family for granted. She had trusted Padre Pio enough to follow his counsel, even though at the time, his advice seemed hard to understand. In the end, his guidance proved to be perfect. _____________________________

In 1947, Nicola De Vincentis worked as the head station master at the San Severo train station in Italy. One morning upon rising from bed, Nicola’s legs gave way from under him and he collapsed on the floor. His entire body felt paralyzed. He was seen and examined by a number of doctors. None however, were able to determine the cause of his problem. Finally, Nicola was advised by his primary doctor to travel to Rome to see the highly-esteemed and well-known neurologist, Dr. Ugo Cerletti.

Dr. Cerletti diagnosed Nicola with the tropical virus, “poliradicdaneurite.” The long-term effects of the virus were severe and Dr. Cerletti tried to break the news as gently as he could to Nicola. He told Nicola that he would never be able to recover completely from the virus. He believed that with therapy, Nicola would someday be able to walk again. However, he was certain that Nicola would have to use crutches for the rest of his life. Unfortunately, it would be impossible for him to continue working at the San Severo train station.

Nicola was put on an intense physical therapy program which included galvanic stimulation, leg, thigh, and arm massage, and injections. Very slowly, his condition began to improve as movement returned to his body. He had a problem with his equilibrium which caused him to feel dizzy most of the time. Because he was so unsteady on his feet, he was advised to use a walker for support.

After a five-month stay at the rehabilitation clinic, Nicola was finally released. Shortly after returning to his home, he tripped and broke his right foot. He had to go back to the clinic where he spent another forty days. A short time later, the Foggia Administration of Health gave him a thorough physical examination and officially declared him to be disabled. He would never be able to return to his job as station master. The ruling was very difficult for Nicola to come to terms with. Thinking about the loss of his job and his uncertain future, filled him with great anxiety.

Nicola’s friend, Father Placido of San Marco in Lamis, who lived at the Capuchin monastery in San Severo, advised him to visit Padre Pio. Nicola had heard of the saintly priest but he knew very little about him. By this time, he had been suffering from the tropical virus for eighteen months. As a last resort, he decided to accept Father Placido’s suggestion to see Padre Pio.

Nicola and Father Placido took a bus to San Giovanni Rotondo. The bus driver would not take them up the hill to the monastery of Our Lady of Grace because the road was in such poor condition. Instead, they were dropped off at a crossroads with no choice but to walk the rest of the distance to the monastery. Holding tightly to Father Placido’s arm as well as using a cane for support, Nicola made a great effort to walk up the hill. However, after taking just a few steps, he lost his balance and fell to the ground. It became clear that he was not going to be able to walk. Father Placido had no resort but to carry Nicola on his back all the way up the hill. Although he was elderly, Father Placido managed to get Nicola up the incline and to the monastery.

When Nicola and Father Placido finally arrived at Our Lady of Grace monastery, they found Padre Pio taking a few moments of leisure in the monastery garden. Upon being introduced to Nicola, Padre Pio embraced him lovingly. He asked Nicola to sit next to him on the garden bench. Nicola then told Padre Pio about his illness and all that he had suffered since he had contracted the tropical virus. The next morning, Nicola and Father Placido attended Padre Pio’s Mass. Padre Pio made special arrangements for Nicola to sit in a chair that was placed very close to him at the altar.

Father Placido and Nicola had to return by bus to San Severo after the Mass. Father Placido wanted to make sure that Nicola had a chance to say goodbye to Padre Pio. However, Padre Pio had retired to his cell after the morning Mass and nobody was to disturb him. Father Placido took Nicola to the private quarters of the monastery and knocked on Padre Pio’s cell door. “Padre Pio, Nicola and I are leaving now by bus for San Severo. Nicola would like to say goodbye to you,” Father Placido said. Padre Pio opened the door immediately. He gave Nicola a blessing and said to him, “Trust in the grace of the Lord.” He then added, “When you get home, I want you to take a ride on your bicycle. After that, you should make another request for a medical examination from the office of the Central Administration of Health in Rome.”Nicola thought deeply about Padre Pio’s words. Padre Pio’s suggestion that he ride a bicycle seemed like very strange advice. For a man in Nicola’s condition, riding a bicycle was a dangerous proposition. Even if he wanted to, Nicola was quite certain that he would not be able to manage it. He had not even been able to walk up the hill to Padre Pio’s monastery. Father Placido had carried him up. Nicola still had problems with his equilibrium and balance. He had frequent dizzy spells. Padre Pio must have been joking to suggest that he ride a bicycle. But Nicola knew that he wasn’t joking. It was obvious that he was perfectly serious.

On the return trip to San Severo, Father Placido and Nicola discussed the matter. Father Placido had known Padre Pio for a long time and had full confidence in him. He encouraged Nicola to do what Padre Pio had advised him to do. “Padre Pio told you to trust in the grace of the Lord,” Father Placido said. “You must follow his advice. Pray about it as well. He has his own reasons for asking you to ride a bicycle. I think you should do what he said.” Nicola prayed for guidance. After praying, he seemed to have a great boost of faith and greater confidence in Padre Pio. He decided to follow Padre Pio’s unusual advice.

Upon returning home, Nicola got his bicycle out. He waited till the late evening when all of his neighbors had gone indoors. He did not want to make a spectacle of himself. He got on his bicycle and rode it about one hundred yards before taking a fall. He hit the ground so hard that he was almost knocked unconscious. Thinking that he might be dying, he prayed and begged God for help. All of a sudden, he felt someone lift him up from the ground and place him back on the seat of his bicycle. But how was it possible? He was alone. There was no one in sight. Back on the bicycle, he found that he could pedal it with ease. His joints and limbs suddenly felt flexible. The muscle constriction and paralysis had disappeared and he felt strong and energized. His equilibrium had also returned. He knew at that moment that he had been healed.

Like Padre Pio had asked him to do, Nicola went to the Railway Health Administration of Rome and made a request for another medical examination. He marked down on his application that he had received a miraculous healing. A number of doctors and neurologists examined him, under the supervision of Dr. Ugo Cerletti. They were dumbfounded by.the change in his condition. After a thorough examination, he was declared fit to resume his job. He returned to his position as head station master at San Severo and worked there until he reached retirement age. He remained in excellent health, free from any symptoms of the tropical virus. He remained a devoted spiritual son of Padre Pio for the rest of his life. ______________________________

I was born in Brooklyn, New York and grew up on Long Island, in New York. Somewhere along the way, I heard about Padre Pio and I had a great desire to meet him. I took it upon myself to learn the Italian language so that I could communicate with him. I visited him on four different occasions in San Giovanni Rotondo.

The first time I went to San Giovanni Rotondo and walked into the church of Our Lady of Grace, I could perceive the strong smell of blood. I attended Padre Pio’s Mass and I was very impressed by the reverence with which he celebrated the Mass. The Mass lasted a very long time.

After Mass, I waited to make my confession to Padre Pio. The mens’ confessions were face to face and were held in the sacristy of the church. While waiting in line, I heard Padre Pio shout at the man who was making his confession. Padre Pio raised his voice and said, “What was that you said you did?” All of us who were standing in line felt very sorry for the man. We all backed up in the line so as to give the man more privacy. For his sake, we wanted to make sure that we did not hear his reply to Padre Pio’s question.

I was nervous when I made my confession to Padre Pio for the first time. Padre Pio was very calm as he heard my confession. It only lasted a few minutes. Later, I asked Padre Pio about the desire I had to become a priest. I wanted to know if he thought that I had a vocation to the priesthood. “Yes, you must become a priest,” he said. “You must go to the bishop and insist that you be ordained.” I was very shy by nature. I did not feel that I had the courage to insist on anything to a bishop. But because of the advice Padre Pio gave me, I finally spoke to the bishop. After I completed all my theological requirements, I was ordained to the priesthood.

Before the Mass, Padre Pio would always take his gloves off. Sometimes, a scab from the stigmata on his hands would detach itself and fall to the floor when he removed his gloves. People who were nearby watched for this, and if a scab fell to the floor, they would rush to get it. It was a precious first class relic.

Padre Pio would rarely allow people in his company if they were living immoral or sinful lives, and had no desire to change. He would often send people away with strong words. Many were offended, but almost all returned. He was truly guided by God in his dealings with others. He had the gift of reading hearts, of prophecy, and of discernment of spirits to a remarkable degree. If he counseled a person, he spoke in a direct manner. He did not want to repeat his words.

I went to San Giovanni Rotondo four times. Each time I was able to make my confession to Padre Pio. While in San Giovanni Rotondo, I visited Mary Pyle. Mary lived in a home very close to the monastery and had dedicated her life to Padre Pio. Mary was a member of the Third Order of St. Francis. She spoke to me a lot about the Third Order. I was inspired by Mary’s words and because of her encouragement, I became a member of the Third Order of St. Francis.

Many people came to Padre Pio asking for healing from their illnesses. Padre Pio often spoke to people about his good friend Pietruccio Cugino. He held him up as a model for others to follow. Pietruccio was blind but he never asked Padre Pio to pray for his healing. Each morning at Mass, Padre Pio allowed Pietruccio to sit very close to him at the altar. Padre Pio wanted people to practice prayer and penance. He felt that too many people were seeking physical healing. He once said, “So many come to San Giovanni Rotondo asking for healing. So few ask for the grace to bear their cross.”

I had an undiagnosed illness when I visited Padre Pio in San Giovanni Rotondo. I was not healed of my illness but I received much more that a physical healing. As time went by, I realized the true spiritual greatness of Padre Pio. I have read more than thirty books on his life. I know of no other saint in history that has been given the spiritual gifts that the Lord gave to Padre Pio. I realize how truly blessed I was to meet him. – Father Jim Muntz ____________________________

I joined the Order of the Servants of Mary (Servites) and was ordained to the priesthood on May 17, 1941. In 1954, I was appointed as Assistant General of the Servite order. I was sent to Rome and spent six years at this assignment. Two times I traveled from Rome to San Giovanni Rotondo to visit Padre Pio and make my confession to him. I spoke Italian and I was glad that there would be no language barrier. I also wanted to talk to Padre Pio about the many problems I encountered as Assistant General for the Servites. It was a difficult job in many ways. I felt that Padre Pio could help me with his advice.

Padre Pio did indeed help me. He gave me advice which I have never forgotten, even after these many years. He said to me, “Always, and in all circumstances, be obedient to your superiors.” It was his habit to say a few simple words but his words were filled with wisdom.

At the time I visited San Giovanni Rotondo, Padre Pio said Mass at the side altar of St. Francis at the monastery of Our Lady of Grace. When it was time for the Mass to begin, Padre Pio came out of the sacristy with two Capuchins, one on either side. It was apparent to me that they were there to protect him. They reminded me of bodyguards. Padre Pio said the Mass very slowly with many long periods of silence. He went into ecstasy several times during the Mass and became completely still.

I had made arrangements with the Capuchins to say my Mass after Padre Pio was finished with his. At the conclusion of his Mass, the same two Capuchins stood one on either side of him and escorted him back into the sacristy. The simple side altar of St. Francis had just the bare essentials – an altar cloth, two candles, water and wine, and a crucifix. As Padre Pio walked toward the sacristy, I approached the simple altar where he had just said Mass. As I did, I perceived the beautiful fragrance of roses filling the church. It was a heavenly fragrance, not of this earth. I knew that it was a special blessing imparted by Padre Pio for all who were in the church that day. – Father Peter Rookey, OSM ______________________________

Not long ago, I was hearing confessions at St. Anne’s parish on a Friday, in the middle of the summer. It happened to be a very hot day. We do not have air conditioning at the parish and it can become quite uncomfortable in the summer time. In the confessional, it can be even more stifling.

The confessional is built with maximum insulation in order to be sound proof for the sake of the privacy of the penitent. That means it is also to some degree “air proof.” On this particular day, in that very uncomfortable heat, I suddenly felt a very cool breeze coming down from the top of the confessional. I would describe it as “sprinkling down,” bringing me a great deal of relief. The cool air flowed only from the top. The sides of the confessional were not affected.

I was startled by the gentle and cool breeze. Before I became a priest, I was an engineer. I wondered, from the perspective of an engineer, how a breeze could possibly come be coming from the top of the confessional. I began to analyze the situation but I could come to no conclusion.

After Mass, when I greeted the people who were leaving the church, a woman approached me and said, “Father, I felt so sorry for you while you were hearing confessions. It was so hot in the church that I knew it must be very uncomfortable for you in the confessional. I said a prayer to Padre Pio on your behalf. I prayed, “Padre Pio, please send Father Gismondi a cool breeze to make him more comfortable while he is hearing confessions.” – Father Carl Gismondi, FSSP

#padre pio

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blackkudos · 6 years ago

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Assata Shakur

Assata Olugbala Shakur (born JoAnne Deborah Byron; July 16, 1947), whose married name was Chesimard, is an activist, member of the left-wing Black Liberation Army (BLA), who was convicted of murder in 1977. She escaped from prison in 1979 and fled to Cuba in 1984, gaining political asylum.

Between 1971 and 1973, Shakur was charged with several crimes and was the subject of a multi-state manhunt. In May 1973, Shakur was involved in a shootout on the New Jersey Turnpike, in which New Jersey State Trooper Werner Foerster was killed and Trooper James Harper was grievously assaulted; she was charged in these attacks. BLA member Zayd Malik Shakur was also killed in the incident, and Shakur was wounded. Between 1973 and 1977, Shakur was indicted in relation to six other incidents—charged with murder, attempted murder, armed robbery, bank robbery, and kidnapping. She was acquitted on three of the charges and three were dismissed. In 1977, she was convicted of the first-degree murder of Foerster and of seven other felonies related to the shootout.

Shakur was incarcerated in several prisons in the 1970s. She escaped from prison in 1979 and, after living as a fugitive for several years, fled to Cuba in 1984, where she received political asylum. She has been living in Cuba ever since. Since May 2, 2005, the FBI has classified her as a domestic terrorist and offered a $1 million reward for assistance in her capture. On May 2, 2013, the FBI added her to the Most Wanted Terrorist List; the first woman to be listed. On the same day, the New Jersey Attorney General offered to match the FBI reward, increasing the total reward for her capture to $2 million. In June 2017, President Donald Trump gave a speech cancelling the Obama administration's Cuba policy. A condition of making a new deal between the United States and Cuba is the release of political prisoners and the return of fugitives from justice. Trump specifically called for the return of "the cop–killer Joanne Chesimard."

Early life and education

Assata Shakur was born Joanne Deborah Byron, in Flushing, Queens, New York City, on July 16, 1947. She lived for three years with her mother, a school teacher, her Aunt Evelyn, a civil rights worker, and retired grandparents, Lula and Frank Hill. In 1950, Shakur's parents divorced and her grandparents moved to Wilmington, North Carolina, where she then spent most of her childhood with younger siblings, Mutulu and Beverly. Shakur moved back to Queens with her mother and stepfather after elementary school, attending Parsons Junior High School. However she still frequently visited her grandparents in the south. Their family struggled financially, and argued frequently, so Shakur was rarely ever home, exploring the street life. She often ran away, staying with strangers and working for short periods of time, until she was taken in by her aunt Evelyn to Manhattan. Here, Shakur underwent personal change. She has said that her Aunt Evelyn (Williams), her mother's sister, was the heroine of her childhood, as she was constantly introducing her to new things. She said that her aunt was "very sophisticated and knew all kinds of things. She was right up my alley because I was forever asking all kinds of questions. I wanted to know everything." Much of her time with Evelyn was spent in museums, theaters, and art galleries, and the conflicts that did rise between the two were typically due to Shakur's habit of lying.

Shakur dropped out of Cathedral high school to get a job and live on her own but later earned a General Educational Development (GED) with her aunt's help. Before dropping out of high school, she attended a segregated school in New York, which she discusses in her autobiography. As the only black student or one of a few in her classes, Shakur said that the integrated school system was poorly set up, and that teachers seemed surprised when she answered a question in class, as if not expecting black people to be intelligent and engaged. What she learned of history was sugar coated, because students were taught a version that ignored the oppression suffered by people of color, especially in the United States. As a child she performed in a play about George Washington's birthday, and said that she was to repeatedly sing “George Washington never told a lie.” In her autobiography she later wrote: “I didn’t know what a fool they had made out of me until i grew up and started to read real history” (Pg 33).

Shakur attended Borough of Manhattan Community College (BMCC), when she was introduced to the Golden Drums and then the City College of New York (CCNY) in the mid-1960s, where she was involved in many political activities, protests, and sit-ins. Shakur spent most of her time reading and learning from other activists. She was arrested for the first time in 1967 with 100 other BMCC students, on charges of trespassing. The students had chained and locked the entrance to a college building to protest a curriculum deficient in black studies and a lack of black faculty. In April 1967 she married Louis Chesimard, a fellow student-activist at CCNY. Their relationship was damaged by Louis’s marriage ideals, including a wife to properly cook and clean. Shakur would not conform, so a year into the relationship they decided to just be friends. They divorced in December 1970. Shakur devotes one paragraph of her autobiography to her marriage, and attributes its termination to disagreements related to gender roles.

Political activism and Black Panther Party

After graduation from CCNY at 23, Shakur became involved in the Black Panther Party (BPP), which had been founded in Oakland, California and had a branch in New York. She eventually became a leading member of the Harlem branch. Before joining the BPP, Shakur had met several of its members on a 1970 trip to Oakland. She had coordinated a school breakfast program to support students in need. She soon left the party, disliking the macho behavior of the men. She did not claim, as did other female Panthers such as Regina Jennings, that she had suffered sexual harassment.

Shakur believed that the BPP lacked knowledge and understanding of United States black history:

"The basic problem stemmed from the fact that the BPP had no systematic approach to political education. They were reading the Red Book but didn't know who Harriet Tubman, Marcus Garvey, and Nat Turner were. They talked about intercommunalism but still really believed that the Civil War was fought to free the slaves. A whole lot of them barely understood any kind of history, Black, African or otherwise. [...] That was the main reason many party members, in my opinion, underestimated the need to unite with other Black organizations and to struggle around various community issues."

That same year Chesimard changed her name to Assata Olugbala Shakur; In Arabic (related to the Muslim tradition in West Africa), Assata means "she who struggles", Olugbala means “love for the people”, and Shakur means "thankful one." (In addition, 'Abd Allah II ibn 'Ali 'Abd ash-Shakur was the last Emir of Harar in Ethiopia.) Her motivation behind this transition was because her life was now a part of African culture, all but her name. Joanne no longer represented her, as she wrote in her biography, “It sounded so strange when people called me Joanne. It really had nothing to do with me. I didn’t feel like no Joanne, or no negro, or no amerikan. I felt like an African woman”. As for the last name Chesimard, it was most likely a slave given name. Shakur joined the Black Liberation Army (BLA), described by The Guardian in 2013 as “a radical and violent organization of black activists.” Joy James said its "primary objective (was) to fight for the independence and self-determination of Afrikan people in the United States."

In 1971, Shakur joined the Republic of New Afrika. This black nationalist organization was formed to create an independent black-majority nation composed of the present-day states of Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, and South Carolina, which had many black-majority areas and a history of slave societies and strong African-American culture.

Allegations and manhunt

On April 6, 1971, Shakur was shot in the stomach during a struggle with a guest at the Statler Hilton Hotel in Midtown Manhattan. According to police, Shakur knocked on the door of a room occupied by an out-of-town guest and asked "Is there a party going on here?" to which the occupant responded in the negative. Shakur allegedly displayed a revolver and demanded money, and a struggle ensued, during which she was shot by the revolver she had shown.

She was booked on charges of attempted robbery, felonious assault, reckless endangerment, and possession of a deadly weapon, then released on bail. Shakur is alleged to have said that she was glad that she had been shot since, afterward, she was no longer afraid to be shot again.

Following an August 23, 1971 bank robbery in Queens, Shakur was sought for questioning. A photograph of a woman (who was later alleged to be Shakur) wearing thick-rimmed black glasses, with a high hairdo pulled tightly over her head, and pointing a gun, was widely displayed in banks. The New York Clearing House Association paid for full-page ads displaying material about Shakur.

On December 21, 1971, Shakur was named as one of four suspects by New York City police in a hand grenade attack that destroyed a police car and slightly injured two patrolmen in Maspeth, Queens; a 13-state alarm was issued three days after the attack when a witness identified Shakur and Andrew Jackson from FBI photographs. Atlanta law enforcement officials said that Shakur and Jackson had lived together for several months in Atlanta, Georgia, in the summer of 1971.

Shakur was one of those wanted for questioning for wounding a police officer attempting to serve a traffic summons in Brooklyn on January 26, 1972. After a March 1, 1972 $89,000 Brooklyn bank robbery, a Daily News headline asked: "Was that JoAnne?"; Shakur was also wanted for questioning after a September 1, 1972 Bronx bank robbery. Based on FBI photographs, Msgr. John Powis alleged that Shakur was involved in an armed robbery at his Our Lady of the Presentation church in Brownsville, Brooklyn, on September 14, 1972.

In 1972, Shakur was the subject of a nationwide manhunt after the FBI alleged that she was the "revolutionary mother hen" of a Black Liberation Army cell that had conducted a "series of cold-blooded murders of New York City police officers." The FBI said these included the "execution style murders" of New York Police Officers Joseph Piagentini and Waverly Jones on May 21, 1971, and NYPD officers Gregory Foster and Rocco Laurie on January 28, 1972. Shakur was alleged to have been directly involved with the Foster and Laurie murders, and involved tangentially with the Piagentini and Jones murders.

Some sources identify Shakur as the de facto leader and the "soul of the Black Liberation Army" after the arrest of co-founder Dhoruba Moore. Robert Daley, Deputy Commissioner of the New York City Police, for example, described Shakur as "the final wanted fugitive, the soul of the gang, the mother hen who kept them together, kept them moving, kept them shooting."

As of February 17, 1972, when Shakur was identified as one of four BLA members on a short trip to Chattanooga, Tennessee, she was wanted for questioning (along with Robert Vickers, Twyman Meyers, Samuel Cooper, and Paul Stewart) in relation to police killings, a Queens bank robbery, and the grenade attack. Shakur was announced as one of six suspects in the ambushing of four policemen—two in Jamaica, Queens, and two in Brooklyn—on January 28, 1973, despite the fact that the assailants were identified as male.

By June 1973, an apparatus that would become the FBI's Joint Terrorism Task Force (JTTF) was issuing nearly daily briefings on Shakur's status and the allegations against her.

According to Cleaver and Katsiaficas, the FBI and local police "initiated a national search-and-destroy mission for suspected BLA members, collaborating in stakeouts that were the products of intensive political repression and counterintelligence campaigns like NEWKILL." They "attempted to tie Assata to every suspected action of the BLA involving a woman." The JTTF would later serve as the "coordinating body in the search for Assata and the renewed campaign to smash the BLA," after her escape from prison. After her capture, however, Shakur was not charged with any of the crimes for which she was the subject of the manhunt.

Shakur and others claim that she was targeted by the FBI's COINTELPRO as a result of her involvement with the black liberation organizations. Specifically, documentary evidence suggests that Shakur was targeted by an investigation named CHESROB, which "attempted to hook former New York Panther Joanne Chesimard (Assata Shakur) to virtually every bank robbery or violent crime involving a black woman on the East Coast." Although named after Shakur, CHESROB (like its predecessor, NEWKILL) was not limited to Shakur.

New Jersey Turnpike shootout

On May 2, 1973, at about 12:45 a.m., Assata Shakur, along with Zayd Malik Shakur (born James F. Costan) and Sundiata Acoli (born Clark Squire), were stopped on the New Jersey Turnpike in East Brunswick by State Trooper James Harper, backed up by Trooper Werner Foerster in a second patrol vehicle (Car 820), for driving with a broken tail light. According to Col. David B. Kelly, the vehicle was also "slightly" exceeding the speed limit. Recordings of Trooper Harper calling the dispatcher were played at the trials of both Acoli and Assata Shakur. After reporting his plans to stop the vehicle he had been following, Harper can later be heard to say: "Hold on—two black males, one female." The stop occurred 200 yards (183 m) south of what was then the Turnpike Authority administration building at exit 9, the headquarters of Troop D. Zayd Shakur was driving the two-door vehicle, Assata Shakur was seated in the right front seat, and Acoli was in the right rear seat. Trooper Harper asked the driver for identification, noticed a discrepancy, asked him to get out of the car, and questioned him at the rear of the vehicle.

It is at this point, with the questioning of Zayd Shakur, that the accounts of the confrontation begin to differ (see the witnesses section below). However, in the ensuing shootout, Trooper Foerster was shot twice in the head with his own gun and killed, Zayd Shakur was killed, and Assata Shakur and Trooper Harper were wounded.

According to initial police statements, at this point one or more of the suspects began firing with semiautomatic handguns and Trooper Foerster fired four times before falling mortally wounded. At Acoli's trial, Harper testified that the gunfight started "seconds" after Foerster arrived at the scene. At this trial, Harper said that Foerster reached into the vehicle, pulled out and held up a semiautomatic pistol and ammunition magazine, and said "Jim, look what I found," while facing Harper at the rear of the vehicle. At this point, Assata Shakur and Acoli were ordered to put their hands on their laps and not to move; Harper said that Assata Shakur then reached down to the right of her right leg, pulled out a pistol, and shot him in the shoulder, after which he retreated to behind his vehicle. Questioned by prosecutor C. Judson Hamlin, Harper said he saw Foerster shot just as Assata Shakur was felled by bullets from Harper's gun. Harper testified that Acoli shot Foerster with a .38 caliber semiautomatic pistol and then used Foerster's own gun to "execute him." According to the testimony of State Police investigators, two jammed semiautomatic pistols were discovered near Foerster's body.

Acoli then drove the car (a white Pontiac LeMans with Vermont license plates)—which contained Assata Shakur, who was wounded, and Zayd Shakur, who was dead or dying—5 miles (8 km) down the road at milepost 78 across from Service Area 8-N (the Joyce Kilmer Service Area), where Assata Shakur was apprehended. The vehicle was chased by three patrol cars and the booths down the turnpike were alerted. Acoli then exited the car and—after being ordered to halt by Trooper Robert Palentchar (Car 817), the first on the scene—fled into the woods as Palentchar emptied his gun. According to Palentchar, Assata Shakur then walked towards him from 50 feet (15 m) away with her bloody arms raised in surrender. Acoli was captured after a 36-hour manhunt—involving 400 people, state police helicopters, and bloodhounds from the Ocean County Sheriff's Department—the following day. Zayd Shakur's body was found in a nearby gully along the road.

At the time of the shootout, Assata Shakur was a member of the Black Liberation Army (BLA) and no longer a member of the Black Panther Party. According to a New Jersey Police spokesperson, Assata Shakur was on her way to a "new hideout in Philadelphia" and "heading ultimately for Washington" and a book in the vehicle contained a list of potential BLA targets. Assata Shakur testified that she was on her way to Baltimore for a job as a bar waitress.

Assata Shakur, with gunshot wounds in both arms and a shoulder was moved to Middlesex General Hospital, under "heavy guard," and was reported to be in "serious condition"; Trooper Harper was wounded in the left shoulder, in "good" condition, and given a protective guard at the hospital. Assata Shakur was interrogated and arraigned from her hospital bed, and her medical care during this period is often alleged to have been "substandard." She was transferred from Middlesex General Hospital in New Brunswick to Roosevelt Hospital in Edison after her lawyers obtained a court order from Judge John Bachman, and then transferred to Middlesex County Workhouse a few weeks later.

The Pontiac LeMans and Trooper Harper's patrol car were taken to a state police garage in East Brunswick. Following the incident, on May 11, the State Police instituted two-man night patrols on the turnpike and Garden State Parkway, although the change was not made public until June.

Criminal charges and dispositions

Between 1973 and 1977, in New York and New Jersey, Shakur was indicted ten times, resulting in seven different criminal trials. Shakur was charged with two bank robberies, the kidnapping of a Brooklyn heroin dealer, attempted murder of two Queens police officers stemming from a January 23, 1973 failed ambush, and eight other felonies related to the Turnpike shootout. Of these trials, three resulted in acquittals, one in a hung jury, one in a change of venue, one in a mistrial due to pregnancy, and one in a conviction; three indictments were dismissed without trial.

Turnpike shootout change of venue

On the charges related to the New Jersey Turnpike shootout, New Jersey Superior Court Judge Leon Gerofsky ordered a change of venue in 1973 from Middlesex to Morris County, New Jersey, saying "it was almost impossible to obtain a jury here comprising people willing to accept the responsibility of impartiality so that defendants will be protected from transitory passion and prejudice." Polls of residents in Middlesex County, where Acoli had been convicted less than three years earlier, showed that 83% knew her identity and 70% said she was guilty.

Bronx bank robbery mistrial

In December 1973, Shakur was tried for a September 29, 1972, $3,700 robbery of the Manufacturer's Hanover Trust Company in the Bronx, along with co-defendant Kamau Sadiki (born Fred Hilton). In light of the pending murder prosecution against Shakur in New Jersey state court, her lawyers requested that the trial be postponed for six months to permit further preparation. Judge Lee P. Gagliardi denied a postponement, and the Second Circuit denied Shakur's petition for mandamus. In protest, the lawyers stayed mute, and Shakur and Sadiki conducted their own defense. Seven other BLA members were indicted by District Attorney Eugene Gold in connection with the series of holdups and shootings on the same day, who—according to Gold—represented the "top echelon" of the BLA as determined by a year-long investigation.

The prosecution's case rested largely on the testimony of two men who had pleaded guilty to participating in the holdup. The prosecution called four witnesses: Avon White and John Rivers (both of whom had already been convicted of the robbery) and the manager and teller of the bank. White and Rivers, although convicted, had not yet been sentenced for the robbery and were promised that the charges would be dropped in exchange for their testimony. White and Rivers testified that Shakur had guarded one of the doors with a .357 magnum pistol and that Sadiki had served as a lookout and drove the getaway truck during the robbery; neither White nor Rivers was cross-examined due to the defense attorney's refusal to participate in the trial. Shakur's aunt and lawyer, Evelyn Williams, was also cited for contempt after walking out of the courtroom after many of her attempted motions were denied. The trial was delayed for a few days after Shakur was diagnosed with pleurisy.

During the trial, the defendants were escorted to a "holding pen" outside the courtroom several times after shouting complaints and epithets at Judge Gagliardi. While in the holding pen, they listened to the proceedings over loudspeakers. Both defendants were repeatedly cited for contempt of court and eventually barred from the courtroom, where the trial continued in their absence. A contemporary New York Times editorial criticized Williams for failing to maintain courtroom "decorum," comparing her actions to William Kunstler's recent contempt conviction for his actions during the "Chicago Seven" trial.

Sadiki's lawyer, Robert Bloom, attempted to have the trial dismissed and then postponed due to new "revelations" regarding the credibility of White, a former co-defendant working for the prosecution. Bloom had been assigned to defend Hilton over the summer, but White was not disclosed as a government witness until right before the trial. Judge Gagliardi instructed both the prosecution and the defense not to bring up Shakur or Sadiki's connections to the BLA, saying they were "not relevant." Gagliardi denied requests by the jurors to pose questions to the witnesses—either directly or through him—and declined to provide the jury with information they requested about how long the defense had been given to prepare, saying it was "none of their concern." This trial resulted in a hung jury and then a mistrial when the jury reported to Gagliardi that they were hopelessly deadlocked for the fourth time.

Bronx bank robbery retrial

The retrial was delayed for one day to give the defendants more time to prepare. The new jury selection was marked by attempts by Williams to be relieved of her duties due to disagreements with Shakur as well as Hilton's attorney. Judge Arnold Bauman denied the application, but directed another lawyer, Howard Jacobs, to defend Shakur while Williams remained the attorney of record. Shakur was ejected following an argument with Williams, and Hilton left with her as jury selection continued. After the selection of twelve jurors (60 were excused), Williams was allowed to retire from the case, with Shakur officially representing herself, assisted by lawyer Florynce Kennedy. In the retrial, White testified that the six alleged robbers had saved their hair clippings to create disguises, and identified a partially obscured head and shoulder in a photo taken from a surveillance camera as Shakur's. Kennedy objected to this identification on the grounds that the prosecutor, assistant United States attorney Peter Truebner, had offered to stipulate that Shakur was not depicted in any of the photographs. Although both White and Rivers testified that Shakur was wearing overalls during the robbery, the person identified as Shakur in the photograph was wearing a jacket. The defense attempted to discredit White on the grounds that he had spent eight months in Matteawan Hospital for the Criminally Insane in 1968, and White countered that he had faked insanity (by claiming to be Allah in front of three psychiatrists) to get transferred out of prison.

Shakur personally cross-examined the witnesses, getting White to admit that he had once been in love with her; the same day, one juror (who had been frequently napping during the trial) was replaced with an alternate. Like the first trial, the retrial was marked by the defendants leaving and/or being thrown out of the court room for periods of varying lengths. Both defendants were acquitted in the retrial; six jurors interviewed after the trial stated that they did not believe the two key prosecution witnesses. Shakur was immediately returned to Morristown, New Jersey, under a heavy guard following the trial. Louis Chesimard (Shakur's ex-husband) and Paul Stewart, the other two alleged robbers, had been acquitted in June.

Turnpike shootout mistrial

The Turnpike shootout proceedings continued with Judge John E. Bachman in Middlesex County. The jury was chosen from Morris County, which had a far smaller black population than Middlesex County. On this basis, Shakur unsuccessfully attempted to remove the trial to federal court.

Shakur was originally slated to be tried with Acoli, but the trials were separated (before jury selection was complete) due to Shakur's pregnancy, and hers resulted in a mistrial in 1974 because of the possibility of miscarriage; Shakur was then hospitalized on February 1.

Attempted murder dismissal

Shakur and four others (including Fred Hilton, Avon White, and Andrew Jackson) were indicted in the State Supreme Court in Bronx on December 31, 1973 on charges of attempting to shoot and kill two policemen—Michael O'Reilly and Roy Polliana, who were wounded but had since returned to duty—in a January 28, 1973, ambush in St. Albans, Queens. On March 5, 1974, two new defendants (Jeannette Jefferson and Robert Hayes) were named in an indictment involving the same charges. On April 26, while Shakur was pregnant, New Jersey Governor Brendan Byrne signed an extradition order to move Shakur to New York to face two counts of attempted murder, attempted assault, and possession of dangerous weapons related to the alleged ambush; however, Shakur declined to waive her right to an extradition hearing, and asked for a full hearing before Middlesex County Court Judge John E. Bachman.

Shakur was extradited to New York City on May 6, arraigned on May 11 (pleading innocent), and remanded to jail by Justice Albert S. McGrover of the State Supreme Court, pending a pretrial hearing on July 2. In November 1974, New York State Supreme Court Justice Peter Farrell dismissed the attempted murder indictment because of insufficient evidence, declaring "The court can only note with disapproval that virtually a year has passed before counsel made an application for the most basic relief permitted by law, namely an attack on the sufficiency of the evidence submitted by the grand jury."

Kidnapping trial

Shakur was indicted on May 30, 1974, on the charge of having robbed a Brooklyn bar and kidnapping bartender James E. Freeman for ransom. Shakur and co-defendant Ronald Myers were accused of entering the bar with pistols and shotguns, taking $50 from the register, kidnapping the bartender, leaving a note demanding a $20,000 ransom from the bar owner, and fleeing in a rented truck. Freeman was said to have later escaped unhurt. The text of Shakur's opening statement in the trial is reproduced in her autobiography. Shakur and co-defendant Ronald Myers were acquitted on December 19, 1975 after seven hours of jury deliberation, ending a three-month trial in front of Judge William Thompson.

Queens bank robbery trial

In July 1973, after being indicted by a grand jury, Shakur pleaded not guilty in Federal Court in Brooklyn to an indictment related to an August 31, 1971 $7,700 robbery of the Bankers Trust Company bank in Queens. Judge Jacob Mishlerset set a tentative trial date of November 5 that year. The trial was delayed until 1976, when Shakur was represented by Stanley Cohen and Evelyn Williams. In this trial, Shakur acted as her own co-counsel and told the jury in her opening testimony:

"I have decided to act as co-counsel, and to make this opening statement, not because I have any illusions about my legal abilities, but, rather, because there are things that I must say to you. I have spent many days and nights behind bars thinking about this trial, this outrage. And in my own mind, only someone who has been so intimately a victim of this madness as I have can do justice to what I have to say."

One bank employee testified that Shakur was one of the bank robbers, but three other bank employees (including two tellers) testified that they were uncertain. The prosecution showed surveillance photos of four of the six alleged robbers, contending that one of them was Shakur wearing a wig. Shakur was forcibly subdued and photographed by the FBI on the judge's order, after having refused to cooperate, believing that the FBI would use photo manipulation; a subsequent judge determined that the manners in which the photos were obtained violated Shakur's rights and ruled the new photos inadmissible. In her autobiography, Shakur recounts being beaten, choked, and kicked on the courtroom floor by five marshals, as Williams narrated the events to ensure they would appear on the court record. Shortly after deliberation began, the jury asked to see all the photographic exhibits taken from the surveillance footage. The jury determined that a widely circulated FBI photo allegedly showing Shakur participating in the robbery was not her.

Shakur was acquitted after seven hours of jury deliberation on January 16, 1976, and was immediately remanded back to New Jersey for the Turnpike trial. The actual transfer took place on January 29. She was the only one of the six suspects in the robbery to be brought to trial. Andrew Jackson and two others indicted for the same robbery pleaded guilty; Jackson was sentenced to five years in prison and five years' probation; another was shot and killed in a gun fight in Florida on December 31, 1971, and the last remained at large at the time of Shakur's acquittal.

Turnpike shootout retrial

By the time Shakur was retried in 1977, Acoli had already been convicted of the murder of Foerster (on the theory that he fired the bullets), and a total of 289 articles had been published in the local press relating to the various crimes with which Shakur had been accused. Shakur's trial, along with Acoli's, would end up costing Middlesex County an estimated $1 million.

Shakur again attempted to remove the trial to federal court. The United States District Court for the District of New Jersey denied the petition and also denied Shakur an injunction against the holding of trial proceedings on Fridays (the Muslim Sabbath). An en banc panel of the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit affirmed.

The nine-week trial was widely publicized, and was even reported on by the Telegraph Agency of the Soviet Union (TASS). On March 25, 1977, back in Middlesex County, Shakur was convicted as an accomplice in the murders of New Jersey State Trooper Werner Foerster and Zayd Shakur and possession of weapons, as well as of assault and attempted murder of Harper. During the trial, hundreds of civil rights campaigners demonstrated outside of the Middlesex County courthouse each day.

Following the 13-minute opening statement by Edward J. Barone, the first assistant Middlesex County prosecutor (directing the case for the state), William Kunstler (the chief of Shakur's defense staff) moved immediately for a mistrial, calling the eight-count grand jury indictment "adversary proceeding solely and exclusively under the control of the prosecutor," whom Kunstler accused of "improper prejudicial remarks"; Judge Theodore Appleby, noting the frequent defense interruptions that had characterized the previous days' jury selection, denied the motion. The prosecution contended that Shakur shot and killed her companion, Zayd Shakur, and "executed" Trooper Foerster with his own weapon.

The next day, the jury listened to State Police radio tapes while being provided with a printed transcript, an arrangement that resulted from "hours of haggling" between the defense and prosecution. The "climax" of the tape came when Trooper Ronald Foster, the State Police radio operator, shouted into his microphone "They just shot Harper! Be on the lookout for this car!" and "It is a Pontiac. It's got one tail light" after the wounded Harper entered into the administration building near the site of the shootout. As the tapes were played, Shakur was seated "calmly and without apparent concern" wearing a yellow turban and brightly colored floor-length dress over a white turtleneck sweater.

On February 23, Shakur's attorneys filed papers asking Judge Appleby to subpoena FBI Director Clarence Kelley, Senator Frank Church and other federal and New York law enforcement officials to testify about the Counter Intelligence Program, which they alleged was designed to harass and disrupt black activist organizations. Kunstler had previously been successful in subpoenaing Kelley and Church for the trials of American Indian Movement (AIM) members charged with murdering FBI agents. The motion (argued March 2)—which also asked the court to require the production of memos, tapes, documents, and photographs of alleged COINTELPRO involvement from 1970 to 1973—was denied.

Shakur herself was called as a witness on March 15, the first witness called by the defense; she denied shooting either Harper or Foerster, and also denied handling a weapon during the incident. She was questioned by her own attorney, Stuart Ball, for under 40 minutes, and then cross-examined by Barone for less than two hours (see the Witnesses section below). Ball's questioning ended with the following exchange:

"On that night of May 2[n]d, did you shoot, kill, execute or have anything to do with the death of Trooper Werner Foerster?""No.""Did you shoot or assault Trooper James Harper?""No."

Under cross-examination, Shakur was unable to explain how three magazines of ammunition and 16 live shells had gotten into her shoulder bag; she also admitted to knowing that Zayd Shakur carried a gun at times, and specifically to seeing a gun sticking out of Acoli's pocket while stopping for supper at a Howard Johnson's restaurant shortly before the shooting. Shakur admitted to carrying an identification card with the name "Justine Henderson" in her billfold the night of the shootout, but denied using any of the aliases on the long list that Barone proceeded to read.

Defense attorneys

Shakur's defense attorneys were William Kunstler (the chief of Shakur's defense staff), Stuart Ball, Robert Bloom, Raymond A. Brown, Stanley Cohen (who died of unknown causes early on in the Turnpike trial), Lennox Hinds, Florynce Kennedy, Louis Myers, Laurence Stern, and Evelyn Williams, Shakur's aunt. Of these attorneys, Kunstler, Ball, Cohen, Myers, Stern and Williams appeared in court for the turnpike trial. Kunstler became involved in Shakur's trials in 1975, when contacted by Williams, and commuted from New York City to New Brunswick every day with Stern.

Her attorneys, in particular Lennox Hinds, were often held in contempt of court, which the National Conference of Black Lawyers cited as an example of systemic bias in the judicial system. The New Jersey Legal Ethics Committee also investigated complaints against Hinds for comparing Shakur's murder trial to "legalized lynching" undertaken by a "kangaroo court." Hinds' disciplinary proceeding reached the U.S. Supreme Court in Middlesex County Ethics Committee v. Garden State Bar Ass'n (1982). According to Kunstler's autobiography, the sizable contingent of New Jersey State Troopers guarding the courthouse were under strict orders from their commander, Col. Clinton Pagano, to completely shun Shakur's defense attorneys.

Judge Appleby also threatened Kunstler with dismissal and contempt of court after he delivered an October 21, 1976 speech at nearby Rutgers University that in part discussed the upcoming trial, but later ruled that Kunstler could represent Shakur. Until obtaining a court order, Williams was forced to strip naked and undergo a body search before each of her visits with Shakur—during which Shakur was shackled to a bed by both ankles. Judge Appleby also refused to investigate a burglary of her defense counsel's office that resulted in the disappearance of trial documents, amounting to half of the legal papers related to her case. Her lawyers also claimed that their offices were bugged.

Tensions and dissension existed among the members of the defense team. Evelyn Williams felt that she was a victim of male prejudice stating that "for the second time in (her) legal career (she) became aware of the disdain with which men perceive women." She expressed "amazement and contempt" for the actions of her fellow lawyers as she watched their "infighting for center stage" during the trial. Other members of the team were concerned that Williams was overly aggressive during her sole cross-examination to the point of passing her notes that read, in part, "You're antagonizing the jury" and "Shut up and sit down."

Witnesses

Sundiata Acoli, Assata Shakur, Trooper Harper, and a New Jersey Turnpike driver who saw part of the incident were the only surviving witnesses. Acoli did not testify or make any pre-trial statements, nor did he testify in his own trial or give a statement to the police. The driver traveling north on the turnpike testified that he had seen a State Trooper struggling with a Black man between a white vehicle and a State Trooper car, whose revolving lights illuminated the area.

Shakur testified that Trooper Harper shot her after she raised her arms to comply with his demand. She said that the second shot hit her in the back as she turned to avoid it, and that she fell onto the road for the duration of the gunfight before crawling back into the backseat of the Pontiac—which Acoli drove 5 miles (8 km) down the road and parked. She testified that she remained there until State Troopers dragged her onto the road.

Trooper Harper's official reports state that after he stopped the Pontiac, he ordered Acoli to the back of the vehicle for Trooper Foerster—who had arrived on the scene—to examine his driver's license. The reports then state that after Acoli complied, and as Harper was looking inside the vehicle to examine the registration, Trooper Foerster yelled and held up an ammunition magazine as Shakur simultaneously reached into her red pocketbook, pulled out a nine-millimeter weapon and fired at him. Trooper Harper's reports then state that he ran to the rear of his car and shot at Shakur who had exited the vehicle and was firing from a crouched position next to the vehicle.

Under cross-examination at both Acoli and Shakur's trials, Trooper Harper admitted to having lied in these reports and in his Grand Jury testimony about Trooper Foerster yelling and showing him an ammunition magazine, about seeing Shakur holding a pocketbook or a gun inside the vehicle, and about Shakur shooting at him from the car. Trooper Harper retracted his previous statements and said that he had never seen Shakur with a gun and that she did not shoot him.

Jury

A total of 408 potential jurors were questioned during the voir dire, which concluded on February 14. All of the 15 jurors—ten women and five men—were white, and most were under thirty years old. Five jurors had personal ties to State Troopers (one girlfriend, two nephews, and two friends). A sixteenth female juror was removed before the trial formally opened when it was determined that Sheriff Joseph DeMarino of Middlesex County, while a private detective several years earlier, had worked for a lawyer who represented the juror's husband. Judge Appleby repeatedly denied Kunstler's requests for DeMarino to be removed from his responsibilities for the duration of the trial "because he did not divulge his association with the juror."

One prospective juror was dismissed for reading Target Blue, a book by Robert Daley, a former New York City Deputy Police Commander, which dealt in part with Shakur and had been left in the jury assembly room. Before the jury entered the courtroom, Judge Appleby ordered Shakur's lawyers to remove a copy of Roots: The Saga of an American Family by Alex Haley from a position on the defense counsel table easily visible to jurors. The Roots TV miniseries adapted from the book and shown shortly before the trial was believed to have evoked feelings of "guilt and sympathy" with many white viewers.

Shakur's attorneys sought a new trial on the grounds that one jury member, John McGovern, had violated the jury's sequestration order. Judge Appleby rejected Kunstler's claim that the juror had violated the order. McGovern later sued Kunstler for defamation; Kunstler eventually publicly apologized to McGovern and paid him a small settlement. Additionally, in his autobiography, Kunstler alleged that he later learned from a law enforcement agent that a New Jersey State Assembly member had addressed the jury at the hotel where they were sequestered, urging them to convict Shakur.

Due to the high security of the trial and the sequestration, Shakur's trial, along with Acoli's, cost Middlesex County an estimated $1 million combined. In September 1977, New Jersey Governor Brendan Byrne vetoed a bill to give the Morris County sheriff $7,491 for overtime expenses incurred in guarding Shakur's jury.

Medical evidence

A key element of Shakur's defense was medical testimony meant to demonstrate that she was shot with her hands up and that she would have been subsequently unable to fire a weapon. A neurologist testified that the median nerve in Shakur's right arm was severed by the second bullet, making her unable to pull a trigger. Neurosurgeon Dr. Arthur Turner Davidson, Associate Professor of Surgery at Albert Einstein College of Medicine, testified that the wounds in her upper arms, armpit and chest, and severed median nerve that instantly paralyzed her right arm, would only have been caused if both arms were raised, and that to sustain such injuries while crouching and firing a weapon (as described in Trooper Harper's testimony) "would be anatomically impossible."

Davidson based his testimony on an August 4, 1976 examination of Shakur and on X-rays taken immediately after the shootout at Middlesex General Hospital. Prosecutor Barone questioned whether Davidson was qualified to make such a judgment 39 months after the injury; Barone proceeded to suggest (while a female Sheriff's attendant acted out his suggestion) that Shakur was struck in the right arm and collar bone and "then spun around by the impact of the bullet so an immediate second shot entered the fleshy part of her upper left arm" to which Davidson replied "Impossible."

Dr. David Spain, a pathologist from Brookdale Community College, testified that her bullet scars as well as X-rays supported her claim that her arms were raised, and that there was "no conceivable way" the first bullet could have hit Shakur's clavicle if her arm was down.

Judge Appleby eventually cut off funds for any further expert defense testimony. Shakur, in her autobiography, and Williams, in Inadmissible Evidence, both claim that it was difficult to find expert witnesses for the trial. Not only because of the financial expense, but also because most forensic and ballistic specialists declined on the grounds of a conflict of interest when approached because they routinely performed such work for law enforcement officials.

Other evidence

Neutron activation analysis administered after the shootout showed no gunpowder residue on Shakur's fingers; her fingerprints were not found on any weapon at the scene, according to forensic analysis performed at the Trenton, New Jersey crime lab and the FBI crime labs in Washington, D.C. According to tape recordings and police reports made several hours after the shoot-out, when Harper returned on foot to the administration building 200 yards (183 m) away, he did not report Foerster's presence at the scene; no one at headquarters knew of Foerster's involvement in the shoot-out until his body was discovered beside his patrol car, more than an hour later.

Conviction and sentencing

On March 24, the jurors listened for 45 minutes to a rereading of testimony of the State Police chemist regarding the blood found at the scene, on the LeMans, and Shakur's clothing. That night, the second night of jury deliberation, the jury asked Judge Appleby to repeat his instructions regarding the four assault charges 30 minutes before retiring for the night, which led to speculation that the jury had decided in Shakur's favor on the remaining charges, especially the two counts of murder. Appleby reiterated that the jury must consider separately the four assault charges (atrocious assault and battery, assault on a police officer acting in the line of duty, assault with a deadly weapon, and assault with intent to kill), each of which carried a total maximum penalty of 33 years in prison. The other charges were: first-degree murder (of Foerster), second-degree murder (of Zayd Shakur), illegal possession of a weapon, and armed robbery (related to Foerster's service revolver). The jury also asked Appleby to repeat the definitions of "intent" and "reasonable doubt."

Shakur was convicted on all eight counts: two murder charges, and six assault charges. The prosecution did not need to prove that Shakur fired the shots that killed either Trooper Foerster or Zayd Shakur: being an accomplice to murder carries an equivalent life sentence under New Jersey law. Upon hearing the verdict, Shakur said—in a "barely audible voice"—that she was "ashamed that I have even taken part in this trial" and that the jury was "racist" and had "convicted a woman with her hands up." Judge Appleby told the court attendants to "remove the prisoner" and Shakur replied: "the prisoner will walk away on her own feet." After Joseph W. Lewis, the jury foreman, read the verdict, Kunstler asked that the jury be removed before alleging that one juror had violated the sequestration order (see above).

At the post trial press conference Kunstler blamed the verdict on racism stating that "the white element was there to destroy her." When asked by a reporter that if that were the case why did it take the jury 24 hours to reach a verdict Kunstler replied, "That was just a pretense." A few minutes later the prosecutor Barone disagreed with Kunstler's assessment saying the trial's outcome was decided "completely on the facts."

At Shakur's sentencing hearing on April 25, Appleby sentenced her to 26 to 33 years in state prison (10 to 12 for the four counts of assault, 12 to 15 for robbery, 2 to 3 for armed robbery, plus 2 to 3 for aiding and abetting the murder of Foerster), to be served consecutively with her mandatory life sentence. However, Appleby dismissed the second-degree murder of Zayd Shakur, as the New Jersey Supreme Court had recently narrowed the application of the law. Appleby finally sentenced Shakur to 30 days in the Middlesex County Workhouse for contempt of court, concurrent with the other sentences, for refusing to rise when he entered the courtroom. To become eligible for parole, Shakur would have had to serve a minimum of 25 years, which would have included her four years in custody during the trials.

Nelson murder dismissal

In October 1977, New York State Superior Court Justice John Starkey dismissed murder and robbery charges against Shakur related to the death of Richard Nelson during a December 28, 1972, hold-up of a Brooklyn social club, ruling that the state had delayed too long in bringing her to trial. Judge Starkey said, "People have constitutional rights, and you can't shuffle them around." The case was delayed in being brought to trial as a result of an agreement between the governors of New York and New Jersey as to the priority of the various charges against Shakur. Three other defendants were indicted in relation to the same holdup: Melvin Kearney, who died in 1976 from an eight-floor fall while trying to escape from the Brooklyn House of Detention, Twymon Myers, who was killed by police while a fugitive, and Andrew Jackson, the charges against whom were dismissed when two prosecution witnesses could not identify him in a lineup.

Attempted robbery dismissal

On November 22, 1977, Shakur pleaded not guilty to an attempted armed robbery indictment stemming from the 1971 incident at the Statler Hilton Hotel. Shakur was accused of attempting to rob a Michigan man staying at the hotel of $250 of cash and personal property. During the incident Shakur was shot in the stomach and subsequently arrested, booked, and released on bail. The prosecutor was C. Richard Gibbons. The charges were dismissed without trial.

Imprisonment

After the Turnpike shootings, Shakur was imprisoned in New Jersey State Reception and Correction center in Yardville, Burlington County, New Jersey and later moved to Rikers Island Correctional Institution for Women in New York City where she was kept in solitary confinement for 21 months. Shakur's only daughter, Kakuya Shakur, was conceived during her trial and born on September 11, 1974 in the "fortified psychiatric ward" at Elmhurst General Hospital in Queens, where Shakur stayed for a few days before being returned to Rikers Island. In her autobiography, Shakur claims that she was beaten and restrained by several large female officers after refusing a medical exam from a prison doctor shortly after giving birth. While imprisoned on Rikers Island, Shakur filed a § 1983 suit related to the conditions of her confinement; she was unsuccessful in persuading the federal courts to order that the legal aid paralegals assisting in her claim be granted attorney-like visitation rights.

After a bomb threat was made against Judge Appleby, Sheriff Joseph DeMarino lied to the press about the exact date of her transfer to Clinton Correctional Facility for Women for security reasons. She was also transferred from the Clinton Correctional Facility for Women to a special area staffed by women guards at the Yardville Youth Correction and Reception Center in New Jersey, where she was the only female inmate, for "security reasons." When Kunstler first took on Shakur's case (before meeting her), he described her basement cell as "adequate," which nearly resulted in his dismissal as her attorney. On May 6, 1977, Judge Clarkson Fisher, of the United States District Court for the District of New Jersey, denied Shakur's request for an injunction requiring her transfer from the all-male facility to Clinton Correctional Facility for Women; the Third Circuit affirmed.

On April 8, 1978, Shakur was transferred to Alderson Federal Prison Camp in Alderson, West Virginia where she met Puerto Rican nationalist Lolita Lebrón and Mary Alice, a Catholic nun, who introduced Shakur to the concept of liberation theology. At Alderson, Shakur was housed in the Maximum Security Unit, which also contained several members of the Aryan Sisterhood as well as Sandra Good and Lynette "Squeaky" Fromme, followers of Charles Manson.

On March 31, 1978, after the Maximum Security Unit at Alderson was closed, Shakur was transferred to the Clinton Correctional Facility for Women in New Jersey. According to her attorney Lennox Hinds, Shakur "understates the awfulness of the condition in which she was incarcerated," which included vaginal and anal searches. Hinds argues that "in the history of New Jersey, no woman pretrial detainee or prisoner has ever been treated as she was, continuously confined in a men's prison, under twenty-four-hour surveillance of her most intimate functions, without intellectual sustenance, adequate medical attention, and exercise, and without the company of other women for all the years she was in custody."

Shakur was identified as a political prisoner as early as October 8, 1973 by Angela Davis, and in an April 3, 1977, New York Timesadvertisement purchased by the Easter Coalition for Human Rights. An international panel of seven jurists representing the United Nations Commission on Human Rights concluded in 1979 that her treatment was "totally unbefitting any prisoner." Their investigation, which focused on alleged human rights abuses of political prisoners, cited Shakur as "one of the worst cases" of such abuses and including her in "a class of victims of FBI misconduct through the COINTELPRO strategy and other forms of illegal government conduct who as political activists have been selectively targeted for provocation, false arrests, entrapment, fabrication of evidence, and spurious criminal prosecutions." Amnesty International, however, did not regard Shakur as a former political prisoner.

Escape

On November 2, 1979 she escaped the Clinton Correctional Facility for Women in New Jersey, when three members of the Black Liberation Army visiting her drew concealed .45-caliber pistols, seized two guards as hostages and commandeered a prison van. The van escaped through an unfenced section of the prison into the parking lot of a state school for the handicapped, 1.5 miles (2 km) away, where a blue-and-white Lincoln and a blue Mercury Comet were waiting. No one was injured during the prison break, including the guards held as hostages who were left in the parking lot. Her brother, Mutulu Shakur, Silvia Baraldini, former Panther Sekou Odinga, and Marilyn Buck were charged with assisting in her escape; Ronald Boyd Hill was also held on charges related to the escape. In part for his role in the event, Mutulu was named on July 23, 1982 as the 380th addition to the FBI's Ten Most Wanted Fugitives list, where he remained for the next four years until his capture in 1986. State correction officials disclosed in November 1979 that they had not run identity checks on Shakur's visitors and that the three men and one woman who assisted in her escape had presented false identification to enter the prison's visitor room, before which they were not searched. Mutulu Shakur and Marilyn Buck were convicted in 1988 of several robberies as well as the prison escape.

At the time of the escape, Kunstler had just started to prepare her appeal. After her escape, Shakur lived as a fugitive for several years. The FBI circulated wanted posters throughout the New York – New Jersey area; her supporters hung "Assata Shakur is Welcome Here" posters in response. In New York, three days after her escape, more than 5,000 demonstrators organized by the National Black Human Rights Coalition carried signs with the same slogan. The image of Shakur on the wanted posters featured a wig and blurred black-and-white features (pictured right).

For years after Shakur's escape, the movements, activities, and phone calls of her friends and relatives—including her daughter walking to school in upper Manhattan—were monitored by investigators in an attempt to ascertain her whereabouts. In July 1980, FBI director William Webster said that the search for Shakur had been frustrated by residents' refusal to cooperate, and a New York Times editorial opined that the department's commitment to "enforce the law with vigor—but also with sensitivity for civil rights and civil liberties" had been "clouded" by an "apparently crude sweep" through a Harlem building in search of Shakur. In particular, one pre-dawn April 20, 1980 raid on 92 Morningside Avenue, during which FBI agents armed with shotguns and machine guns broke down doors, and searched through the building for several hours, while preventing residents from leaving, was seen by residents as having "racist overtones." In October 1980, New Jersey and New York City Police denied published reports that they had declined to raid a Bedford-Stuyvesant, Brooklyn building where Shakur was suspected to be hiding for fear of provoking a racial incident.

Political asylum in Cuba

Shakur fled to Cuba by 1984; in that year she was granted political asylum in that country. The Cuban government paid approximately $13 a day toward her living expenses. In 1985 she was reunited with her daughter, Kakuya, who had been raised by Shakur's mother in New York.

In an open letter, Shakur has called Cuba "One of the Largest, Most Resistant and Most Courageous Palenques (Maroon Camps) that has ever existed on the Face of this Planet." She also referred to herself as a "20th century escaped slave." Shakur is also known to have worked as an English-language editor for Radio Havana Cuba.

Books

In 1987, she published Assata: An Autobiography, which was written in Cuba. Her autobiography has been cited in relation to critical legal studies and critical race theory. The book does not give a detailed account of the events on the New Jersey Turnpike, except saying that the jury "Convicted a woman with her hands up!" It gives an account of her life beginning with her youth in the South and New York. Shakur challenges traditional styles of literary autobiography and offers the public a perspective on her life that is not easily accessible to the public. The book was published by Lawrence Hill & Company in the United States and Canada but the copyright is held by Zed Books Ltd. of London due to "Son of Sam" laws, which restrict who can receive profits from a book. In the six months preceding the publications of the book, Evelyn Williams, Shakur's aunt and attorney, made several trips to Cuba and served as a go-between with Hill.

In 1993, she published a second book, Still Black, Still Strong, with Dhoruba bin Wahad and Mumia Abu-Jamal.

Extradition attempts

In 1997, Carl Williams, the superintendent of the New Jersey State Police, wrote a letter to Pope John Paul II asking him to raise the issue of Shakur's extradition during his talks with President Fidel Castro. During the pope's visit to Cuba in 1998, Shakur agreed to an interview with NBC journalist Ralph Penza. Shakur later published an extensive criticism of the NBC segment, which inter-spliced footage of Trooper Foerster's grieving widow with an FBI photo connected to a bank robbery of which Shakur had been acquitted. On March 10, 1998 New Jersey Governor Christine Todd Whitman asked Attorney General Janet Reno to do whatever it would take to return Shakur from Cuba. Later in 1998, U.S. media widely reported claims that the United States State Department had offered to lift the Cuban embargo in exchange for the return of 90 U.S. fugitives, including Shakur.

In September 1998, the United States Congress passed a non-binding resolution asking Cuba for the return of Shakur as well as 90 fugitives believed by Congress to be residing in Cuba; House Concurrent Resolution 254 passed 371–0 in the House and by unanimous consent in the Senate. The Resolution was due in no small part to the lobbying efforts of Governor Whitman and New Jersey Representative Bob Franks. Before the passage of the Resolution, Franks stated: "This escaped murderer now lives a comfortable life in Cuba and has launched a public relations campaign in which she attempts to portray herself as an innocent victim rather than a cold-blooded murderer."

In an open letter to Castro, chair of the Congressional Black Caucus Representative Maxine Waters of California later explained that many members of the Caucus (including herself) were against Shakur's extradition but had mistakenly voted for the bill, which was placed on the accelerated suspension calendar, generally reserved for non-controversial legislation. In the letter, Waters explained her opposition, calling COINTELPRO "illegal, clandestine political persecution."

On May 2, 2005, the 32nd anniversary of the Turnpike shootings, the FBI classified her as a domestic terrorist, increasing the reward for assistance in her capture to $1 million, the largest reward placed on an individual in the history of New Jersey. New Jersey State Police superintendent Rick Fuentes said "she is now 120 pounds of money." The bounty announcement reportedly caused Shakur to "drop out of sight" after having previously lived relatively openly (including having her home telephone number listed in her local telephone directory).

New York City Councilman Charles Barron, a former Black Panther, has called for the bounty to be rescinded. The New Jersey State Police and Federal Bureau of Investigation each still have an agent officially assigned to her case. Calls for Shakur's extradition increased following Fidel Castro's transfer of presidential duties; in a May 2005 television address, Castro had called Shakur a victim of racial persecution, saying "they wanted to portray her as a terrorist, something that was an injustice, a brutality, an infamous lie." In 2013 the FBI announced it had made Shakur the first woman on its list of most wanted terrorists. The reward for her capture and return was also doubled to $2 million that year.

Cultural influence

A documentary film about Shakur, Eyes of the Rainbow, written and directed by Cuban filmmaker Gloria Rolando, appeared in 1997. The official premiere of the film in Havana in 2004 was promoted by Casa de las Américas, the main cultural forum of the Cuban government. The National Conference of Black Lawyers and Mos Def are among the professional organizations and entertainers to support Assata Shakur; the "Hands Off Assata" campaign is organized by Dream Hampton.

Numerous musicians have composed and recorded songs about her or dedicated to her:

Common recorded "A Song for Assata" on his album Like Water for Chocolate (2000) after traveling to Havana to meet with Shakur personally.

Paris ("Assata's Song", in Sleeping with the Enemy (1992), Public Enemy ("Rebel Without A Pause" in It Takes a Nation of Millions to Hold Us Back(1988), 2Pac ("Words of Wisdom" in 2Pacalypse Now (1991), Digital Underground ("Heartbeat Props" in Sons of the P, 1991), The Roots ("The Adventures in Wonderland" in Illadelph Halflife, 1996), Asian Dub Foundation ("Committed to Life" in Community Music, 2000), Saul Williams ("Black Stacey" in Saul Williams, 2004), Rebel Diaz ("Which Side Are You On?" in Otro Guerrillero Mixtape Vol. 2, 2008), Lowkey ("Something Wonderful" in Soundtrack to the Struggle, 2011), Murs ("Tale of Two Cities" in The Final Adventure, 2012), Jay Z ("Open Letter Part II" in 2013), Digable Planets, The Underachievers and X-Clan have also recorded songs about Shakur. Shakur has been described as a "rap music legend" and a "minor cause celebre."

On December 12, 2006, the Chancellor of the City University of New York, Matthew Goldstein, directed City College's president, Gregory H. Williams, to remove the "unauthorized and inappropriate" designation of the "Guillermo Morales/Assata Shakur Community and Student Center," which was named by students in 1989. A student group won the right to use the lounge after a campus shutdown over proposed tuition increases. CUNY was sued by student and alumni groups after removing the plaque. As of April 7, 2010, the presiding judge has ruled that the issues of students' free speech and administrators' immunity from suit "deserve a trial."

Following controversy, in 1995 Borough of Manhattan Community College renamed a scholarship that had previously been named for Shakur. In 2008, a Bucknell University professor included Shakur in a course on "African-American heroes"—along with figures such as Harriet Tubman, Sojourner Truth, John Henry, Malcolm X, and Angela Davis. Her autobiography is studied together with those of Angela Davis and Elaine Brown, the only women activists of the Black Power movement who have published book-length autobiographies. Rutgers University professor H. Bruce Franklin, who excerpts Shakur's book in a class on 'Crime and Punishment in American Literature,' describes her as a "revolutionary fighter against imperialism."

Black NJ State Trooper Anthony Reed (who has left the force) sued the police force because, among other things, persons had hanged posters of Shakur, altered to include Reed's badge number, in a Newark barracks. He felt it was intended to insult him, as she had killed an officer, and was "racist in nature." According to Dylan Rodriguez, to many "U.S. radicals and revolutionaries" Shakur represents a "venerated (if sometimes fetishized) signification of liberatory desire and possibility."

The largely Internet-based "Hands Off Assata!" campaign is coordinated by Chicago-area Black Radical Congress activists.

In 2015, New Jersey's Kean University dropped hip-hop artist Common as a commencement speaker because of police complaints. Members of the State Troopers Fraternal Association of New Jersey expressed their anger over Common's "A Song For Assata."

In 2015, Black Lives Matter co-founder Alicia Garza writes: “When I use Assata’s powerful demand in my organizing work, I always begin by sharing where it comes from, sharing about Assata’s significance to the Black Liberation Movement, what its political purpose and message is, and why it’s important in our context."

The Chicago Black activist group Assata's Daughters is named in her honor.

Terrorist list

Assata Shakur was moved to the FBI's Most Wanted Terrorists List on May 2, 2013, the 40th anniversary of New Jersey State Trooper Werner Foerster's murder.

Wikipedia

#Assata Shakur #07-16

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tingthings · 4 years ago

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The Kiap’s Wife

Jan Sinclair tells the story of her husband, the late Dr. James Sinclair.

‘A lot of people know about Jim’s work but they don’t know a lot about him’ she said, as she stood proudly with a smile radiantly beaming across the many faces eager to hear the story of her late husband during the launch of his last book DIWAI, The history of The Divine Word University.

Jan Sinclair was the wife of a man renowned for his exploratory patrols into a remote and untamed Papua New Guinea. His 41 books and hundreds of photographs are a rare and accurate source of PNG’s colorful colonial past.

James Sinclair or ‘Jim’ as people called him, was fascinated by the early history of New Guinea. As a student at Sydney Grammar School he read every book he could about that country.

‘He was a non-conformist, even after school’ she said with laughter under her breath. His mother said one son Max was to be a doctor and Jim a lawyer. Jim did not want to go to University and the young, rebellious and adventurous James applied to become a kiap. He was too young and worked at menial jobs until he was old enough to apply to go to New Guinea.

In 1947 after a five-and-a-half-month course at the Australian School of Administration in Sydney the 20-year-old James began his first posting to New Guinea as a Cadet Patrol officer. He went to Wau then Ioma then back to Lae and other posts. He eventually went to the Southern Highlands. There Jan had been posted to open a Primary A school at Mendi. The trouble was there was no school just the Mendi Valley Club. She was the first single female officer to be sent there. ‘In our group there were 10 women – 8 were sent to Moresby. One to Daru and me to Mendi. I asked the Director why I had been sent to such a remote place and he replied ’Because we thought you would fit in better’.

The Methodist Mission was her temporary home. From there it was a fair trip across a suspension bridge then on the back of a motor bike to her school. The school always had the smell of stale cigarettes and beer.

Jan rebelled and asked to live on the station. Materials were scrounged and Jan’s house was built. The only paint available was bright pink so the house became known as the pink House on the Hill.

A loud ‘Whoop whoop’ from the hills was heard one day and the children knew a big patrol was coming in. I had forbidden them to go out to see it but they went anyway with a throng of people watching the patrol come in.

Jan looked outside the classroom and saw a man, skinny as a whip stick with a bright red beard, holes in his shirt and very grubby. Teachers did not regard kiaps highly and thought them bigheads.

‘When you go to Mendi look for my friend Jan and send her my regards’ asked a friend from Wapenamunda and the message had to be delivered by the red bearded kiap. ‘My boss introduced me to Jim (James Sinclair). All I could see was a scruffy, skinny and untidy man. I did not think much of him.’

Easter was always fun as most of the kiaps were given a break at Headquarters. The Mendi Valley Club was the venue for the Easter Party. ’I loved big skirts, winkle pickers and Rock and Roll as did others. After a dance I looked for somewhere to sit and there were no chairs so Jim offered me his knee. I sat on his knee to be told ‘You are a fast-little bit”. I left straight away.’

Next morning, I heard a knock at my door. On opening it I saw a clean shaven. smiling face and a well-presented young man. ‘Don’t you remember me’ he said to which I replied that I had never seen him before.

Later on the District Commissioner wanted an exhibit to be presented at the Goroka Show. Jim being a good photographer myself and others went to Goroka.

A while later we decided to get married. Jim went back to Koroba and we conducted a courtship by ‘Sched’ a daily radio linkup with outstations. Everyone spoke – admin people, missionaries, visitors from all over and much advice was given to us. It provided entertainment.

Preparing for our marriage we decided to choose what we would need from both our houses so I visited Koroba on a wet cold day. As wood in the fireplace burned down it was found other wood was too wet so Jim threw a large bundle of papers (screwed together neatly) into the fire. I asked him what it was and he replied that it was a book he had written. I asked why he would burn it and he replied that everyone who came to New Guinea wrote a book and he was no different.

After our marriage we were posted to Wau. In 1962 the Foot Royal Commission announced that Australia had to hurry up its attempts to have Self Government so six local persons were to be Advisory Members to the Legislative Assembly. Many people thought their jobs were in jeopardy, so they left and others took up study. So, with two young children and me not working I told Jim he had better finish his law degree. Sometime later he came home and said I am not going to do any study but I will write that book again. That was the one he burnt at Koroba. I did not think he could remember it but he started next day in February and wrote the book which was published by Melbourne University Press in December. It has become a very valuable book on early exploration in that era.

We were posted to Lae, Finschhafen and then Wau and twice more to Lae. During this time, I started teaching again. Jim was transferred to Goroka as Deputy District Commissioner in 1968.

He always loved the Highlands and he was thrilled.

He was appointed District Commissioner in 1969 because it was petitioned by the local leaders.

The Goroka Shows were the most colourful shows in New Guinea at that time and Jim took up his photography with great delight. Taking his photography talents to a new level, Jim captured the colours and the vibrant cultures of PNG. ‘One of his photos showed a yellow and red initiation mask from the Duna. He did not know hat this would become a national symbol.

Jim was a good communicator. One episode is worth telling. At a big gathering in front of some Royal visitors it was the interpreter’s turn to translate the speech. A rumble went through the crowd and fists were shaken; mutterings began. I felt it was a tense situation. The upshot was that the people wanted Jim to tanim tok (translate), not the interpreter. His Pidgin was superb.

A visitor to our house was David Attenborough (now famous naturalist) who was at that time a BBC journalist. Jim was interviewed for the famous British Current Affairs program ’24 Hours’. He and Jim were of the same age and had much in common.

After Jim wrote ‘Behind the Ranges’ I said to him I hoped he had got writing out of his system. He said the book he had always wanted to write was one on Jack Hides – The famous ‘Outside Man’ He did that and later Bobby Gibbes pressured him to write his biography. In spite of work pressure and protests he relented.

He was appointed District Commissioner in 1969 because it was petitioned by the local leaders.

Many books on Aviation followed. Jim loved doing these as he was always a frustrated pilot.

Many famous figures crossed our path and stayed in our house. In 1972 the Queen and the Duke of Edinburgh came.

Jan recalls seeing the Queen in earnest conversation with Jim talking about using reflectors for taking good portraits. She was just a wonderful lady.

One local leader Soso Sube, was very disappointed because the Queen did not wear her Crown and let Missis Kwin know this. She placated him by saying she had to wear a hat because the sun was too hot and the Crown too heavy.

Localisation had come and Jim was posted to Port Moresby in 1972. Relics of the past era of colonialization were unpopular – that is records of Government. They were to be destroyed. Politicians just did not understand their value. Jim was encouraged to get as much as he could copied to save. These became a fundamental section now in the Archives – a rich area for researchers.

1975 came sadly for Jim as we left PNG.

He was never going to settle in Australia and hated his job at Melbourne University Press.

He won a couple of Commonwealth Literacy Fellowships and we settled on the Sunshine Coast.

His writing became hard work but he just loved getting back to New Guinea.

In his last years he wrote about his years in New Guinea:

“I think that most men who have patrolled in the uncontrolled areas will agree that the years so spent are in many ways the finest and most rewarding of the patrol officer’s life, filled with the satisfaction of country covered, new people seen and new mountains climbed.”

Jan has given all of the past historical documents collected by her husband to the Canberra Archives – his being the biggest collection on the South Pacific. It is waiting for national scholars to record their own history, which was Jim’s great wish.

Smiling as she was applauded, ‘Thank you for listening to an old lady who has talked too much’ said Jan Sinclair, the wife of an historian, photographer, explorer, friend, husband and father.

Read the story here: https://tinyurl.com/kunyja5r

#papua new guinea #history #colonial #australia #aussie

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wallpapernifty · 4 years ago

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casanova-lives · 7 years ago

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There’s a lot to unpack here.

Average caloric intake by the average Soviet citizen exceeded that of the average American by some measures up until the latter half of the 1980s. However, waste was higher and there was generally lower quality and variety, but, nevertheless, food became a human right. Measures started in the 1960s, so we cannot say for certain what the average citizen had in the 1920s - 1950s, but we can say for certain that industrial and agricultural growth outpaced the capitalist world immensely. So much so that Stalin was planning for the Party to step back from State affairs by 1937. Many representatives disagreed with him, and since the Soviet Union was a democracy, his plan was shot down before it could be implemented in the 1937 Constitution. In fact, industrial and agricultural growth slowed after Stalin’s death, and eventually stagnated altogether during Brezhnev’s tenure. Some like to say that if Stalin’s economic policies extended past the 1950s, then conditions would have continued to improve at the record pace that it was. In fact, there was a correlation between corruption and the rise of Soviet revisionism under Khrushchev and Brezhnev, with the Brezhnev era seeing what some call the largest corruption scandal in Russian history.

Remember that this was a region that did not have much heavy industry to begin with in 1917, but in less than 50 years became one of the industrial, scientific, and technological powerhouses of the world, defeated a genocidal invasion, and sent a man into space. The process of collectivization, which took many lessons from American farming practices, ended the cycle of famines that plagued the region. The last Russian famine before the Yeltsin coup of 1991 (there was a famine in 1993 that saw a drop in population of 7 million) was in 1947, and we all know who invaded in the ‘40s and the devastation they brought.

If you would like to do some more reading of average quality of life in the Eastern European states, you can download Austin Murphy’s book “The Triumph of Evil.” It utilizes primary sources, both official and unofficial, unlike most Western publications of this period, and mainly covers the DDR. It also teaches us to question the narratives we’ve been fed by our own governments, and not blindly accept half truths. Food insecurity in the US is about 1 in 8, that includes about 42 million people and 13 million children. This is the richest country in the world, where food and housing is artificially scarce, just like diamonds are. In the richest country in history, people, oftentimes through no fault of their own, are still going hungry. A cursory examination of the facts on this topic shows that there are entire food deserts in the US, where there is very limited access to nutritious (not just high in calories) food. The subsidization of certain destructive crops like corn and of the meat/dairy industry in the US, usually done through briber- I mean lobbying, tends to keep it that way. When a head of lettuce is more expensive than a box of cake mix, this indicates that certain very wealthy individuals are using the capitalist state to gain even more wealth, and therefore more political power through lobbyi- I’m just going to say it, through bribery, and fuck whatever other consequences (economists call this externalities) there are.

“But the state is doing it therefore it’s socialist” this shows your lack of understanding of basic political definitions, and that you are arguing against a strawman, against your preconceived ideas of what socialists think, and not what we actually believe. Anyways, thank you for allowing me to dispel this myth that everyone was starving in socialist states. Learn how to think critically. I was a 16 year old right libertarian once, and then I took an economics class and learned that most of what the right libertarians say is oversimplified, quasi-religious (invisible hand, anyone?) bullshit.

The profit motive has been the singular most destructive force in history.

#willow speaks #socialism

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mastcomm · 5 years ago

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Impeachment, Coronavirus, Brexit: Your Thursday Briefing

(Want to get this briefing by email? Here’s the sign-up.)

Good morning.

We’re covering the 16-hour Q. and A. session at President Trump’s impeachment trial, Britain’s withdrawal from the European Union, and Americans’ increasing life expectancy.

Republicans push for a speedy end to trial

Senator Mitch McConnell, the majority leader, and other Republicans sound increasingly confident that they have the votes needed to block witnesses and bring President Trump’s impeachment trial to an end as soon as Friday.

They’ve offered multiple rationales for refusing fresh testimony, but our chief Washington correspondent says that Republicans are worried that hearing from John Bolton, the former national security adviser, would lead to a cascade of other witnesses. That would tie up the Senate indefinitely when Mr. Trump’s acquittal is not in doubt.

On Wednesday, the Senate began a two-day question-and-answer session with the House impeachment managers and the president’s legal team. Here are six takeaways.

Closer look: One of Mr. Trump’s lawyers, Alan Dershowitz, offered a strikingly broad defense, arguing that a president cannot be removed from office for actions to improve re-election prospects if he believes his re-election is in the national interest.

“Every public official I know believes that his election is in the public interest,” Mr. Dershowitz said. “Mostly, you’re right.” Our congressional editor discussed his comments on The Latest, our podcast about the impeachment investigation.

What’s next: The trial will resume at 1 p.m. Eastern today. A vote on whether to hear from new witnesses is expected on Friday.

Another angle: The White House has said it reviewed a draft of Mr. Bolton’s coming book, but Mr. Trump’s lawyers insisted on Wednesday that they were unaware that it contradicted the president’s impeachment defense.

Rushing to halt the spread of the coronavirus

A World Health Organization committee is set to meet for the second time in a week to decide whether the outbreak is a global health emergency. Today’s meeting comes as the number of confirmed cases surpassed 7,700 worldwide, most of them in China. Here are the latest updates.

More than a dozen countries, including the U.S., are isolating patients and screening travelers from China. Nobody has died from the disease outside mainland China, where the death toll rose today to 170.

Closer look: The outbreak is a reminder of how dependent the world’s economy is on China, our business correspondent in Hong Kong writes. Global brands including Ford, Ikea and Starbucks are shutting down factories and stores, while Apple is rerouting supply chains.

Brexit is finally happening

Britain is scheduled to formally withdraw from the European Union on Friday, after more than three years of confusion, political division and missed deadlines.

But a potentially volatile new chapter — in which London and Brussels try to hash out a trade deal by the end of the year — is just beginning.

Go deeper: While Brexit has produced some unity among the 27 other European Union members, it stands to weaken the bloc’s diplomatic clout and highlight internal divisions, our senior diplomatic correspondent in Europe writes.

Quotable: “It’s a defeat for everyone — for the European project, for Britain’s position in the world and for American interests, since the U.S. was the beneficiary of Britain in the E.U.,” said Ian Lesser, a former American diplomat.

Which Democrat agrees with you most?

As primary season begins, you might be unsure which presidential candidate best matches your views and priorities.

To help, we’ve produced a 10-question quiz to determine the Democratic hopeful with whom you most align.

Closer look: Joe Biden has highlighted his work during the Obama administration to help widen access to health care and revive the economy. But to many labor union officials, those years were a disappointment.

Another angle: Iowa State University has prohibited political slogans written in chalk on sidewalks after students complained that the messages had become discriminatory and divisive. A group has sued the school, saying the ban violates the First Amendment.

If you have some time, this is worth it

Loyal to China, but locked up anyway

From Beijing’s perspective, Zulhumar Isaac, above, a Uighur woman from the region of Xinjiang, grew up in a model ethnic-minority family: Her mother was a Communist Party cadre, and her father worked at a newspaper that toed the official line.

But when President Xi Jinping’s government began cracking down on Uighurs, her parents were detained. Our writer spent nearly a year documenting her effort to get them back.

Here’s what else is happening

Living longer: Life expectancy for Americans has increased for the first time in four years, the government reported today. After a decline driven by a surge in drug overdoses, the benchmark rose to 78.7 years in 2018.

New York’s crumbling facades: Scaffolding surrounds about 1,400 buildings in the city because of safety concerns. An investigation by The Times found that landlords flout laws on building exteriors and ignore enforcement, including $31 million in fines.

Get crackin’: A sculpture outside C.I.A. headquarters contains an encrypted message that hasn’t been fully decoded for almost 30 years. Its creator has offered a new clue.

Snapshot: Above, the surface of the sun, pictured by a telescope in Hawaii. The high-resolution image released on Wednesday revealed cell-like “kernels,” each about the size of Texas, that carry heat from inside the sun to the outside.

Late-night comedy: At the impeachment trial, senators have to submit questions written on a card. “It looks like the card you fill out before singing karaoke,” Jimmy Fallon said.

Cook: There’s only one rule for cheesy cornbread muffins: Don’t overmix.

Watch: We spoke to the actor George MacKay about how he pulled off the thrilling final run in the film “1917.”

Read: “A Very Stable Genius,” by the Pulitzer Prize-winning journalists Philip Rucker and Carol Leonnig, is a No. 1 debut on our hardcover nonfiction and combined print and e-book nonfiction best-seller lists.

Smarter Living: Not everyone develops social skills as a child. Here’s a primer for adults.

And now for the Back Story on …

Gandhi’s mantle

Today is the 72nd anniversary of the death of Mohandas Gandhi, who helped win India’s independence from Britain with a campaign of nonviolence and who enshrined protections for all religions. Protesters challenging Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s Hindu-nationalist agenda have been evoking Gandhi’s legacy — as has Mr. Modi. Maria Abi-Habib, a South Asia correspondent for The Times, spoke with Mike Ives of the Briefings team about the clash.

How have the protests changed since they started a few months ago?

They’re a lot broader. It’s not just Muslims or a bunch of liberal students, it’s people who see the India that Gandhi built, one of secularism and religious coexistence, giving way to a government that is bent on a sectarian narrative at a time when the economy is sputtering.

Do any scenes spring to mind?

Some protesters held a placard that read: “Dear Hindus, We rejected an Islamic state in 1947. Now it’s your turn to reject a Hindu state. Sincerely, Secular India.” That really spoke to me because 1947 was the partition, when Hindus in Pakistan decided to stay or flee to India, and Muslims in India had a similar choice.

India chose secularism in 1947. It was majority Hindu and said its strength was its diversity, and that it would embrace Christians and Muslims and Sikhs just as much as its Hindu citizens.

Why is one protest in particular — a highway sit-in by Muslim women in New Delhi’s Shaheen Bagh neighborhood — seen as so significant?

Over all, India’s Muslim community has not been well organized in recent decades, but these protests have mobilized it. Shaheen Bagh has become a symbol of that. And women’s place in Indian Muslim homes has tended to be a conservative stereotype: They don’t come onto the streets, they don’t protest, they don’t mobilize. So Shaheen Bagh has really changed the game.

That’s it for this briefing. See you next time.

— Chris

Thank you Mark Josephson, Eleanor Stanford and Chris Harcum provided the break from the news. You can reach the team at [email protected].

P.S. • We’re listening to “The Daily.” Today’s episode is about the coronavirus outbreak. • Here’s today’s Mini Crossword, and a clue: Highly capable (five letters). You can find all our puzzles here. • The Times has named Ben Smith, the editor in chief of BuzzFeed, as its next media columnist.

from WordPress https://mastcomm.com/impeachment-coronavirus-brexit-your-thursday-briefing/

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homedevises · 6 years ago

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Reasons Why Atlanta Food Co-op Is Getting More Popular In The Past Decade | atlanta food co-op

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p-timmins-blog · 6 years ago

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Have Young People Grown More Anxious? (Part B)

In 1905 Einstein explained that time is relative and we all pretended to understand what he was on about. Understand or not, over the next hundred years humans sped time up. We managed to cram a lot more information and activity into a lot less time. We opened doors and opportunity but with that came more decision making and, perhaps, pressure. The human world became more complex and young people now have more to learn before they’re ready to face it.

Maybe, or maybe not. The keys to a good and happy life may remain that same as they always were. I don’t know. Either way, I have heard people say that one outcome of modern life is that young people are becoming more anxious. In Part A of this post I wrote about whether there is any empirical data to support this. Epidemiological research does suggest a global rise in anxiety and in New Zealand, although I haven’t seen data on the youth population in general, we have had an increase in the prevalence of medical diagnoses of anxiety disorder. Of course, this may reflect changes in medical practice rather than changes in the population.

So there is growing evidence but it’s difficult to draw conclusions from the statistical data. Measurements of anxiety rely on people reporting their subjective experience. We have scales that attempt to measure anxiety indirectly but it’s still hard to discount changes in attitudes to discussing mental health. Also, the same words spoken at different times don’t necessarily mean the same thing. Language is tied to its social context.

Our discourse on anxiety and the ‘anxiety epidemic’ of the 20th century echoes the rise of the English Malady in the 18th century. The English Malady was popularised by George Cheyne, a society nerve doctor who in 1734 released a book called The English Malady that popularised the new concept of nervous disorder.

In the 18th century if we were to talk about anxiety we would probably be more likely to speak in terms of nervous disorder. Cheyne’s notion of a nervous disorder was expansive, capturing a variety of ailments of which anxiety was a part. According to Cheyne social conditions, especially prosperity, rapid social change, and self-indulgent lifestyles had led to an epidemic of nervous afflictions. Huge numbers of well-bred Englishmen suffered from the English Malady. He estimated that nervous disorders made “almost one third of the complaints of the people of condition in England”.

I’m not sure how commonly held Cheyne’s view was, but a number of his contemporaries seemed to agree that 18th century England was in the grip of a nervous order epidemic. Across the ditch in Europe this view seemed to exist as well. For example, a competition was run in the Dutch city of Utrecht for the best essay on “The causes of the increasing nervous disease of our land.”

The English Malady coincided with a shift in medical approach in England. Up until that point English medicine hadn’t advanced much beyond the Greek understanding of mental disorder. The Greeks lumped together anxiety and depression in the concept of melancholy, characterised by unmotivated fears, anxiety, and sadness, and caused by an excess of black bile. Melancholy literally means black bile, one of the four humours. Come the 18th Century and English doctors had begun to focus on the nervous system as a source of health and illness, emphasising the importance of nerves, fibres and organs. Understanding and the language used to explain the underlying ailments shifted.

Looking back one question is whether the population was becoming more unwell or was the concept of nervous disease just becoming more popular and more prevalent in the language of the day. Could the same thing have happened with anxiety in the 20th century?

Medically speaking, anxiety wasn’t conceived of as a distinct illness until the end of the 19th century. Anxiety was bundled together with other symptoms in both the concepts of melancholy and nervous disorders. It was Freud that gave anxiety a distinct medical classification. Freud’s view was that “There is no question that the problem of anxiety is a nodal point as which the most various and important questions converge, a riddle whose solution would be bound to throw a flood of light on our whole mental existence.” Freud was immensely popular amongst the media and intellectuals and helped to establish anxiety as a distinct medical concept.

At the same time anxiety was increasing as a feature of the public consciousness. In 1947 W.H Auden wrote a poem titled The Age of Anxiety. A poem dealing with the quest to find substance and identity in a shifting and increasingly industrialised world for which he was awarded the Pulitzer Prize. That title caught on as popular phrase describing the era.

Since then, we have seen an explosion in the scope of anxiety as a medical disorder. The Diagnostic Statistical Manual, known as the DSM and put together by the American Psychiatric Association, is the bible of psychological diagnosis. In 1980 the DSM III dedicated 15 pages to anxiety disorders and 18 pages in the 1987 version. The DSM IV in 1994 dedicated 51 pages while the fifth edition of 2013 has 99 pages. Commensurate with this increase we see that the DSM-III in 1980 estimated that anxiety disorders afflicted 2-4% of the US population whereas now estimates sit at more like 20-25%.

A criticism of the use and prescription of anti-anxiety medication was that the anxiety being treated has been a nebulous, ill-defined concept. A 1975 review of tranquiliser use stated “What illnesses are being treated? Most of what primary care physicians see, they label ‘anxiety’.” Early advertisements touted the ability of tranquilizers to relieve anxiety associated with the stress of problems with spouses and children, overwork, career failures, traffic jams, you name it. Part of the reason for the increase in the number of pages in the DSM dealing with anxiety is the desire to be specific and detailed about what is being diagnosed and treated.

The arrival of big pharma was a part of the growth of anxiety as a medical concept. Expand the scope of a disorder and you get a bigger market for your products. Anxiety is a big money spinner for pharmaceutical companies. When pharmaceutical companies began manufacturing and promoting their own drugs (a relatively new development, this used to be the job of chemists), anti-anxiety tranquilizers were at the forefront. In 2009, Xanax, an anti-anxiety drug, was the single most prescribed psychiatric medication in the USA.

My underlying point here is that there were forces at play in the 20th century that might have played a part in driving the concept of anxiety to a certain prominence in our minds and in our language. This makes me a little more hesitant to draw conclusions from the statistical data.

So, despite the statistical evidence I still have reservations about whether anxiety has increased in young people generally. It remains possible for me that it’s more how we talk about anxiety that has changed. I don’t mean however to discount individual and group experiences of anxiety. The impact of anxiety can be significant. The good news is that if you feel anxiety is inhibiting you from getting what you want out of each day effective approaches are available to help you get to where you want to be.

I’ve taken a blunt broad brush view of whether anxiety has risen in the youth population as a whole. My perspective is from one of privilege, the same goes for most of the authors I read in my source material. The statistics I looked at may have primarily come from university populations which brings its own bias. Anxiety is correlated with dynamics bound in with poverty, inequality, gender, and ethnicity. I don’t offer these perspectives, though they are necessary for proper understanding of what’s going on with anxiety today.

After all that, I think I have left off with more questions than answers. Thank you for reading though, if it’s answers you want, this guy has them.

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herkingmentality-shesunbreakable · 7 years ago

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My name is Cathleen (Cathy) Ann O'Brien, born 12/4/57 in Muskegon, Michigan. I have prepared this book for your review and edification concerning a little known tool that "our" United States Government is covertly, illegally, and un-constitutionally using to implement the New World Order (One World Government). This well documented tool is a sophisticated and advanced form of behavior modification (brainwashing) most commonly known as MIND CONTROL. My first hand knowledge of this TOF SECRET U.S. Government Psychological Warfare technique is drawn from my personal experience as a White House "Presidential Model" mind-control slave. Much of the information enclosed herein has been corroborated and validated through brave and courageous "clean" members of the law enforcement, scientific, and Intelligence communities familiar with this case These individuals' efforts helped me to understand and corroborate what happened after a lifetime of systematic physical and psychological torture orchestrated to modify my behavior through totally controlling my mind. Some of these courageous individuals are employed by the very system that controlled me and live in fear of losing their jobs, their families, or their lives. They have gone as far as they dare towards publicly exposing this tool of the engineers of the New World Order-to no avail. This book is a grassroots effort to solicit and enlist the public and private support of Human Rights advocates, the recognized, respected doers in America to expose this invisible personal and social menace. This can be done by well organised, cooperative citizens with a passion for justice, who have expressed interest in restoring our Constitution and taking back America. This copy you hold is for your edification and action. While these pages have been condensed for your quick perusal, there ane literally thousands of files of documentation that support much of what I am reporting. Thanks to those dedicated individuals who found a means of manipulating the system more cleverly than the perpetrators, the documents referred to were declassified for release right at the source! It is my patriotic respect for the principles of truth, justice, and ultimately that freedom on which America was founded that compels me to expose the world domination motivations of those in control of our government, commonly referred to as the Shadow Government. By taking back America NOW, we can maintain the integrity of our country's history and future by detaining its destined course of being recognized world wide for the mind-control atrocities unleashed on humanity that literally begin where Adolph Hitler left off. Hitler's version of world domination that he termed in 1939 the "New World Order" is currently being implemented through advanced technologies in, among others, genetic mind-control engineering by those in control of America. Senator Daniel Inouye, (D. HI) commented about the operations of this secret government before a Senate Subcommittee and described it well as "...a shadowy government with its own Air Force, its own Navy, its own fund raising mechanism, and the ability to pursue its own ideas of 'national interest', free from all checks and balances and free from the law itself." The expertise of my primary advocate and skilled deprogrammer, Mark Phillips, developed through his U.S. Defense Department knowledge of "Top Secret" mind-control research and researchers, was responsible for the restoration of my mind to normal functioning. As a result, I have recovered the memories related in this text, and having survived the ordeal, have reached this point of enormous frustration. In 1988, through a series of brilliantly orchestrated events, Mark Phillips rescued me and my 8-year-old daughter, Kelly, from our mind-controlled existence and took us to the safety of Alaska for rehabilitation. It was there that we began the tedious process of untangling my amnesic mind to consciously recall what I was supposed to forget, Many U,S. and foreign government secrets and personal reputations were staked on the belief that I could not be deprogrammed and rehabilitated to accurately reveal the criminal covert activities and perversions in which Kelly and I were forced to participate, particularly during the Reagan/Bush Administrations. Now that I have gained control of my own mind, I view it as my duty as a mother and American patriot to exercise my gained free will to expose the mind-control atrocities that my daughter and I endured at the hands of those in control of our government. This personal view of inside Pandora's Box includes a keen perception of how mind control is being used to apparently implement the New World Order, and a personal knowledge of WHO some of the so-called "masterminds" are behind this world and mind dominance effort. Most Americans old enough to remember recall exactly where they were and what they were doing when President John F. Kennedy was shot. His assassination traumatized the nation and provides an example of how the human mind photographically records events surrounding trauma. The traumas I routinely endured during my mind-controlled victimization provided me the latitude to recover my memory in the photographic detail in which it was recorded. The direct quotes 1 have included in the following pages depicting carefully selected events, are verbatim. I apologize for any obscenities quoted, but this was necessary to maintain the integrity of the statements and accurately reflect the character of the speaker(s). While I am free to speak my mind, Kelly, now 17, is not so fortunate. Kelly has yet to receive rehabilitation for her shattered personality and programmed young mind. The high tech sophistication of the Project Monarch trauma-based mind-control procedures she endured, literally since birth, reportedly requires highly specialized, qualified care to aid her in eventually gaining control of her mind and life. Due to the political power of our abusers, all efforts to obtain her inalienable right to rehabilitation and seek justice have been blocked under the guise of so-called "National Security". As a result, Kelly remains untreated in the custody of the State of Tennessee-a victim of the system — a system controlled and manipulated by our abusive government "leaders" - a system where State Forms make no allowances to report military TOP SECRET abuses - a system which exists due to federal funding directed by our perverse, corrupt abusers in Washington, D.C. She remains a political prisoner in the custody of the State of Tennessee to this moment, waiting and hurting! Violations of laws and rights, Psychological Warfare intimidation tactics, threats to our lives, and various other forms of CIA Damage Containment practices thus far have remained unhindered and unchecked due to the National Security Act of 1947 AND the 1986 Reagan Amendment to same which allows those in control of our government to censor and/or cover-up anything they choose. Now, with our country free from outside threats as a result of the fall of the Soviet Union, our "free press" is reportedly no longer encumbered by censorship. This fact alone should free us to pursue justice, but it has not. Please ask why. Hence the purpose of releasing this book at this time. After seven long years of being unjustly and painfully seperated from my daughter, while our abusers have had full access to her through a corrupt and manipulated system, it is my fervent hope and intent to solicit help from you in the form of advice, expertise, and public outcry concerning this very solvable problem. I could not prevent the traumatic mind-control abuses Kelly endured due to my own victimization, yet she is depending on me now to expose the truth and enlist the help that the Juvenile Court has restrained her from seeking. I dedicate this book to Kelly, and all others like her, and to every American unaware of the mind-control atrocities prevailing in this country. What Americans don't know is destroying them from the inside out. Knowledge is our only defense against mind control. It is time to WAKE UP and arm ourselves with the truth, restore the constitutional values of freedom and justice for all, to retroactively enforce the 13th Amendment, and take back America! https://archive.org/stream/TranceformationOfAmerica/tranceformation_america_djvu.txt

https://archive.org/stream/TranceformationOfAmerica/tranceformation_america_djvu.txt

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weblistposting-blog · 8 years ago

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New Post has been published on Weblistposting

New Post has been published on https://weblistposting.com/the-business-of-video-gaming/

The business of video gaming

Few human beings have a whole lot perception at the Irish enterprise as Dr. Aphra Kerr, senior lecturer in sociology at Maynooth University, who has written an e-book known as Global Gaming: Manufacturing within the Digital Game industry.

“What’s occurring in Eire now is very exceptional to what we’d have visible 10 or 15 years ago,” says Dr. Kerr.

“We’re seeing human beings with experience in Recreation improvement overseas come again home to develop. We also have students coming out of Game publications and their opportunities to have something published and to gain improvement experience is tons extra than before. It’s a totally different revel into ten years in the past, where you were going to London or L. A. to pitch to Sony.”

Nevertheless, Dr. Kerr has the same opinion that the Irish video games industry continues to be ready for a huge success, developers who can win over the mainstream.

“Sure, we’re nevertheless waiting on that large hit,” she says. “In a few methods, we have quite a few catching up to do with the likes of Norway, Finland, and Sweden, who have a protracted subculture of cellular development, as an instance. The video games enterprise additionally has extreme opposition for generation expertise in Eire, with some huge multi-nationals right here like Google and Facebook.”

That’s not to mention we don’t have some success stories in Ireland, however. Dr. Kerr was short to factor obtainable are the quantity of developers in Ireland who have completed properly for themselves.

“some are focused at mainstream and a few are greater quirky and artistic,” she says of Irish developers. “Guild of Dungeoneering has been out on Steam for over years and they’ve released a number of growth packs.

“They’ve had sufficient achievement that they are able to continue to help that Game whilst building a brand new task. Then we have Romero video games in Galway and in Dublin there are Digit games, who run Kings of the area, a hugely multiplayer MMO.”

In each case, but, there were one-of-a-kind approaches of drawing close how to fund those games, which is something of a hassle for the Irish enterprise. Currently, Irish builders in large part apply for investment thru Employer Ireland, whereas in different nations gaming is recognized as a cultural initiative as opposed to a technological one.

“Guild of Dungeoneering went the writer route, at the same time as Digit games have been funded by assignment capitalists,” Dr. Kerr says, “additionally, now beneath the European Media Programme, there is a call each year for projects across Europe in games improvement, so there’s an option there. But in some nations like Germany and France, they have a tax deduction credit for gaming.”

Does that need to exchange right here?

“In Ireland, we’re a bit bit out of line with that,” Dr. Kerr says.

“We lump gaming in with all of the different groups. I think that recognizing that this is a cultural enterprise would make a difference no longer best to gaming But to different industries too, in which they’re having to respond to streaming and different online areas. Possibly considering trans-media and a number of the do-overs may advantage everybody.”

If given manipulate over the enterprise now, with limitless finances, what path could Dr. Kerr take the Irish gaming landscape?

“I’d make investments extra in unbiased initiatives to make sure that some things are produced in Ireland that won’t in any other case get produced and give human beings a few enjoy of operating this space they might not in any other case get.

“That’s what’s happening in Germany, France, and the United Kingdom — as an example, the UK has long gone with tax credits, while in France you can observe for investment through the identical board as the movie industry.”

would an exchange in a method for development investment help appeal to bigger agencies right here?

“It might. we have all the big businesses here besides, But they’re doing guide and network management. we have EA, we have Activision Snowstorm, and we’ve had Zynga. Fb has its Eu HQ of gaming right here, But the one’s corporations aren’t doing Manufacturing and they come in through the IDA, another body to address.”

Dr. Kerr’s e-book is targeted on adjustments within the games industry over the past 10 years, However, she has a very last message for students on how the next 10 years would possibly take shape.

“I suppose creative students or college students who’re inquisitive about creative Manufacturing have to appearance to the games enterprise additionally as a capability outlet for the skills,” she says. “We have a lot capacity in Ireland.”

History of Video games – The first Videogame Ever Made?

As an avid unfashionable-gamer, for pretty a long time I’ve been mainly interested by the Records of video video games. To be greater unique, a subject that I’m very obsessed with is “Which was The first Video game ever made?”… So, I started out an exhaustive research on this challenge (and making this newsletter The primary one in a chain of articles with the intention to cover in an element all video gaming History).

The question become: Which became The primary Online game ever made?

The solution: nicely, as a lot of things in lifestyles, there’s no clean answer to that query. It depends on your very own definition of the term “Video game”. for instance: When you speak approximately “The primary Video game”, do you suggest The primary Online game that was commercially-made, or The first console Game, or perhaps The first digitally programmed Recreation? Due to this, I made a listing of 4-5 video games that during one manner or any other had been the novices of the video gaming industry. You may notice that The first video video games have been no longer created with the idea of having any take advantage of them (back in the ones many years there was no Nintendo, Sony, Microsoft, Sega, Atari, or every other Video game enterprise around). In truth, the only idea of a “Online game” or an digital device which turned into best made for “playing video games and having amusing” became above the creativeness of over ninety nine% of the population lower back in the ones days. However thanks to this small institution of geniuses who walked The primary steps into the video gaming revolution, we’re able to experience many hours of a laugh and amusement nowadays (keeping aside the advent of millions of jobs all through the past four or 5 decades). Without in addition ado, here I gift the “first Video game nominees”:

Nineteen Forties: Cathode Ray Tube Enjoyment device

that is considered (with official documentation) because the first digital Recreation device ever made. It become created by means of Thomas T. Goldsmith Jr. And Estle Ray Mann. The game changed into assembled within the Nineteen Forties and submitted for an US Patent in January 1947. The patent turned into granted December 1948, which additionally makes it The first digital Recreation tool to ever receive a patent (US Patent 2,455,992). As defined in the patent, it become an analog circuit tool with an array of knobs used to transport a dot that regarded within the cathode ray tube show. This Sport became inspired by means of how missiles regarded in WWII radars, and the object of The game turned into really controlling a “missile” so that you can hit a goal. inside the Nineteen Forties it changed into extremely difficult (for now not saying impossible) to expose snap shots in a Cathode Ray Tube display. Due to this, simplest the real “missile” seemed at the display. The target and every other pix were showed on display screen overlays manually positioned on the show screen. It’s been said by many who Atari’s well-known Online game “Missile Command” changed into created after this gaming tool.

1951: NIMROD

NIMROD changed the name of a Digital PC tool from the 50s decade. The creators of this computer were the engineers of an United kingdom-based business enterprise below the name Ferranti, with the idea of showing the device in the 1951 Competition of Britain (and later it became additionally showed in Berlin).

NIM is a -participant numerical Sport of method, which is assumed to come initially from the historical China. The rules of NIM are smooth: There is a sure range of corporations (or “heaps”), and each group consists of a certain quantity of objects (a common starting array of NIM is 3 heaps containing 3, 4, and 5 items respectively). each participant takes turns eliminating objects from the hundreds, But all eliminated gadgets must be from a single heap and as a minimum one item is eliminated. The player to take the last object from the final heap loss, however there is a variant of The sport where the participant to take the ultimate item of the final heat wins.

NIMROD used a lighting fixtures panel as a show and became planned and made with the specific reason of playing The sport of NIM, which makes it The primary Virtual laptop tool to be mainly created for gambling a Game (however the main concept become showing and illustrating how a Digital laptop works, instead of to entertain and have a laugh with it). Because it does not have “raster video device” as a display (a Tv set, monitor, and many others.) it isn’t taken into consideration by many human beings as a real “Online game” (an digital Recreation, Yes… A Online game, no…). But over again, it surely relies upon for your point of view While you communicate approximately a “Online game”.

1952: OXO (“Noughts and Crosses”)

This became a Virtual version of “Tic-Tac-Toe”, created for an EDSAC (digital Delay Garage Computerized Calculator) PC. It turned into designed through Alexander S. Douglas from the College of Cambridge, and one more time it turned into now not made for leisure, it turned into a part of his PhD Thesis on “Interactions between human and PC”.

The guidelines of The sport are those of a regular Tic-Tac-Toe Game, player in opposition to the laptop (no 2-player option turned into to be had). The enter method changed into a rotary dial (like the ones in old telephones). The output changed into showed in a 35×16-pixel cathode-ray tube display. This Game turned into never very famous because the EDSAC computer become only to be had on the University of Cambridge, so there was no manner to install it and play it everywhere else (until many years later whilst an EDSAC emulator became created available, and by that point many different terrific video games where available as properly…).

1958: Tennis for two

“Tennis for two” turned into created by way of William Higinbotham, a physicist working on the Brookhaven National Laboratory. This Sport become made as a manner of entertainment, so laboratory visitors had something funny to do at some stage in their wait on “visitors day” (in the end!… A Video game that became created “just for fun”…) . The sport changed into quite properly designed for its generation: the ball conduct turned into changed by means of several elements like gravity, wind velocity, role and perspective of touch, and so forth.; you needed to avoid the internet as in real tennis, and plenty of different matters. The Online game hardware protected two “joysticks” (two controllers with a rotational knob and a push button every) related to an analog console, and an oscilloscope as a display.

“Tennis for 2” is taken into consideration via many The first Video game ever created. But over again, many others vary from that idea pointing out that “it turned into a laptop Game, no longer a Video game” or “the output show changed into an oscilloscope, no longer a “raster” video show… So it does not qualify as a Videogame”. But nicely… You can’t please everybody…

It is also rumored that “Tennis for 2” became the foundation for Atari’s mega hit “Pong”, However, this rumor has always been strongly denied… For obvious reasons.

1961: Spacewar!

“Spacewar!” Video game became created with the aid of Stephen Russell, with the help of J. Martin Graetz, Peter Samson, Alan Kotok, Wayne Wirtanen and Dan Edwards from MIT. with the aid of the 1960s, MIT became “the proper preference” if you wanted to do PC research and development. So this 1/2 a dozen of revolutionary guys took gain of a logo new computer become ordered and predicted to reach campus very soon (a DEC PDP-1) and commenced considering what form of hardware testing programs would be made. Once they located out that a “Precision CRT display” could be hooked up to the device, they immediately determined that “a few kind of visual/interactive Game” will be the demonstration software program of choice for the PDP-1. And after a few discussion, it was soon decided to be a space conflict Game or something similar. After this choice, all other thoughts got here out quite quick: like policies of The sport, designing ideas, programming thoughts, and so forth.

So after approximately 2 hundred man/hours of work, The first version of The game changed into at closing prepared to be examined. The sport consisted of two spaceships (effectively named by using players “pencil” and “wedge”) capturing missiles at each other with a star in the center of the display (which “pulls” each spaceship Due to its gravitational force). A set of manipulates switches turned into used to govern every spaceship (for rotation, pace, missiles, and “hyperspace”). every spaceship have a constrained amount of gasoline and guns, and the hyperspace choice was like a “panic button”, in case there is no other manner out (it may both “prevent or ruin you”).

The pc Recreation turned into an instant achievement among MIT students and programmers, and shortly they started out making their own changes to The sports application (like actual famous person charts for heritage, big name/no megastar choice, heritage disable alternative, angular momentum option, among others). The game code became ported to many other laptop systems (on account that The game required a video show, a hard to discover choice in Nineteen Sixties systems, it changed into frequently ported to more recent/inexpensive DEC systems just like the PDP-10 and PDP-11).

Spacewar! isn’t always simplest considered via many because the first “real” Video game (considering the fact that this Game does have a video show), But it also have been proved to be the real predecessor of the authentic arcade Game, as well as being the foundation of many different video games, consoles, or even video gaming organizations (can you assert “Atari”?…). However it really is some other tale, arcade games, as well as console video video games, were written in a distinctive page of the History of video games (so live tuned for future articles on these subjects).

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wallpapernifty · 4 years ago

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free-mormons-blog · 8 years ago

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Foreword -- Mormonism and Early Christianity -- HUGH NIBLEY 1987

Foreword

Todd M. Compton

In 1978, Hugh Nibley wrote, after referring to Brigham Young University’s 1951 acquisition of the Greek and Latin Patrologiae, “here indeed was a treasure trove of hints. . . . At last we had something to work with in the Patrologiae.”1 Nibley has turned his scholarly attention in many directions throughout his career. He has dealt with Book of Mormon studies, LDS church history, Enoch, Abraham, Egyptology and the Book of Abraham, Jewish pseudepigrapha, the symbolism of statecraft and cosmology, Brigham Young, and the temple endowment. But from the outset of his career, he has been centrally concerned with primitive Christianity,2 especially the shadowy era between the New Testament era proper and the emergence and triumph of the Catholic Church and Holy Roman Empire. In those early centuries of persecution, unrest, syncretism, uncertainty, and heresy, the Christian church eventually took strong steps to effect doctrinal and administrative unity. While Christian historians have traditionally described this as a victory,3 Nibley, in the important series of articles contained in this book, has instead concentrated on what may have been lost in the transition from the New Testament church to the Christianity of Constantine’s era and beyond. While this perspective may not be immediately popular in all circles, everyone should agree that it is a valid, even necessary, avenue of inquiry.

A number of themes that Nibley has focused on in these essays anticipated and received support from later scholarship. For instance, Nibley has frequently emphasized the importance of secrecy in early Christianity, showing that there were levels of esoteric and exoteric doctrine and ritual in the structure of the New Testament church.4 A recent collection of essays entitled Secrecy in Religions5 has shown that secrecy is an important component in all religions. Speaking of Christianity specifically, Kees Bolle, the editor of that volume, writes, “It does not take much of an effort to find examples for the notion of secrecy in Christianity, and the examples do not occur on the fringes of the doctrine of God’s revelation; rather they point to the center.” 6 Nibley’s treatment of secrecy in early Christianity is valuable and persuasive.

Another issue that these essays are centrally concerned with, and that has been widely discussed in recent years, is orthodoxy and heresy in the Christianity that immediately followed apostolic Christianity.7 Faced with the challenge of a Hellenized, ascetic Gnostic Christianity, how much did the more centralized and originally Judaic Christianity become like its enemy in order to compete? The very idea of a centralized Christianity has given way to a picture of early Christianity diverse and fragmented, where it is hard to define what is orthodox and what is heretical, what is Gnostic and what is “mainstream.” For instance, William Phipps has recently argued that Augustine’s influential doctrine of original sin derived from his Gnostic background and was, in reality, heretical, while Pelagius’ opposition to the idea was orthodox. But it was Augustine’s doctrine that won the day historically and has continued to influence Western theology and culture.8

One of the most remarkable things about these essays—”The Passing of the Primitive Church,” “The Forty-day Mission of Christ,” “Christian Envy of the Temple,” and “Jerusalem in Early Christianity”—is that they were published in non-Mormon scholarly publications. Instead of being content to write only for a sympathetic if occasionally uncritical Mormon audience, Nibley subjected these essays to the scrutiny of non-Mormon editors and scholars in leading, influential journals (and one of the articles, “The Passing of the Primitive Church,” spurred a brief, interesting debate in the pages of Church History).9 In doing this, Nibley has set a valuable example for other Mormon scholars; such publication in non-Mormon journals enables a dialogue to be opened up between Mormon and non-Mormon scholars, and it will encourage Mormon scholarship to measure up to the highest possible standards of historical inquiry.

In other important essays in this book—”What is a Temple?” “Baptism for the Dead in Ancient Times,” “The Early Christian Prayer Circle”—Nibley turns to another persistent concern in his writing—the temple and temple ritual. However we interpret the details of these articles (along with “Christian Envy of the Temple”), they show clearly that the earliest Christianity had strong ties to the temple, and that the earliest Christians had rituals that did not survive in subsequent Christianity, just as the Jerusalem temple did not survive. For instance, some important scholars have recently treated baptism for the dead as an authentic, if enigmatic, ritual of the earliest Christians. Wayne Meeks, in a widely respected book on the church in Paul’s era, The First Urban Christians, describes baptism for the dead as “mystifying” but includes it in his section on ritual in the early Christian church.10 Another commentator, Grosheide, is puzzled by the ritual but concludes that Paul could not have disapproved of the ritual if he used it as support for the resurrection of the dead.11

These essays and the others in this book are pioneering works, sharing both the virtues and the drawbacks of the pioneering vision. Nibley is the first to agree that they do not contain the final word on their subjects; they await further revision and refinement in the wake of new evidence and thought. We will be sifting for years through the sources that Professor Nibley has viewed from a Mormon perspective for the first time. As we evaluate and re-evaluate these important primary sources, we should remember that Dr. Nibley has continually described scholarship not as final and absolute proof, but as open-ended discussion. 12 Many of the conclusions and arguments in these articles will stand in future scholarship; others will be discarded. But Hugh Nibley’s work has laid the foundation for all further discussion. These studies are an inspiring invitation to learning and thought and scholarly inquiry; they will deepen our interest in and our understanding of the apostolic church, and the church in the troubled centuries that immediately followed New Testament times.

I have edited “The Passing of the Primitive Church,” “Evangelium Quadraginta Dierum: The Forty-day Mission of Christ—The Forgotten Heritage,” “Christian Envy of the Temple,” “The Way of the Church,” and “The Early Christian Prayer Circle.” The rest of the essays in this book have been edited under the direction of Stephen Ricks. I have, on the whole, merely checked footnotes, leaving the text untouched except where a direct quotation was involved, sometimes tightening up the citation or adding bibliographic data. On occasion, I have disagreed with the conclusions Nibley has drawn from his evidence, but this is only to be expected when two opinionated readers examine the same material. Readers interested in exploring Nibley’s sources will find translations of many of them in two series, The Ante-Nicene Fathers and Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers. A supplemental volume of Ante-Nicene Fathers (volume 9) contains a valuable bibliography that also serves as a table of contents for the series. Other works can be found translated in the series The Fathers of the Church (Washington, D.C.: Catholic University of America Press, starting 1947), and in Ancient Christian Writers (Westminster, Maryland: Newman Press, starting 1961). The original Greek and Latin texts of these writings can be found in the two extensive series of books, Patrologiae Graecae and Patrologiae Latinae, both edited under the direction of Jacques-Paul Migne. Many of these same writings, in vastly improved editions, can be found in the series Corpus Christianorum (CC) and Corpus Scriptorum Ecclesiasticorum Latinorum (CSEL). An indispensable guide to editions and translations of the early Fathers is Johannes Quasten’s Patrology (Utrecht: Spectrum, 1950), in four volumes; see also Berthold Altaner, Patrologie, 5th ed., (Freiburg: Herder, 1958), and Clavis Patrum Graecorum (Turkhout: Brepols 1983; in CC), four volumes.

The Christian apocrypha can be found in Edgar Hennecke and Wilhelm Schneemelcher, New Testament Apocrypha (Philadelphia: Westminster, 1963), in two volumes; see also M. R. James, The Apocryphal New Testament (Oxford: Clarendon, 1924), and James Robinson, ed., The Nag Hammadi Library (New York: Harper & Row, 1977); Bentley Layton, The Gnostic Scriptures (New York: Doubleday, (1987). The Old Testament apocrypha, most of them used and adapted by the Christians, can be found in James Charlesworth, The Old Testament Pseudepigrapha (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1983—85), in two volumes.

We wish to acknowledge our appreciation to the many individuals who helped us prepare this volume for publication, particularly John Gee, Gary Gillum, Gary Keeley, Jill Keeley, Brent McNeely, Mari Miles, Phyllis Nibley, Don Norton, Robert F. Smith, Morgan Tanner, and John W. Welch. We also wish to thank the Foundation for Ancient Research and Mormon Studies (F.A.R.M.S.) for their continued support in readying for publication The Collected Works of Hugh Nibley.

Todd M. Compton

1. Hugh W. Nibley, Nibley on the Timely and the Timeless (Provo, Ut.: Religious Studies Center, Brigham Young University, 1978), xxv.

2. One of his first books was the patristic-oriented The World and the Prophets (Salt Lake City: Deseret, 1954), republished as volume 3 in these Collected Works of Hugh Nibley.

3. For example, William H. C. Frend describes “The Emergence of Orthodoxy” in the second century A.D. in The Rise of Christianity (Philadelphia: Fortress, 1984), 250.

4. See, for example, in this volume, “The Forty-Day Mission of Christ—the Forgotten Heritage,” nn. 48—59 and 80; “The Passing of the Primitive Church,” nn. 50, 105; “Baptism for the Dead in Ancient Times,” nn. 1—16 and 46—50, with text.

5. Kees Bolle, ed., Secrecy in Religion (Leiden: Brill, 1987, projected date of publication). See also Joachim Jeremias, The Eucharistic Words of Jesus (New York: Scribner, 1966), 125—37.

6. Kees Bolle, “Secrecy in Religions,” ch. 1 of Secrecy in Religions, preliminary typescript, p. 10. Some scholars have passed off ritual secrecy in the early church as influence from Hellenistic mystery religions, but Bolle shows that this oversimplification underrates the necessity for secrecy in any valid religious tradition; ibid., 16.

7. See “The Forty-day Mission of Christ,” n. 60; “The Passing of the Primitive Church”; and “Christian Envy of the Temple.”

8. William Phipps, “The Heresiarch: Pelagius or Augustine?” Anglican Theological Review 62 (1980): 130—31; cf. the treatment by E. Buonaiuti, “Manichaeism and Augustine’s Ideas of ‘Massa Perditionis’,” Harvard Theological Review 20 (1927): 117—27. See also Walter Bauer, Orthodoxy and Heresy in Earliest Christianity, tr. and ed. by R. Kraft and G. Krodel (Philadelphia: Fortress, 1971); H. E. W. Turner, The Pattern of Christian Truth: A Study in the Relations between Orthodoxy and Heresy in the Early Church (London: Mowbray, 1954)—a response to Bauer; James D. Dunn, Unity and Diversity in the New Testament (Philadelphia: Westminster, 1977); J.M. Robinson and Helmut Koester, Trajectories through Early Christianity (Philadelphia: Fortress, 1971); Adolf von Harnack, History of Dogma, tr. Neil Buchanan, 7 vols. (New York: Dover, 1961), 1:128, n. 3 (Basilides influences Augustine); 263, n. 2 (Valentine influences Clement and Origen); 261, n. 1 (Gnostic Christology and the later church); Kurt Rudolph, Gnosis, the Nature and History of Gnosticism, tr. and ed. by Robert Wilson (San Francisco: Harper & Row, 1983), 368—73, 390 n. 187, 369, 372, which shows the influence of Gnosticism on the later Christian church.

9. Hans J. Hillerbrand, “The Passing of the Church: Two Comments on a Strange Theme,” Church History 30 (December 1961): 481—82; Robert M. Grant, “The Passing of the Church: Comments on Two Comments on a Strange Theme,” Church History 30 (December 1961): 482—83.

10. Wayne Meeks, The First Urban Christians (New Haven: Yale, 1983), 162. Meeks notes that this is virtually the only reference to ritual relating to death found in the Pauline letters, which points up its importance.

11. F. W. Grosheide, Commentary on the First Epistle to the Corinthians (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1953), 372—74. “If this type of baptism was actually practiced and if Paul had disapproved of it he probably would have written more about it than what this one reference contains. In any case the apostle could hardly derive an argument for the resurrection of the body from a practice of which he did not approve.” Ibid., 372. This logical argument disposes convincingly of the view that Paul thought baptism for the dead was a heretical practice, a view that anti-Mormon polemic has understandably tried to put forth as fact. See also Herman Ridderbos, Paul(Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1975), 25, 540; Richard Lloyd Anderson, Understanding Paul (Salt Lake City: Deseret, 1983), 127, 403—16.

12. See, for example, Hugh W. Nibley, Since Cumorah (Salt Lake City: Deseret, 1967), v—vii.

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