#soil resistivity

[bhoojalsurvey]

Soil resistivity test

What is Soil Resistivity Test?

Soil Resistivity is most necessary when determining the design of the grounding system for new installations  to meet your ground resistance requirements. Ideally, you would find a location with the lowest possible resistance. But as we discussed before, poor soil conditions can be overcome with more elaborate grounding systems.

The soil composition, moisture content, and temperature all impact the soil resistivity. Soil is rarely homogenous and the resistivity of the soil will vary geographically and at different soil depths.

Moisture content changes seasonally, varies according to the nature of the sub layers of earth, and the depth of the permanent water table. Since soil and water are generally more stable at deeper strata, it is recommended that the ground rods be placed as deep as possible into the earth, at the water table if possible. Also, ground rods should be installed where there is a stable temperature, i.e. below the frost line.

For a grounding system to be effective, it should be designed to withstand the worst possible conditions.

What is Wenner method for soil resistivity test ?

The Wenner method is a geophysical exploration technique used to measure soil resistivity and rock resistivity:

Soil resistivity

The Wenner method is a common, reliable, and inexpensive way to measure soil resistivity at depth. It's also known as the four-terminal method. The method involves placing four electrodes in a straight line, equally spaced, and injecting a known current into the two outermost electrodes. The voltage between the two inner electrodes is then recorded. The potential is divided by the injected current to calculate the apparent resistance, or ρa.

Rock resistivity

The Wenner method can also be used to measure rock resistivity. Rocks with higher resistivity are more difficult for electric current to flow through

Setup for soil resistivity testing using Wenner 4 point method.

The Wenner method was developed by Dr. Frank Wenner in 1915. The process for conducting a Wenner test includes:

Determining the desired length of the probe

Setting up the electrodes

Driving the electrodes into the ground

Connecting a resistivity meter or multi-meter to the electrodes

Taking a reading

Process for conducting a Wenner probe test

The electrodes should be spaced a set distance apart, typically 20 cm, 50 cm, or 100 cm. The center two electrodes are the current electrodes, and the outer two electrodes are the potential electrodes.

Connect the resistivity meter or multi-meter to the electrodes. The meter should be connected to the current electrodes and the potential electrodes.

Take a reading. The resistivity meter will measure the resistance between the current electrodes and the potential electrodes.

Repeat the process at multiple locations to get a representative sample of the soil.

Calculate the average resistivity of the soil using the readings from each location.

How do I Calculate Soil Resistivity?

Soil resistivity can be calculated using wenner method

Soil resistivity test formula

ρ = 2πar

Where ρ = Resistivity

a = Depth traversed / spacing between electrodes

r = resistance value observed

for more details visit https://bhoojalsurvey.in/

[crimeronan]

the other thing about luz taking a break from ruling the kingdom is that raine CAN handle the administrative stuff (and is much more politically aligned with luz than anyone else in government), but the person who makes the MOST sense to actually interface with the public is...... lilith. lilith who is largely lost without explicit direction but also really Really wants to do a good job and prove herself

please help me imagine what amity's day-to-day is like. during this time.

[pratchettquotes]

Fear is strange soil. Mainly it grows obedience like corn, which grows in rows and makes weeding easy. But sometimes it grows the potatoes of defiance, which flourish underground.

Terry Pratchett, Small Gods

[misanaco]

what made the world cruel, if my mother made me kind?

maybe the first thing i reeked of was trees; and i throw up because i can see blood at a distance. i throw up at my own origin. to be a human you are to resemble violence, but it's unfair how the sky is still blue, and how a birth can also swallow you up. how we bury our dead into the soil that we love, and maybe we would abandon our homes to taste bullets in our mouth.

maybe to be kind, you must first be a martyr, and you have to survive this cruelty or die in it. maybe to be kind you must first go to war with your mother and tell her to be a little less kind, because no matter how many times you dig your dead up, the sky would always, always be blue.

how can we repay our mothers if not by being kind. what is left after the war, they ask?

and your voice can only be heard by a certain number of soldiers. liberation then, is the last one. what is left after the war, they ask? we should have told our mothers the world is a cruel, cruel place.

but kindness is abandoned love. and kindness is the house with no survivors.

maybe i also resent my mother a little because i want to see a kind world. and heaven is not kind either. because kindness stems in violence. or maybe i am wrong. maybe our mothers know the most out of cruelty. maybe we love the life inside of us because it reeks of trees. and we are all just protecting our mothers. and the land.

how many organs do i eat to build a kind world? what does a kind world look like, mother, because you have been through so much ; but the world is cruel.

[gumy-shark]

just realized my situation in college is so funny rn. heres why in a greentext format

>be gumy's parents >you are Good Christian Parents who want your daughter to Walk In The Ways Of The Lord >when she wanted to go to a secular college you were Very Worried that your Impressionable Daughter would get Radicalized By The Godless Atheist College People (this one is actually somewhat justified- i AM very impressionable and got radicalized in junior high in a way that was very very hard on my mental health and my relationships with my family) > be relieved when she chooses to go to a Good Christian College instead (it was my own free choice and i had my reasons). > surely, with her environmental science classes being taught from a God-Fearing Perspective, and with no Godless Atheist College People there, she won't get radicalized! > she gets radicalized anyways

[learnwithmearticles]

Lawns and Variation

Lawns most often consist of grasses and clover kept short by mowing. For decades in the United States of America, they were an important aspect of conformity. To this day, lawn maintenance is a key focus of many Homeowner Associations (HOAs). Through media and HOA policies, lawns grown out of control are associated with neglected land and poverty.

A short, well-kept lawn can be very aesthetically pleasing. It also reduces concerns about ticks and other pests. Maintaining one through regular mowing can provide homeowners a reason to spend time outside, and be part of important routines that help people keep their lives on track. Additionally, a short lawn is ideal for outside activities for pets, children, and adults. Of course, not maintaining one’s lawn can also lead to fines if part of an HOA.

The negatives of monoculture lawns, however, far outweigh the potential benefits.

The Negatives

Reducing biodiversity is the best-known way in which typical lawns cause damage. Persistent mowing keeps many species of plants from succeeding. Low biodiversity directly contributes to low ecosystem resilience1. For example, when a pest or fungus comes along that wipes out one type of plant, an entire field or dozens of fields will be wiped out because they are all the same plant. That leaves the land susceptible to erosion, flooding, and desertification (i.e arid land).

Low biodiversity means worse conditions for other forms of life, as well. Regular mowing to keep the grass short and uniform also keeps different floral plants from growing, thus reducing resources for pollinators1.

Persistent mowing also acts as an unnecessary addition to greenhouse gas production. Gas-powered lawn equipment contributes significantly to CO2, NOx, and volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions3. The amount of carbon equivalent pollution from lawn mowing and fertilizer use more than negates the benefit of carbon sequestration (CO2 kept out of the atmosphere) in grass yards2.

For many, yard maintenance also involves fertilizer and pesticide use. Fertilizer use contaminates waterways, primarily through rainfall, and causes algal blooms and decreased oxygenation in waterways. Pesticides can also pollute waterways. In fact, a majority of applied pesticides end up in soil, water, and air, and end up entering the food chain where they negatively affect a wide range of animals, including humans5. Pesticide contamination in humans has been linked to conditions like cancers, neurological issues, obesity, and neurological issues, to name a few5.

Lastly, lawns can need excessive amounts of water. On average, about 9 billion gallons of water goes to watering lawns in the U.S.A. every day6. This is made worse by poor watering practices, causing much of that water to be lost to evaporation and runoff. Water is considered a renewable resource, but that is contingent on proper maintenance and management.

Grass lawns around the world consume an abundance of resources and toxic materials to maintain. Maintaining a grass lawn is ecologically harmful because of pesticides, fertilizers, petroleum pollution, low biodiversity, erosion, and water use.

Cultivating native flora instead nullifies the need for these measures. Native plants are physiologically adapted to the local climate and conditions, and thus need less, if any, watering7. They are less likely to need pesticides or fertilizers, and their deeper root systems decrease soil erosion8. The reduced use of lawn equipment vastly improves air quality, and provides a much more interesting view than a monoculture yard8.

Clover

Transitioning a lawn from short, uniform grasses into a more biodiverse, environmentally healthy yard can be very difficult, and potentially impossible for some people. It doesn’t have to be all or nothing, though. Fostering the growth of clovers instead of grasses, for example, can be a good step for your soil.

Clovers include about 300 species with native varieties in many parts of the world, including Europe, central Asia, North America, and Africa. Clovers generally need minimal maintenance and, if allowed to flower, provide valuable resources for native pollinators9. Clover is also esteemed for its nitrogen-fixing properties. Like many legumes, clover species pull nitrogen from the atmosphere and increase nitrogen availability in soil10.

Converting grass lawns into areas for various native flora has many benefits for the environment and the land-owner, who can enjoy beautiful flowers and bushes while improving air and water quality. While a clover lawn is not as beneficial in these aspects, they can still be an important way for people to start improving their lawn. Fortunately, many more websites now exist to guide land-owners in cultivating native plants. There is always something you can do to help.

Additional Resources

1. https://besjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/1365-2664.13542

2. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00267-012-9967-6

3. https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2015-09/documents/banks.pdf

4. https://www.ctahr.hawaii.edu/kaufmana/downloads/Kaufman%20Lawn.pdf 

5. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40726-018-0092-x

6. https://19january2017snapshot.epa.gov/www3/watersense/pubs/outdoor.html

7.https://www.montvillenj.org/DocumentCenter/View/155/Choose-Plants-That-Are-Native-to-the-Area-That-Are-Drought-Resistant-PDF?bidId=#

8. https://archive.epa.gov/greenacres/web/html/index.html#

9. https://www.oneearth.org/the-various-advantages-of-clover/

10. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/its2.19

11. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1618866715000436

[chaiaurchaandni]

this is so beyond ridiculous lmao hamas has never conducted operations outside historic palestine. no palestinian resistance group has, afaik. they are right about one thing: destruction of zionism will aid the destruction of european and american imperialism and colonialism and hegemony. inshallah <3

[market-insider]

Unraveling the Growth Potential of the Geofoams Market: Global Outlook

The global geofoams market size is expected to reach USD 972.6 million by 2027, expanding at a CAGR of 2.7%, according to a new report by Grand View Research, Inc. Factors such as availability of geofoams at low cost coupled with its superior strength and durability are projected to fuel the market growth. Expansion of the construction industry across the globe coupled with the infrastructural developments in economies such as India, China, Brazil, Mexico, Saudi Arabia, and others is expected to propel the demand for geofoams over the forecast period. In addition, maintenance of the existing infrastructure in developed nations is likely to drive the growth of the market.

Geofoams Market Report Highlights

The expanded polystyrene geofoams segment accounted for USD 508.2 million in 2019 and is projected to expand at a CAGR of 3.1% from 2020 to 2027. The compatibility of the product has resulted in its increasing adoption for applications including roads and highway construction, building and infrastructure, and others

The road and highway construction application segment accounted for 38.07% of the total market and is projected to expand at a CAGR of 3.4% from 2020 to 2027 on account of the rising infrastructural growth across the developing economies including China, India, Brazil, UAE, Saudi Arabia, and others

Asia-Pacific accounted for USD 278.5 million in 2019 and is estimated to expand at a CAGR of 3.2% from 2020 to 2027 owing to the rising demand for road pavement, which is anticipated to further benefit the growth

China accounted for the highest market share in Asia Pacific on account of the rapidly expanding construction industry in the country

Europe market is estimated to expand at a CAGR of 2.8% owing to the rising number of construction and infrastructural activities in economies including Spain, Italy, and others

For More Details or Sample Copy please visit link @: Geofoams Market Report

Geofoams are increasingly used in the construction industry as it helps in suppressing the noise and vibrations. In addition, it is easy to handle and does not require any special equipment for installation. The product is increasingly used in the railway track systems, below the refrigerated storage buildings, storage tanks, and others to avoid ground freezing.

The geofoams undergo chemical changes when it comes in contact with petroleum solvents. It turns into a glue-type substance, thereby losing its strength. This factor is projected to limit the use of geofoams in the construction industry which is projected to restrict the industry growth over the forecast period.

[vibinwiththefrogs]

Doing a little deep dive on palmer amaranth (pigweed) and like... Damn this thing really seems specially engineered to fuck with US conventional agriculture huh

[strigops]

beautiful little a. vulgare from my florida pods culture, sadly infected with rickettsiella. they’ve apparently been slow cooking the infection for over a year and a half and it’s taken until now for them to start showing noticeable symptoms (thanks again @crevicedwelling for the help in diagnosing it!!). not surprising considering these guys were scooped out of a backyard in sarasota and lived on a diet of soil and leaves indiscriminately dug up from the front of the lab building they originally lived in, but still a bummer as they’re my fav culture :(

i have salvaged quite a few (currently) healthy individuals, hopefully the new subculture will do well and i can eventually eliminate it over subsequent generations!

[dailyanarchistposts]

Desert like view of sunny Syria

Most likely all of us have heard or read about the war in Syria that started around 10 years ago. It has been the bloodiest war in recent times. UN said the body count to be over 350 000 and the amount of refugees because of this war is something like 12 million. The area is suffering from extreme drought, poverty and corruption. It sure sounds hopeless. Bit less know but still relatively well known is the stateless state, the autonomous administration that was born in the area in the middle of all those mentioned horrors. Revolution that carried the Kurdish name Rojava was set up in the midst of those drying lands. People trying to build an area with freedom of women, peaceful co-existence with all ethnicities, direct democracy and ecology. Who would ever oppose such things? Well surely there are many who do, but I mean that most of us people who believe in humanity and such, would not oppose stuff like that. It also got me interested and like many anarchists alike, I traveled to Rojava. To see it myself, to live through it. To learn and share, to be part of something that is changing history.

I guess learning good things always requires of learning bad things as well. And I assume that revolutions are never just smile and sunshine. Sunshine on the other hand is something that Rojava surely isn’t lacking. I came on early summer and was aware of that Middle East is hot. But I really didn’t think it to be that hot. Endless amount of sunbathing and exhausting heat. I’ve only lived in North America and and Northern Europe and this was something I couldn’t imagine beforehand. And it was not only me who couldn’t take the heat, most of people were not outside during the daytime. Temperature was over 40 for months. Nights were not much better. People said it is like this nowadays. That it gets worse every year. The lack of electricity was making it even worse. Some places had shortage of water for weeks at the time. Loud generators were spitting black smoke while trying to transform the dirty diesel into electricity. Motorbikes, cars, pickups, trucks, spitting also black smoke in the air. Clouds of pollution that are not really moving anywhere but was just standing still. Soil turned into dust and when there is wind that sand dust flies around and gets deep into your skin, inside your laptop, your clothes, your lungs. Black shoes were not black after walking just few steps outside. I felt being on some desert but this area was not suppose to be desert. Us humans just made it that way. The climate change didn’t wait until we got some agreement on the carbon cuts. That fact really slaps you in the face here.

The region is facing the worst drought in years. Some say in 25 years. Numbers don’t really matter anymore as the soil is just vanishing with the wind. Disappearing from an area that is suppose to be the breadbasket of the country. In worst case that will lead to famine. Last summer there was already a shortage on bread. And this is the Rojava. The place where people try to manage stuff so that there would not be famine. Unlike the neighboring country, Assad’s Syria, which is way worse. There is the same drought and besides that the corruption on all levels of society. Then there are neighboring countries like Iraq and Iran where people and students protest heavily against the corrupt leaders that cannot manage in any way the problems that climate change has brought. There is Turkey, a country that is putting more effort on sabotaging Rojava’s water supplies than putting down forest fires and disappearings of lakes inside their own region. This area is surely drying out faster than it should. Studies show that global warming happens in this part of the world faster than in other places of the world.

One big problem is oil. There exists a theory that where is oil production there will be destruction of the area, both environmentally and socially. Middle East is like the oil pump of the world. Endless lines of oil trucks on the highways that go through fields turned into desert was a horrifying sight. Trucks on the asphalt roads that the burning sun had softened. Looking at those trucks in lines and few times losing count after seeing 40 of them, it really made me think is this really worth it. How many places we still are going to turn into Mad Max style deserts before we start to think there is something fundamentally wrong in our lifestyles in the western world. Literally, we suck the life out of these places and burn them into ground. Sure this was not a new thing for me, but seeing it in front of my very own eyes, well, it just feels more raw. Feels more brutal and touches you deep. And then there is the war. Drones and jihadists make things really hard here but still people try.

The problems I’ve seen here were not so much about people, but it more about the states everywhere. The colonialist and imperialist states that still play around here their power games and resource wars. Other states continuing to destroy the climate and the biggest bill to pay is here where the climate has warmed so rapidly. States really prevents the best potential to come out of people here.

When Noam Chomsky was asked earlier this year in an interview what he sees as the greatest obstacle in solving the climate crisis, his answer was similar as my observation here: Two major obstacles. One is of course the fossil fuel companies. Second is the governments of the world, including Europe and the United States.

Çîrok Ecnebî,

During the Christmas time 2021 in Rojava.

[emilyelizabethfowl]

its first resistant

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomaderris_rugosa

it is now an hour and an uncountable amount of plant-related websites since i saw this ask and i have come to the conclusion that there are only four possible options here

you sent an ask to the wrong blog

you just called me a steaming heap of shit

you greatly overestimated my intelligence

you just meant "Frost" which still gives me nothing

more than one option could be correct :3

[farmerstrend]

The Current State of Lemongrass Farming in Kenya

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[egregiousderp]

No snow in Miami since the fifties I can say, lol. People here also flip out if it drops below sixty though so that’s probably for the best. But it’s sweet of you to wish us snow! It’s a pretty warm Christmas right now!

[livelocalorganic]

Uncover the Benefits of Eco-friendly Farming for Our Health and Environment

Introduction Eco-friendly farming, also known as sustainable or organic farming, has gained significant attention in recent years. With concerns about the environment and our health, many individuals are turning to sustainable farming practices to mitigate the negative impacts of traditional agriculture. In this blog post, we will explore the benefits of eco-friendly farming for our health and…