#staphylococcic

[jcsmicasereports]

Prevalence Of Staphylococcus Aureus In Nasal And Skin Of Apparently Healthy Food Handlers And Attendants In Restau by Iyevhobu Kenneth Oshiokhayamhe in Journal of Clinical Case Reports Medical Images and Health Sciences

Abstract

Food handlers play a major role in the transmission of food borne diseases which represents a global health burden. Carriage of Staphylococcus aureus, in general, and enterotoxigenic strains, in particular, is an important risk factor for the contamination of food. This study was undertaken to determine the prevalence and risk factors associated with nasal and skin carriage of Staphylococcus aureus among 150 food handlers working in different restaurant in Ekpoma. Thirty (10%) persons were found to be significant (P< 0.05) carriers of Staphylococcus aureus of which highest occurrence of 24 (16%) from anterior nasal nares and 6 (7.5%) from skin of food handlers and restaurant workers. Prevalence and distribution of Staphylococcus aureus in relation to gender among food handlers and restaurant workers, showed high occurrence in females of 17 (56.6%) than males 13 (43.3%) with no significant difference in comparison of variability (P>0.05). Susceptibility pattern of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from this study had high sensitivity pattern of 93% to Zennacef, 80% to Rocephin, 93% to Ciprofloxacin, 70% to Gentamycin, intermediate sensitivity to Septrin 53%, Streptomycin 50%, and resistant to Erythromycin 40%, Amoxacilin 36% and Ampiclox 17%. From this study, Staphylococcus aureus is the most prevalent among them isolates that colonizes the skin and mucosal surfaces of healthy food handlers and restaurant workers. These findings resurges the imperative need for protective measures including increased public awareness programs, regular monitoring of food handlers for food borne pathogens and intensive training on primary health care and hygiene and future research addressing effective methods for sustained eradication of Staphylococcal skin and nasal carriage are clearly warranted to reduce the high risk of subsequent infection. It is our opinion that concerted efforts need to be made to educate food handlers and restaurant workers on the importance of personal hygiene and the use of protective gadgets like nose masks while handling food products; since they serve as potential sources of staphylococcal food poisoning.

Keywords

Food, Handler, Staphylococcus, Restaurant, Nasal, Skin

INTRODUCTION

Staphylococcus aureus avoidable medical and economic burden, the true incidence and prevalence of pathogenic strain of foodborne diseases is difficult to quantify. Risk factors implicated in foodborne diseases as identified by Centers for Disease Control and Prevention included unsafe sources, inadequate cooking, improper holding, contaminated equipment and poor personal hygiene implicating that the food handler dimension is crucially important (FDA, 2009). Food handlers have been implicated in a plethora of foodborne diseases. It has been reported that one of the important pathogens often transmitted via food contaminated by infected food handlers is Staphylococcus aureus (Verkaik et al., 2011). Bacteria of the genus Staphylococcus are Gram-positive cocci that are microscopically observed as individual organisms (Francois and Schrenzelg, 2008). Staphylococcus aureus is pathogenic ubiquitous species and may be a part of human flora found in the axillae, the inguinal and perineal areas, and the anterior nares (Bayer et al., 1998).  Von Eiff et al., (2001) described 3 patterns of carriage: those who always carry a strain, those who carry the organism intermittently with changing strains, and a minority of people who never carry Staphylococcus aureus (Bayer et al., 1998). Persistent carriage is more common in children than in adults (Iwase et al., 2010). Nasal carriers may be divided into persistent carriers with high risk of infection and intermittent or non-carriers with low risk of infection (Blot et al., 2002). Direct invasion through breaks in the skin or mucus membrane leads into the production of superficial local infections such as folliculitis, furuncles and abscesses (Wertheim et al., 2005). This versatile pathogen is very well adapted to colonize the human skin and the human body provides some major ecological niches for this species. The anterior nares is the most frequent carriage site for Staphylococcus aureus, nonetheless extranasal sites typically harbor the organism including the skin, perineum and pharynx (Wertheim et al., 2005; Verkaik et al., 2011).

Until recently, reports on food contamination by Staphylococcus aureus, were mainly limited to occasional detections in the environment, the source of food and food itself. However, it is reported that human carriers are the most important source for transmission and the association between food handlers and the transmission of food borne disease frequently presents an investigative challenge (Jordá et al., 2012). Consideration into risk factors, transmission routes and many aspects of prevalence of carriage of foodborne pathogens among food handlers to eliminate carriage is necessary. Bodies concerned with food safety are left to consider whether interventions such as decolonization, continued monitoring or restrictions in the occupational activities are required (National Disease Surveillance Centre, 2004). Although skin carriage of Staphylococcus aureus, is less reported than nasal carriage, little is known about the prevalence and risk of skin carriage of enterotoxigenic strains of Staphylococcus aureus, among food handlers. Accordingly, the current study investigated the prevalence and risk factors associated with anterior nasal nares and skin carriage of Staphylococcus aureus, amongst food handlers working in different restaurant in Ekpoma Edo State.

Healthy carriers are potential source of Staphylococcus aureus infection and spread to other body sites as well as to other individuals. Staphylococcus aureus have been found frequently as aetiological of a variety of human infections. Centre for disease control (CDC) reported Staphylococcus aureus as primary source of infections, which could be transferred from individual to another, The organism also elaborates toxins that can cause specific diseases or syndromes and likely participate in the pathogenesis of staphylococcal infection. Enterotoxin-producing strains of S aureus cause one of the most common food-borne illnesses (food poisoning). The most common presentation is acute onset of vomiting and watery diarrhea 2-6 hours after ingestion. The symptoms are usually self-limited. The cause is the proliferation of toxin-producing organisms in uncooked or partially cooked food that an individual carrying the staphylococci has contaminated (Matthews et al., 1997). This study is set determines the prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus from skin and nasal nares of apparently healthy food handlers in restaurant which could be the source of  Staphylococcus aureus food contamination resulting to food born infection in Ekpoma.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

This project work from its inception, sample collection, sample analysis and compilation was carried out within a period of four months with a total of hundred Fifty Skin and nasal swab samples from different restaurant workers and food handlers in Ekpoma. A total of one hundred fifty (150) nasal and skin swab were randomly collected from male and female food handlers and restaurant workers grant consent.

Informed consent was requested and granted by the food handlers and restaurant workers under investigation. The concept of the study was explained to them and having understood its dimensions, granted their informed consent.

Sample Collection: One hundred and fifty specimen were collected randomly from males and females food handlers and restaurant workers within Ekpoma metropolis. The samples (150 nasal swabs and 150 skin swab). Nasal swab were collected in good light vision from subjects by bending their heads backward to collect the specimens deep down the anterior passages using a sterile swab stick. Both right and left nostrils were swabbed bearing labels as nasal swabs, sex, code number and date of collection. The swabs sticks were carefully returned to their sterile containers, sealed with adhesive tape and labelled accordingly. Skin swab was collected by swabbing their skin (especially their fore arm) with a swab moist with physiological saline aseptically and the swabs sticks were carefully returned to their sterile containers. Collected specimen was taken to the laboratory where bacteriological analysis was carried out immediately.

Procedure for Culture: The swab stick were used to make a primary inoculum on each agar surface (blood agar and chocolates agar plate). Spreading was done by streaking from the primary inoculum using a sterile inoculating wire loop to obtain discrete bacterial colonies. The plates were then incubated at 370C for 24 hours. Growth was observed after incubation, and the colonial morphology was studied carefully, noting the size, shape, edge, colour, consistency, haemolysis, elevation and opacity of the colonies.   This was followed by Gram staining (Ochei and Kolhatkar, 2000).

Method for Detection of Staphylococcus aureus: The colonies that were yellow pigmented or cream white (Cheesbrough, 2000) were sub-cultured onto mannitol salt agar and selected for catalase (using H2O2) and coagulase tests (using plasma). Mannitol fermenting and slide coagulase positive isolates were identified as Staphylocuccus aureus.

Antibiotic Sensitivity Test: Antibiotic disc such as Erythromycin, Gentamycin, Streptomycin, Ciprofloxacin, Ampicillin, Septrine, Zinnacef, Amoxicilin and Rocephin (manufactured by Abtek Biologicals Ltd) were used to test the susceptibility of Staphylococci aureus isolates obtained. The test isolates were inoculated into sterile peptone water broth. The antibiotic discs were placed aseptically on the seeded plate. They were incubated at 370C for 24hours and examined for zones of inhibition. The zones of inhibition were measured in millimetres and recorded. Antibiotic zones less than 10mm in diameter were recorded as been  resistant (R) by the organism while those with diameters of 10mm and above were recorded as sensitive (S)

Statistical Analysis: The collected data was expressed as Frequency and percentage. Comparison of qualitative variables was made using chi-square test. In all cases studied, the difference having p<0.05 were considered statistically significant using interactive calculation Chi square tool software (version 18).

RESULTS

Based on standard bacteriological analytical methods, from investigation of 300 samples of [nasal swab (150), skin swab (150)] from food handlers and restaurant workers in Ekpoma, revealed 30(10%) distribution of Staphylococcus aureus prevalence with the highest occurrence of 24 (16%) from nasal swab and 6 (7.5%) from skin swab. Other growths of non-Staphylococcus aureus were excluded from this study. The significant difference of Staphylococcus aureus isolates distribution among samples in this study was statistically significant (P< 0.05) with X2cal=26.057 p-value 0.000.

X2cal=26.057, Degree of freedom=2, p-value=0.0000 Key: N - Number , S. aureus: Staphylococcus aureus

X2cal=18.04, Degree of freedom=2, p-value=0.000, Key: N - Number

X2 cal=1.663, Degree of freedom=1, p-value=0.435, (p>0.05).

KEY:CN-Gentamycin, Z-Zennacef, R-Rocephin, CPX- Ciprofloxacin, SXT-Septrin, S-Streptomycin, E-Erythromycin AM- Amoxacilin , APXAmpiclox

DISCUSSION

Staphylococcus species are regional flora of the skin and mucus membrane of the body, certain species have been found frequently as aetiological agent of a variety of human and animal infections. The most common among these infections are the superficial supportive infection caused by Staphylococcus aureus. Infection can result to life threatening conditions disease spectrum which includes abscesses, septicemia, osteomyelitis, endocarditis and cellulitis, pneumonia, in addition to various toxin mediated diseases as toxic shock syndrome and staphylococcal food poisoning. The variety of such spectrum of clinical manifestations is mostly dependent on the numerous virulence factors produced by each strain (Vasconcelos and da Cunha, 2010). The ingestion of the preformed toxins produced by Staphylococcus aureus (enterotoxigenic strains) in food often results to the development of food poisoning. Findings from this investigation indicate a significant (P< 0.05) distribution of Staphylococcus aureus of 30(10%) prevalence with the highest occurrence of 24 (16%) from anterior nasal nares of food handlers and restaurant workers, 6 (7.5%) from skin swab which is in agreement with investigation reported by Mous-tafa et al., (2013) of 10.5% Nasal Carriage of Staphylococcus aureus and Risk Factors among Food Handlers-in Egypt. The findings from this studied in relation to area of study, was not in agreement with findings report by Eke et al., (2015), with a wide variation of 60% prevalence from 100 nasal swab analysis of food handlers and restaurant workers in Ekpoma. The reduced significant prevalence from this study is proportionately an improve hygiene of food handlers and workers in restaurant. This study variables revealed that gender, age, marital status nor level of education had no significant effect with respect to the nasal and skin carriage of Staphylococcus aureus. This study findings also reveal anterior nasal nares of food handlers and restaurant workers to harbour pathogenic Staphylococci species [Staphylococcus aureus 24(16%) to that of their skin 6(7.5%) with significant increase difference of (P>0.05) P- value 0.000].

Prevalence and distribution of Staphylococcus aureus in relation to gender among food handlers and restaurant workers, showed high occurrence in females food handlers and workers of 17 (56.6%) than males 13 (43.3%) with no significant difference in comparison of variability (P>0.05) and not in agreements with the findings by Eke et al., (2015), which report males food handlers to have high prevalence than the females in Ekpoma. The disparity of this report may be due to the subject who consent to participate as at time of study in regards to gender present in restaurant.

The sensitivity pattern of Staphyloccus aureus isolated from this study had high susceptibility to Gentamycin, Zennacef, Rocephin, Ciprofloxacin intermediate to Septrin, Streptomycin, and resistant to Amoxicillin, Erythromycin and Ampiclox which in agreement with the study reported by Eke et al., (2015). From this research it can be suggested that skin and nasal nares harbours Staphylococcus aureus which can be source of enterotoxigenic stains causing food born infection observed in our restaurant this days.

From all the organisms known to cause food born infection, Staphylococcus aureus is the most prevalent among them that is easily isolated and it colonizes the skin and mucosal surfaces of healthy individuals. The isolation of this organism learned to us that, as a microflora, it has a high percentage of causing infectious disease related to illness. Evidence from the result obtained has show that the skin and nasal nares has carrying capacity of Staphylococcus aureus. In contrast, healthy individuals as worker and food handlers in restaurant are risk factor of food born infection (food poisoning).

In conclusion, a relatively high prevalence rate of Staphylococcus aureus in nasal nares and skin carriage was recorded among the investigated food handlers. Moreover, 10% of the investigated carriers harboured Staphylococcus aureus in their anterior nares increasing the likelihood of transmission of the pathogen to the handled food. These findings resurges the imperative need for protective measures including increased public awareness programs, regular monitoring of food handlers for food borne pathogens and intensive training on primary health care and hygiene. Finally, the current findings clearly highlight the significance of implementation of efficient quality control systems in areas of direct contact with food product as good manufacturing practices and standard operational procedures and future research addressing effective methods for sustained eradication of Staphylococcal skin and nasal carriage are clearly warranted to reduce the high risk of subsequent infection.

CONFLICT OF INTEREST

The authors declare no conflicts of interest. The authors alone are responsible for the content and the writing of the paper.

FUNDING

This research did not receive any grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.

AUTHORS’ CONTRIBUTIONS

Iyevhobu, K.O. and Obodo, B.N., conceptualized the laboratory work and provided scientific guidance, Momoh A.R.M., Airefetalor, A.I. and Okobi, T.J. designed and wrote the manuscript while Etafo, J. and Osagiede, E.K. conducted experiments.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The authors would like to thank all the Laboratory and technical staffs of the department of Medical Laboratory Science, Ambrose Alli University Ekpoma, Edo State for their excellent assistance and St Kenny Research Consult, Ekpoma, Edo State for providing medical writing support/editorial support in accordance with Good Publication Practice (GPP3) guidelines.

[beardedmrbean]

A student nurse died of sepsis after being left waiting in A&E for almost 12 hours at the hospital where she worked, an inquest has heard.

Zoe Bell, 28, had finished a weekend of long shifts before she turned up at Stoke Mandeville Hospital in Buckinghamshire complaining of breathing difficulties.

Bell, from High Wycombe, had been taking on extra shifts at hospitals across the county to help pay for the last stage of her studies, Beaconsfield Coroners Court was told.

She began to suffer with a sore throat and struggled to get words out after finishing her last 12-hour shift on Dec 18 2022.

Phillip Ayres, her boyfriend, told the inquest: “It was not uncommon for her to be run down after a weekend of long shifts.”

She continued to deteriorate and was rushed to the hospital on Dec 23 2022.

Mr Ayres described how they had arrived shortly after 10pm and said she began suffering severe chest pain about an hour and a half later.

Nurses checked Bell while she was at the hospital but said her oxygen levels were normal and tried to test for tonsillitis. “It was made to seem as though there was nothing to worry about,” Mr Ayres told the court.

The inquest heard how A&E had been particularly busy at the time as a result of a high volume of flu cases, Covid and children with Strep-B.

By 4.30am, Bell and Mr Ayres were still in the waiting area but she developed “agonising” chest, back and shoulder pain.

“Zoe coughed up a small amount of blood in a sick bowl,” Mr Ayres said. “A nurse took all the same tests again. The nurse was convinced the blood was caused by Zoe’s constant coughing.”

He added: “Because Zoe was a nurse and she understood the staff were overwhelmed, I felt I had to be polite. It was like being caught between a rock and a hard place. I did not want to upset Zoe.”

‘No hope coming’

At around 4 or 5am, Mr Ayres said he “kicked up a bit of a fuss” and ensured Bell was seen by a doctor who suspected she had laryngitis, the inquest heard.

The couple were sent back to the waiting area, where “Zoe was panicked about having coughed up blood” and started hyperventilating, Mr Ayres said.

“By this point Zoe had enough,” he said. “She had got to a point where she wanted to go home. She was exhausted. She felt like there was no help coming.”

At 10am on Christmas Eve, Bell was taken into a part of A&E where patients are checked for the ward.

She became distressed, confused and disorientated and an emergency alarm was pulled. 

But Mr Ayres said: “There was a sense of relief, she was finally being seen and treated. She was so relieved to be finally getting help, she was so thankful and grateful.”

She continued to deteriorate and Nick Bell, her father, arrived at hospital just in time to see her being rushed into ICU at 12.30pm, the hearing was told. She died the same evening from heart failure.

A post-mortem examination concluded she had died of staphylococcal septicaemia (sepsis), bronchopneumonia, an acute lung injury as a result of influenza and a viral infection.

Mr Ayres told Crispin Butler, the Buckinghamshire coroner, that Bell always understood the struggles and strains of the NHS and dreamed of improving it so everyone could get the care they needed.

“It seems that the very thing she worked so hard towards was the very thing that let her down,” he said. “Her death is a loss to the NHS for her kindness and compassion and sheer determination.”

The inquest continues.

[dresden-syndrome]

Today in a government science facility Wrocław-29: the first human trial of a new antibiotic group.

The subjects have been infected by S. aureus a few days prior and now presenting in acute stage of staphylococcal pneumonia. Each one will be closely monitored and given additional drugs for study purposes.

Desperate to get better, most of the used specimens have been relatively compliant by now. They still have to be restrained. It's a safety rule.

After all, the subjects should be grateful to help with the medical research of EESU's leading scientists and advance the best healthcare system in the world, wouldn't they?

Art tag: @painful-pooch (dm me if you'd like to join the taglist)

[thedee-n]

Staphylococcus Aureus : This is the most dangerous of all of the many common staphylococcal bacteria. This bacteria often causes skin infections but can cause pneumonia, heart valve infections and bone infections.

# These bacteria are spread by having direct contact with an infected person

# skin infections are common but the bacteria can spread through the bloodstream and infect distant organs ; blisters, abscesses, and redness and swelling in the infected area.

Treatment: Antibiotics

Surgical removal of infected bone and or foreign material

…. Health is wealth …

[ultra-francesca-mercury]

june14

1995

Irish blues rocker Rory Gallagher dies of a staphylococcal infection following a liver transplant at age 47.

[miss-biophys]

Czech scientist discovered the working mechanism of a miraculous antibiotics that can kill even the gold staphylococcus

This is the title of an interview that I did about my antibiotic research for a Czech magazine HROT. Full interview article here.

I was really happy about this. I want people to know what we researchers are doing. But what I did not expect was email along these lines:

Dear Dr. Melcrová, I read your article in the magazine. I am suffering from staphylococcal infections for many years. Could you help me?

...I was in quite a shock. How should I reply? I am not a medical doctor. And my research is not yet approved for clinical practise. It's tough.

[registerednursern]

Macrolides (Antibiotics) Nursing Pharmacology Review

Macrolides (Antibiotics) Nursing Pharmacology Review

Macrolides are a class of antibiotics most helpful against gram-positive bacteria like Streptococcal, Corynebacterium diphtheria (which causes diphtheria), and Staphylococcal infections. However, it is not effective against the gram-positive group of bacteria called Enterococcus. Macrolides can also target some gram-negative bacteria like Salmonella, Chlamydia, H. pylori, Legionella, Gonorrhea,…

[marvel-verse]

This is one of those times I get to be a pedant!

So, yes, roughly 10% of people have a penicillin allergy label on their medical chart. I won't go in to the various ways in which a person can get a penicillin allergy label, but it will most frequently happen when someone is a child and then it will follow them on to adulthood

The thing! Is! That the rate of people who have an actual ALLERGY is less than 1%. The rate of anaphylaxis in patients who have a penicillin allergy label ranges from 0.02-0.04%. Most penicillin allergy labels are applied to people because they have a non-fatal reaction like hives.

And something really important we have to remember is that antibiotic resistance is a thing! Basically (this is so simplifying things but forgive me) if people take antibiotics incorrectly or if they are used too often for invalid reasons, bacteria are more likely to become resistant to them. IE antibiotics will stop working as well or at all, and a load of people will die

Penicillin is the best antibiotic we have AND because of that it is LESS LIKELY that bacteria will become resistant to it (bacteria encounters super effective antibiotic and dies = no resistance). For that reason penicillin (and it's derivatives) are our #1 antibiotic!!! Go Fleming!!!

BUT if you have a penicillin allergy label on your chart, you will receive non penicillin antibiotics from medical professionals. This is risky, and you're more likely to have a surgical infection, receive less effective alternative antibiotics, etc.

All this to say - IF YOU HAVE A LOW RISK PENICILLIN ALLERGY (meaning it will not at all threaten your life) you should consider receiving a direct penicillin challenge from your healthcare provider. This is when penicillin (usually amoxicillin) is directly administered to you in a safe, medical environment where they can determine your level of allergy. If you do not suffer any risky symptoms of allergy, the penicillin allergy label will be removed from your chart.

This is now globally recommended practice for antibiotic stewardship.

Here's another paper if you're curious

Save a life and take antibiotic stewardship seriously

we all got really lucky that alexander fleming wasn’t allergic to penicillin huh

[myrawjcsmicasereports]

Clinical Case Reports – 1970  by  P. Syamasundar Rao in Journal of Clinical Case Reports Medical Images and Health Sciences

Abstract

In this paper five case reports were presented and include congenital pulmonary cyst, Wilson-Mikity syndrome, diaphragmatic eventration; foreign body in the bronchus, and cor pulmonale that developed after implantation of a ventriculo-atrial shunt with a Pudenz-Heyer valve for treatment of hydrocephalus. For each case report, clinical, chest x-ray, electrocardiogram and other pertinent findings were presented. This was followed by discussion of etiology, diagnosis, and treatment options, as appropriate.

Keywords: congenital pulmonary cyst; diaphragmatic eventration; Wilson-Mikity syndrome; foreign body in the bronchus; cor pulmonale

Introduction

During the academic clinical practice for over five decades, the author had the unique opportunity to observe and document many interesting clinical case scenarios. The purpose of this review is to revisit these interesting cases. Because of the voluminous amount of this material, the material may be divided into a five-part series. Each of these case reports, while rare and important clinical observations, do demonstrate a clinical point that is useful to the pediatricians, pediatric cardiologists and/or other physicians.

Congenital Pulmonary Cyst

Case Report

A female infant with a birth weight of  6 lb 7 oz, born after a full-term, normal pregnancy and delivery with an Apgar score of 9 presented at three weeks of age with a two-week history of tachypnea. There were no other symptoms and the infant’s physical examination was normal except for tachypnea (respiratory rate of 50 per minute) and mild inter-costal and sub costal retractions. A chest roentgenogram was obtained (Figure 1) which was interpreted as pulmonary cyst. The heart was pushed to the right by the cyst (dextroposition of the heart). At thoracotomy, a huge lung cyst, involving the lower lobe of the left lung, was found, and was resected and the patient made an uneventful recovery.

Discussion

Congenital pulmonary cysts in the neonate are uncommon and are considered as errors in embryological development. They are of several categories namely, bronchogenic cell, alveolar cell, and combined cell types, based on the cellular component of the cell wall of the cyst. The symptoms depend largely upon the size of the cyst. These patients may not be discovered until a chest x-ray is performed for other reasons or may present with symptoms of tachypnea, dyspnea, and cyanosis in the neonatal period secondary to compression of lung tissue. The findings depend upon the size and location of the cyst. Dextroposition of the heart or tracheal shift and hyper-resonance, diminished breath sounds, and rales may be detected on physical examination. The chest x-ray findings may demonstrate a cyst, as in our case (Figure 1) or may be misinterpreted as pneumothorax. Other conditions simulating the cyst are staphylococcal pneumonia, diaphragmatic hernia, congenital lobar emphysema, sequestrated lobe, and hydro-pneumothorax or pyo-pneumothorax. In symptomatic cases, cystectomy, segmentectomy, lobectomy, or pneumonectomy, depending upon the size and location of the cyst is suggested. Percutaneous aspiration of the cyst is not recommended except as an emergency measure to relieve the tension. Some authorities advocate no surgical intervention because of the possibility of spontaneous regression of the pulmonary cysts, but most authorities recommend surgical excision of the cysts [1].

Late Respiratory Distress in a Premature Infant

Case Report

A premature male infant was born at 25 weeks of gestation and weighed 2 lb 12 oz at birth. Abruptio placenta and prolapse of the umbilical cord complicated the delivery and required resuscitation with oxygen. The chest x-ray was normal at that time. The baby was placed in an incubator in 35 percent oxygen, which was discontinued within 24 hours. At the age of 31 days, tachypnea and recurrent apnea with cyanosis developed. Auscultation revealed bilateral rales in the chest, again necessitating resuscitation with O2, administered by bag and mask. Chest x-ray  revealed a diffuse parenchymal reticular pattern with multifocal areas of radiolucency. This roentgenographic pattern, along with the clinical findings, is essentially diagnostic of the Wilson-Mikity syndrome.

Figure 2: Chest x-ray in posterio-anterior view demonstrating a diffuse parenchymal reticular pattern with multifocal areas of radiolucency. This roentgenographic pattern, along with the clinical findings, is essentially diagnostic of the Wilson-Mikity syndrome. Reproduced from Rao PS. Chest 1970; 57:495-6.

Discussion

Wilson an Mikity originally described this condition in 1960, and is now called Wilson-Mikity syndrome.2 The etiology is not clearly understood but is considered to be due to pulmonary dysmaturity with uneven postnatal development of pulmonary alveoli in the premature infants.2 No consistent relationship with O2 therapy has been established. Bronchopulmonary dysplasia is another condition seen in the neonatal period and should be distinguished from Wilson-Mikity syndrome. The cystic appearance on the chest x-ray in the third stage of bronchopulmonary dysplasia resemble those of Wilson-Mikity syndrome; however, it follows treatment of severe hyaline membrane disease with high concentrations of O2 and artificial ventilation.2 The clinical presentation of Wilson-Mikity syndrome is characteristic in that the infant is premature with minimal or no respiratory distress at birth but, develops progressive respiratory distress, with dyspnea, tachypnea, cough, cyanosis, and rales in a few days to weeks. Diffuse reticular pattern of both lungs with areas of multifocal radiolucency are usually seen, similar to those seen in figure 2. Progressive pulmonary insufficiency with signs of right heart failure develop in patients with fatal outcome. But, about half of the patients eventually recover from their pulmonary disease. Pulmonary function studies are abnormal with decreased lung compliance, increased expiratory flow resistance, and increased breathing effort. Respiratory acidosis develops in spite of increased minute volume. Arterial O2 desaturation is thought to be secondary to intrapulmonary right-to-left shunting.2 The treatment is largely supportive [2].

Fever, Vomiting and Dome-Shaped Density in Right Thorax

Case Report

A four-month-old boy presented with a history of fever, poor feeding, vomiting, and slight cough for two days. Past history is essentially normal except for an Apgar score of 6 at birth. Breath sounds were diminished at the right base. Laboratory studies were normal. Chest x-ray (Figure 3) was performed which revealed a dome-shaped density in the right thorax which did not coincide with any pulmonary lobe or segment. The elevation of the inferior liver margin in the abdomen indicated that the abnormal shadow was liver. Based on these findings eventration of the right hemi-diaphragm was suspected. To confirm the diagnosis, a diagnostic pneumoperitonium was performed  which confirmed the diagnosis.

Discussion

Eventration of the diaphragm is classified into adult and infantile types [3]. It is generally thought to be the result of congenital mal-development of the diaphragmatic musculature. However, such an abnormality may occasionally be caused by phrenic nerve injury during birth. The true incidence of eventration is not known, but in mass x-ray surveys of adults, it was found to be one in 10,000 [3]. Total eventration is thought to be more common on the left side and partial eventration on the right [3].

Clinical findings largely depend on the extent of eventration. There may be no symptoms or the patient may present with dyspnea, tachypnea, and cyanosis in the newborn period, requiring immediate treatment. Seesaw cyclic motions of the epigastrium with respiration and Hoover's sign (uninhibited divergence of costal margin from midline on inspiration), if present, are helpful in making the diagnosis. Percussion on the affected side may be dull or tympanic depending on the organs migrated under the diaphragm.

Fluoroscopy and chest x-rays are generally useful in arriving at the diagnosis. In right-sided eventrations, the lesser amount of liver shadow in the abdomen, i.e., elevation of the inferior margin of the liver helps to distinguish eventration from the other conditions [3]. Diagnostic pneumoperitonium is likely to establish the diagnosis, but the current availability of ultrasound technology, diagnostic pneumoperitoneum may not be necessary at the present time.

Symptomatic newborns with diaphragmatic eventration should be treated surgically; plication of the eventrated diaphragm is successful in relieving the symptoms with good long-term results. Some authorities suggest that asymptomatic patients also should be addressed surgically [3].

Foreign Body (Peanut) in The Left Main Stem Bronchus

Case Report

A 13-month-old girl with a history of poor appetite, loss of weight, cough, and intermittent low grade fever was admitted to the hospital for evaluation and treatment. No history of choking episodes was elicited. History revealed that a relative who had active pulmonary tuberculosis lived with the infant's family for a short period of time four months prior to the current admission. Because of this reason, the local health department performed tuberculin skin test which was positive and treatment with isoniazid was initiated. On examination her weight and height were between the third and tenth percentile. Decreased breath sounds on auscultation and hyper tympanic note on percussion were noted over the left side of the chest.

Intermediate strength purified protein derivative (PPD) was positive. Chest roentgenograms were obtained . Based on the history, physical examination, and chest x-ray findings, a diagnosis of endobronchial tuberculosis was entertained. However, prior to beginning treatment, bronchoscopy was performed to appraise the extent of airway encroachment.

Discussion

Autoimmune encephalitis is a condition that can be easily missed as it is not commonly considered in the differential diagnosis of various medical presentations. However, such diagnosis should be always taken into consideration when a person, particularly a child, presents with a new onset of refractory status epilepticus (NORSE) and/or new behavioral or psychiatric conditions. An early diagnosis of AE is essential, as the treatment is different from other conditions. With correct timely interventions the outcome is frequently favorable.

Though SARS-Cov-2 virus rarely invades the nervous system, Covid-19 infection frequently causes neurological symptoms like headache, delirium, anosmia, and dysgeusia [14]. One of the mechanisms of indirect nervous system involvement is through inflammatory response and immune dysregulation. There are few recorded cases of indirect involvement of CNS by auto-antibodies that are directed against the surface and synaptic protein. This case is one of the rare cases of Anti NMDA antibody autoimmune encephalitis that is associated with Covid-19 infection [15]. It indicates that in the era of COVID-19, high vigilance is required as a possible association may increase AE incidence.

A recent systemic review that analyzed 16 studies, including a total of 161 patients with NORSE [16], showed that the most frequent cause was AE. In addition to the well-known association with teratoma and cancer, AE, and specifically Anti-NMDA receptor Ab encephalitis, could be associated with a SARS‑CoV‑2 infection, either concomitantly or as post-infection manifestation. In this reported case, immunotherapy, in addition to anti-seizure medication, showed to be effective.

The main limitation of this report is the relatively short follow-up period. Observation of the child is ongoing to detect possible medium- or long-term consequences.

Positive PPD in an infant with poor appetite, loss of weight, and fever is suggestive of primary tuberculosis. This is particularly so given the patient's exposure to a subject with active pulmonary tuberculosis. The x-rays show hyper aeration of the left lung with a shift of the heart and mediastinum to the right. The left leaf of the diaphragm is also flattened. While there are no areas of infiltration or consolidation were seen, prominent shadows suggesting enlarged lymph nodes were seen . Endobronchial tuberculosis with compression of the bronchus by adenopathy may produce changes seen figure 5.

Discussion

Even though there was no history of choking or aspiration, the possibility of foreign body aspiration should be considered in this age group. Consequently, bronchoscopy was performed which revealed a peanut in the left main stem bronchus and was extracted during bronchoscopy. The peanut and the adjacent edema of the bronchus caused partial bronchial obstruction and acted as a check valve, so the air entered the left lung but, unable to leave the left lung since the bronchus becomes smaller during expiration, producing the roentgenographic appearance shown in figure 5. The baby improved and the treatment with isoniazid was continued because of the positive PPD.

Cor Pulmonale as a Complication of Ventriculoatrial Shunts

Introduction

Cerebral ventricle-to-right atrial shunts with Pudenz-Heyer or Spitz-Holter valves were widely used to treat hydrocephalus in the 1960s. Development of pulmonary hypertension with chronic cor pulmonale is rare with these shunts. We reported a patient who developed such a complication along with description of specialized pulmonary function studies in the early detection of such complication [5].

Case Report

An 11-year-old white boy was hospitalized in April 1969 with a history of progressive weakness, dyspnea, and pedal edema. He was diagnosed to have hydrocephalus and had a ventriculo-atrial shunt with a Pudenz-Heyer valve implanted at the age of 6 months. The shunt was thought to be functioning well when he was evaluated at the age of 2 years. He was asymptomatic until he was 9.5 years old, when he developed signs of congestive heart failure (CHF) and was treated at another hospital with digitalis and diuretics with some improvement. Right heart catheterization at the same institution revealed a mean right atrial pressure of 35 mmHg and right atrial angiography revealed slow emptying of the contrast, filling defects on the right lateral atrial wall and in the right and left pulmonary arteries. The ventriculo-atrial shunt was removed shortly thereafter. The patient was referred to our group for further evaluation and management [5].

Pertinent findings on examination included height and weight below the third percentile, head circumference above the 97th percentile, pretibial edema, prominent “a” wave in the left side of the neck, no venous pulsations on the right side, palpable right ventricular heave, markedly accentuated single second heart sound, an audible fourth heart sound at left lower sternal border, a Grade I/VI ejection systolic murmur at the mid-left sternal border, liver edge palpable 5 cm below the right costal margin, clear lung fields on auscultation, and normal neurological examination.

Electrocardiogram (ECG) and the vectorcardiogram (not shown) revealed right atrial and ventricular hypertrophy. Chest roentgenogram  showed moderate cardiomegaly and prominent main pulmonary artery (PA) segment and clear lung fields. Lung scan with 131I-labeled macro-aggregated albumin was suggestive of multiple pulmonary emboli. Blood gas analysis showed pH 7.56; PaO2 80 mmHg, PaCO2 23 mmHg and bicarbonate 24 mEq/liter. Routine pulmonary function studies revealed restrictive lung disease. The ratio of wasted ventilatory volume (physiological dead space) to tidal volume (VD:VT) using Bohr's equation was 0.58 (normal 0.3 or less).

Vigorous treatment with digitalis and diuretics resulted in only temporary relief. During the next year, he continued to deteriorate and died of intractable right ventricular failure. Postmortem revealed right atrial thrombosis, severe right ventricular hypertrophy, multiple thrombo-emboli in the large and medium-sized pulmonary arteries, and intimal proliferation of the pulmonary arterioles.

Discussion

The case presented demonstrated development of cor pulmonale secondary to pulmonary thrombo-embolism which was produced by thrombi that arose following a ventriculo-atrial shunt with a Pudenz-Heyer valve for treatment of hydrocephalus. The causes of thrombo-embolic complications were not well understood, but the hypotheses, as reviewed by us [5], include infection, periarteritis due to autoimmune reaction of the pulmonary vessels to protein of cerebrospinal fluid, release of brain thromboplastin resulting in thrombosis at the point of contact with plasma coagulation factors, and simply the presence of a foreign body in the cardiovascular system for prolonged periods of time.

Early detection of pulmonary hypertension by periodic (every six months) evaluation by chest x-ray and ECG studies was suggested by some investigators, but early detection of pulmonary hypertension is of limited value since obstruction of 60% of the pulmonary vascular bed occurs by the time pulmonary hypertension develops [5]. Detection of multiple filling defects on radioisotope scanning in a child with a ventriculo-atrial shunt would be suggestive of pulmonary embolization and might be useful in early identification. Based on the observations of Nadel and associates [6] and those of ours [5], we suggested that specialized pulmonary function studies such as VD:VT, pulmonary diffusing capacity, pulmonary capillary blood volume, blood gas, and pH be performed periodically to detect obstruction of pulmonary vasculature prior to the development of pulmonary hypertension and cor pulmonale [5]. However, it should be noted that ventriculo-atrial shunts are no longer performed to treat hydrocephalus, but instead ventriculo-peritoneal shunts are used at the present time.

In summary, a rare case of pulmonary thrombo-embolism with resultant pulmonary hypertension and cor pulmonale following ventriculo-atrial shunt for hydrocephalus was presented with the recommendation to use of special pulmonary function studies for early detection and if found to be positive, immediate removal of the shunt system may eliminate further embolization into the lungs and prevent irreversible pulmonary vascular disease.

[medicineforcare]

Staphonex 500mg

Staphonex 500MG is a very effective medicine in controlling the infection and Staphonex 500 MG is a commonly prescribed antibacterial medicine for bacterial infections. it helps in stopping the growth and spread of bacteria, particularly Staphylococcus aureus bacteria.

Staphonex 500MG can help in treating various infections caused by bacteria like infections in joints and bone, skin and tissues infection, respiratory tract infections, and endocarditis 

Staphonex 500MG is based on Flucloxacillin which is a very effective antibiotic ingredient used to treat bacterial infections. Staphonex 500 MG used 500 MG of this and proves its effectiveness. 

Staphonex 500MG medicine is effective if you are taking viral care medicine. We are also providing medicines like Cefix 200mg, Levoquin 500mg, Naprosyn 250mg, Floxip 500mg, andBactrim D.S.                                                                                                         

Why you must consider Staphonex 500MG?

You must consider it as your medicine if you are facing infections in your body caused by bacteria. it can help in breaking the cell wall of the bacteria and remove them from your body. Always use Staphonex 500MG on the prescription of a healthcare professional doctor only. 

Some Interesting Insights About Staphonex 500MG?

Flucloxacillin:

Flucloxacillin is a commonly prescribed antibacterial ingredient. It works by destroying the wall of the cell of the bacteria and causing bacteria remove from the body. It stops the growth and spread of bacteria in the body. Flucloxacillin is an antibiotic medication that comes from the penicillin family. It is mostly available to treat bacterial infections, particularly those caused by staphylococcal bacteria. Flucloxacillin works by preventing the bacteria from building their cell walls, which ultimately leads to their death. This medication is commonly used to treat skin and soft tissue infections, such as impetigo, cellulitis, and abscesses.

Flucloxacillin can also treat other infections including joint and bone infections, respiratory tract infections, and infections of the ear, nose, and throat. Flucloxacillin is typically taken orally in the form of capsules or tablets and is usually taken while your stomach is empty, one hour or two hours before or two hours after a meal. The dosage and period of treatment will be subject to the kind and severity of the infection, and also to the patient’s age, weight, and overall condition. As with any medication, you must keep in mind while using flucloxacillin exactly as given by a doctor. It is also important to whole the full course of medicine, even if your indications cover earlier than the treatment is ended. This helps in ensuring that the disease is fully treated and decreases the risk of the infection recurring or becoming unaffected by the medication.

How does Staphonex 500MG work?

Staphonex 500 MG works by stopping the bacteria to form a cell wall and causing the bacteria growth to stop Staphonex 500MG is effective in stopping the enzymes of bacteria to reproduce as they are mainly responsible for this action it reacts with these enzymes and removes them completely.

It is an antibiotic medication containing cephalexin as its active ingredient. Cephalexin is a first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic that works by interfering with the synthesis of bacterial cell walls. Bacterial cells require cell walls to maintain their structural integrity and protect against external stressors.

Cephalexin binds to specific proteins known as PBPs (penicillin-binding proteins) that are complicated in the cross-linking of the bacteriological cell wall. This binding disrupts the normal formation of the cell wall and leads to its weakening and eventual breakdown, ultimately causing the bacteria to die. It is effective contrary to an extensive range of gram-positive and including Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, E. coli, and Klebsiella species. Staphonex is commonly used to heal infections caused by bacteria like skin infections, urinary tract infections, bone infections, and respiratory tract infections.

How should I get a Staphonex 500MG?

Staphonex 500 MG can be easily ordered online from MedzBuddy.com as it is a one-stop website where you can get all the generic pills from one location. You can also get it from other online pharmacies and local pharmacies. it is a prescription medication, which means you cannot obtain it without a prescription from a qualified doctor, such as a surgeon or a nurse practitioner.

If you have symptoms of a bacterial infection, you should make an appointment with a doctor to receive a proper analysis and action. Your healthcare provider will determine if it is an appropriate action option for your exact condition and provide a prescription if necessary. When taking Staphonex 500 MG or any other medication, it is important to follow your healthcare provider’s instructions carefully, including the dosage, frequency, and duration of treatment. It is also important to inform your doctor about any additional medicines or supplements that you use, as well as any medical conditions you may have, as they may interact with Staphonex 500 MG or affect its effectiveness.

[ptmasterguide]

Mupirocin: A Topical Antibiotic

Mupirocin: A Topical Antibiotic Mupirocin is a topical antibiotic ointment or cream used to treat bacterial skin infections. It’s particularly effective against staphylococcal and streptococcal bacteria, which are common causes of skin infections. Common Uses: Impetigo: A contagious skin infection that often appears as red sores. Folliculitis: Inflammation of hair follicles. Cellulitis: A…

[secretofresearch]

Biodefense: Understanding the Role of Biodefence Against Biological Threats In Industry

Biological threats pose a serious danger to national and global security. Biological agents like viruses, bacteria, toxins and other disease-causing organisms can potentially sicken or kill large numbers of people if used as weapons. Some examples of pathogenic biological agents that have been militarized or have potential as bioweapons include anthrax, plague, smallpox, tularemia and staphylococcal enterotoxin B. These agents are highly dangerous due their ability to sicken or kill on exposure, difficulty of detection and potential transmission between people. Several rogue states and terrorist organizations are suspected to be pursuing offensive biological weapons programs, raising the risk of hostile use or accidental release of dangerous pathogens. The threat of biological weapons has grown in the modern world due to advances in biotechnology which has enabled easier production of biological agents that can potentially be used for hostile purposes. This underscores the importance of biological defense against such threats through early detection, prevention and preparedness measures.

Goals and Objectives of Biodefense

Biological defense involves coordinated efforts across scientific, medical, security and policy domains aimed at addressing biological threats through non-proliferation, countermeasures and response capabilities. The overarching goals of biological defense are to minimize vulnerabilities, detect biological incidents early, mitigate impacts and enable rapid recovery. Specific objectives include developing capabilities for early warning and detection of outbreaks using disease surveillance and biosensors. Biodefense also involves stockpiling effective medical countermeasures like vaccines, antiviral drugs and therapeutic antibodies. Biological defense research contributes to the development of new and improved vaccines, diagnostics, prophylactic and therapeutic agents. Response planning and coordination between healthcare, law enforcement and other stakeholders ensures preparedness for potential biological incidents. International cooperation and treaties seek to prevent the spread and hostile use of pathogens through export controls and verification mechanisms.

Surveillance and Detection Systems

One of the most important components of biological defense is early detection through disease monitoring and biosensors. The United States operates an integrated biosurveillance program involving multiple agencies that provide early warning of disease outbreaks. Systems like the National Syndromic Surveillance Program monitor emergency room visits and pre-hospital care reports for signs of epidemics. Additional programs track influenza-like illnesses and analyze data from Medical Information Surveillance Integrated System, Google Flu Trends and other sources to identify potential outbreaks rapidly. Biodefence agencies are also investing in research to develop advanced nucleic acid, protein and antibody-based biosensors for rapid, sensitive and specific detection of potential biological weapons agents. Some future technologies under development include handheld devices that can detect airborne pathogens as well as systems for continuous, real-time monitoring of public areas such as airports or subways for signs of biological incidents. Early detection is critical to reduce impact because it allows for immediate healthcare mobilization and faster dispensation of medical countermeasures.

Medical Countermeasures Strategies

Biological defense stockpiles form a crucial component of defense by ensuring timely access to antibiotics, antivirals, antitoxins, vaccines and other medical countermeasures in the event of a biological attack. The US Strategic National Stockpile maintains large caches of pharmaceuticals, medical supplies and equipment for rapid response and dispensing after exposure to pathogens. Key medical countermeasures for high-priority biological threats include anthrax vaccines, smallpox vaccines, antiviral drugs for influenza and botulism antitoxins. There is a continuing focus on developing improved countermeasures for emerging and engineered threats as well as combating antimicrobial resistance. For instance, efforts are underway to develop next generation anthrax vaccines with broader effectiveness and fewer doses required. Research is also being conducted to design versatile platform technologies like monoclonal antibody therapies, adjuvant systems and genomic analysis tools to speed up countermeasure development against unknown future threats. International cooperation helps expand countermeasure access globally and strengthens preparedness worldwide against biological incidents.

Response Planning and Preparedness Exercises

Effective biological defense requires coordinated response planning across various levels from federal agencies down to state and local public health networks. Response plans delineate roles, responsibilities and standard operating procedures during potential biological incidents to enable rapid detection, healthcare mobilization, casualty treatment and mitigation efforts. Emergency Operations Centers are equipped and staffed to coordinate large-scale incident management in real-time. Preparedness exercises test response plans, find gaps, improve coordination and train frontline professionals through simulated biological scenarios. Some examples are biennial Crimson Contagion drills conducted by the US Department of Health and Human Services simulating nationwide outbreaks, TOPOFF full-scale exercises simulating complex terrorism incidents, and annual Pandemic Influenza Readiness Exercises focused on healthcare surge capacity. As part of continuity of government planning, agencies have developed detailed contingency plans for sustaining essential services during staff shortages or infrastructure disruptions due to a biological attack. Regular drills at federal, state and community levels help strengthen all-hazards preparedness nationwide.

Challenges and Future Directions

While considerable progress has been made, biological defense efforts still face scientific, technical and policy related challenges. Rapid evolution of microbiological threats requires agility to update detection and response systems. Scientific dilemmas persist with bioforensics, attribution, biotechnology oversight and managing dual-use risks. Costs of upgrading surveillance infrastructure countrywide are high. Stockpiling of multi-purpose medical countermeasures needs accelerated investment while ensuring incentives for industry involvement. Globalisation and interconnectivity necessitate greater international cooperation on biosecurity best practices, export controls and pathogen transparency. Future priorities include developing artificial intelligence assisted analytics, blockchain enabled public health data-sharing, novel diagnostics based on microfluidics, mobile detection laboratories and telemedicine facilities to empower distributed biological defense capabilities

In the face of growing biological risks, a robust biological defense encompassing coordinated preventive mechanisms, preparedness planning and technological solutions provide strategic depth against intentional outbreaks and natural disease emergencies. While continual progress is needed, past investments in early warning systems, medical countermeasures development and coordinated exercises have undoubtedly strengthened resilience of nations. With prudent management of evolving threats and challenges, further optimization of integrated biological defense has the potential to significantly curb impacts from biological incidents in the decades ahead. Global health security also depends on collaborative efforts that foster transparency, reinforce international norms and enable rapid sharing of expertise during public health emergencies. A multilateral approach will be integral to the long term success of this critical mission.

Get more insights on Biodefense

About Author:

Money Singh is a seasoned content writer with over four years of experience in the market research sector. Her expertise spans various industries, including food and beverages, biotechnology, chemical and materials, defense and aerospace, consumer goods, etc. (https://www.linkedin.com/in/money-singh-590844163)

[snehagoogle]

Medicines are made in three ways

Medicines are made in three ways, Homeo, Ayurveda and Allopathy.

But in Hindustan, treatment is done by adopting another way.

And I myself am the biggest witness of the cure being cured by that method.

Once I had Vasant or Measles or Maa Ki Daya disease.

For three days I was treated in such a way that I do not have the details.

I used to sleep on neem leaves.

My daily food was only water from Durga Mata's pitcher and nothing else.

The surprising thing is that I became disease free in three days and within the seventh day the spots disappeared from my whole body.

The thing is friends, what I said is completely true.

Can neem leaves cure infectious diseases?

All parts of the neem tree- leaves, flowers, seeds, fruits, roots and bark have been used traditionally for the treatment of inflammation, infections, fever, skin diseases and dental disorders. The medicinal utilities have been described especially for neem leaf.

Investigation of the synergistic effects of the extract of neem ...

International Journal of Infectious Diseases

https://www.ijidonline.com › article › fulltext

by S Bhinge · 2020 · Cited by 2

Background: Nowadays, several antibiotics used for the treatment of a variety of infectious human diseases possess a limited antimicrobial spectrum due to the emergence of multi drug-resistant (MDR) bacterial strains. It has therefore lead to the use of two or more antimicrobial agents as a combination treatment for preventing or delaying the emergence of resistant microbial strains and in certain cases also exhibits a synergistic effect which proves useful in the treatment of bacterial infections especially in otherwise resistant-bacteria cases. Neem, a traditionally known plant in the Indian system of medicine is a worldwide recognized natural antibiotic. Thus, in the present investigation an attempt has been made to study the effect of use of Neem extract along with several antibiotics as a combination to overcome the occurrence of resistance.

Methods and materials: The alcoholic extract of Neem leaves was used for the study. Solution A containing Neem extract 5 mg/mL alone, Solution B comprising of Standard antibiotics alone 5 mg/mL and Solution C containing combination of 2.5 mg/mL of Neem extract and selected standard antibiotic at a concentration of 2.5 mg/mL were tested for their antibacterial potential against selected strain of micro-organisms namely Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcous aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, E. coli and Bacillus subtilis using agar plate technique.

Results: The antimicrobial activity was assessed by measuring the diameter of zone of inhibition. The results indicated the synergistic activity exhibited by the combination of Neem extracts and half the concentration of the standard antibiotics used in the study. Thus, the dose of standard antibiotics may be reduced to almost half in concentration when combined with the Neem extract without compromising the efficacy. The use of natural antibiotic thus helps to achieve reduction in dose of standard antibiotic.

Conclusion: The zone of inhibition observed were almost comparable thus the combination of neem extract and antibiotic will help to reduce the dose of standard antibiotics, thereby preventing occurrence of drug resistance. Finally it can be concluded from the research of neem extract with conventional antibiotics and their combination with antibiotic/neem extract can be used as novel antimicrobial agent against multidrug resistance pathogenic microorganism.

Translate Hindi

होम्यो आयुर्वेद एलोपैथी तीन उपाय में ही दवाई बनता है

लेकिन हिंदूस्थान में एक और रास्ता अपनाकर उपचार कार्य किया जाता है

और उस तरीके से इलाज होकर उपसम होने का सबसे बड़ा साक्षी खुद मैं हूँ

मुझें एकबार वसंत या खसरा या माँ की दया रोग हुआ था

तीन दिन मेरा इलाज ऐसे हुआ था जिसका बयान मेरे पास नहीं है

सिर्फ नीम की पत्ते का विस्तारा में मैं सोया रहता था

मेरा रोज का खाना था सिर्फ दूर्गा माता की घट वाली पानी बस और कुछ नहीं

ताज्जुब की बात यह है मैं रोग मुक्त तीन दिन में हो चुके थे और सातवा दिन के अंदर मेंरे सारे बदन से धब्हे गायब हो गए थे

बात यह है दोस्त���ं मेरा यह कही बातें संपूर्ण ही सच है

क्या नीम की पत्तें सक्रामक रोग को मिटा सकता है

नीम के पेड़ के सभी भाग- पत्ते, फूल, बीज, फल, जड़ और छाल का उपयोग पारंपरिक रूप से सूजन, संक्रमण, बुखार, त्वचा रोग और दंत विकारों के उपचार के लिए किया जाता रहा है। नीम के पत्ते के लिए विशेष रूप से औषधीय उपयोगिताओं का वर्णन किया गया है।

नीम के अर्क के सहक्रियात्मक प्रभावों की जांच...

संक्रामक रोगों का अंतर्राष्ट्रीय जर्नल

https://www.ijidonline.com › लेख › पूर्ण पाठ

एस भिंगे द्वारा · 2020 · 2 द्वारा उद्धृत

पृष्ठभूमि: आजकल, विभिन्न प्रकार के संक्रामक मानव रोगों के उपचार के लिए उपयोग किए जाने वाले कई एंटीबायोटिक्स में मल्टी ड्रग-रेसिस्टेंट (एमडीआर) बैक्टीरिया के उपभेदों के उभरने के कारण सीमित रोगाणुरोधी स्पेक्ट्रम होता है। इसलिए इसने प्रतिरोधी माइक्रोबियल उपभेदों के उभरने को रोकने या देरी करने के लिए संयोजन उपचार के रूप में दो या अधिक रोगाणुरोधी एजेंटों के उपयोग को बढ़ावा दिया है और कुछ मामलों में एक सहक्रियात्मक प्रभाव भी प्रदर्शित करता है जो विशेष रूप से अन्यथा प्रतिरोधी-बैक्टीरिया के मामलों में जीवाणु संक्रमण के उपचार में उपयोगी साबित होता है। नीम, भारतीय चिकित्सा पद्धति में पारंपरिक रूप से जाना जाने वाला पौधा है, जो दुनिया भर में मान्यता प्राप्त प्राकृतिक एंटीबायोटिक है। इस प्रकार, वर्तमान जांच में प्रतिरोध की घटना को दूर करने के लिए कई एंटीबायोटिक दवाओं के संयोजन के रूप में नीम के अर्क के उपयोग के प्रभाव का अध्ययन करने का प्रयास किया गया है।

तरीके और सामग्री: अध्ययन के लिए नीम के पत्तों के अल्कोहलिक अर्क का इस्तेमाल किया गया। घोल A में अकेले नीम का अर्क 5 mg/mL, घोल B में अकेले मानक एंटीबायोटिक 5 mg/mL और घोल C में 2.5 mg/mL नीम का अर्क और 2.5 mg/mL की सांद्रता पर चयनित मानक एंटीबायोटिक का संयोजन शामिल है, इनकी जीवाणुरोधी क्षमता के लिए अगर प्लेट तकनीक का उपयोग करके क्लेबसिएला न्यूमोनिया, स्टैफिलोकोकस ऑरियस, स्यूडोमोनस एरुगिनोसा, ई. कोली और बैसिलस सबटिलिस जैसे सूक्ष्म जीवों के खिलाफ परीक्षण किया गया।

परिणाम: अवरोध क्षेत्र के व्यास को मापकर रोगाणुरोधी गतिविधि का आकलन किया गया। परिणामों ने नीम के अर्क और अध्ययन में इस्तेमाल किए गए मानक एंटीबायोटिक दवाओं की आधी सांद्रता के संयोजन द्वारा प्रदर्शित सहक्रियात्मक गतिविधि को ��ंगित किया। इस प्रकार, नीम के अर्क के साथ संयुक्त होने पर मानक एंटीबायोटिक दवाओं की खुराक को प्रभावकारिता से समझौता किए बिना सांद्रता में लगभग आधे तक कम किया जा सकता है। इस प्रकार प्राकृतिक एंटीबायोटिक का उपयोग मानक एंटीबायोटिक की खुराक में कमी लाने में मदद करता है।

निष्कर्ष: देखे गए अवरोध का क्षेत्र लगभग तुलनीय था, इसलिए नीम के अर्क और एंटीबायोटिक का संयोजन मानक एंटीबायोटिक दवाओं की खुराक को कम करने में मदद करेगा, जिससे दवा प्रतिरोध की घटना को रोका जा सकेगा। अंत में पारंपरिक एंटीबायोटिक दवाओं के साथ नीम के अर्क के शोध से यह निष्कर्ष निकाला जा सकता है और एंटीबायोटिक/नीम के अर्क के साथ उनके संयोजन का उपयोग बहुऔषधि प्रतिरोध रोगजनक सूक्ष्मजीव के खिलाफ उपन्यास रोगाणुरोधी एजेंट के रूप में किया जा सकता है।

[kmp78]

´´ He was a lot younger during ITW tour, he could handle a sneeze back then. These days he can't handle bumping into a door handle!´´

He had caught a form of severe staphylococcal during ITW tour.

And then SL caught the dreaded Lazyitis. 😷

[ultra-francesca-mercury]

june 14, 1995

Irish blues rocker Rory Gallagher dies of a staphylococcal infection following a liver transplant at age 47.

[biotech-news-feed]

A description of Tod Merkel's research program and related publications. #BioTech #science