#surface mount resistor

[cadd2liva]

https://www.futureelectronics.com/p/passives--resistors--fixed-resistors/wsl25127l000fea-vishay-9135757

Chip resistors, what is a resistor, trimmer resistors, high power resistor

WSL Series 2512 1 W 0.007 Ohm ±1% ±75 ppm/°C SMT Power Metal Strip® Resistor

[jiam2wwi]

https://www.futureelectronics.com/p/electromechanical--circuit-protection--electronic-fuses/0466-125nr-littelfuse-3676673

Electronic fuses, Electrical high voltage fuse, Slow blow fuse, short circuit

466 Series Very Fast-Acting 125 V 0.125 A 1206 Surface Mount Thin Film Fuse

[rich2lock]

CMOS HCT LOGIC GATE, State Surface Mount Shift Register, digital logic

74HC Series 6 V 3-State Surface Mount Shift Register - SOIC-16

[0x4468c7a6a728]

trick

or

treat

…

you got: surface mount resistor (common)

[jpitha]

Allan was sitting hunched over at his desk, with a strong light shining on it. Acrid smoke curled up while he worked. He was concentrating so hard that he didn't hear Malmani come in.

"Hey Allan! Your door was open and-- Ancestors! What are you doing? What is that smell?" Malmani took two steps back and coughed.

Allan looked up, startled. "Oh, sorry, I didn't hear you come in Malmani. The smell? Oh, hold on a second, sorry." He flipped a switch next to his desk and a powerful fan over his desk started, and pulled the acrid smoke away. "I was trying to solder together this board and was concentrating so hard. These surface mount components are super tough to do on their own."

As the air cleared, Malmani was able to take a closer look. Eyes watering, she noticed that he had two little clamps on his desk and they were holding a thin wafer of green plastic with...small protrusions dotted all over it.

She flicked her ear and said "What are you making? It looks like a miniature city"

Allan looked down at the PCB and chuckled "Hah, it does, doesn't it? I'm trying to make a new kind of environmental sensor. The ones we have are really bulky and fail often." He realized that they were of K'laxi make and that he was talking to a K'laxi and quickly added "Er, sorry, I mean that I was thinking about the design while I was trying to repair one last week and started daydreaming about making it better."

"It's fine Allan, it's fine. I'm not insulted." Malmani thought for a moment. "At least, I don't think I'm insulted. I was just wondering what you were doing, and now I know. But why?"

"Like I said, the ones in place are bulky. I think I can make one that's more compact. Maybe even one that's more accurate. Plus, it's fun to do."

"Fun?"

"Sure! I like thinking about electronics and how they work and how you could optimize things and make it better."

"So Starbase didn't ask you to make it, you're just making it because you want to?"

"Yup. Starbase and I have been collaborating on the design though. They're letting me know what things they wish were easier to read."

"That's right Mal." Starbase chimed in "Allan was asking me about the environmental sensors, and I had mentioned how it's tough for me to get a holistic view of an area since the sensors don't talk to each other - just to me - so first thing he's doing is adding a local network connection. They should be able to talk to each other and send a more unified picture of what's going on."

Allan nodded "Yeah, see these bits right here?" He gestured with a small plastic stick. "These are the mesh networking components. They are what will let them talk to each other. We're also going to try a human sourced environmental sensor. We make ours a different way, and I think it'll be smaller and faster to refresh. I'm keeping a lot of the K'laxi wiring though, your resistors and capacitors are incredibly efficient. I've already requested a couple boxes of K'laxi components, I want to see how well they mesh with human ones."

Mal shook her head. "I can't get over how you're just designing a new component for Starbase just because. I don't think I would have ever thought to do that."

Allan shrugged. "It's just the way I'm wired I guess. I don't think it's a human-only thing. After all, K'laxi built the whole entire Starbase without us, you have to have your own people who like to tweak and tinker, right?"

Mal thought a moment. "There must be some K'laxi like that because you're right. But I don't know if it's as..." She struggled for word "...as prevalent as it is with Humans? Most of the time, once we have a solution that works, we leave it in place until we have a need for a change. Iterating just for iterations sake doesn't come as naturally to us."

Allan nodded. "Looking at the components in place, I can tell."

Mal flicked an ear.

"Er, I mean that a lot of the comments are perfectly good at doing their job, but they look like that once a workable solution was found people stopped. In a bunch of human components you come across solutions that are elegant, or ones that utilize as few components as possible, or solutions that are the cheapest they could be, things like that." Allan thought for a moment. "I wonder if it has to do with our world? Earth is a lot more dangerous than K'lax right? Maybe we are always trying to find an edge, because that would give us just a little bit more breathing room in case of a disaster."

"Huh Maybe. Anyway, I was coming in to remind you that this week it's your turn to buy the snacks for tonights board game."

"Oh! That's right, that is tonight. Starbase, I'll have to stop here and we can pick it up tomorrow after work okay? I'm almost ready to install the firmware and have you connect and tell me." He stopped "How it feels I guess?"

"That's fine Allan, I'll be here."

[kalikai]

I repaired this sick ass digital clock I got from a thrift store very cheaply a few years ago. It's just a floating LCD panel and I think it looks so frigging amazing. (Really makes me think of that cool Dutch YouTuber, Posy, and his love of LCD panels. (And I'm like "hell yeah!! There's so much beauty in the mundane!!! Just look how frigging cool this clock is!!"))

Anyhoo, it wasn't working when I got it. Probably why it was so cheap.

It has a little on/off switch on the back, but nothing would happen when you flipped it, but sometimes if you held its solar panel under a very bright light the clock would turn on

...for one second

before turning off again

and then back on again.

Very rhythmically.

So there was still some life left in the old girl... somewhere... 🤔

Unscrew the back of it and have a look see.

Discover a pair of circuit boards, one of which has a cr2032 coin cell clamped onto it. Hooray, a Vital Clue!

Fortunately, I have one of those batteries lying around. A second spare from when I replaced the batteries in some Digimon v-pets.

So I replace it.

Aaaaand nothing happens...

:(

Next step: fully disassemble the clock to look for More Clues.

Discover that its LCD panel isn't wired in to anything. There's just a row of teeny tiny contacts along its base which press up against a matching row of teeny tiny contacts along its control board, held together by the frame of the clock and a kind of thin pink foam buffer ring around the contacts. Very cool!

(Like two mouths kissing but only one of them has any lips. 😆)

Examine the two circuit boards under a loup. Maybe there's a visibly-broken component!

(I hope there's a visibly-broken component, else I have to dig out my multimeter and start systematically testing them one by one)

(I hope there aren't any visibly-broken components. If it's the quartz crystal or one of the two capacitors, then I might be able to replace it, because those are regular-sized, through-hole, components; but if it's one of the surface-mount resistors then I'd have to scrap the whole clock, because I just don't have the tools, experience, or know-how to deal with those microscopic little guys... :/ )

There aren't any visibly-broken components. Phew, but also consternation, because now what?

But hmm, there are some teeeeny tiny white flecks of crusty residue here and there over the circuit boards... I guess the old battery must have leaked at some point?

I gently scrape them off with the tip of a very fine pair of tweezers and then reassemble the clock enough to test it.

(LCD panel & solar panel back into front-frame, control board back over them to hold them into place and make contact with the LCD; everything else [coin-cell daughterboard, piezo buzzer, and the user-input buttons] dangling free in the breeze Winnie-The-Pooh-style)

It turns on! It chirps out a happy little song of high-pitched beeps!! It blinks "12:00" at me!!!

I fully reassemble the clock with a song in my heart and set its time and date.

Goddamn this clock looks so cool. 🥰

[hitechpcb]

What is PCB Assembly ?

PCB Assembly manufacturer - Hitech Circuits Co., Limited

 It’s the step in the manufacturing process in which you populate a blank board with the electronic components needed to make it into a functional printed circuit board. It’s these components that make a board into the circuit that enables an electronic product to function. PCB assembly typically takes place via one of two processes:

1. Surface-mount technology

SMT: SMT stands for “Surface Mount Technology“.  The SMT components are very small sizes and comes in various packages like 0201, 0402, 0603, 1608 packages for resistors and capacitors. Similarly for Integrated circuits ICs we have SOIC, TSSOP, QFP and BGA.

The SMT components assembly is very difficult for human hands and can be time taking process so it is mostly done by automated pick and place machine.

2. Through-hole manufacturing

THT: THT stands for “Through hole Technology”. The components with leads and wires, like resistors, capacitors, inductors, PDIP ICs, transformers, transistors, IGBTs, MOSFETS are example.

The component has to be inserted on one side of PCB and pulled by leg on other side and cut the leg and solder it. The THT components assembly is usually done by hand soldering and is relatively easy.

Printed Circuit Board Assembly Techniques

There are only two common PCBA techniques available for use by a PCB designer. The methods are:

1. Automated PCB Assembly Techniques

Generally, this technique employs the use of state of the art machines, which are fully automatic. For example, the surface mount components are worth positioning with the aid of an automated pick and place machine.

Again, reflow soldering is commonly for surface mount components usually done in a reflow oven. An automated solder stencil is also used to apply the solder paste on the PCB.

Finally, high tech inspection machines are used to confirm and check the quality of the PCBA. Some of which include: Automated optical inspection machine (AOI), X-ray inspection machines, etc.

Above all, due to the precise monitoring, control of soldering, no human input and versatile machines.

This technique ensures utmost efficiency, output consistencies, and limits defects.

2. Manual PCB Assembly Techniques

This method is favorite for use with through-hole parts, which needs manual placement on the board. Besides, with these through-hole parts, it’s advisable you use wave soldering. Note that in the through- hole assembly process, you need to place the components and electronics on the PCB.

After that, you use wave soldering to solder the leads. Typically, you will need an individual to insert a component into a marked PTH. Once done, transfer the PCB to the next station where the next person will be on standby tasked with fixing another part.

What are the Benefits of SMT PCB Assembly?

SMT assembly provides many benefits and some of them are as follows:

It can be used to incorporate small components.

In SMT, the components can be placed on both sides of the board.

It assures high component densities.

Fewer holes need to be drilled for surface mounting than through-hole.

It require low initial costs and time for setting up the mass production.

SMT is the simpler and faster-automated assembly when compared to through-hole.

Errors regarding the component placement can be easily rectified. 

Surface mount  PCBs feature strong joints, which can easily withstand vibrations. 

What are the techniques used in Surface Mount Technology?

There are several techniques for the reflow process. After applying the solder paste or a flux mixture on the board and after placing the components, the boards are conveyed to a reflow soldering oven. The techniques used for reflowing soldering include infrared lamps, hot gas convection, fluorocarbon liquids with a high boiling point, and so on.

What are the different testing methods used in SMT PCB Assembly?

Hitech Circuits as the PCB assembly manufacturer, we perform the following testing and inspection to ensure the quality of surface mount PCBs.

Automated Optical Inspection (AOI): This is performed before and after the soldering to identify the component placement, presence, and solder quality.

X-ray Testing: In this type of testing, the operator relies on the X-ray images of the PCB to check the solder joints and lead-less components such as Quad Flat Packs and ball grid arrays, which are generally not visible to naked eyes.

In-Circuit Testing (ICT): This method is used to detect manufacturing defects by testing the electrical properties in the SMT Assembly.

What type of files or documents should I send for SMT PCB Assembly? 

Gerber Files: The file contains all details of physical board layers including solder masks, copper layers, drill data, legends, and so on.  

Bill of Materials (BOM): This contains information on the list of items needed for the PCB manufacturing and the instructions of manufacturing. 

Pick and Place File: This file contains information on all components to be used in the PCB design and their rotation and X-Y coordinates.

The whole process of PCB Assembly

1. Bare board loader machine

The first step in the PCB assembly is to arrange the bare boards on the rack, and the machine will automatically send the boards one by one into the SMT assembly line.

2. Printing solder paste

When PCB on the SMT production line, firstly, we have to print solder paste on it, and the solder paste will be printed on the pads of the PCB. These solder pastes will be melt and solder the electronic parts to the circuit board when it passes through the high-temperature reflow oven.

In addition, when testing new products, some people will use film board/adhesive cardboard instead of solder paste, which can increase the efficiency for adjusting the SMT machines.

3. Solder paste inspection machine(SPI)

Since the quality of solder paste printing is related to the quality of welding of subsequent parts, some SMT factories will use optical machine to check the quality of solder paste after printed the solder paste in order to ensure stable quality. If there any poorly printed solder paste board, we will wash off the solder paste on it and reprint, or remove the excess solder paste if there is redundant solder paste on it.

4. High speed SMT machine

Usually, we will put some small electronic parts (such as small resistors, capacitors, and inductors) to be printed on the circuit board first, and these parts will be slightly stuck by the solder paste just printed on the circuit board, so even if the speed of printing is very fast and the parts on the board will not fall away. But large parts are not suitable for use in such high speed SMT machines, which will slow down the speed of small parts assembly. And the parts will be shifted from the original position due to the rapid movement of the board.

5. Universal SMT machine

Universal SMT machine is also known as "slow machine", it will be assembled some large electronic components, such as BGA IC, connectors, etc., these parts need more accurate positions, so the alignment is very important. Use a camera to take a picture to confirm the position of the parts, so the speed is much slower than High speed SMT machine we taked before. Due to the size of the components here, not all of them are packed in tape and reel, and some may be packed in trays or tubes. But if you want the SMT machine to recognize the trays or tube-shaped packaging materials, you must configure an additional machine.

Generally, traditional SMT machines are using the principle of suction to move electronic parts, and in order to place the parts successfully, and there must be the flat surface on these electronic components for the suction nozzle of the SMT machine to absorb. However, for some electronic parts don’t have a flat surface for these machines, and it is necessary to order special nozzles for these special-shaped parts, or add a flat tape on the parts, or wear a flat cap for thees electronic parts.

6. Manual parts or visual inspection

After assembled all parts by the high speed SMT machine or Universal SMT machine and before going through the high-temperature reflow oven, and we will set up a visual inspection station here and to pick out the deviation parts or missing components boards etc., because we have to use a soldering iron to repair if there are still defectives boards after passing the high-temperature oven, which will affect the quality of the product and will also increase the cost. in addition, for some larger electronic parts or traditional DIP parts or some special reasons cannot be processed by the SMT machine before, they will be manually placed on pcb here.

7. Reflow oven

The purpose of reflow oven is to melt the solder paste and form a non-metallic compound on the component feet and the circuit board, that means to solder electronic components on the circuit board. The temperature rise and fall curves often affect the soldering quality of the entire circuit board. According to the characteristics of the solder materials, usually the reflow oven will set the preheating zone, soaking zone, reflow zone, and cooling zone to achieve the best soldering effect.

For example, the melting point for SAC305 solder paste with lead-free is about 217°C, which means that the temperature of the reflow oven must be higher than the melting points to remelt the solder paste. What's more, the maximum temperature in the reflow furnace should not exceed 250°C, otherwise many parts will be deformed or melted because they cannot withstand such a high temperature.

Basically, after the pcb passed through the reflow oven, the assembly for the entire circuit board is almost complete. If there are hand-soldered parts, we need to transfer to DIP process, and then we have to check the quality after reflow oven by QC department.

8. Automatic optical inspection(AOI)

The main purpose of setting up AOI is because some high density boards can’t be process the following ICT test, so we used AOI inspection to replace it. But even using AOI inspections, there still have the blind spots for such checking, for example, the solder pads under the components cannot be checked by AOI. At present, it can only check whether the parts have side standing issue, missing parts, displacement, polarity direction, solder bridges, lack of soldering etc., but cannot checking the BGA solderability, resistance value, capacitance value, inductance value and other components quality, so far AOI inspection can’t completely replace ICT test.

Therefore, there is still some risk if only AOI inspection is used to replace ICT testing, but ICT test is also not 100% make sure the good quality, we suggest these two ways can be combined with together to make sure the good quality.

9. PCB unloader machine

After the board is fully assembled, it will be retracted to the unloder machine, which has been designed to allow the SMT machine to automatically pick and place the board without damaging the quality for PCB.

10. Visual inspection for finished products

Normally there will be a visual inspection area in our SMT production line whether there is an AOI station or not, and it will help to check if there are any defectives after completed assembled the pcbs. If there is an AOI station, it can reduce the visual inspection worker on our SMT line, and to reduce the potential cost, and because it is still necessary to check some places that cannot be judged by AOI, many SMT factories will provide the mainly visual inspection templates at this station, which is convenient for visual inspection worker to inspect some key parts and polarity for components.

11. DIP process

DIP process is a very important process in the whole PCBA processing, and the processing quality will directly affect the functional for PCBA boards, so it is necessary to pay more attention to the DIP process. There are many preliminary preparations for DIP process. The basic process is to re-process the electronic components first, like to cut the extra pins for some DIP components, our staff received the components according to the BOM list, and will check whether the material part numbers and specifications are correct or not, and performs pre-production pre-processing according to the PCBA samples. The steps are: Use various related equipment (automatic capacitor pins cutting machine, jumper bending machine, diode and triode automatic forming machine, automatic belt forming machine and other machines) for processing.

12. ICT test

Printed Circuit board open/short circuit test (ICT, In-Circuit Test), The purpose of ICT test is mainly to test whether the components and circuits on the printed circuit board are open or short issues. It can also measure the basic characteristics of most components, such as resistance, capacitance, and inductance values to judge whether the functions of these parts are damaged, wrong parts or missing parts etc. after passing through the high-temperature reflow oven.

ICT test machines are divided into advanced and basic machines. The basic ICT test machines are generally called MDA (Manufacturing Defect Analyzer). It’s just to measure the basic characteristics of electronic components and judge open and short circuits issue we talked above.

In addition to all the functions of the basic ICT test machines, for advanced ICT test machine can also test the whole PCBA by using power, start to testing the PCBA boards by setting the program in the test machine. The advantage is that it can simulate the function of the printed circuit board under the actual power-on condition, this test can partly replace the following functional test machine (Function Test). But the cost for the test fixture of this advanced ICT test can probably buy a car, it’s too expensive and we suggest it can be used in mass production products.

13. PCBA function test

Functional testing is to make up for the ICT test, because ICT only tests the open and short circuits on the the PCBA board, and other functions such as BGA and other fuctions are not tested, so it is necessary to use a functional testing machine to test all functions on the whole PCBA board.

14. Cutting board (assembly board de-panel)

Normally, printed circuit boards will be produced in panel, and it will be assembled to increase the efficiency of SMT production. It means several single boards in one panel, such as two-in-one, four-in-one etc. After finished all the pcb assembly process, it needs to be cut into single boards, and for some printed circuit boards with only single boards also need to cut off some redundant board edges.

There are several ways to cut the printed circuit board. You can design the V-cut using the blade cutting machine (Scoring) or directly manually break off the board (not recommended). For more high density circuit boards, it will be used the professional splitting machine or the router to split the board without any damage the electronic components and printed circuit boards, but the cost and working hours will be a little longer.

Why Choose Hitech Circuits PCB Assembly Manufacturer for Your PCB Assembly Projects?

There are several PCB manufacturers specializing in PCB assemblyservices. However, Hitech Circuits PCB Assembly stands out owing to the following:

Assistance in Material Procurement: 

Technically, in PCB assembly services, the quality of parts is the responsibility of the OEM; however, we ease your job by assisting you to make the right selection. We can help you procure all your parts of the same type own a single part number, thanks to our supply chain and vendor network as well as experience. This saves time and cost that goes in ordering single parts as you plan.

Testing procedures: 

We are very focused on quality and thus implement stringent testing procedures at each stage of the assembly and after completion.

Fast Turnaround Times: 

Our well-equipped facility and the right tools enable us to complete your requirements well before time, and without compromising on the quality or functioning of the PCBs. For simple designs we revert in 24 to 48 hours.

Cost Effectiveness: 

While PCB assembly is a cost-effective alternative, we go a step further and assure that the parts you list are of a good quality and suitable for your requirement. Also, you can control the part flow and replenish them as needed. This eliminates the need to buy extra stock and store it.

Quick Quote: 

We offer a quick quote based on your BOM. All you need is a detailed BOM, Gerber files, your application requirement sheet, and quantity.

We’re not one to stand still, which is why we use the latest equipment and the finest minds to create your PCB projects. We’re constantly keeping our finger on the pulse of the latest trends. And as a result, we know how to deliver the highest standards of PCB assembly to meet all your requirements.

Our dedicated, friendly customer service team also means that we support you every step of the way. Offering our expert guidance to ensure a complete PCB project that you’re happy with.

Contact us today

No matter what your printed circuit board assemblyneeds are, we always aim to deliver efficient, dependable solutions. For more information about our services, do not hesitate to get in touch with us today for a no-obligation quote

[amy-hitechpcb]

SMT production line in China

Explore the singularity of advanced technology with Hitech Circuits' SMT (Surface Mount Technology) production line, taking you into the future of manufacturing. This stunning image showcases our efficient, precise, and automated production process. Each machine is meticulously designed to ensure maximum efficiency and quality. Operators work at modern control consoles, monitoring the entire production process to ensure product consistency and accuracy.

Our SMT production line employs state-of-the-art technology to handle a variety of complex electronic components, including microchips, resistors, capacitors, and connectors. Through precise automated assembly and soldering techniques, we achieve high-density, high-speed, and high-quality production. Whether it's large-scale manufacturing or customized requirements, we can meet your needs.

At Hitech Circuits, we are committed to continuous innovation and excellence. Our SMT production line offers not only high flexibility and scalability but also intelligent automation features to enhance production efficiency and reduce the risk of human errors. Our team possesses extensive experience and expertise to provide you with top-notch electronic manufacturing solutions.

Step into the future of manufacturing with Hitech Circuits and experience the power of cutting-edge SMT technology.

https://www.hitechpcba.com

Call: +86 13302435080

Email: sales20@hitechpcb.com

[indeenterprises]

Smart Tweezers ST5S vs. Conventional Multimeter: A Smarter Choice

Smart Tweezers ST5S and conventional multimeters are both essential tools for electronic testing and troubleshooting. However, they differ significantly in terms of functionality and ease of use.

Smart Tweezers ST5S:

All-in-One Design: Smart Tweezers combine a set of high-precision SMD probes and a digital multimeter into a single handheld device. This streamlined design simplifies testing and eliminates the need for separate probes and multimeters.

Automatic Component Identification: One of the standout features of Smart Tweezers is their ability to automatically identify and evaluate SMD components. This saves time and reduces the risk of human error. The device can recognize resistors, capacitors, and inductors.

Ergonomic and Portable: Smart Tweezers are easy to handle and operate with one hand. Their lightweight and ergonomic design make them a preferred choice for professionals and hobbyists alike.

Real-Time Measurement: These tweezers provide real-time measurements, allowing users to monitor changes in component values as they troubleshoot. There's no need to disconnect and reconnect probes repeatedly.

LCD Display: Smart Tweezers feature a clear LCD display that shows component values and measurement results. It's easy to read and interpret, even in low-light conditions.

Conventional Multimeter:

Multiple Components: A conventional multimeter typically consists of separate probes and a central unit. It can measure a wide range of electrical parameters, including voltage, current, resistance, capacitance, and more.

Manual Range Selection: Conventional multimeters often require users to manually select the appropriate measurement range and function. This can be time-consuming, especially when testing various components.

Limited SMD Testing: While multimeters are versatile, they are less suitable for testing surface mount devices (SMDs) without the use of additional adapters or fixtures. This can add complexity to SMD troubleshooting.

Complex Readings: Interpreting multimeter readings can be challenging, especially for beginners. Users must understand the correct units, ranges, and measurement modes.

In summary, Smart Tweezers ST5S are a specialized tool tailored for SMD component testing, offering automatic identification and real-time measurements in a compact and user-friendly form. They are ideal for users who frequently work with SMDs. On the other hand, conventional multimeters are versatile devices suitable for a wide range of electrical measurements but may require additional tools for SMD testing.

The choice between the two depends on your specific needs and the types of components you regularly work with.

Quotation & Enquiries:

Contacts: Rajiv & Romesh Cellphones: 9316134502 & 8283820745 Email: romesh1947@gmail.com Alternative Email: info@indeonline.in

[hitech-pcba]

PCB Fabrication

sales12@hitechpcb.com

PCB Fabrication, China PCB Circuit Board Manufacturing

As a leading China PCB manufacturer, Hitech Circuits has rich experience and extensive expertise, from PCB layout & design, and PCB manufacturing to PCB testing and after-sales, all processes are finished in our ISO-certified factory. We put quality as the first priority, each circuit board goes through a strict quality control process before delivery. We specialize in producing all kinds of printed circuit boards, including PCB prototypes, FR4 PCB, Double-sided PCB, Aluminum PCB, RF PCB, Ceramic PCB, High-Frequency PCB, HDI PCB, etc. If you are looking for a reliable PCB board manufacturer in China, please don’t heisitate to contact: sales@hitechcircuits.com

What is a Printed Circuit Board (PCB)?

PCB or Printed Circuit Board is the traditional name for the bare board of which we produce with the layout data and which will be used to mount the components on.

A printed circuit board, or PCB, is used to mechanically support and electrically connect electronic components using conductive pathways, tracks or signal traces etched from copper sheets laminated onto a non-conductive substrate.Components are generally soldered onto the PCB to both electrically connect and mechanically fasten them to it.

When the board has only copper tracks and features, and no circuit elements such as capacitors, resistors or active devices have been manufactured into the actual substrate of the board, it is more correctly referred to as printed wiring board (PWB) or etched wiring board.

PCBs can be single-sided (one copper layer), double-sided (two copper layers on both sides of one substrate layer), or multi-layer (outer and inner layers of copper, alternating with layers of substrate). Multi-layer PCBs allow for much higher component density, because circuit traces on the inner layers would otherwise take up surface space between components. The rise in popularity of multilayer PCBs with more than two, and especially with more than four, copper planes was concurrent with the adoption of surface mount technology. However, multilayer PCBs make repair, analysis, and field modification of circuits much more difficult and usually impractical.

Use of the term PWB or printed wiring board although more accurate and distinct from what would be known as a true printed circuit board, has generally fallen by the wayside for many people as the distinction between circuit and wiring has become blurred.

Today printed wiring (circuit) boards are used in virtually all but the simplest commercially produced electronic devices, and allow fully automated assembly processes that were not possible or practical in earlier era tag type circuit assembly processes.

Advantages of PCBs

PCBs (printed circuit boards) have, more or less, become a very vital part of modern electronic equipment. In fact, if you were to disintegrate any electronic equipment in your house, the chances are that you are going to come face to face with one of myriad types of PCBs. A basic printed circuit board is comprised of a very large number of passive and active components. They are connected from side to side with traces on the board. It is wholly possible to develop very large circuits on small printed circuits boards with the availability of very small sized electronic components.

But that is not all PCBs are good for. Printed circuit board offer varied advantages which make them the perfect choice for the PCB board manufacturers of electronic components, instruments and equipment everywhere.

Keep on reading to find out what they are.

Compact Size

A characteristic PCB includes a large number of electronic components. Most of these components are very small in size. It would be close to impossible to connect these components together with wires without the aid of printed circuit boards. A typical printed circuit board offers a simple platform to align the electronic components in a compressed and efficient way. This compactness allows creation of big and complicated electronic circuits in small form factors. This, in turn, takes less space in devices.

Ease in Repair and Diagnostic

One great thing about printed circuit boards is that they are helpful in performing diagnostics for a number of reasons. The electronic parts and their polarities on a properly designed printed circuit boards are evidently labeled on the board. This allows convenience during the installation process as well as repair process. Signal paths are often traced during diagnostics. Doing this would be wholly difficult to perform if the traces were not clear to the view and well organized.

Immune to Movement

Another worthwhile thing to notice is that all the components on a PCB are held fixed to the board. This is done by solder flux which does not allow them to move irrespective of the movement of the board itself. Because of this, the electronic circuit (that move or shake) can be placed in devices without worrying about the possibility of displacement of the electronic components and any subsequent electronic short circuits.

Low Electronic Noise

A printed circuit board (that has been properly laid out) lessens electronics noise. If it is not laid out properly then the noise could significantly degrade performance. The electrical components on a printed circuit board are organized in a way that the path lengths of the electrical current between them are lessens. This leads to low radiation and pickup of electromagnetic waves, thus ensuring lower cross talk in between components and in between varied traces, which usually is a major concern in electronic circuits.

Types of Printed Circuit Boards

PCB board fabrication are integral parts of all electronic devices, ranging from simple digital wrist watches and handheld games, to highly complicated satellite systems. PCB are manufactured in several ways to meet the unique requirements of varied industries. They can be fabricated in single sided, double sided, and multi-layered configurations as per the demands.

If you are a first time customer, it is important that you must have a clear understanding on the basic types of PCB.

PCB Classification

The following listed are the three basic types of PCB used for several industrial, commercial, and domestic applications.

Single-Sided PCB – This is the simplest and the most commonly used type of PCB. As the name suggests, these PCB are designed with single substrate. The design of these PCB is such that all copper traces are etched on one side, and the electrical components on the other side of the board. Compared to other types, these PCB are easier to design and fabricate. They are commonly used in calculators, printers, and sensor products, among others.

Double-Sided PCB– These types of PCB are constructed by mounting electronic components and copper traces on both sides of the substrate. Demands for double sided PCB are on the rise with increasing complexity and density of products. Common applications include control relays, converters, power supplies, power monitoring, and traffic systems.

Multi-Layer PCB – These types of PCB are characterized by several substrate layers. Each layer is separated from the other by an insulating material. Depending on the complexity of the application, these PCB can be designed with 4, 6, 8, or 10 layers. The layers can even be increased up to 42. Multi-layer PCB are chosen for extremely complicated electronic circuits like central fire alarm systems, fiber optic receptors, nuclear detection systems, and space probe equipment.Having a comprehensive understanding of the basic types of PCB will help you choose the right board for your applications. You can speak to the manufacturer and gain more information pertaining to the pros and cons of each type. Also, you can let your manufacturer know about your requirements; he can suggest the right PCB type that best suits your applications.

Choose the right China PCB manufacturer

PCB or the printed circuit board is certainly one of the most preferred electronic devices today. In keeping with this trend, several companies have come out to manufacturer the PCBs as well. In fact, a few minutes’ search will tell you how numerous this list of manufacturers is. That has certainly one advantage – it has made the market more competitive. But, there are drawbacks as well.

Since there are so many options, you always have the chance of getting confused. So, it is essential that you pick up the right company. Remember, manufacturing Quick turn PCB prototypes is a complex task.

There are plenty of intricate technicalities involved in the entire process. So, you have to be very careful about the quality of the experts who are working on the project. Often, the manufacturers of PCB don’t meet your specific requirements. So, this is another factor that you have to look after.

Finally, finding the PCB manufacturer in China for the small companies has always been a problem. Those big companies out there don’t pay heed to the requirements of the small companies. So, the small companies find it almost compulsory to go to some second grade company and compromise the quality of the PCB.

[grewone]

8 Tips And Tricks For Best Solar Panel Efficiency

The installation of a solar panel is just the beginning; ongoing maintenance and care are essential to ensure optimal performance. With a few simple steps, you can boost energy production, lower costs, and extend your system’s life. From choosing the right panels to proper maintenance, these tips will help your solar panels deliver peak performance. Here’s how to ensure the best solar panel efficiency.

Choose the right solar panels

Even though the initial expense may be a little heavy on your pocket, investing in the right solar panel is essential. Buy a panel with efficiency greater than 20%. Panels with higher efficiency are perfected for limited space since they give a higher power with lower footprint

Here are some examples that will come in handy:

TOPCon panels are more efficient than Mono PERC panels. 

Monocrystalline panels are highly efficient, compared to polycrystalline panels.

Floating panels are a more efficient installation method than ground-mount panels. The water’s cooling effect adds to its efficiency.

Avoid shaded areas

If you want to improve your solar panel’s efficiency, keep it away from tall trees, chimneys, aerials and buildings. Even if a single photovoltaic cell is shaded, it can act as a resistor and impact the energy of neighbouring cells.

It’s necessary to schedule routine check-ups for your solar panels. Trim the trees that surround your panels or cast a shadow on it. Make sure that direct, unobstructed sunlight falls on your panel. 

Clean your panels at least once a year

If your panels are in an area that does not get adequate rainfall, it can decrease their output by 20%. So, clean your panels at least once a year. Make sure to follow these steps:

Turn off the system: If it's safe, switch off your solar system before cleaning.

Pick the right time: Avoid cleaning in direct sunlight, as it can cause water to evaporate quickly, leaving streaks.

Clean gently: Rinse with warm water to remove loose debris. For stubborn grime, use a mild dish soap and a soft sponge to gently scrub.

Avoid harsh tools: Don’t use abrasive sponges or pressure washers. They can scratch the panels or cause leaks.

Rinse and dry: Rinse off any soap residue, then let the panels air dry or wipe them with a soft, lint-free cloth.

Monitor output for best solar panel efficiency

To boost solar efficiency, monitor performance regularly. Catch issues early and prevent drops in output. Many modern solar inverters offer remote monitoring. Other tools are also available to track performance.

Key features of monitoring tools:

Real-time monitoring: Track electricity generation instantly to ensure your panels are running at peak efficiency.

Identify issues: Get alerts for any problems (like drop in energy produced).

Optimize energy use: Analyze data to spot trends and adjust your usage for better efficiency. Make the most of peak solar hours and reduce grid reliance.

Tilt the panels in the right direction

For the best solar panel efficiency, orient the panel towards the sun. So, if you’re living in the northern hemisphere, tilt it to the south. And in the southern hemisphere, the tilt is to the north. 

If the ideal direction is impossible for you, tilt it to the west, where the sun sets. West-facing installations are beneficial because they produce more energy later in the day, when utility rates are higher. This helps offset the cost of peak-rate usage.

Place mirrors around your panels

You can use the technique of ‘solar concentrator’. Place mirrors near your panels to increase the sunlight concentration on the panel surface. But consult a professional about the local rules regarding placing mirrors. Also make sure that you don’t mirror excessive heat and end up damaging your panels. 

Use a battery to store excess solar energy

Install a battery so that you can rely on solar panels even on rainy days. It can be a great way to soak up all the sunlight and rely on your panels late at night too. For best solar panel efficiency, choose a battery that has:

Capacity: Measured in amp hours, it’s the amount of energy stored.

Storage Capacity: How long the battery supplies power when solar panels are not generating power.

Energy storage capacity: Amount of energy stored and released by battery.

Cycle life: The number of times a battery can be charged discharged before its capacity starts to reduce.  

Don’t run all appliances all at once

To get the most from your solar system, avoid running multiple appliances at once. For example, don’t use the dishwasher and washing machine together.

Here’s why:

Full power drains your batteries quickly. Using less power helps conserve energy.

Many utility plans charge more if you use a lot of power at once. It’s cheaper to spread out your energy use over time.

Using several appliances at once also increases the chance you’ll need grid power. To maximize solar efficiency, stagger appliance use throughout the day. Run one in the morning, another in the evening.

Conclusion

Renewable energy is growing and so is the need for best solar panel efficiency. Experts predict that solar power will account for 10% of global energy by 2030. Dust on solar panels can reduce their power by up to 30% in just one month, leading to significant losses. 

For example, a 150-megawatt solar plant could lose over INR 15 crores annually if its energy output drops by just 1%. These facts highlight that regular cleaning, along with new technology, can greatly improve energy production.

Finally, Grew Energy offers efficient and durable TOPCon solar panels. Their advanced design reduces energy loss and boosts output. These panels offer long lifespan and minimal degradation. With reliable performance in various conditions, Grew Energy's TOPCon panels maximize your solar investment.

[bzpcba]

Why Choose Professional Circuit Board Assembly?

Circuit board assembly refers to the process of mounting and connecting electronic components to a printed circuit board (PCB). The resulting assembly becomes the heart of any electronic device, allowing it to perform its intended functions. The process can involve manual, semi-automated, or fully automated methods depending on the complexity and volume of the production.

Steps in Circuit Board Assembly

1. PCB Design and Preparation:

The process begins with designing the PCB layout and manufacturing the bare board. The board is typically made of a non-conductive substrate with copper traces to create the circuit pathways.

2. Component Procurement:

High-quality components are sourced, including resistors, capacitors, integrated circuits, and connectors. Reliable sourcing ensures the longevity and performance of the assembled circuit board.

3. Solder Paste Application:

Solder paste is applied to the PCB’s surface at the designated areas where components will be placed. This step is crucial for securing components to the board.

4. Component Placement:

Components are placed onto the board either manually or through automated machines like pick-and-place systems, which ensure precision.

5. Reflow Soldering:

The board is heated in a reflow oven, melting the solder paste to form strong connections between components and the PCB.

Types of Circuit Board Assembly Techniques

Surface Mount Technology (SMT): Components are mounted directly onto the surface of the PCB. This method is ideal for compact and high-speed applications.

Through-Hole Technology (THT): Components have leads that are inserted into holes in the PCB and soldered. THT offers stronger mechanical bonds, making it suitable for applications requiring durability.

Mixed Technology: Combines both SMT and THT to cater to complex designs with varied component requirements.

Key Considerations When Choosing a Circuit Board Assembly Provider

Technical Expertise: Ensure the provider has experience with your specific industry and application needs.

Quality Assurance: Look for certifications like ISO 9001 and IPC standards compliance to guarantee quality.

Turnaround Time: Choose a provider with efficient processes and the ability to meet deadlines.

Cost Transparency: Clear and competitive pricing helps avoid hidden costs and ensures budget adherence.

After-Sales Support: Reliable technical support and repair services are crucial for long-term satisfaction.

Conclusion

Circuit board assembly is a critical process that drives the functionality and reliability of modern electronics. Whether you’re an entrepreneur developing a new gadget or a manufacturer scaling production, understanding the essentials of CBA can help you make informed decisions. By partnering with a trusted assembly provider, you can ensure high-quality results, cost efficiency, and timely delivery for your electronic projects. 

[bigedred]

Vintage NAP Chassis TV Repair Parts Kits With Resistors, IC, Diodes, Capacitors All kits Come with new parts but some slots will be empty and some packages may be open.Most parts will be facxtory sealed. Lot of special TV parts in these kits. The plastic containers will not be in the best condition.Vintage NAP Chassis TV Repair Parts Kits With Resistors, IC, Diodes, Capacitors, Transistors and Surface Mount Devises. All parts will work in most brand TV,s like Magnavox, Philco, Sylvania, Philips.

[mialuluworld]

How to Choose the Best Through-Hole Resistor Kit for Your Projects

When working with electronics, resistors are an essential component in every circuit. Whether you're an electronics hobbyist or a professional engineer, selecting the right resistor kit can significantly impact the quality and functionality of your designs. While surface-mount resistors are gaining popularity due to their compact size, through-hole resistors continue to be a favored choice, especially for prototyping, DIY projects, and applications that require strong physical connections. Through-hole resistor kits provide the convenience of having a wide range of resistor values available for immediate use.

In this blog post, we'll guide you through the process of selecting the best through-hole resistor kit, introduce you to leading brands like UNI-ROYAL and YAGEO, and provide information on where to purchase these kits from trusted distributors like Unikeyic Electronics. Additionally, we’ll discuss some important FAQs related to through-hole resistor kits.

What Is a Through-Hole Resistor Kit?

A through-hole resistor kit typically contains a variety of resistors with different resistance values. These resistors are designed with leads that are inserted into holes drilled into a printed circuit board (PCB) and soldered in place. This method of assembly makes through-hole resistors more mechanically secure compared to surface-mount devices (SMD), making them ideal for high-reliability applications and scenarios where components may need to be manually replaced.

Through-hole resistor kits are ideal for:

Prototyping and breadboarding

DIY electronics projects

Educational purposes

Projects requiring a strong physical bond between the component and PCB

Key Considerations When Choosing the best through-hole resistor kit

1. Wide Range of Resistance Values

One of the main reasons to invest in a through-hole resistor kit is the flexibility it offers. The best through-hole resistor kits contain a broad range of resistor values, typically from 1 ohm to several megohms, allowing you to handle a variety of electronic applications. Whether you're designing a simple LED circuit or working on a more complex power supply, having a variety of resistor values on hand ensures that you're prepared for any requirement.

A comprehensive kit should include both common E12/E24 values, as well as more precise resistances for high-accuracy designs.

2. Quality and Reliability

When choosing the best through-hole resistor kit, quality is a top priority. High-quality resistors provide accurate and stable resistance values over time, which is critical for maintaining circuit functionality and avoiding failures.

Brands like UNI-ROYAL and YAGEO are well-known for their reliable through-hole resistors. These brands undergo stringent quality control and testing to ensure that their components meet industry standards. By choosing these brands, you are investing in long-term reliability for your projects.

3. Power Rating

Resistors come with different power ratings, which is the amount of power they can dissipate without overheating. The most common power ratings for through-hole resistors are 1/4 watt and 1/2 watt, but you can also find resistors with higher ratings such as 1 watt or 2 watts.

For typical low-power circuits, 1/4 watt resistors are sufficient, but if your project involves higher current or voltage, opt for higher power-rated resistors. The best through-hole resistor kits should offer a range of power ratings to accommodate different circuit needs.

4. Tolerance

Tolerance refers to the precision of the resistor's value compared to its stated value. For example, a resistor with a ±5% tolerance means its actual resistance could vary by 5% from the stated value. Higher precision resistors with a tolerance of ±1% or better are used in applications requiring more accurate performance.

5. Clear Labeling and Easy Storage

A well-organized resistor kit can save you significant time and frustration during your project. The best kits come with clear labeling, usually with each resistor value organized into its own compartment or bag. This allows for easy identification and quick access during the assembly process.

6. Sourcing from Trusted Distributors

Buying from a reputable distributor ensures you are getting genuine, high-quality components. Unikeyic Electronics is a well-known distributor that offers a wide range of through-hole resistor kits from trusted brands like UNI-ROYAL and YAGEO. They provide competitive prices, especially for bulk orders, making it easier for businesses and hobbyists alike to stock up on essential components.

Unikeyic Electronics also offers excellent customer service, ensuring that you receive your orders promptly and in good condition. Their extensive catalog includes resistors and other key components, making them a one-stop shop for all your electronics needs.

Top Brands for Through-Hole Resistor Kits

1. UNI-ROYAL

UNI-ROYAL is known for its wide range of passive components, including resistors. Their through-hole resistors are made from high-quality materials and are available in various power ratings and resistance values. The brand is highly regarded for offering resistors with tight tolerance, ensuring greater accuracy in electronic designs.

2. YAGEO

YAGEO is a global leader in the production of passive components. Their through-hole resistors are recognized for their durability and precision. YAGEO resistors are commonly used in industrial and consumer electronics due to their consistent performance and long life.

Both UNI-ROYAL and YAGEO offer through-hole resistor kits that are perfect for both hobbyists and professionals, providing a wide range of options that cater to different applications.