#south maluku

[tle13]

[googlemapsrandomplaces]

mesiang, south central aru, aru islands regency, maluku, indonesia

by khafid sofyan

[ajahbesti]

PROMO, (0896.1282.1257) Sentra Produksi Bubuk Es Krim GAFI

[death-mothblog]

Cowrie or cowry is the common name for a group of small to large sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Cypraeidae, the cowries.

The term porcelain derives from the old Italian term for the cowrie shell (porcellana) due to their similar appearance.

Cowrie shells have held cultural, economic, and ornamental significance in various cultures. The cowrie was the shell most widely used worldwide as shell money. It is most abundant in the Indian Ocean, and was collected in the Maldive Islands, in Sri Lanka, along the Indian Malabar coast, in Borneo and on other East Indian islands, in Maluku in the Pacific, and in various parts of the African coast from Ras Hafun to Mozambique. Cowrie shell money was important in the trade networks of Africa, South Asia, and East Asia.

In the United States and Mexico, cowrie species inhabit the waters off Central California to Baja California (the chestnut cowrie is the only cowrie species native to the eastern Pacific Ocean off the coast of the United States; further south, off the coast of Mexico, Central America and Peru, Little Deer Cowrie habitat can be found; and further into the Pacific from Central America, the Pacific habitat range of Money Cowrie can be reached) as well as the waters south of the Southeastern United States.

Some species in the family Ovulidae are also often referred to as cowries. In the British Isles the local Trivia species (family Triviidae, species Trivia monacha and Trivia arctica) are sometimes called cowries. The Ovulidae and the Triviidae are other families within Cypraeoidea, the superfamily of cowries and their close relatives.

The shells of cowries are usually smooth and shiny and more or less egg-shaped. The round side of the shell is called the Dorsal Face, whereas the flat under side is called the Ventral Face, which shows a long, narrow, slit-like opening (aperture), which is often toothed at the edges. The narrower end of the egg-shaped cowrie shell is the anterior end, and the broader end of the shell is called the posterior. The spire of the shell is not visible in the adult shell of most species, but is visible in juveniles, which have a different shape from the adults.

Nearly all cowries have a porcelain-like shine, with some exceptions such as Hawaii's granulated cowrie, Nucleolaria granulata. Many have colorful patterns. Lengths range from 5 mm (0.2 in) for some species up to 19 cm (7.5 in) for the Atlantic deer cowrie, Macrocypraea cervus.

[fatehbaz]

In 1678, a Chaldean priest from Baghdad reached the Imperial Villa of Potosí, the world’s richest silver-mining camp and at the time the world’s highest city at more than 4,000 metres (13,100 feet) above sea level. A regional capital in the heart of the Bolivian Andes, Potosí remains – more than three and a half centuries later – a mining city today. [...] The great red Cerro Rico or ‘Rich Hill’ towered over the city of Potosí. It had been mined since 1545 [...]. When Don Elias arrived [...], the great boom of 1575-1635 – when Potosí alone produced nearly half the world’s silver – was over, but the mines were still yielding the precious metal. [...]

On Potosí’s main market plaza, indigenous and African women served up maize beer, hot soup and yerba mate. Shops displayed the world’s finest silk and linen fabrics, Chinese porcelain, Venetian glassware, Russian leather goods, Japanese lacquerware, Flemish paintings and bestselling books in a dozen languages. [...]

Pious or otherwise, wealthy women clicked Potosí’s cobbled streets in silver-heeled platform shoes, their gold earrings, chokers and bracelets studded with Indian diamonds and Burmese rubies. Colombian emeralds and Caribbean pearls were almost too common. Peninsular Spanish ‘foodies’ could savour imported almonds, capers, olives, arborio rice, saffron, and sweet and dry Castilian wines. Black pepper arrived from Sumatra and southwest India, cinnamon from Sri Lanka, cloves from Maluku and nutmeg from the Banda Islands. Jamaica provided allspice. Overloaded galleons spent months transporting these luxuries across the Pacific, Indian and Atlantic oceans. Plodding mule and llama trains carried them up to the lofty Imperial Villa.

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Potosi supplied the world with silver, the lifeblood of trade and sinews of war [...]. In turn, the city consumed the world’s top commodities and manufactures. [...] The city’s dozen-plus notaries worked non-stop inventorying silver bars and sacks of pesos [...]. Mule trains returning from the Pacific brought merchandise and mercury, the essential ingredient for silver refining. [...] From Buenos Aires came slavers with captive Africans from Congo and Angola, transshipped via Rio de Janeiro. Many of the enslaved were children branded with marks mirroring those, including the royal crown, inscribed on silver bars.

Soon after its 1545 discovery, Potosí gained world renown [...]. Mexico’s many mining camps [...] peaked only after 1690. [...] Even in the Andes of South America there were other silver cities [...]. But no silver deposit in the world matched the Cerro Rico, and no other mining-refining conglomeration grew so large. Potosí was unique: a mining metropolis.

Thus Don Elias, like others, made the pilgrimage to the silver mountain. It was a divine prodigy, a hierophany. In 1580, Ottoman artists depicted Potosí as a slice of earthly paradise, the Cerro Rico lush and green, the city surrounded by crenellated walls. Potosí, as Don Quixote proclaimed, was the stuff of dreams. Another alms seeker, in 1600, declared the Cerro Rico the Eighth Wonder of the World. A [...] visitor in 1615 gushed: ‘Thanks to its mines, Castile is Castile, Rome is Rome, the pope is the pope, and the king is monarch of the world.’ [...]

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For all its glory, Potosí was also the stuff of nightmares [...].

Almost a century before Don Elias visited Potosí, Viceroy Francisco de Toledo revolutionised world silver production. Toledo was a hard-driving bureaucrat of the Spanish empire [...]. Toledo reached Potosí in 1572, anxious to flip it into the empire’s motor of commerce and war. By 1575, the viceroy had organised a sweeping labour draft, launched a ‘high-tech’ mill-building campaign, and overseen construction of a web of dams and canals to supply the Imperial Villa with year-round hydraulic power, all in the high Andes at the nadir of the Little Ice Age. Toledo also oversaw construction of the Potosí mint, staffed full-time with enslaved Africans. [...] Toledo’s successes came with a steep price. Thanks to the viceroy’s ‘reforms’, hundreds of thousands of Andeans became virtual refugees (those who survived) and, in the search for timber and fuel, colonists denuded hundreds of miles of fragile, high-altitude land. [...] The city’s smelteries belched lead and zinc-rich smoke [...].

The Habsburg kings of Spain cared little about Potosí’s social and environmental horrors. [...] For more than a century, the Cerro Rico fuelled the world’s first global military-industrial complex, granting Spain the means to prosecute decades-long wars on a dozen fronts – on land and at sea. No one else could do all this and still afford to lose. [...]

By [...] 1909 [...], mineral rushes had helped to produce cities such as San Francisco and Johannesburg, but nothing quite compared for sheer audacity with the Imperial Villa of Potosí, a neo-medieval mining metropolis perched in the Andes of South America.

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Text by: Kris Lane. “Potosi: the mountain of silver that was the first global city.” Aeon. 30 July 2019. [Bold emphasis and some paragraph breaks/contractions added by me.]

[brownpuffball]

Actually since I am a huge ass nerd, I would like to present "Tracing the Austronesian Expansion through Bamboo Dances". Note that I will refer to places with modern country names but fully acknowledge that it is imprecise as multiple tribes/people groups have traditionally lived all over these lands before modern boundaries were imposed on them.

Starting from Taiwan where it all began, you'll notice that these tribes like to do a pinwheeling motion with four dancers whirling around with one foot. The music is also heavy on bells as percussion. Puyuma tribe, Taiwan

Amis/Ami tribe, Taiwan

Now when the Austronesians first migrated out of Taiwan, they settled first in the islands that would later become the Philippines.

Tinikling dance, Philippines

This one shows more Spanish influence and is the only dance where the music is purely played on string instruments. Make no mistake though, this dance is old as hell.

Singkil dance, Maranao people, Philippines

This is actually a dance drama and is newer than the rest in form (dated back to the 1930s). It is, however, based on dances and stories from the region that go way back. Also, I just really like it.

Now the Austronesians, intrepid explorers and sailors that they are, go down south and are now in what would one day become Sabah in Malaysia.

Magunatip dance, Murut tribe, Malaysia

Hear any similarities with singkil? Yeah, it's the kulintang/kulintangan! Gong instruments probably came from Mainland Southeast Asia (another place where you'll see bamboo dances but by Austro-Asiatic people groups), but gong sets are an Austronesian thing.

Alu-alu dance, Melanau tribe, Malaysia

Over in Sarawak you'll find that they've modified it so that it isn't purely just dancing over bamboo sticks. In fact, it's just a tiny portion at the back! But it does use the sticks to make a platform or to raise a dancer up on their stomach and is still an interesting variation to behold.

And now we're heading south again, this time down to the Maluku islands in present day Indonesia.

Saureka-reka dance, Ambon, Indonesia

I'm not going to lie to you, I actually don't know much about this one beyond the tune being very distinct and played with a variety of instrumental arrangements. It is super rad though and at one point the sticks are put about shoulder height and the dancers' heads have to avoid being caught instead!

Rangkuk Alu dance, Manggarai people, Flores Island, Indonesia

This is derived from a game involving the sticks used to pound rice husks. It also seems to be the only one with an a cappella section and only one dancer who avoids getting her feet caught by the sticks.

[the4thworldblog]

1992 ; Archive ; Pacific Oceania

Independent online since 1992 (Moluccas ; Archive ; citizens ; Ambonese;Nuaullu (see Ray mears;doc);Mellanese;Spice Islands.' Spice islands.. Netiun; Rep;Moluccas;South.. and Rep;Sultanat;Moluccas;North.. recognition in corthesy Netherlands 1 corthesy.. namely named one.. of Ind'nesiyah allowed to raise the simbolics of netiuns to work on it. To continue and have a better school program. In realism.. not wanting to recognice the agreements of Sukarno and Suharto earlier who was it.. dr general Sutomo.. in younger years just wanted to opress in case of they want to use no drugs anymore.. so the islands where forced to be indonesiyan parts because of the implementations of drugs..' Different.. Bit the athority did gave permission for their own programs such as RMS (Resep Makanan Sehat) recipe's for healthy food..and FKM (Front kesehatan Minoman) For the safeguard of food and drinks in their own ariya's with clin media. And also own flag netiun tm'making mikir school program and work aholic program. ahahuih yes servious seris serious.. Sutomo stood also for not negociating with people who did not wanted a saay country in netiun. In East Timor he wanted to say yes a gay country bit worries of less than three quartz not having any civilisation ariya anymore.. so.. in other words.. sothern fay.. Sutomo.. bit hey laughed about it al the time to opress.. bit he didn't survived it in young appearance that young.. but.. he met Sukarno once he said to once leprass all netiun's list no to enlist Maluoku selathan in Netiun list of False accusiveners bustiveners in Malakka Selathan (old name of Singapore) we maid a mistake he let it go. In 1991 yes because this new organisation UNPO.. united nations peoples organisation in clinifir days.. and unreperesented netiunpeoples organisation still meant the same he said no other than have a structered organisation must be the outcome. Once North will give back after koroea gives back to indunesiyah.. no.. hah mister maluku kiddrow .. right.. they will have their own land if they enlist in U.N.P.O.. no.. yeeaaaah farrrr rightttt!!! haha strange jaovwoanes wants independents because he knew mister maluku kiddrow safe his people.. now the way around also!.. him want to safe Maluku isles.people.. even in and valudta acordding to uss sofjert union program.'

…

[fingfamily-blog-blog]

The Beginning of the End

My trip to Surabaya was fine, but limited. Ramadan closed things down for socializing bule (foreigners), so I met with two of my American colleagues, and we stayed in one neighborhod, eating at the same restuarant, drinking at another one. It was fine, but not a wondrous exploration or anything. As I sit on my bed writing this, here is a list of my professional responsibilities over the next 10 weeks: conduct two online writing class sessions, conduct two in-class writing class sessions, grade final papers (10-paragraph essays), submit grades, oversee an essay writing contest, and lead one reading club session. Dear friends, 10 weeks is 70 days! It is a stunning development for me, indicating that things have gone badly wrong between myself and my school, and challenging me in a way I haven't been challenged for 35 years. Indeed, my relationship with my school is at a nadir. Not even my closest colleague, my minder, Ibu Yusnita, is bothering with me much anymore. I accept that this is partially my fault, both in a cultural mismatch, and a personal proclivity sense. But the stretch of time that is open to me is the result of the end of the school year. After three more weeks (two of which will be spent on vacation - celebrating Eid al-Fitr, the end of Ramadan) there's nothing else for me to do.  So let me tell you what I am going to do. I'm going to read a novel called, This Earth of Mankind, by Pramoedya Ananta Toer, and take notes on it. I'm going to play guitar and work out regularly. I'm going to do that school work when it comes time. And I'm going to travel. Next week, I'll be taking a trip which stands as perhaps the most unexpected in my life. I've been drawn to the island of Sulawesi just based on its tentacular shape on the map. Any of the Indonesian islands can be considered remote and exotic. But Sulawesi stands in my mind as one of the most. I figured I'd first go to Makassar, in the south - it's close to Java and it has a romantic ring to it, harkening one to the great Spice Trade. But I gather that Makassar as a city is ugly and grungy, and of course the Spice Trade was essentially hundreds of years of resource extraction which enriched Holland and pauperized Indonesia. So I decided to go to Manado, in the far north of the island. Manado has more going on in and around it, islands, volcanic craters, swimming, surfing, etc. This is wonderfully attractive, but what makes the journey so unique in my life is that I'll be staying at a place called Thalassa Dive and Wellbeing Resort, where I'll spend 4 or 5 days learning to scuba dive, and ultimately receiving a certification to dive anywhere in the world, up to 18 meters. Now, that's not "advanced" diving. But considering I'm 58 years old and have never really even wanted to scuba dive, this is a remarkable development. As a result of the snorkeling I've done on Flores island, I want to do and see more. So I'll become a diver!  And it means that I hope to be able to dive on the other trips I take before I leave Indonesia. After Manado, I have a plan to spend 9 days in Lombok, the small island next to Bali. I gather it's a bit quieter there than Bali, fewer tourists. That's fine with me. I'll be staying in 4 different locations in those 9 days, so that will keep me busy, two of them are on even smaller islands where I hope to dive again. And I also expect that I'll be hanging out quite a bit, relaxing, practicing my beach bum routine, which doesn't really come to me naturally. Besides those journeys, which are already planned, I expect I'll be taking one last trip in Java, to the eastern-most points of Jember province, the Ijen Plateau, and Banyuwangi. If I can arrange it, I will also try to get to Bandung, in western Java, as I'm told is a nice place. If I finally leave the country from Jakarta, which I expect, then that would seem likely. And I will try to get to Bali once more. And, another big IF, I sure would like to get to the Maluku islands, even more remote and exoitc than Sulawesi. The main town is called Ambon, and if I can find my way there, I'll also try to take the 18-hour boat ride to the very small and historically important Banda islands, EVEN MORE remote and exotic. I also expect that I'll be sitting around my house for much of the time, and that will be a challenge. But, whereas the last time I had such a challenge, in Bangkok in 1988, this time, I'm more mature, and I have plenty of technology to keep me connected to my friends and family, as well as to keep me entertained. I've also recently asked my landlord's staff, who have been feeding me meals three times per week since October, to stop bringing me food. I want to make my own and I want to go out more and try some foods I haven't thus far, in particular Padang food, which comes from Sumatra and is famous all over Indonesia. I've not been professionally happy here in Malang. But I've had numerous positive personal experiences, and with several weeks of travel ahead of me, I look forward to more. Someday this journey will be over, and I expect to have a bevy of wonderful memories to bring home with me! 

[iilssnet]

About Banda Sea, facts and maps

The Banda Sea is one of the most visited water bodies. Known for its clear waters, it is ideal for swimming and scuba-diving. The sea is surrounded by many islands and coral reefs too. Coming to geography, the Banda Sea lies near the Maluku islands, Indonesia. the Banda Sea is just as overflowing with small creatures: prolific mandarinfish, frogfishes, seahorses, scorpionfishes, nudibranchs, and everything in between. Sometimes a quick trip from one side of an island to the other will turn a heart-pounding shark dive into a peaceful macro haven. Bahasa Indonesia Laut Banda, portion of the western South Pacific Ocean, bounded by the southern islands of the Moluccas of Indonesia (Alor, Timor, Wetar, Babar, Tanimbar, and Kai on the south and Ceram, Buru, and Sula on the north). The Banda Sea (Indonesian: Laut Banda, Portuguese: Mar de Banda, Tetum: Tasi Banda) is one of four seas that surround the Maluku Islands of Indonesia, connected to the Pacific Ocean, but surrounded by hundreds of islands, including Timor, as well as the Halmahera and Ceram Seas. It is about 1000 km (600 mi) east to west, and about 500 km (300 mi) north to south.

Islands bordering the Banda Sea include Sulawesi to the west, Buru, Ambon Island, Seram, Aru Islands, Barat Daya Islands, to the Tanimbar Islands, the Kai Islands and Timor in the East. Although the borders of the sea are hazardous to navigation, with many small rocky islands, the middle of the sea is relatively open. Island groups within the sea include the Banda Islands. A number of islands in the Banda Sea are active volcanoes including Gunung Api and Manuk in the Banda Islands. Plate tectonic activities in Banda Sea Map of the Banda Sea Plate The Banda arc is famous for its 180° curvature and is, in Timor, generally agreed to be the product of collision between a volcanic arc and the Australian continental margin. The Banda Sea occupies the main portion of the Banda Sea Plate. The southern margin of the sea consists of island arcs above subduction zones. To the east of the Sunda Trench is the Timor Trough which lies south of Timor, the Tanimbar Trough south of the Tanimbar Islands and the Aru Trough east of the Aru Islands. These trenches are the subduction zone of the Indo-Australian plate beneath the Banda Sea Plate, where the Indo-Australian Plate moves northwards. Fore-arc sediments progressively carried northwards by the Indo-Australian Plate have been folded and faulted forming Timor island. To the northeast lies Seram Island which overlies the subduction of the Bird's Head Plate of West Papua. The deepest point of the sea, Weber Deep, is an exposed oceanic fault and the world's deepest forearc basin, with depth more than 7.2 kilometres (4.5 mi). Earthquakes The USS George Washington crossing the Banda Sea Earthquakes are very frequent in the area, due to the confluence of three tectonic plates - Eurasian, Pacific and Indo-Australian plates. 1852 Banda Sea earthquake 1938 Banda Sea earthquake 2006 Banda Sea earthquake

The Banda Sea is a marine ecoregion, as defined by the World Wildlife Fund. It is part of the Coral Triangle region, which has the greatest diversity of coral reef species in the broader Indo-Pacific. The islands surrounding the Banda Sea are part of Wallacea, a biogeographical region that contains the islands lying between Asia and Australia which haven't been joined to either continent. The islands of Wallacea are home to a mix of plant and animal species from both tropical Asia (the Indomalayan realm) and the Australasian realm which includes Australia and New Guinea. The islands are divided among several terrestrial ecoregions. The northern islands of Sulawesi, Buru, and Seram constitute separate tropical moist forest ecoregions. The islands south of the Banda Sea are among the driest in Indonesia, and are home to tropical dry forests. The Timor and Wetar deciduous forests ecoregion includes Timor and Wetar. The Lesser Sunda Islands from Alor through Flores and Sumbawa to Lombok constitute the Lesser Sundas deciduous forests ecoregion. The Tanimbar Islands, Kai Islands, and Barat Daya Islands (except for Wetar) in the southeastern Banda Sea form the Banda Sea Islands moist deciduous forests ecoregion. These islands are covered in mostly-intact rain forest, and home to a number of endemic plants and animals including twenty-one bird species, a very high number for this small ecoregion. There are only twenty-two native mammals on these islands, including the rare dusky pademelon (Thylogale brunii) and Indonesian tomb bat (Taphozous achates), and the endangered endemic Kei myotis bat (Myotis stalkeri). The birdlife is threatened by egg collectors and even more by cats and rodents that have been introduced to the islands. Yamdena in the Tanimbar Islands is an example of a large and fairly unspoilt habitat and is a protected area. The base for visiting these islands is by plane or ship from Ambon Island to the north. The Banda and Kai Islands, although remote, are visited by tourists for snorkelling and for their unspoilt beaches. Various cetacean species have been recorded including either or both blue and pygmy blue whales and Omura's whales. Read the full article

[arun-pratap-singh]

Indonesia Earthquake: Deep 6.1 earthquake shakes east Indonesia, no known damage | World News

JAKARTA: A deep earthquake shook eastern parts of Indonesia on Wednesday, but no serious damage or injuries were reported.The US Geological Survey said the magnitude 6.1 earthquake was centred 147 kilometers (91 miles) under the sea, 65 kilometres (40 miles) south-southeast of Gorontalo. It shook parts of Gorontalo, North Sulawesi, North Maluku, and Central Sulawesi provinces.No tsunami warning…

[r0hitdhiman]

Best Indonesia tour & vacation packages | 2023

Indonesia is a nation in the Indian and Pacific oceans, off the coast of Southeast Asia. It is an archipelago that lies across the equator and extends for one-eighth of the planet's circumference. Its islands can be divided into the Greater Sunda Islands of Sumatra (Sumatera), Java (Jawa), the southernmost tip of Borneo (Kalimantan), and Celebes (Sulawesi); the Lesser Sunda Islands (Nusa Tenggara), which include Bali and a string of islands that extends east through Timor; the Moluccas (Maluku), which lie between Celebes and the island of New Guinea; (generally known as Papua). Jakarta, the country's capital, is situated not far from Java's northwest coast. Indonesia had the most people in Southeast Asia at the beginning of the twenty-first century and was the fourth most populous in the world.

With a maximum length from east to west of nearly 3,200 miles (5,100 km) and width from north to south of 1,100 miles, Indonesia is the largest nation in Southeast Asia (1,800 km). In the northern portion of Borneo, it borders Malaysia, and in the heart of New Guinea, it borders Papua New Guinea. Over 7,000 of Indonesia's approximately 17,500 islands are uninhabitable. Sumatra, Kalimantan, and western New Guinea make up over three-fourths of Indonesia's total area, with Celebes, Java, and the Moluccas making up most of the remaining land. Borneo is the largest island on the Sunda Shelf and the third largest in the world. The tallest mountain in Southeast Asia's archipelago is Mount Kinabalu.

Tralover offers several Indonesia tour packages like

 Bali Tour package- 4 nights & 5 Days

Bali Tour Packages - 3Nights & 4Ddays

Bali Tour Packages - 7 Days & 6Nights

Bali Tours Packages - 7 days & 6 nights

Not only that, but the Indonesia tour is also rich in culture. Numerous tribes coexist peacefully in Indonesia, and each tribe has unique traits contributing to the country's cultural variety. In addition, each region of Indonesia has a distinct cuisine. The nation with the most astounding natural richness is Indonesia. This place has well-known attractions from all over the world. Hundreds of National Parks in Indonesia must be visited. One is the Komodo National Park, which serves as the species' primary global habitat.

Additionally, Carstensz Pyramid, where the peak was covered in unending snow, is a favourite of foreign climbers. There are innumerable natural attractions in Indonesia. Please travel to Indonesia, a suggested tourist location, to demonstrate this. 

[demonessryu]

Yogyakarta

South Kalimantan

West Sumatra 2

Central Java

Aceh 2

Jakarta 1

Maluku

Jambi

East Kalimantan

West Sulawesi

Bali won best traditional costume this year

Inspired by the Garuda Wisnu Kencana statue

My top ten Puteri Indonesia 2023 Regional Costumes

[silentambassadors]

In the aftermath of WWII and the territories annexed by the Japanese from their formerly colonial powers, the Republic of the South Moluccas declared itself independent of the new Republic of Indonesia, but was never recognized by any other sovereign state.  The secessionist government is in exile in the Netherlands, and while currently the situation seems to be relatively stable, there are still calls from the Moluccan diaspora for independence and the idea of secession has been used by Indonesian nationalists to stir up trouble within Indonesia itself.  The current government-in-exile has stepped down its diehard independence goals to political autonomy.

Stamp details: Issued in: 1951 From: Ambon, Republic of South Maluku Colnect #1951-10, 1951-11

Recognized as a sovereign state by the UN: No Claimed by: Republic of Indonesia Member of the Universal Postal Union: No

[learnlenguej]

Austronesian : The Mother of Malay Language (Part 1)

Introduction

Indonesian language is one of the Austronesian language families as theory says. It is shown that the original Austronesian people migrated to the Indonesian archipelago by bringing a new culture intrusion including their language (Sofwan Noerwidi, 2014). As we may know, Indonesian language has a language root from Malay language which is widely spoken in Malayan Peninsula (Malaysia), Northern Borneo Island (Malaysia and Brunei Darussalam) while Singaporean speak it as minority language. Although the language spoken in those countries share the same language root, they sound different to each other due to the modern standardization and adjustment from both local culture and colonial background influence. This article comes up with some following questions:

“What are Austronesian language families? Where do Austronesian language families come from?”

“Which Southeast Asian countries speak Malay Language?”

“Why the Malay Language spoken in Indonesia is different with the one spoken in Malaysia, Brunei Darussalam and Singapore?”

Austronesian Language Families

The word of Austronesia comes from Latin “Auster” which means southern wind and ancient Greek “Nesos” which means islands since the area where the speakers of Austronesian inhabit the islands in the south area (tropical area). Sofwan Noerwidi says in his journal that there some different perspective theories of the origin of Austronesian people or what is so-called the people who speak Austronesian:

The Austronesian people were originated from the island of Taiwan (Formosa).

The Austronesian people were originated from Southeast Asia archipelago.

The Austronesian people were originated from Melanesia area.

There is another theory from Bellwood about where were the Austronesian originated. I his research (Bellwood 1995: 97-98), he claims that the Austronesian were originated from Taiwan and southern coast of China. Various analytical viewpoints support this theory. In addition, the research found that area demonstrates the ancient culture aspect of Austronesian with a period of time 7000 years ago in Hemudu Sites Zhejiang Province, China.

The Austronesian sailed across the sea from the island of Taiwan to the Phillipines islands. Later, they migrated to the Northern Borneo and spread its culture including the root language across the Maritime Southeast Asia to Madagascar. To the East from Maluku towards Oceania islands.

The outline of Austronesian language can be classified from Formonsan and Indo-Melanesian language as follows:

Formosan language

The researched language such as Atayal, Seedik, Basai-Trobiawan, Kavalan, Amis, Nataoran, Sakizaya, Siraya, Puyuma, Paiwan, Rukai, Tsou, Saaroa, Kanakanabu, Bunun, Taokas-Babuza, Papora-Hoanya, Thao, Saisiyat and Kulon-Pazeh.

Indo-Melanesian language

This language branch is categorized as three identities which are West, Central and East Malayo-Polinesian. The speakers of West Melayu-Polinesian language is about 300 million speakers. It spread out from    Sulawesi, Borneo (Kalimantan province, Sabah, Sarawak and Brunei Darussalam), Sumatra, Java, Malayan peninsula (Malaysia and Singapore) to the Madagascar. The branch languages are such as standardized Bahasa Indonesia, Bahasa Malaysia, Javanese, Sundanese, Maduranese, Balinese, Bugis, Tagalog, Cebuano, Visayan, Mindanaoan, Malagasy, etc. The Central Malayo-Polinesian identity consists of the language spoken in such as language of Bima-Sumba, Central Maluku, Southeast Maluku and Timor-Flores. The East Malayo-Polinesian identity is spoken in Maluku (South Halmahera) and coast of Papua and is divided into two sub categories. The first category is Micronesian. This includes the language which is spoken by the people of Micronesia such as Nauru, Sama and Chamorro. The second one is Polinesian languages such as Hawai’i, Maori, Samoa, Tahiti, Tuvalu and other Pacific Ocean territories.

(To be continued)

Historia Factory. (n.d.). Retrieved 14 May, from https://historiafactory.wordpress.com/2016/06/30/rumpun-austronesia/

Kardiani, N. (n.d.). Retrieved May 14, 2021, from https://nashakardiani.blogspot.com/2013/05/bahasa-austronesia.html

Rumpun Bahasa Austronesia. (n.d.). Retrieved May 14, 2021, from Wikipedia: https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumpun_bahasa_Austronesia

Rumpun Bahasa Melayu Polinesia. (n.d.). Retrieved May 14, 2021, from Wikipedia: https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumpun_bahasa_Melayu-Polinesia

[birdstudies]

February 3, 2020 - White-naped Monarch (Carterornis pileatus)

These monarchs are found in lowland and hill forests of the north and south Maluku Islands in Indonesia. They mostly feed on small invertebrates, foraging in small flocks, in pairs, or alone. Their breeding habits have not been recorded. Though they have a relatively small range, they are considered a species of Least Concern by the IUCN, as their population appears to be stable.