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Middle-earth / Средиземье

"Middle-earth", or Endor in Quenya (Ennor in Sindarin) - and in The Book of Lost Tales the Great Lands - are the names used for the habitable parts of Arda after the final ruin of Beleriand, east across the Belegaer from Aman.

This continent was north of the Hither Lands shown in the Ambarkanta, and west of the East Sea; and throughout the First and Second Ages it underwent dramatic geographical changes, caused by Iluvatar.

Name

he term "Middle-earth" was not invented by Tolkien. Rather, it comes from Middle English middel-erde, itself a folk-etymology for the Old English word middangeard (geard not meaning Earth, but rather enclosure or place, thus yard, with the Old Norse word miðgarðr being a cognate). It is Germanic for what the Greeks called the οικουμένη (oikoumenē) or "the abiding place of men", the physical world as opposed to the unseen worlds (The Letters of J. R. R. Tolkien, 151). The word Mediterranean comes from two Latin stems, medi- , amidst, and terra, (earth/land), meaning "the sea placed at the middle of the Earth / amidst the lands".

Middangeard occurs six times in Beowulf, which Tolkien translated and on which he was arguably the world's foremost authority. (See also J. R. R. Tolkien for discussion of his inspirations and sources). See Midgard and Norse mythology for the older use.

Tolkien was also inspired by this fragment:

Hail Earendel, brightest of angels / above the middle-earth sent unto men.

in the "Crist" poem by Cynewulf. The name earendel (which may mean the 'morning-star' but in some contexts was a name for Christ) was the inspiration for Tolkien's mariner Eärendil.

"Middle-earth" was consciously used by Tolkien to place The Hobbit, The Lord of the Rings, The Silmarillion, and related writings.

Map of the Western part of Middle-earth at the end of the Third Age

Tolkien first used the term "Middle-earth" in the early 1930's in place of the earlier terms "Great Lands", "Outer Lands", and "Hither Lands" to describe the same region in his stories. "Middle-earth" is specifically intended to describe the lands east of the Great Sea (Belegaer), thus excluding Aman, but including Harad and other mortal lands not visited in Tolkien's stories. Many people apply the name to the entirety of Tolkien's world or exclusively to the lands described in The Hobbit, The Lord of the Rings, and The Silmarillion.

In ancient Germanic and mythology, the universe was believed to consist of multiple interconnected physical worlds (in Nordic mythology 9, in West Germanic and English mythology, 8). The world of Men, the Middle-earth, lay in the centre of this universe. The lands of Elves, gods, and Giants lay across an encircling sea. The land of the Dead lay beneath the Middle-earth. A rainbow bridge, Bifrost Bridge, extended from Middle-earth to Asgard across the sea. An outer sea encircled the seven other worlds (Vanaheim, Asgard, Alfheim, Svartalfheim, Muspellheim, Niflheim, and Jotunheim). In this conception, a "world" was more equivalent to a racial homeland than a physically separate world.

The world

Tolkien stated that the geography of Middle-earth was intended to align with that of the real Earth in several particulars. (Letter 294) Expanding upon this idea some suggest that if the map of Middle-earth is projected on our real Earth, and some of the most obvious climatological, botanical, and zoological similarities are aligned, the Hobbits' Shire might lie in the temperate climate of England, Gondor might lie in the Mediterranean Italy and Greece, Mordor in Sicily, South Gondor and Near Harad in the deserts of Northern Africa, Rhovanion in the forests of Germany and the steppes of Western and Southern Russia, and the Ice Bay of Forochel in the fjords of Norway. Far Harad may have corresponded with Southern Africa, and Rhûn corresponded with the whole of Asia. The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings are presented as Tolkien's retelling of events depicted in the Red Book of Westmarch, which was written by Bilbo Baggins, Frodo Baggins, and other Hobbits, and corrected and annotated by one or more Gondorian scholars. Years after publication, Tolkien 'postulated' in a letter that the action of the books takes place roughly 6,000 years ago, though he was not certain.

Tolkien wrote extensively about the linguistics, mythology and history of the world, which provide back-story for these stories. Many of these writings were edited and published posthumously by his son Christopher.

Notable among them is The Silmarillion, which provides a creation story and description of the cosmology which includes Middle-earth. The Silmarillion is the primary source of information about Valinor, Númenor, and other lands. Also notable are Unfinished Tales and the multiple volumes of The History of Middle-earth, which includes many incomplete stories and essays as well as numerous drafts of Tolkien's Middle-earth mythology, from the earliest forms down through the last writings of his life.

Cosmology

A depiction of the initial geography of Eä

The supreme deity of Arda is called Eru Ilúvatar. In the beginning, Ilúvatar created spirits named the Ainur and he taught them to make music. After the Ainur had become proficient in their skills, Ilúvatar commanded them to make a great music based on a theme of his own design. The most powerful Ainu, Melkor (later called Morgoth or "Dark Enemy" by the elves), Tolkien's equivalent of Satan, disrupted the theme, and in response Ilúvatar introduced new themes that enhanced the music beyond the comprehension of the Ainur. The movements of their song laid the seeds of much of the history of the as yet unmade universe and the people who were to dwell therein. Then Ilúvatar stopped the music and he revealed its meaning to the Ainur through a Vision. Moved by the Vision, many of the Ainur felt a compelling urge to experience its events directly. Ilúvatar therefore created Eä, the universe itself, and some of the Ainur went down into the universe to share in its experience. But upon arriving in Eä, the Ainur found it was shapeless because they had entered at the beginning of Time. The Ainur undertook great labours in these unnamed "ages of the stars", in which they shaped the universe and filled it with many things far beyond the reach of Men. In time, however, the Ainur formed Arda, the abiding place of the Children of Ilúvatar, Elves and Men. The fifteen most powerful Ainur are called the Valar, of whom Melkor was the most powerful, but Manwë was the leader. The Valar settled in Arda to watch over it and help prepare it for the awakening of the Children.

Arda began as a single flat world, which the Valar gave light to through two immense lamps. Melkor destroyed the lamps and brought darkness to the world. The Valar retreated to the extreme western regions of Arda, where they created the Two Trees to give light to their new homeland. After many ages, the Valar imprisoned Melkor to punish and rehabilitate him, and to protect the awakening Children. But when Melkor was released he poisoned the Two Trees. The Valar took the last two living fruit of the Two Trees and used them to create the Moon and Sun, which remained a part of Arda but were separate from Ambar (the world).

Before the end of the Second Age, when the Men of Númenor rebelled against the Valar, Ilúvatar destroyed Númenor, separated Valinor from the rest of Arda, and formed new lands, making the world round. Only Endor remained of the original world, and Endor had now become Eurasia.

Geography

An expanded, composite map of Middle-earth drawn by Christopher Tolkien

J.R.R. Tolkien never finalized the geography for the entire world associated with The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings. In The Shaping of Middle-earth, volume IV of The History of Middle-earth, Christopher Tolkien published several remarkable maps, of both the original flat earth and round world, which his father had created in the latter part of the 1930s. Karen Wynn Fonstad drew from these maps to develop detailed, but non-canonical, "whole world maps" reflecting a world consistent with the historical ages depicted in The Silmarillion, The Hobbit, and The Lord of the Rings.

Maps prepared by Christopher Tolkien and J.R.R. Tolkien for the world encompassing The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings were published as foldouts or illustrations in The Hobbit, The Lord of the Rings, and The Silmarillion. Early conceptions of the maps provided in The Silmarillion and The Lord of the Rings were included in several volumes, including "The First Silmarillion Map" in The Shaping of Middle-earth, "The First Map of the Lord of the Rings" in The Treason of Isengard, "The Second Map (West)" and "The Second Map (East)" in the War of the Ring, and "The Second Map of Middle-earth west of the Blue Mountains" (also known as "The Second Silmarillion Map") in The War of the Jewels.

Endor, the Quenya term for Middle-earth, was originally conceived of as conforming to a largely symmetrical scheme which was marred by Melkor. The symmetry was defined by two large sub-continents, one in the north and one in the south, with each of them boasting two long chains of mountains in the eastward and westward regions. The mountain chains were given names based on colours (White Mountains, Blue Mountains, Grey Mountains, and Red Mountains).

The various conflicts with Melkor resulted in the shapes of the lands being distorted. Originally, there was a single inland body of water, in the midst of which was set the island of Almaren where the Valar lived. When Melkor destroyed the lamps of the Valar which gave light to the world, two vast seas were created, but Almaren and its lake were destroyed. The northern sea became the Sea of Helcar (Helkar). The lands west of the Blue Mountains became Beleriand (meaning, "the land of Balar"). Melkor raised the Misty Mountains to impede the progress of the Vala Orome as he hunted Melkor's beasts during the period of darkness prior to the awakening of the Elves.

Additional changes have occurred when Valar have assaulted Utumno. The North-west of the Middle-earth, where Melkor met the Valar host, was "much broken". The sea between the Middle-earth and Aman widened, with many bays created, including one which was the confluence of Sirion. The highland of Dorthonion and the mountains about Hithlum were also a result of the battles. Since the changes mentioned include both the beginning and the ending points of Sirion, it is possible the river itself was created at the same time.

The violent struggles during the War of Wrath between the Host of the Valar and the armies of Melkor at the end of the First Age brought about the destruction of Beleriand. It is also possible that during this time the inland sea of Helcar was drained.

The world, not including associated celestial bodies, was identified by Tolkien as "Ambar" in several texts, but also identified as "Imbar", the Habitation, in later post-Lord of the Rings texts. From the time of the destruction of the two lamps until the time of the Downfall of Númenor, Ambar was supposed to be a "flat world", in that its habitable land-masses were all arranged on one side of the world. His sketches show a disk-like face for the world which looked up to the stars. A western continent, Aman, was the home of the Valar (and the Eldar). The middle lands, Endor, were called "Middle-earth" and the site of most of Tolkien's stories. The eastern continent was not inhabited.

When Melkor poisoned the Two Trees of the Valar and fled from Aman back to Endor, the Valar created the Sun and the Moon, which were separate bodies (from Ambar) but still parts of Arda (the Realm of the Children of Ilúvatar). A few years after publishing The Lord of the Rings, in a note associated with the unique narrative story "Athrabeth Finrod ah Andreth" (which is said to occur in Beleriand during the War of the Jewels), Tolkien equated Arda with the Solar System; because Arda by this point consisted of more than one heavenly body.

Map of Middle-earth in Peter Jackson's films

According to the accounts in both The Silmarillion and The Lord of the Rings, when Ar-Pharazôn invaded Aman to seize immortality from the Valar, they laid down their guardianship of the world and Ilúvatar intervened, destroying Númenor, removing Aman "from the circles of the world", and reshaping Ambar into the round world of today. Akallabêth says that the Númenóreans who survived the Downfall sailed as far west as they could in search of their ancient home, but their travels only brought them around the world back to their starting points. Hence, before the end of the Second Age, the transition from "flat earth" to "round earth" had been completed.

The Endor continent became approximately equivalent to the Eurasian land-mass, but Tolkien's geography does not provide any exact correlations between the narrative of The Lord of the Rings and Europe or near-by lands. It is therefore assumed that the reader understands the world underwent a subsequent undocumented transformation (which some people speculate Tolkien would have equated with the Biblical deluge) sometime after the end of the Third Age, or possibly at the fall of Sauron itself at the end of the Third Age. Another explanation is that many places shifted location, the Misty Mountains moving North to Scandinavia, the White Mountains rotating to become the Alps and the mountains of the west Balkans, Near Harad moving south and west to become the Sahara, Eriador flooding to become northern France and the British Isles, and so on. This would not be the first time that this had happened, as it seems that a consequence from the Siege of Utumno was that Endor rotated eastward, its axis the north pole.

People

Middle-earth was home to several distinct intelligent species. First are the Ainur, angelic beings created by Ilúvatar. The Ainur sing for Ilúvatar, who creates Eä to give existence to their music in the cosmological myth called the Ainulindalë, or "Music of the Ainur". Some of the Ainur then enter Eä, and the greatest of these are called the Valar. Melkor (later called Morgoth), the chief personification of evil in Eä, is initially one of the Valar.

The other Ainur who enter Eä are called the Maiar. In the First Age the most active Maia is Melian, wife of the Elven King Thingol; in the Third Age, during the War of the Ring, five of the Maiar have been embodied and sent to Endor to help the free people to overthrow Sauron. Those are the Istari (or Wise Ones) (called Wizards by Men), including Gandalf, Saruman, Radagast, Alatar and Pallando. There were also evil Maiar, called Umaiar, including the Balrogs and the second Dark Lord, Sauron.

Later come the Children of Ilúvatar: Elves and Men (men awoke in the first year of the sun), intelligent beings created by Ilúvatar alone. The Silmarillion tells how Elves and Men awaken and spread through the world. The Dwarves are said to have been made by the Vala Aulë, who offered to destroy them when Ilúvatar confronted him. Ilúvatar forgives Aulë's transgression and adopts the Dwarves. Three tribes of Men who ally themselves with the Elves of Beleriand in the First Age are called the Edain.

As a reward for their loyalty and suffering in the Wars of Beleriand, the descendants of the Edain are given the island of Númenor to be their home. But as described in the section on Middle-earth's history, Númenor is eventually destroyed and a remnant of the Númenóreans establish realms in the northern lands of Endor. Those who remained faithful to the Valar found the kingdoms of Arnor and Gondor. They are then known as the Dúnedain, whereas other Númenórean survivors, still devoted to evil but living far to the south, become known as the Black Númenóreans.

Tolkien identified Hobbits as an offshoot of the race of Men. Although their origins and ancient history are not known, Tolkien implied that they settled in the Vales of Anduin early in the Third Age, but after a thousand years the Hobbits began migrating west over the Misty Mountains into Eriador. Eventually, many Hobbits settled in the Shire.

After they are granted true life by Ilúvatar, the Dwarves' creator Aulë lays them to sleep in hidden mountain locations. Ilúvatar awakens the Dwarves only after the Elves have awakened. The Dwarves spread throughout northern Endor and eventually found seven kingdoms. Two of these kingdoms, Nogrod and Belegost, befriend the Elves of Beleriand against Morgoth in the First Age. The greatest Dwarf kingdom is Khazad-dûm, later known as Moria.

The Ents, "shepherds of the trees", were created by Ilúvatar at the Vala Yavanna's request to protect trees from the depredations of Elves, Dwarves, and Men.

Orcs and Trolls were evil creatures bred by Morgoth. They were not original creations but rather "mockeries" of Ents and the Children of Ilúvatar, since only Ilúvatar has the ability to give being to things. Their origins are not detailed (Tolkien considered many possibilities and frequently changed his mind). It seems most likely that the Orcs were bred largely from corrupted Elves or Men, or both. Late in the Third Age, the Uruks or Uruk-hai appear: a race of Orcs of great size and strength. Saruman bred Orcs and Men together to produce "Men-orcs" and "Orc-men"; at times, some of these are called "half-orcs" or "goblin-men".

Seemingly sapient animals also appear, such as the Eagles, Huan the Great Hound from Valinor, and the Wargs. The Eagles are created by Ilúvatar along with the Ents, but in general these animals' origins and nature are unclear. Some of them might be Maiar in animal form, or perhaps even the offspring of Maiar and normal animals.

It is unknown to what people of Middle-earth Tom Bombadil belonged. As to his nature, Tolkien himself said that some things should remain mysterious in any mythology, hidden even to its inventor.

Languages

Tolkien devised two main Elven languages which would later become known to us as Quenya, spoken by the Vanyar, Noldor, and some Teleri, and Sindarin, spoken by the Elves who stayed in Beleriand (see below). These languages were related, and a Common Eldarin form ancestral to them both is postulated.

Other languages of the world include

Adûnaic – spoken by the Númenóreans

Black Speech – devised by Sauron for his slaves to speak

Khuzdûl – spoken by the Dwarves

Rohirric – spoken by the Rohirrim – represented in the Lord of the Rings by Old English

Westron – the 'Common Speech' – represented by English

Valarin – the language of the Ainur

History of Middle-earth

The history of Middle-earth is divided into three time periods, known as the Years of the Lamps, Years of the Trees and Years of the Sun; the latter is typically sub-divided further into four Ages, of which three are relevant to the printed works of the legendarium.

The Years of the Lamps began shortly after the Valar finished their labours in shaping Arda. The Valar created two lamps to illuminate the world, and the Vala Aulë forged great towers, one in the furthest north, Helcar with the lamp Illuin, and another in the deepest south, Ringil with the lamp Ormal. The Valar lived in the middle, at the island of Almaren. Melkor's destruction of the two Lamps marked the end of the Years of the Lamps.

A speculative map of Aman in the Second Age

Then Yavanna made the Two Trees named Telperion and Laurelin in the land of Aman. The Trees illuminated Aman, leaving the rest of Arda in darkness, illuminated only by the stars. At the start of the First Age the Elves awoke beside Lake Cuiviénen in the east of Endor, and were soon approached by the Valar. Many of the elves were persuaded to undertake the Great Journey westwards towards Aman, but not all of them completed the journey (see Sundering of the Elves). The Valar had imprisoned Melkor but he appeared to repent and was released on parole. He sowed great discord among the Elves and stirred up rivalry between the Elven princes Fëanor and Fingolfin. He then slew their father, king Finwë and stole the Silmarils, three gems crafted by Fëanor that contained light of the Two Trees, from his vault, and destroyed the Trees themselves.

Fëanor persuaded most of his people, the Noldor, to leave Aman in pursuit of Melkor to Beleriand, cursing him with the name Morgoth. Fëanor led the first of two groups of Noldor. The larger group was led by Fingolfin. The Noldor stopped at the Teleri's port-city, Alqualondë, but the Teleri refused to give them ships to get to Middle-earth. The first Kinslaying thus ensued; Fëanor and many of his followers attacked the Teleri and stole their ships. Fëanor's host sailed on the stolen ships, leaving Fingolfin's behind to cross over to Middle-earth through the deadly Helcaraxë (or Grinding Ice) in the far north. Subsequently Fëanor was slain, but most of his sons survived and founded realms, as did Fingolfin and his heirs.

The Years of the Sun began when the Valar made the Sun and it rose over the world, Imbar. After several great battles, a long peace ensued for four hundred years, during which time the first Men entered Beleriand by crossing over the Blue Mountains. When Morgoth broke the siege of Angband, one by one the Elven kingdoms fell, even the hidden city of Gondolin. The only measurable success achieved by Elves and Men came when Beren of the Edain and Luthien, daughter of Thingol and Melian, retrieved a Silmaril from the crown of Morgoth. Afterward, Beren and Luthien died, and were restored to life by the Valar with the understanding that Luthien was to become mortal and Beren should never be seen by Men again.

Thingol quarrelled with the Dwarves of Nogrod and they slew him, stealing the Silmaril. With the help of Ents, Beren waylaid the Dwarves and recovered the Silmaril, which he gave to Luthien. Soon afterwards, both Beren and Luthien died again. The Silmaril was given to their son Dior Half-Elven, who had restored the Kingdom of Doriath. The sons of Fëanor demanded that Dior surrender the Silmaril to them, and he refused. The Fëanorians destroyed Doriath and killed Dior in the second Kinslaying, but Dior's young daughter Elwing escaped with the jewel. Three sons of Fëanor – Celegorm, Curufin, and Caranthir – died trying to retake the jewel.

By the end of the age, all that remained of the free Elves and Men in Beleriand was a settlement at the mouth of the River Sirion. Among them was Eärendil, who married Elwing. But the Fëanorians again demanded the Silmaril be returned to them, and after their demand was rejected they resolved to take the jewel by force, leading to the third Kinslaying. Eärendil and Elwing took the Silmaril across the Great Sea, to beg the Valar for pardon and aid. The Valar responded. Melkor was captured, most of his works were destroyed, and he was banished beyond the confines of the world into the Door of Night.

The Silmarils were recovered at a terrible cost, as Beleriand itself was broken and began to sink under the sea. Feanor's last remaining sons, Maedhros and Maglor, were ordered to return to Valinor. They proceeded to steal the Silmarils from the victorious Valar. But, as with Melkor, the Silmarils burned their hands and they then realized they were not meant to possess them and that the oath was null. Each of the brothers met his fate: Maedhros threw himself with the Silmaril into a chasm of fire, and Maglor threw his Silmaril into the sea. Thus the three Silmarils ended in the sky with Eärendil, in the earth, and in the sea respectively.

Thus began the Second Age. The Edain were given the island of Númenor toward the west of the Great Sea as their home, while many elves were welcomed into the West. The Númenóreans became great seafarers, but also became increasingly jealous of the elves for their immortality. But after a few centuries, Sauron, Morgoth's chief servant, began to organize evil creatures in the eastern lands. He persuaded Elven smiths in Eregion to create Rings of Power, and secretly forged the One Ring to control the other rings. But the elves became aware of Sauron's plan as soon as he put the One Ring on his hand, and they removed their own Rings before he could master their wills.

A map of Númenor during the Second Age, courtesy of the Encyclopedia of Arda.

The last Númenórean king Ar-Pharazôn, by the strength of his army, humbled even Sauron and brought him to Númenor as a hostage. But with the help of the One Ring, Sauron deceived Ar-Pharazôn and convinced the king to invade Aman, promising immortality for all those who set foot on the Undying Lands. Amandil, chief of those still faithful to the Valar, tried to sail west to seek their aid. His son Elendil and grandsons Isildur and Anárion prepared to flee east to Middle-earth. When the King's forces landed on Aman, the Valar called for Ilúvatar to intervene. The world was changed, and Aman was removed from Imbar. From that time onward, Men could no longer find Aman, but Elves seeking passage in specially hallowed ships received the grace of using the Straight Road, which led from Middle-earth's seas to the seas of Aman. Númenor was utterly destroyed, and with it the fair body of Sauron, but his spirit endured and fled back to Middle-earth. Elendil and his sons escaped to Endor and founded the realms of Gondor and Arnor. Sauron soon rose again, but the elves allied with the men to form the Last Alliance and defeated him. His One Ring was taken from him by Isildur, but not destroyed.

Middle-earth during the Third Age

The Third Age saw the rise in power of the realms of Arnor and Gondor, and their decline. By the time of The Lord of the Rings, Sauron had recovered much of his former strength, and was seeking the One Ring. He discovered that it was in the possession of a Hobbit and sent out the nine Ringwraiths to retrieve it. The Ring-bearer, Frodo Baggins, travelled to Rivendell, where it was decided that the Ring had to be destroyed in the only way possible: casting it into the fires of Mount Doom. Frodo set out on the quest with eight companions—the Fellowship of the Ring. At the last moment he failed, but with the intervention of the creature Gollum—who was saved by the pity of Frodo and Bilbo Baggins—the Ring was nevertheless destroyed. Frodo with his companion Sam Gamgee were hailed as heroes. Sauron was destroyed forever and his spirit dissipated.

The end of the Third Age marked the end of the dominion of the elves and the beginning of the dominion of men. As the Fourth Age began, many of the elves who had lingered in Middle-earth left for Valinor, never to return; those who remained behind would "fade" and diminish. The dwarves eventually dwindled away as well. The dwarves eventually returned in large numbers and resettled Moria. Peace was restored between Gondor and the lands to the south and east. Eventually, the tales of the earlier Ages became legends, the truth behind them forgotten.

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Средизе́мье (англ. Middle-earth; синд.Ennorath; кв.Endore), буквально Среди́нная земля́, также существуют варианты перевода Среднеземье, Средьземелье) – континент в Арде. Часто этим словом обозначают всю Вымышленную вселенную Дж. Р. Р. Толкина. В самих же книгах Средиземьем называется восточная часть Арды, земли смертных, в противоположность Бессмертным Землям Амана.

Место в Арде

Название

Middle-earth – буквальный перевод на современный язык среднеанглийского middel-erde, произошедшего от староанглийского слова middangeard, которым назывался реальный, обитаемый людьми мир, находящийся посередине между небесами и преисподней.

На языке квенья Средиземье называлось Эндор, «срединная земля», на синдарине это же название звучало как Эннор. В различные эпохи именовалось также Покинутыми Землями, Внешними Землями, Великими Землями.

География

Средиземье представляет собой обширный континент с продолжительной береговой линией на западе, постепенно уходящей к юго-востоку.

Эпоха Светильников

После Первой Войны Валар упорядочили земли Арды и создали для роста растений Великие Светильники, установив их ��а юге и севере Средиземья. Свет светильников сливался на острове Алмарен, подле великого озера, где Валар и основали свою первую обитель. Вскоре в Арду вернулся Мелькор и возвёл на севере Средиземья свою первую цитадель, Утумно, а также прикрытие в виде Железных гор (с востока на запад). Они ограждали земли вечного холода на дальнем севере. Мелькор стал распространять своё влияние в Средиземье: зелень жухла и гнила, возникли ядовитые болота, леса стали тёмными, а звери превратились в чудовищ. Валар начали искать Мелькора, но он опередил их, разруш��в Светильники, что вызвало катаклизмы. Симметрия вод и земель Средиземья была искажена, и первоначальный замысел Валар был нарушен. В результате падения Светильников возникли моря Хелкар и Рингиль, а Алмарен был уничтожен.

Эпоха Древ

После гибели Алмарена и Светильников Валар переселились на континент Аман, оставив Средиземье Мелькору. В те годы Мелькор возвёл на западе Железных гор крепость Ангбанд, на случай нападения из Валинора. Также Мелькор поднял Мглистые горы на огромную высоту. Вскоре у Куивиэнена, залива моря Хелкар, пробудились эльфы, и Валар начали войну за них с Мелькором. В результате Средиземье подверглось сильным разрушениям: северные земли превратились в пустыню, а море Рингиль расширилось на восток и запад, отделив часть восточных земель (они стали отдельным континентом, известным как Тёмные Земли). Море Белегаэр затопило западные берега Средиземья, основав Великий залив и залив Балар. Также возникли новые горы и нагорья в землях северо-западного Средиземья (Белерианда): Эред Ломин, Эред Ветрин и нагорья Дортониона.

Первая Эпоха

В конце Первой Эпохи произошла Война Гнева, последние сражения с Мелькором, которое вызвало сильные разрушения и изменения в Средиземье. Белерианд был разрушен и ушёл под воды Белегаэра, оставив лишь часть земель Оссирианда (названную Линдоном). Также остались некоторые возвышенности, ставшие островами: Химринг, Тол Фуин и Тол Морвен. Великий залив и море Хелкар (с Куивиэненом) перестали существовать. К северу от Линдона образовался залив Форохел, к юго-западу залив Лун, а на юге – залив Белфалас.

Королевства в Средиземье

Эпоха Древ

Эгладор – королевство эльфов-синдар в Белерианде, с 1497 Э. Д. ставшее Дориатом. Существовало с 1152 Э. Д. до 509 П. Э.

Фалас – королевство эльфов-синдар в Белерианде, находившееся в вассалитете Дориата. Существовало с 1149 Э. Д. по 473 П. Э.

Оссирианд – королевство эльфов-лаиквенди в Белерианде. Существовало с 1350 Э. Д. в 1497 Э. Д.

Дор-Даэделот – королевство Тёмного Властелина Моргота (Мелькора) в землях к северу от Белерианда и Хитлума. Существовало с 1497 Э. Д. до 590 П. Э.

Ногрод – королевство гномов из кланов Огнебородов и Широкозадов в горах Эред Луин. Существовало с ? Э. Д. до 590 П. Э.

Белегост – королевство гномов из кланов Огнебородов и Широкозадов в горах Эред Луин. Существовало с ? Э. Д. до 590 П. Э.

Казад-Дум – королевство гномов-Долгобородов под Мглистыми горами. Существовало с ? Э. Д. до 1981 Т. Э.

Первая Эпоха

Предел Маэдроса – королевство эльфов-нолдор Дома Феанора. Существовало с 5 П. Э. до 472 П. Э.

Земля Маглора – королевство эльфов-нолдор Дома Феанора. Существовало с 5 П. Э. до 455 П. Э.

Химлад – королевство эльфов-нолдор Дома Феанора. Существовало с 5 П. Э. до 455 П. Э.

Дор Карантир – королевство эльфов-нолдор Дома Феанора. Существовало с 5 П. Э. до 455 П. Э.

Хитлум – королевство эльфов-нолдор Дома Финголфина. Существовало с 5 П. Э. до 472 П. Э.

Невраст – королевство эльфов-нолдор Дома Финголфина. Существовало с 5 П. Э. до 416 П. Э.

Гондолин – королевство эльфов-нолдор Дома Финголфина. Существовало с 416 П. Э. до 510 П. Э.

Дортонион – королевство эльфов-нолдор Дома Финарфина. Существовало с 5 П. Э. до 455 П. Э.

Нарготронд – королевство эльфов-нолдор Дома Финарфина. Существовало с 102 П. Э. до 495 П. Э.

Дор-ломин – королевство эльфов-нолдор Дома Финголфина до 416 П. Э. С 416 королевство людей Дома Хадора в вассалитете Дома Финголфина. Существовало до 455 П. Э.

Ладрос – королевство людей Дома Беора в вассалитете Дома Финарфина. Существовало с 410 П. Э. до 455 П. Э.

Бретиль – королевство людей Дома Халет. Существовало с ~360 П. Э. по ? (конец П. Э.).

Вторая Эпоха

Форлиндон – королевство эльфов-нолдор Дома Финголфина. Существовало с 1 В. Э. до 3441 В. Э.

Эрегион – королевство эльфов-нолдор Дома Феанора. Существовало с 750 В. Э. до 1697 В. Э.

Харлиндон – королевство эльфов-синдар Иатрим. Существовало с 1 В. Э. до ~2000 В. Э.

Лориэн – королевство эльфов-галадрим. Существовало с ? (начало В. Э.) до ? (начало Ч.Э.).

Зеленолесье – королевство лесных эльфов. Существовало с ? (начало В. Э.).

Гондор – королевство людей-дунэдайн юга. Существовало с 3320 В. Э.

Арнор – королевство людей-дунэдайн севера. Существовало с 3320 В. Э. до 861 Т. Э.

Мордор – королевство Тёмного Властелина Саурона. Существовало с ~1000 В. Э. по 3441 В. Э.

Третья Эпоха

Артэдайн – королевство людей-дунэдайн севера. Существовало с 861 Т. Э. по 1974 Т. Э.

Рудаур – королевство людей-дунэдайн севера. Существовало с 861 Т. Э. по 1409 Т. Э.

Кардолан – королевство людей-дунэдайн севера. Существовало с 861 Т. Э. по 1409 Т. Э.

Рохан – королевство людей-северя��. Существовало с 2510 Т. Э.

Дэйл – королевство людей-северян. Существовало ~1800 Т. Э. до 2770 Т. Э. Было восстановлено в 2941 Т. Э.

Шир – владения людей-хоббитов в вассалитете Артэдайна (до его гибели). Существовал с 1601 Т. Э.

Эребор – королевство гномов Долгобородов. Существовало с 1999 Т. Э. до 2770 Т. Э. Было восстановлено в 2941 Т. Э.

Серые горы – королевство гномов Долгобородов. Существовало с 2210 Т. Э. до 2589 Т. Э.

Железные Холмы – королевство гномов Долгобородов. Существовало с 2590 Т. Э.

Ангмар – королевство слуги Саурона, Короля-Чародея. Существовало с 1300 Т. Э. по 1975 Т. Э.

Мордор – вновь восстановленное королевство Саурона. Существовало с 2942 Т. Э. по 3019 Т. Э.

Другие королевства

Королевства харадрим – королевства людей-харадрим в южных и юго-восточных землях Средиземья, Хараде.

Королевства истерлингов – королевства людей истерлингов в восточных землях Средиземья, к востоку от Руна.

Кханд – королевство людей-вариагов к востоку от Мордора.

#middle-earth #lord of the rings #the hobbit #silmarillion #lotr #средиземье #властелин колец #хоббит #силмариллион

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mycelsiaflorist-blog · 5 years ago

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A few of my favorite things

I don’t know about you, but I’m a bit behind on my holiday shopping. I’m not much of a shopper, so this is no big surprise. But when I finally do get down to it, I like to buy things that are high quality and preferably artisan made. I’d much rather visit a specialty shop, comb through the pages of a beautiful catalog, or vancouver flower delivery, than set foot in a mall or big chain store.

Supporting fellow small businesses is a core principle of our philosophy here at Floret. I love being able to support entrepreneurs, women-owned companies, and the creative community whenever possible. I’ve had the great fortune of connecting with some incredibly talented entrepreneurs over the last few years through workshops, travel and social media.

If you’re still looking for some amazing gift ideas this season, here are a few of my favorite things, from my favorite small businesses. These entrepreneurs inspire me with their commitment to quality, their heartfelt stories, and the way they run their businesses with such integrity and passion.

I hope you’ll check out these small business rockstars as you dig into your holiday shopping!

Old Blue Raw Honey: This Oregon-based company offers uncommon small-batch varietal honey that hands-down is the very best honey I’ve ever had. Why I love them: This husband-wife-led company also educate their customers about pollinators, apiary ecology and the importance of the primary plants and flowers that supply the nectar. Each bottle is hand labeled with information specific to that particular batch, including the harvest date, apiary location, and primary nectar sources.

Block Shop textiles: Two sisters founded this small business that designs beautiful hand blocked textiles that are made by a thriving cooperative in India. I have a whole collection of their scarves and wear them year round. Why I love them: No two textiles are alike. Plus, the company is committed to the fine art of hand blocking. As a social enterprise, the company dedicates a percentage of profits towards community health programs in Bagru India.

Not Without Salt cookie mixes: Ashley Rodriguez, the author of my favorite food blog, Not Without Salt, and the chef at our floral design workshops, recently came out with her own line of cookie mixes that is insanely delicious. Her not-so-secret secret ingredient: three types of sugar. And salt, of course. Why I love them: These are seriously the BEST cookies I’ve ever had! What makes them even more delicious: a portion of each purchase supports First Aid Arts.

Cultivate What Matters Power Sheets: Created by Lara Casey, the founder of Southern Weddings, these little goal setting sheets always help me organize my life and prioritize what matters to me most as a mom, wife, and business owner. Why I love them: These handy little sheets are great no matter if you are a stay at home mom or a busy executive. They are awesome at helping to clear the clutter and set actionable goals to lead a more purposeful, joyful life.

Farmhouse Pottery barrel jugs: The husband-wife team behind this Vermont-based pottery company create beautiful heirloom quality pieces that I absolutely adore. Their yellow ware pitcher is one of my favorite vessels to fill with fresh cut flowers. Why I love them: Their “About Us” statement says it all: “At Farmhouse Pottery, we are old-world potters with simple tools and strong beliefs in process and authenticity. We believe the farmers, craftsmen, and makers are the core of our communities, and that farm-to-table isn’t a foodie trend, but rather the rediscovery of a more sustainable lifestyle and value system.”

Ardelia Farm & Co. baked goods: This Vermont farm-based business blends the talents of its two enterprising owners: a farmer-florist and a baker. Why I love them: Bailey and Thomas utilize many of their own farm-fresh eggs from free-range chickens, plus dairy and other ingredients from regional farms or fairly-traded sources and ship their goodies anywhere in the United States. Every tasty treat they make is beautiful and deeeeeee-lish. I’m guilty of eating almost an entire goody box by myself! Plus the story of how they started their farm and their tribute to their business’ namesake is pretty dang inspiring.

(Note: This is NOT a sponsored post. The products and companies featured here are simply ones that the team and I personally love and love to support.)

Readmore: Dahlia Color Palettes

#vancouver flower delivery

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hasty-touch · 6 years ago

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Southern* Eorzea NPC count

After making an exhaustive count of all Ishgardian NPCs in FFXIV for my Ishgard lore compilation, I started counting NPCs in the other city-states of Eorzea too, just for fun. Here’s my findings as of February 2019.

(* This count currently excludes Ishgard for reasons I’ll get to in a moment.)

“Methods”, such as they are

This is a count and analysis of “targetable NPCs” -- NPC mobs -- in Final Fantasy XIV: A Realm Reborn and expansions.

As I play, I go through zones and add every NPC I can find to a spreadsheet, noting the race, clan and gender they use for their model, plus their national affiliation and their profession (if I’m able to judge what these are). I can easily include all the NPCs that are always present in a zone just by going from one end of the zone to the other. I also add NPCs who only appear during quests, duties, and FATEs as I see that content.

Unselectable NPCs who appear in the background as flavor aren’t included. NPCs given generic names (e.g. “Chocobokeep”) were counted. Infinitely respawning NPCs from FATEs and duties aren’t included (since it’s hard to judge how many “there really are”). Speaking-role NPCs who only appear in cutscenes are included. Really important, named historical figures who don’t appear in-game were included in the Ishgard count, so they’ll probably be included here too, but I haven’t entered any yet.

This count currently includes 1247 NPCs of Gridanian, Ul’dahn, Lominsan, and Ala Mhigan nationality. The first three city-states have about 350 NPCs each, and Ala Mhigo about 200.

Ishgard is currently excluded because my Ishgardian count included 650+ NPCs, and the unique demographics of Ishgard would throw off the totals. When/if I reach 500+ NPCs for the main three city states, I’ll add the Ishgard count to this spreadsheet.

Currently, independent or semi-independent tribes within Eorzea -- such as the U tribe in Southern Thanalan -- are not included in this count, but I’d like to add them soon.

Limitations

Because NPCs are hand-counted, you should keep in mind that there’s a possibility of selection bias. For the total numbers, I’ve tried to mitigate this as much as possible by entering all NPCs of a zone or quest at the same time.

Selection bias is potentially even more of a problem when I assign nationalities and professions to NPCs. I feel I do a pretty accurate job judging NPCs by their dialogue and outfits, but it’s possible for me to have missed characters or incorrectly assigned them.

And, of course, these are not exhaustive, unlike the Ishgard count. It’s possible that as I count more NPCs, the trends will change. But, when I went from about 150 NPCs per nation to the current 350 NPCs, the ratios really didn’t change much, so I’m fairly confident we can call these numbers representative.

For the gender analysis, I put all characters with “female” models and/or she/her pronouns into “female”, and all characters with “male” models and/or he/him pronouns into “male” (and characters with ambiguous models and unspecified pronouns into “other”). This is a capitulation to the limitations of the game, which uses unisex models for “beast tribes” and two binary gender models for PC races. In “reality”, just as there must certainly be mixed-clan and mixed-race Eorzeans, there must also be a varied spectrum of genders among Eorzeans -- but this can’t be easily represented with the models available in the game. So what I’m analyzing here is “what the game shows us”.

All that out of the way, let’s look at some nation-specific numbers!

Gridania

Encyclopedia Eorzea vol. 1 numbers: 40% Midlander Hyur, 30% Wildwood Elezen, 10% Duskwight Elezen, 10% Keeper of the Moon Miqo’te, 10% Other

I did include the adventurers at Buscarron’s Druthers in this count, since they seem to live semi-permanently in an area under Gridanian sovereignty, but I’m not totally sure about that call.

Not shown here: of the 26 conjurers I've counted so far, 61.5% use female models. “Conjurers” is one of the few professional categories where female model characters outnumber male ones. The other categories are “arcanist”, “culinarian”, “server”, and “skywatcher”.

Ul’dah

Encyclopedia Eorzea vol. 1 numbers: 30% Midlander Hyur, 10% Highlander Hyur, 40% Dunesfolk Lalafell, 10% Hellsguard Roegadyn, 10% Other

EE1 does not include [Ala Mhigan] refugees. I did include refugees living in the capital -- some of them have been living in Ul’dah for more than 20 years -- though Little Ala Mhigo’s residents (not Blades/Flames) I put in the Ala Mhigan category.

As mentioned, I did not include independent tribes in the region, such as the U.

In the count, Ul’dah’s military tends more male than any other Eorzean city-state other than Ishgard (which is currently sitting at 79.6% male). Some of the missing women are in Longhaft’s unit and appear in the Attack on Highbridge FATE chain -- I didn’t count them because they’re infinitely respawning.

Limsa Lominsa

Encyclopedia Eorzea vol. 1 numbers: 40% Sea Wolf Roegadyn, 20% Plainsfolk Lalafell, 20% Seeker of the Sun Miqo’te, 10% Midlander Hyur, 10% Other

Limsa Lominsa is the most racially diverse nation in the count. It also comes the closest to equal gender representation -- my theory is that this is because the high number of Miqo’te (almost all female model) balances out the other races, where male-model NPCs predominate.

Most of the “other” gender slice there are Qiqirn of gender indeterminate to me.

Ala Mhigo

Encyclopedia Eorzea vol. 1 numbers (repeated in vol. 2 with no change): 60% Highlander Hyur, 10% Hellsguard Roegadyn, 10% Midlander Hyur, 10% Seeker of the Sun Miqo’te, 10% Other

Something that I find interesting is that the gender ratios are really close for both overall and the Resistance specifically (at the moment, the Resistance is even slightly nearer equal!) I thought that this was because so many of the Ala Mhigans we meet are part of the Resistance, but it’s actually “just” 44%.

I didn’t count the M, Qalyana, or Vira.

Discussion

While the race numbers are interesting, I think the gender numbers really draw your eye. Like I rambled in my last post, there are a couple different reasons male-model NPCs might outnumber female-model NPCs.

Perhaps it is unintentional -- that is, the devs intend to be adding male and female NPCs in roughly equal numbers, but for some reason, they haven’t. If this is the case, I’d guess the most likely culprit is the tendency for people (especially men) to perceive a mixed-gender group as “equal” when men substantially outnumber the women and as “female-dominated” when the actual numbers begin to approach equality. In an interview with NPR, Geena Davis said she read a study that found "if there's 17 percent women, the men in the group think it's 50-50. And if there's 33 percent women, the men perceive that as there being more women in the room than men." I haven't been able to figure out what study this is (I REALLY WANNA READ IT! -- but in the meantime this and this also talk about the phenomenon) but if we consider its assertion reasonable, you can totally imagine the zone designers looking at a 1:3 female:male ratio and think “we’re doing GREAT!”

And I mean, I don’t have competitor games’ numbers in front of me, but I’d bet that FFXIV is a lot closer to equal gender representation than most of them. Under-representation of women in video game worlds is by FAR the norm.

But it could very well be that the FFXIV devs are intentionally putting more male NPCs into the world. One possibility is that Eorzean culture is somewhat patriarchal (and that this is more or less pronounced depending on the particular nation-state). Public-facing roles, such as those of merchant, tradesman, and especially warrior, more frequently belong to men than women, while women are more frequently in roles that the Warrior of Light doesn’t encounter in-game (housewives, farmers, etc.). Male dominance of these roles may at times be overtly enforced, but subtle enforcement seems more likely to me, in the form of stereotyping, discouragement, covert discrimination, etc. And the devs/writers are communicating this aspect of the world to us through the NPCs they choose to show us. I feel you can find evidence of Eorzean patriarchy elsewhere in the writing, too -- and it’s not portrayed positively, though there’s room to criticize how skillfully or unskillfully the writers/localizers have handled these themes.

And of course, both these things could be true at the same time: the devs could be intentionally trying to convey something about Eorzean patriarchy to us while simultaneously underestimating how much their own biases, inherited from real-world patriarchy, might affect their perception and choices.

And there could well be other explanations, too.

If you’re interested in Ishgard, the most recent numbers are available in my lore compilation -- if you like the pie charts for visualization, you can take a peek at this older post.

#ffxiv #npc headcounts

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barnesbeyer2-blog · 6 years ago

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Situs Bandar Taruhan Judi Tangkas Dan Poker Online Megan Fox And Giorgio Armani - Hollywood Attractiveness And Renowned Vogue Group Up

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noonecaresaboutpiper · 6 years ago

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Holland flower wholesale market

Flower general in the Holland was arranged for the first time more than century ago, in 1910 to be specific. The Association of place and place Exporters began which later u. s. the regional merchants. Afterwards, a few merchants u. s. for several times and the force and influence of the organisation grew. These days these kinds of organizations take care of the place general functions from all the possible sides, including strategies, law conformity and quality of floriculture items in particular. Flower trade and transfer are a serious company where and any the smallest mistake may cost a huge money and therefore every detail in this company matters. Consequently, it is really important to have a well-established process of the trip of blossoms from farms to the end customer’s hands.

Dutch place general is a big competition field. About 600 general organizations perform in the Holland and their complete revenues equal approximately 5.5 billion dollars of dollars. The Holland are confessed to be the entire globe innovator in the trade of www.flowerssameday.org.uk blossoms. These days the nation provides blossoms to 105 other nations. However, more than 90% of the floriculture product are transferred to Western ones. In general, place trade is a long and quite complex chain. Despite Holland cultivates their own blossoms, the nation is also the biggest place importer. At first blossoms and vegetation are produced in Southern african-american, Ecuador, Ethiopia, Colombia or Israel (the nations from where the Holland transfer blossoms the most) then transferred to Holland and afterwards, abroad in Western countries.

Statistics say that at the general organizations in Holland about 70% are male workers when 30% are female. Besides, 34% of them are under the age of 35 when another 26% of employees have a special education. In complete, over 12 thousand people perform in the general company.

The Nederlander organizations are the biggest place and place industry in Western countries. Talking about place transfer, most of the Nederlander general blossoms are directly supplied from countries-growers from all the major regions around the globe. At first, Nederlander place merchants transfer blossoms from nations where, by the way, Holland is mostly the biggest cut place importer. Afterwards, at Nederlander online auctions, general blossoms from the Holland are traded to countries’ merchants which later spread Nederlander place general provides to regional retailers.

The scheme may seem to be complex, and it really is, but this allows the Holland to keep the status of the absolute floriculture innovator worldwide. 36% of Nederlander place suppliers have greatly developed strategies and transport with Southern african-american which is the primary exporter of blossoms to Holland, especially flowers. The second such a nation in Africa is Ethiopia, but also Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Tanzania, Southern Africa, Ghana, The red sea etc. Among Western countries Nederlander place general industry mainly improves with floriculture items from Belgium-Luxemburg, Malaysia, Spain France, the United Kingdom, France and others. In Southern America, primary exporters of blossoms to Holland are Ecuador, Colombia, Peru and Chile. Also, Holland imports blossoms and vegetation from Israel, Thailand, Poultry, Costa Rica, Honduras, New Zealand, Australia and many other. Such a variety of nations Nederlander place merchants can offer the best diversity of floriculture items in the entire globe.

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pokemon-emerald-cheat-cod2f · 2 years ago

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market-research-industry · 3 years ago

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Diammonium Phosphate Market - Global Industry Analysis, Size, Share, Growth, Trends, and Forecasts 2019 – 2027

Global Diammonium Phosphate Market: Overview

The global diammonium phosphate market is anticipated to observe appreciable growth over the tenure of assessment. Rapidly expanding agricultural sector has resulted in the rise in demand for fertilizers across the globe, which is likely to play an important role in driving the demand for diammonium phosphate in the years to come.

Land is a limited resource and arable land is more of a limited resource. Shrinking cultivable land together with the need for high production output of crops for the purpose of meeting the demands of ever increasing human population is predicted to drive the growth of the global diammonium phosphate market. A rise in the demand for firefighting products owing to many policies targeted at the maintenance of health and safety and environment issues in the residential, industrial, and commercial buildings are further likely to drive the demand for the product.

End user, material, packaging, and region are the four important parameters based on which the global diammonium phosphate market has been segregated broadly. The sole aim of such segmentation is to offer a clearer and detailed view of the global diammonium phosphate market.

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Global Diammonium Phosphate Market: Notable Developments

The global diammonium phosphate market has witnessed considerable growth in the last few, some of which are path-breaking ones. One of the developments of the market is mentioned below:

In January, 2018, Florida-based leading manufacturers of crop nutrients, The Mosaic Company made an acquisition of Vale Fertilizantes, a Brazilian company dealing with fertilizers and other chemicals. This strategic move is likely to expand the reach of the former in parts of Latin America.

Some of the prominent organizations in the global diammonium phosphate market comprise the below-mentioned:

China Blue Chemicals Ltd.

The Mosaic Company

PhosAgro AG

Pacific Chemicals Ltd.

Sichuan Chuanxi Xingda Chemical Co.

Shan Dong Lubei Chemical Co Ltd

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Global Diammonium Phosphate Market: Key Trends

The global diammonium phosphate market is characterized by the presence of the following restraints, drivers, and opportunities.

Wide Scope of Use in the Food and Agriculture Sector Surge Demand

Diammonium phosphate or DAP is considered one of the most widely used phosphorus-based fertilizer. It is made utilizing two important constituents found in the fertilizer industry and is well known due to its high supplement substance with excellent physical characteristics.

The global diammonium phosphate market is predicted to be driven by wide range of applications. The chemical finds extensive use in the food and agriculture industry and is utilized as a flavoring, prevention, and food coloring agent.

Diammonium phosphate has a broad range of uses in the food and agriculture industry. The chemical plays the role of a prevention, food coloring, and flavoring agent in the food industry. Rapid improvement in the industrial sector, augmented spending for agriculture and food in various developing nations like China and India is likely to trigger growth of the global diammonium phosphate market. Many emerging economies like India in particular depend upon agriculture for the revenue generation, which makes way for rapid development of the global diammonium phosphate marketplace. The need for fertilizer is multiplying in the last few years, thereby triggering rapid growth of the market. In addition many macroeconomic factors like impact of various factors on soil and weather and rise in disposable income is likely to impact the market over the tenure of analysis.

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Global Diammonium Phosphate Market: Geographical Analysis

Driven by rapid industrial development and augmented investment in food and agriculture is likely to catapult Asia Pacific to the forefront of global diammonium phosphate market. The region is likely to sustain its regional dominance over the period of assessment.

A rise in the disposable income of the people in this region together with the increased awareness about the benefits of use of such fertilizers is likely to fuel growth of the market in the years to come.

The report offers a comprehensive evaluation of the market. It does so via in-depth qualitative insights, historical data, and verifiable projections about market size. The projections featured in the report have been derived using proven research methodologies and assumptions. By doing so, the research report serves as a repository of analysis and information for every facet of the market, including but not limited to: Regional markets, technology, types, and applications.

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Market segments and sub-segments

Market trends and dynamics

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Market size

Current trends/opportunities/challenges

Competitive landscape

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The regional analysis covers:

North America (U.S. and Canada)

Latin America (Mexico, Brazil, Peru, Chile, and others)

Western Europe (Germany, U.K., France, Spain, Italy, Nordic countries, Belgium, Netherlands, and Luxembourg)

Eastern Europe (Poland and Russia)

Asia Pacific (China, India, Japan, ASEAN, Australia, and New Zealand)

Middle East and Africa (GCC, Southern Africa, and North Africa)

The report has been compiled through extensive primary research (through interviews, surveys, and observations of seasoned analysts) and secondary research (which entails reputable paid sources, trade journals, and industry body databases). The report also features a complete qualitative and quantitative assessment by analyzing data gathered from industry analysts and market participants across key points in the industry’s value chain.

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Recommendations to companies for strengthening their foothold in the market

Regulations, both region-specific and global, have made massive influence on the microeconomics of the materials and chemicals sector. Governments are intent on promoting the reduce the carbon footprint of the entire chemical and materials manufacturing. As a result, forward-looking organizations in the Diammonium Phosphate market are fervently looking for ‘green’ or low-carbon footprint processes across the entire the value chain. The trend has gained huge momentum from the growing awareness among customers of the affects that chemicals have on the ecology and environment.

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ravidbmr · 4 years ago

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Dental Implants and Prosthetics Market Global Industry Size, Share, Trends, COVID-19 Analysis and Technology Advancements by Institut Straumann AG, Dentsply Sirona, Zimmer Biomet, Danaher, Henry Schein, Inc, Bicon, LLC

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Increase of Dental Implants and Prosthetics in surgical procedures

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Rising level of air pollution

Reimbursement from healthcare insurance for purchase of medical device

High Price of devices

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Technological developments within the Dental Implants and Prosthetics sphere

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Company profiles of leading players in the Dental Implants and Prosthetics Market

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How much will Dental Implants and Prosthetics market be estimated at the end of the forecast period?

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What are some of the competing substitutes in this Dental Implants and Prosthetics market and what is the magnitude of the threat they represent to the loss of market share through product substitution?

What Mergers & Acquisition activity has occurred in those Dental Implants and Prosthetics market in historical years?

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Table of Contents: Dental Implants and Prosthetics Market

Dental Implants and Prosthetics Market Overview

Global Economic Impact on Industry

Global Dental Implants and Prosthetics Market Competition by Manufacturers

Global Production, Revenue (Value) by Region

Global Supply (Production), Consumption, Export, Import by Regions

Global Production, Revenue (Value), Price Trend by Type

Global Market Analysis by Application

Manufacturing Cost Analysis

Industrial Chain, Sourcing Strategy and Downstream Buyers

Marketing Strategy Analysis, Distributors/Traders

Market Effect Factors Analysis

Global Dental Implants and Prosthetics Market Forecast

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Dental Membrane and Bone Graft Substitute Market

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supplychainpredictiveanalyt-blog · 4 years ago

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Supply Market Assessment Why Do We Require Marketplace Intelligence

Why do we bother to get sector intelligence on the strategic commodities we are sourcing? The remedy is that if we do not we could be exposed to unwanted provider possibility and any aggressive advantage we believed we experienced could be shed. Provider threat can be current any where, whenever and with any provider. Supply Current market Examination vs. Sector Intelligence Source marketplace intelligence is a recent buzz-phrase at this time gaining quick publicity. It is effectively an improve of provide market place examination and can be outlined as the process of gathering, filtering, distilling and presenting information and facts suitable to a company's source marketplaces. The distinct intent is to guidance correct and assured final decision producing in the procurement method. A appropriately executed and insightful source market examine needs that major and disparate amounts of investigate resources be gathered by means of most important and secondary research. Usually, source market assessment has involved producing a commodity profile, analyzing expense structures, looking into suppliers, and determining vital marketplace indicators. Currently being in a position to equipped to assemble a provide industry evaluation for a specified commodity is a talent that is crucial for each source chain specialist to learn Primary and secondary research Primary investigation is details gathered by interactions with other people today ordinarily through meetings, 1-on-a person structured interviews, aim groups, and surveys. Main analysis with current and potential vendors is normally additional precious and insightful than secondary investigate. The deluge of details out there on the World-wide-web, equally reliable and suspect, can be accessed equally by billions of end users. Key study is an essential factor toward creating a competitive edge. This is the enjoyment little bit. 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Clever actions to take towards definitely knowing your commodity Develop the Commodity Profile Discover out the intercontinental product or service classifications and document the commodity definition. Consult with commonly and get a crystal clear being familiar with of the important complex and high quality difficulties. Determine the Price tag Structure. Around and higher than the regular adding up of uncooked material costs, labour, transportation, power, overheads etc, you can be much more progressive. Detailed businesses are expected to publish financial statements and do shows on their business enterprise effects. Scour this details for clues to their expense profiles. Research all Suppliers This needs emphasis and work and is an on-going method. Set up if the worldwide sector is fragmented or consolidated, the place the lower-price suppliers are, feasible new source channels and any pending mergers or invest in-outs. 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It is vital to have a Prepare B prepared exactly where you have now determined substitute suppliers to exchange or supplement existing suppliers. Avoidance of supply chain disruptions because of to provider failure is crucial for small business continuity. Details overload is lure that it is straightforward to tumble into, as is examination-paralysis. Managing critical suppliers by exception enables you to use your confined assets properly. Continuous checking of higher impact suppliers by way of the use of scorecards, graphs and charts assists assure that you can retailer and share recent facts and presents an early warning technique for senior management. If you adored this information and you would certainly such as to obtain more details pertaining to Riskpulse.com kindly see our own website. Sourcing managers, specifically in Southern Africa, are doubly challenged as they are expected to have a assorted supplier foundation. 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paleblazeluminary · 4 years ago

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Hotline Miami Controls For Mac

Available Regions for Activation

Across the globe, except South America and Europe.

Hotline Miami’s unmistakable visual style, a driving soundtrack, and a surreal chain of events will have you question your own thirst for blood while pushing you to.

Afghanistan

Algeria

American Samoa

Angola

Anguilla

Antarctica

Aruba

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Bouvet Island

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About the game

Hotline Miami Collection contains both legendary games in the neon-soaked, brutally-challenging Hotline Miami series from Dennaton Games. Read more Explore this game’s official site. For Hotline Miami on the PC, a GameFAQs message board topic titled 'What are the default keyboard controls?'

Hotline Miami is an action game loaded with brutal action, heavy shooting and rolling heads. Set in a 1989 alternative Miami, you'll take on the role of a mysterious antihero in a murderous rage against the shadowy underworld guided by your answering machine's voices.

Hotline Miami Download Free

Soon you will find yourself struggling for your control and understanding why you are prone to these acts of violence. Rely on your intelligence to demarcate your way through seemingly impossible situations while you constantly find yourself at a disadvantage among fierce enemies. The action is relentless and every shot is deadly so each move has to be quick and decisive if you want to survive and unravel the evil forces that drive the bloodshed.

The unmistakable visual style of Hotline Miami, plus an engaging soundtrack and a chain of surreal events will take you to the answer to your bloodlust while taking you to the limits of a relentless challenge.

Highlights

Amazing shootouts in neon corridors stained with blood combined with intense and immense soundtrack;

A surreal and brave story in 20 maps;

Amazing battles against a bizarre cast of bosses from Miami's underworld;

35 different weapons: from shotguns and assault rifles to katanas and pipes;

More than 1,000 sprites for a fantastic variety of environments, weapons, elements and enemies;

25 masks of animais to unlock that will hide your identity;

Engaging beats by Sun Araw, Coconuts, M.O.O.N., Jasper Byrne, The Huervo, Perturbator, Scattle, Elliott Berlin and Eirik Suhrke

Extremely difficult achievements that will test your limits.

System Requirements

Minimum

OS:Windows XP, Vista e 7

Storage:250 MB

Processor:1.2 GHz

Memory:512 MB

Graphics:DirectX (32MB)

DirectX:9.0

Recommended

OS:Microsoft® Windows® XP / Vista / 7

Storage:250 MB

Processor:1.4GHz +

Memory:1 GB

Graphics:DirectX (32MB)

DirectX:9.0

Minimum

OS:Mac OS 10.6+

Storage:130 MB

Processor:2.4 GHz Intel Core 2 Duo +

Memory:1 GB

Recommended

OS:Mac OS 10.6+

Storage:130 MB

Processor:2.8 GHz Intel Core 2 Duo +

Memory:2 GB

Minimum

Storage:130 MB

Processor:1.8 GHz Dual-Core

Memory:512 MB

Release date:2012-10-23

Developer: Dennaton Games

Publisher: Devolver

Game Mode

Single-player

Language

GermanEnglishSpanishFrenchPolishPortuguese (BR)Russian

Name: Hotline Miami

Available on: PC, Mac, Linux, PS3, PS Vita

Reviewed on: PS Vita

Hotline Miami is one of those games where there’s little-to-no story, the controls are fairly basic, and the graphics aren’t realistic – but it manages to be more fun that perhaps most games that feature even just one of those mechanics.

Hotline Miami is a very violent game. Not violent as in ‘a bit of blood here and there’, violent as in you’ll be punching people’s heads off, shooting people, choking people, and even drilling holes in people. This game, while not realistic in many ways, is not for the faint of heart.

Hotline Miami is a top-down beat-em-up type game that progresses through a set of linear missions, which must be unlocked in order.

One day, the unnamed playable character wakes up in a basement, where after a quick tutorial in how to kill people through a variety of methods, the character walks upstairs to a room with three masked men who promptly launch into a cryptic set of messages, before the actual game begins. Each mission plays out with the character receiving a phone call, driving to a location, and killing a whole bunch of henchmen. Each level takes place in a building with many floors, so the character will make their way up each floor until they eventually kill every man in the building. After the character accomplishes this, they walk all the way through the floors of the building, past all the piles of bodies of the men he’s killed, reaches the entrance, hops in his car, and then goes an completes a mundane task, like buying groceries, renting a movie, or going to the local disco to get his groove on – this is (presumably) the 80s after all. These tasks help reiterate how strange the whole set of events is, and even allows some sort of story progression (which is very minimal and I never really followed what was happening – or even why it was happening).

Gameplay is very simple – there is one ‘action’ button that will make you use whatever you’re holding: fists will punch, baseball bats will swing, and guns will fire, all with the press of this one button – it’s very easy to use, especially since the only other controls are moving and controlling the cursor. Whenever you kill or knock out an enemy, they drop their weapon. This is useful for many reasons, namely because the character can only carry one weapon at a time – so if you run out of ammo and need a melee weapon, or you have a melee weapon and want a gun, you’ll need to find whatever enemy has the weapon you’re after. Additionally, the AI in this game will react in many ways to different weapons: if they hear gunshots, they’ll come running. If they see you through a window holding a knife, they’ll shoot you/run at you. This can be used to an advantage to quickly exterminate all the enemies on a floor – a tactic of mine was a gunshot followed by picking up the knife and holding down the ‘action’ button to melee very fast, and then moving close to the door and killing all the enemies very quickly.

It’s little additions like these that make the game that much more stylised and interesting to play through. The other addition that makes the game unique on every playthrough (I played the campaign twice) is the feature of one hit kills for not just you, but your enemies as well (save for the few bosses). Once you die, you start from the start of the floor you were killed on – so sometimes I’d get through almost the entire floor of enemies and then die at the hands of the last one. There are little moments like these in Hotline Miami that just make the game that much more intense, and if you survive, rewarding.

The game also has several collectables; which are masks and puzzle pieces. Masks are masks that your character wears to do their job, all of which save for the starting mask add a perk to the game – one allows you to start with a knife, one gives you another life (but only if you get hit by a gunshot) and another allows for even more gore. There’s a mix of cosmetic masks (like the gore one) and gameplay ones (such as the knife one), which is good. Most masks are unlocked simply through progressing the story, but there are others that must be specifically found in a particular level. The other collectable, puzzle pieces, are found throughout all the levels, and are represented by a small purple square. Collecting these will give a letter, which is used to spell out a sentence. This is used in one of Hotline Miami’s two endings: either the standard one with little info (but still finishing the story) or the ‘complete’ ending, which gives a lot more information (but still doesn’t really make the story any clearer).

I only really have two gripes with this game, and funnily enough they’re almost contradictory: one regards how easy the game is, and the other how hard it is. My first issue is how overpowered some of the weapons are: the knife especially. I found that I was able to pretty much use just knife to kill everyone on a floor, and once I got the mask that let me start with a knife, that was the only mask I used. My other issue is that some parts of the game are incredibly difficult – the difficulty scaling in this game is crazy, it’ll be flowing at one point and then be incredibly difficult the next – I had to use a walkthrough to figure out how to do some parts, and at other parts I only survived thanks to a fluke. Fortunately, there’s only really three parts in the whole game that I remember as being incredibly difficult, and once you realise how to complete them they become so much easier.

Length-wise, there’s about 20 story missions here, and none of them take that long to complete – it’d be possible to finish the game in one sitting of about 3 hours I reckon, but otherwise it doesn’t take that long to complete. There is replay value in the masks and the puzzle pieces/complete ending though.

While there are a few issues regarding the difficult of the game, that doesn’t change how much pure, simple fun Hotline Miami is. It’s simple, intense, and just absolute brilliant.

Positive

Great Fun

Simple Art Style

Simple Gameplay

Great Design Elements (such as the one-hit kills)

Replay Value (masks and puzzle pieces)

Hotline Miami Controls For Macbook

Negative

Hotline Miami Controls For Macbook Pro

Weak Storyline

A Few Overpowered Weapons

A Few Very Difficult Sections

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johnboothus · 4 years ago

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Whiskey Makers Explore the Weird World of Alt Oak Species

There are some 500 species of oak trees around the globe, but in the world of whiskey, just one is predominant: the American white oak, Quercus alba. Used in bourbon and Tennessee whiskey, both of which require the use of new charred oak barrels, American white oak often enjoys a second life overseas, with millions of gently used barrels from Jim Beam, Wild Turkey, Jack Daniel’s and other distilleries in the U.S. subsequently heading off to Scotland, Ireland, and other whiskey-making regions where they are put to a second (or third, or further) use.

But in recent years, a number of distillers have started using unusual, often local, species of oak to age their whiskeys, in a quest to give their spirits a more specific sense of place.

In Washington, Westland Distillery’s Garryana whiskey is partially aged in casks made from a local species, Quercus garryana, known as Garry oak. According to Westland’s master distiller Matt Hofmann, Washington State’s only native oak species offers a particular — and particularly strong — set of flavors, especially when compared to its ubiquitous cousin, Quercus alba.

Credit: Westland Distillery

“American white oak is everywhere, and the flavor profile from that oak is caramel, vanilla, coconut, baking spices,” Hofmann says. “Generally speaking, with Garry oak, the easiest way to describe it is like all of those flavor notes, but darker. So instead of caramel, it’s molasses. Instead of generic baking spices, it’s heavy clove.”

Not only does Garry oak bring more holiday spice to Westland’s Garryana, but it adds an unusual note that is more often associated with Missouri, Hofmann says, thanks to the presence of the smoky compounds called phenolics, which whiskey most often gets from peat-smoked malt.

“Garry oak has the most phenolics of any oak that I’ve ever seen, by quite some margin,” Hofmann says. “So you get like a savory smokiness, like a Kansas City-style barbecue sauce, if that makes sense to you. It’s just this really very flavorful, very dark, savory sort of oak that’s dramatically different from Quercus alba.”

“One of the tasting notes that was actually in here when we wrote the tasting notes was ‘burnt ends.’ Like barbecue burnt ends,” Hofmann continues. “Savory, but in a really good way.”

Credit: Mackmyra

In Sweden, Mackmyra’s Svensk Ek (“Swedish Oak”) whiskey includes spirits that were aged in barrels made from the European oak Quercus robur, which was harvested in southern Sweden and made into barrels in the town of Varalöv. For Mackmyra’s master blender, Angela D’Orazio, the characteristics offered by European oak differ substantially from those of American oak barrels.

“Generally, if you describe them, they are like a cigar box,” D’Orazio says. “They are like an oriental perfume. So you have a lot of exotic wood notes, sandalwood, cedar wood, peppery notes. You have tobacco leaf notes. You have ginger notes, cardamom, cinnamon. This oak has less sweet, vanilla tones and more rougher spices than the American oak.”

That classic American white oak is still an essential member of D’Orazio’s toolbox, however. Her goal? To use the two oaks, as well as former sherry casks and other barrels, to create a harmonious blend. In the end, roughly 10 percent of the Swedish-oak-aged spirit turned out to be the right proportion for Svensk Ek whiskey.

“The new American oak cask also has a beautiful influence that I wouldn’t like to be without,” D’Orazio says. “And the oloroso casks, spice casks as well. I wanted it to be like an orchestra playing together, like [the] Swedish oak being there, but not being the solo.”

Even a single oak species can have great variations in terms of the flavors it adds, depending on where it is grown, according to Brendan McCarron, head of maturing whiskey stocks at Glenmorangie in Tain, Scotland.

“With robur, European oak, in France versus in Spain, what you find is French oak is quite high in tannins, so you get lots of spice,” McCarron says. “But as you go from the north of France into the south of Spain, the tannin levels go up and up and up and up. It’s the same species, but it does change. We just recently worked with Hungarian oak, and Hungarian oak is Quercus robur, but it performs very differently because of where it’s grown, because of the climate, than it does in France.”

While especially visible among smaller, craft producers, unusual oak species are also used at large distilleries, often to create special releases. Glenmorangie has worked with a number of oddball oaks in recent years, McCarron says, including Garry oak, as well as the swamp white oak, Quercus bicolor, and the bur oak, Quercus macrocarpa. In 2017, Glenmorangie’s sister distillery Ardbeg released Kelpie, a whiskey that had been partially aged in an unspecified oak sourced from the Black Sea region.

Credit: The Rare Malt

At the moment, one of the most prized oaks for whiskey is Japan’s mizunara oak, Quercus crispula, known for being sweet and spicy with distinct sandalwood and incense aromas. Mizunara is said to be responsible for the house character of Japan’s beloved Chichibu whiskey, and has been used to finish limited editions of Chivas Regal, Bowmore, and other brands.

While there might be some 500 species of oak to choose from, there won’t be 500 differently oaked versions of Glenmorangie or Ardbeg for collectors to chase down. Many oak species are either extremely limited or extremely slow-growing. Mizunara is said to take 200 years — that is, two full centuries — before it can be made into a cask. And even if a certain species of oak can be made into a cask, there might not be anyone to do that in the region where that oak is found.

“It does come with its challenges,” McCarron says. “You’re literally walking into forests where there’s no sawmill or cooperage and trying to find someone in that country who’ll turn that wood into casks for you. That’s why these tend to be one-offs as opposed to permanently available products — because there’s no supply chain.”

Credit: Westland Distillery

Though working with new and unusual oaks might be part of whiskey’s future, it’s also a major component of human history. In “Oak: The Frame of Civilization,” author and arborist William Bryant Logan writes about the “basic sympathy” between oaks and humans, which could almost define the role of Quercus in the production of some of the world’s greatest spirits.

“And wherever we have gone, oaks have become central to our daily lives,” Logan writes. “We invented a whole way of living out of their fruit and their wood, and by that token, they too invented us.

The article Whiskey Makers Explore the Weird World of Alt Oak Species appeared first on VinePair.

Via https://vinepair.com/articles/whiskey-makers-alt-oak-species/

source https://vinology1.weebly.com/blog/whiskey-makers-explore-the-weird-world-of-alt-oak-species

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bitcoinminershasrate · 3 years ago

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Ethermine Review: 2021 Interface| Setting Up And Connecting Farms

Earning cryptocurrencies Ethereum and Ethereum classic is possible only in mining pools. Given the high complexity of mining, lone miners, and even small mining communities, are doomed to painfully long time to decrypt a block, which significantly reduces the profitability of mining. Another thing is powerful pools, which employ tens or even hundreds of thousands of specialists. They crack Ethereum blocks like nuts, 60-70 per hour, and each miner receives a reward depending on the contribution to the common cauldron. The largest Ethereum / Ethereum Classic mountain pool is the Ethermine pool . The resource was created back in 2016 in the USA and still holds the palm in the ranking of the most popular Ethash pools, thanks to a low commission and an adequate payment system. Ethermine interface and pool registration Official site - https://ethermine.org The Ethermine pool does not support the Russian interface, this is the only drawback of its interface. However, everything is intuitively clear anyway, and without a minimum knowledge of the English language, mining will be difficult. Main coins available for mining Welcome to Ethermine High Performance Ethereum Mining Pool. Payments are instant and you will receive ETH as soon as you reach the set payment threshold. This is the translation of the phrase on the title page of the site for Ethereum miners. Below it is a summary of the status of the pool and its benefits. Let's list in order. - Anonymous mining, that is, registration on the pool is not required. - Servers in the US, EU and Asia. - PPLNS payment scheme in real time. - Accurate reporting on hash rate. - Full payment of mining rewards (blocks and fees). - Instant transfer of earned assets. - Configurable minimum payment threshold. - Professional support - Full stratum support. - Efficient mining mechanism, low percentage of orphan blocks. - Detailed global statistics and statistics for each miner. - Email notification system, warnings of invalid promotions - Low commission (1%) - Third party apps for iOS, Android and Telegram The ETC Ethermine service is an exact copy of the ETH Ethermine pool.Important!!! Help for those who do not know what an Orphan's Block or Orphan is. An orphan does not appear due to a mistake or malicious intent of hackers. Users often use the terms “Stale” and “Orphan's Block,” referring to an orphan as a block rejected by the main chain. "Stale" happens mainly because, earlier, his twin brother, decrypted by another miner, was already enrolled in the blockchain. Such a block is called abandoned. Hackers sometimes try to create double blocks in order to destroy the cryptocurrency network. An orphan appears at the deactivated end of the blockchain. The checking nodes assumed it was the best block, but then switched to a different chain. Orphan blocks have been checked, but they are simply not active. Main coins available for mining In addition to ETH and ETC , the Ethermine pool supports the mining of the Zcash cryptocurrency . This unit has its own name zcash .flypool.org , we talked about it in a separate article. More recently, two more digital coins have been added: Beam and Ravencoin . How to set up hardware on Ethermine To work on Ethermine, rigs are suitable for both AMD and Nvidia cards. Overclocking parameters depend on both the GPU device model and the mined coin, as well as the manufacturer of the video memory chips installed on your cards. Different batches of video cards of the same model can have video memory from Samsung, Hynix, Micron or Elpida. When adjusting overclocking settings, you need to know the manufacturer of the video memory installed on each of the cards in your rig, especially if you have a GTX 1660S . Therefore, it is extremely difficult to give general recommendations for setting up equipment. It's easier to recommend mining software. To work on Ethermine, it is recommended to use crypto-mining utilities: - Phoenix Miner ; - Teamredminer ; - T-Rex ; - Lolminer; - NBminer. If you are going to mine Ether or Ether classic, use the Phoenix miner, this is a universal solution for any model of video card. The choice of utilities for Beam and RVN depends on the manufacturer of the video cards. Beam on red cards is mined with Lolminer, and RVN with Teamredminer. For mining on Nvidia graphics chips, you can use NBminer. On Ezermine, this program will come in handy in green on any coin, however, some miners prefer the T-Rex miner. It can be used to mine ETH / ETC / RVN on Nvidia cards. However, the last coin, as well as Beam, is of no interest to the green ones in the current market situation. Setting and batch file for mining ETC If you have built a farm on video cards of the GTX 1660Super level and higher, then Ether is the most profitable coin. True, if you believe the online mining profitability calculator Whattomine , then Ravencoin is more profitable for the RTX 2080, but miners rarely buy these video cards, preferring either the more budgetary GTX1660S, or the much more efficient 30-series cards. As for AMD graphics processors, their choice of a coin depends on the amount of built-in video memory. If you have RX 5600/5700 / 6700XT cards, then you need to mine Ether, and for the outdated RX 570/580 models with 4 GB of video memory, all other coins of the Ethermine pool are suitable. As of 07/02/2021, the most profitable cryptocurrency for mining on AMD 4-gig cards is ETC. But if RBN slightly increases in price, then ETC will become more profitable. In addition, ETC mining equipment heats up less than KawPow, which is very important when summer is in full swing, especially for miners from southern regions. Now let's talk in more detail about the settings of the executive file for each of the cryptocurrencies offered on this pool. Setting and batch file for mining ETH On the Ethermine service, the miner settings are very simple, you must specify in the batch file: - Program launch code. - Selected server and connection port, e.g. eu1.ethermine.org:4444 - Payment wallet address. It is recommended to leave the password value empty (Leave empty), but if you write -epasw x, the miner will still connect to the pool. An example of a Phoenix Miner batch file : PhoenixMiner.exe -pool eu1.ethermine.org:4444 -pool2 us1.ethermine.org:4444 -wal YourEthWalletAddress.WorkerName -proto 3 -tstop 85 Instead of ADRESS WALLET, write the billing address of your wallet, save the file with the bat extension, name it so as not to be confused and run it in the miner's folder. If the specified server fails, the miner will automatically switch to pool2. The -proto 3 parameter helps determine the type of protocol, and -tstop 85 will protect your cards from overheating. It can be set for each card separately, and then, if one or all of the fans fail on one of them, it will be removed from mining before the graphics chip falls off from overheating. Although, of course, cards in mining can get very hot for various reasons and each specific case should be considered separately.https://www.youtube.com/embed/Cu3lE7i54O4?wmode=transparent&rel=0&feature=oembed In PhoenixMiner, you can also set acceleration, target temperature, rotation speed of the propeller blades of the cooling system and other operating parameters. You can read more about the settings of the Phoenix crypto mining utility and other programs in the thematic reviews on our website. Setting and batch file for mining ETC This blockchain project experienced a 51% success rate in November 2020. To prevent the repetition of these sad events, the developers carried out a hard fork with a change in the algorithm. The coin switched from regular Ethash to the modernized Etchash protocol. All new versions of Ethereum miners work with it, you only need to specify a coin (etc) or protocol (ETCHASH) depending on the settings of a particular mining utility. The batch file for ETC Ethermine miner settings looks like this @echo off lolMiner.exe --algo ETCHASH --pool eu1-etc.ethermine.org:4444 --user Your ETC wallet address pause Setting and batch file for RVN mining ETH / ETC cryptocurrencies are mined on ethermine.org, all others on flypool.org, but this is the same pool. The executable file for RVN mining will look like this: teamredminer.exe -a kawpow -o stratum + tcp: // stratum-ravencoin.flypool.org:3333 -u Wallet address.Farm name -px Setting and batch file for mining Beam It is more profitable to get the Beam coin on red cards using Lolminer. Bat file example: @echo off lolMiner --coin BEAM --pool eu1-beam.flypool.org --port 3333 --user Wallet address. Farm name --tls 0 pause When drawing up a batch file, you must not miss a single detail, the absence of a dash or dot will immediately cause a failure. To see where the mistake was made, write at the end of pause. If the executable file is correctly compiled, the miner will start, otherwise the process will freeze and the reason for the failure will be indicated in the terminal. Setting and batch file for mining ZEC This coin is only mined by ASIC miners, Innosilicon A9 ++ ZMaster and Antminer Z9 . IC devices are configured through the miner control panel and usually run at factory overclocked settings. But, for Antminer Z9, a custom firmware has been created to increase mining productivity. The download link can be taken directly from the pool, page https://zcash.flypool.org/start . Payment of remuneration and commission After mining is launched, it is necessary to control the mining process. Your personal statistics will start to be displayed after about 8-10 sent shares. To see it, enter the wallet number specified in the Ethermine miner settings in the “ Address ” field in the upper right corner, and click on the “ Search ” icon . A window with your page will appear on the display, in which it will be displayed: - The miner's hashrate at the moment, as well as the average speed for the past hour and for the day. If you have just started mining the hourly and daily hash rates will be much less than the actual one, do not panic over time, the statistics will level out. - Balance. - The number of active farms. - The number of balloons sent. Payment of remuneration and commission On the Payouts page , you will see the calculation of the estimated payout. The system performs it on the basis of indicators, hourly and daily hash rates, so in the first minutes the amount will be very small. Wait until the speed for 24 hours equals the current one, and then you will see the real numbers. A preliminary calculation of profitability can be done on the WhatToMine online service. Withdraw funds Withdraw funds ETC By default, the minimum payout for ethermine org is 0.1 ETH and 0.01 ETC, which is a perfectly acceptable figure. To change the size of the automatic payment, you need to go to the “ Setting ” page in the personal statistics of the miner and select the Payment Method section . minimum payout for ethermine org is 0.1 ETH and 0.01 ETC Next select Change Threshold and make changes: - Withdrawal amount in the range from minimum to maximum. - The farm's IP address. The IP can be found on one of the online services. If you are using multiple IPs, write the one from which your rig was launched. The last 3 digits of the IP that you will enter must match the digits previously specified by the pool in the lower settings field. Click " Update Threshold " and if everything is done correctly, a green line will appear with a message that the changes have been accepted. Ethermine pool will transfer money to you automatically as soon as you reach the required amount. But even if you cannot accumulate the minimum wage in a week, the pool will pay you the amount that you have already earned. All transaction fees associated with payments on the service are paid by the pool, regardless of the amount of payments. Ethermine pool will transfer money to you automatically Reviews On the mining forums and social networks, you will see a lot of reviews about the Ethermine pool. Sometimes they complain that Ethermine is not working, you need to switch to another server or contact support. However, if, due to server failures, statistics are lost, the Ethermine pool recalculates earnings, crediting the miners with the missed hours. Throughout its history, the service has not given serious grounds for fraud charges. And the number of miners speaks for itself. If you need a reliable Ethereum / Ethereum Classic pool head over to ethermine.org. Happy mining! Read the full article

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