#Thermal insulation

[dandelionsresilience]

Dandelion News - December 1-7

Like these weekly compilations? Tip me at $kaybarr1735 or check out my Dandelion Doodles for 50% off this month!

1. These high-tech windows fight climate change – and will save you money

“[“Vacuum-insulated glass”] insulates five times better than double-paned glass. The Enthermal product line holds energy about as well as fiberglass wall insulation[…. T]he energy bill savings offset the upfront cost of the upgrade in two to seven years, depending on the building[….]”

2. Doulas test ways to curb Memphis’ Black maternal, infant deaths

“Research shows they are key to better health outcomes. […] Free of charge, [parents enrolled in this pilot program], in addition to being paired with a doula, get access to free yoga classes, diapers, breastfeeding starter kits, nutritious food and other tangible help that can measurably boost well-being.”

3. Scientists find feeding grazing cattle seaweed cuts methane emissions by almost 40%

“This is the first study to test seaweed on grazing beef cattle in the world. […] Most research to reduce methane emissions using feed additives has taken place in controlled environments with daily supplements. But Kebreab noted in the study that fewer than half of those methods are effective for grazing cattle.”

4. Success for local residents as Florida council toppled over sewage plant plan

“A citizens’ revolt in a small Florida city ousted an entire slate of councilors who were pushing for a new sewage plant to be built close to one of the state’s most pristine and treasured rivers.”

5. Beaver survey aims to show the urban benefits of Chicago's 'ecosystem engineers'

“Urban Rivers is installing [“artificial floating gardens”] along the river to restore native wetland habitats, which provide food and shelter for wildlife, as well as natural spaces for humans.”

6. The future of plastic: Biodegradable, durable, and even edible

“[… T]he composite plastic proved not only sturdy but also more malleable than its core component, hydroxyethyl cellulose. Additionally, since both cellulose and tyrosine are edible, the biodegradable composite plastic can technically be consumed.”

7. Limestone quarries could be vital for wild bee conservation

“Quarries provide valuable habitats for wild bees and other animals and plants that occur on the now rare calcareous grasslands," explains lead author Dr. Felix Kirsch[….]”

8. New England wedding vendors offer help to same-sex couples before Trump inauguration

“Marriage equality isn’t immediately at risk. Trump has said he considers it settled law, but of course it’s hard to take him at his word […] so vendors in the region are offering free or discounted services to queer couples and noncitizens in a rush to marry.”

9. The indigenous women saving India's endangered giant yams

“Since their formation in 2022, the 10 members of the Noorang group have planted and brought back to the community 180 varieties of wild tubers[….] The project is part of [… a] farming initiative to eradicate poverty, provide agricultural training and empower women in vulnerable tribal communities.”

10. The US is making and deploying more solar panels than ever before

“[… D]omestic solar module manufacturing capacity has nearly quintupled since 2022[….] Solar is the cheapest source of new power generation by far, and it’s an increasingly large employer in the U.S., particularly in Republican-led states.”

November 22-28 news here | (all credit for images and written material can be found at the source linked; I don’t claim credit for anything but curating.)

[rnsksa]

[rnsqatar1]

[market-insider]

Unraveling the Growth Potential of the Geofoams Market: Global Outlook

The global geofoams market size is expected to reach USD 972.6 million by 2027, expanding at a CAGR of 2.7%, according to a new report by Grand View Research, Inc. Factors such as availability of geofoams at low cost coupled with its superior strength and durability are projected to fuel the market growth. Expansion of the construction industry across the globe coupled with the infrastructural developments in economies such as India, China, Brazil, Mexico, Saudi Arabia, and others is expected to propel the demand for geofoams over the forecast period. In addition, maintenance of the existing infrastructure in developed nations is likely to drive the growth of the market.

Geofoams Market Report Highlights

The expanded polystyrene geofoams segment accounted for USD 508.2 million in 2019 and is projected to expand at a CAGR of 3.1% from 2020 to 2027. The compatibility of the product has resulted in its increasing adoption for applications including roads and highway construction, building and infrastructure, and others

The road and highway construction application segment accounted for 38.07% of the total market and is projected to expand at a CAGR of 3.4% from 2020 to 2027 on account of the rising infrastructural growth across the developing economies including China, India, Brazil, UAE, Saudi Arabia, and others

Asia-Pacific accounted for USD 278.5 million in 2019 and is estimated to expand at a CAGR of 3.2% from 2020 to 2027 owing to the rising demand for road pavement, which is anticipated to further benefit the growth

China accounted for the highest market share in Asia Pacific on account of the rapidly expanding construction industry in the country

Europe market is estimated to expand at a CAGR of 2.8% owing to the rising number of construction and infrastructural activities in economies including Spain, Italy, and others

For More Details or Sample Copy please visit link @: Geofoams Market Report

Geofoams are increasingly used in the construction industry as it helps in suppressing the noise and vibrations. In addition, it is easy to handle and does not require any special equipment for installation. The product is increasingly used in the railway track systems, below the refrigerated storage buildings, storage tanks, and others to avoid ground freezing.

The geofoams undergo chemical changes when it comes in contact with petroleum solvents. It turns into a glue-type substance, thereby losing its strength. This factor is projected to limit the use of geofoams in the construction industry which is projected to restrict the industry growth over the forecast period.

[izoguard]

Isı yalıtım ihmale gelmez.Yaz aylarında serin ve konforlu bir arada yaşamak istiyorsanız evinize ısı yalıtımı yaptırmayı ihmal etmeyin. #izoGuard #ısıyalıtım #

[fishelfe]

You really need to ring the bell to get into houses over here, I don't think anyone could hear a simple knock at the door...

Add your culture/region in the tags if you want to! Anon is slavic and never knocks.

–

We ask your questions so you don’t have to! Submit your questions to have them posted anonymously as polls.

[carlosbutler6341]

Exploring Ceramic Fiber Modules in the Chemical Manufacturing Industry

In the heart of the Chemical Manufacturing and Industrial Materials sectors, Minmetals East stands out for its commitment to quality and innovation. Their ceramic fiber modules are a game-changer in enhancing the efficiency of various applications, particularly in the fields of adhesives, construction materials, and water treatment.

These modules provide excellent thermal insulation, making them an ideal choice for industries that require high-temperature resistance and energy efficiency. With Minmetals East's focus on sustainable practices, clients can trust that they are not only improving their operational performance but also contributing positively to environmental stewardship.

By integrating advanced technology and high-quality materials, Minmetals East continues to lead the way in providing solutions that meet the evolving needs of the marketplace. Embrace the future of industrial materials with Minmetals East and experience the benefits that come with their exceptional ceramic fiber modules!

[insuboardinspl]

High-Performance Thermal Insulation by INSUboard

In today's world, where energy efficiency and sustainability are top priorities, building a well-insulated structure is crucial. INSUboard's high-performance thermal insulation solutions can significantly contribute to achieving these goals. INSUboard comes in various grades specifically designed for roof, wall, and floor applications.  Each grade boasts a low thermal conductivity, ensuring optimal thermal performance throughout your building envelope. Visit our website now!

[refractoryinsulation]

What is the Application of a Ceramic Fiber Blanket - Refmon Industries

Hello everyone, In this video we discuss the applications of ceramic fiber blanket. This video will help you to know more about ceramic fiber blankets so that you will not be confused while purchasing them. Watch the video now, and don't forget to like, comment, share, and subscribe.

Watch now: https://youtu.be/7fJ6AgcE2tM

[thermal-coat63]

The Importance of Thermal Insulation: Enhance Comfort and Energy Efficiency in Your Home

Thermal insulation is an essential element in modern homes, offering significant benefits not only in maintaining a comfortable indoor environment but also in improving energy efficiency. With rising energy costs and increased environmental concerns, homeowners are increasingly seeking ways to reduce energy consumption while enhancing the comfort of their living spaces. Thermal insulation plays a critical role in keeping homes warmer in winter and cooler in summer, allowing for more stable indoor temperatures throughout the year. This article explores the importance of thermal insulation, how it contributes to energy savings, and the different materials and techniques available for homeowners looking to improve their home's insulation.

The Role of Thermal Insulation in Energy Efficiency

Reducing Heat Loss and Gain: One of the primary functions of thermal insulation is to reduce the amount of heat lost or gained through walls, ceilings, floors, and windows. Without adequate insulation, your home can lose a significant amount of heat during the colder months, forcing heating systems to work harder, which can increase energy bills. Conversely, in warmer months, poorly insulated homes tend to absorb excessive heat, making air conditioning systems less effective. Insulation helps maintain a comfortable temperature year-round, reducing the reliance on heating and cooling systems.

Lowering Energy Bills: By preventing heat loss in winter and heat gain in summer, thermal insulation can drastically lower your energy consumption, leading to substantial savings on heating and cooling costs. Over time, the investment in quality insulation pays for itself through these energy savings, making it a cost-effective solution for homeowners looking to reduce their carbon footprint.

Different Types of Thermal Insulation Materials

Fibreglass Insulation: Fibreglass is one of the most commonly used insulation materials. It is made from fine strands of glass that trap air and reduce heat flow. This material is available in batts, rolls, or loose-fill, making it versatile for different types of installations. Fibreglass insulation is highly effective at maintaining temperature regulation and is relatively inexpensive, making it a popular choice for many homeowners.

Foam Insulation: Polyurethane foam and expanded polystyrene (EPS) foam are commonly used for thermal insulation due to their excellent insulating properties. These materials offer a high R-value (a measure of thermal resistance), making them ideal for areas that require superior insulation, such as attics and walls. Foam insulation also provides air sealing properties, reducing drafts and moisture infiltration, which can help prevent the growth of mould and mildew.

Mineral Wool Insulation: Mineral wool, or rock wool, is another popular insulation material known for its ability to resist fire and sound. It is made from molten rock or slag and is effective at preventing heat transfer, making it ideal for both residential and commercial buildings. Its density helps reduce noise and provides a high level of thermal protection, especially in colder climates.

The Benefits of Proper Thermal Insulation

Enhanced Comfort: Proper insulation ensures that your home maintains a consistent and comfortable temperature regardless of the weather outside. During the winter months, thermal insulation prevents cold drafts from entering your home, keeping it warm and cosy. In the summer, insulation helps keep the interior cool by blocking out excessive heat. The result is a comfortable living space year-round, with less reliance on heating and cooling systems.

Improved Air Quality: Thermal insulation can also contribute to better air quality within your home. Insulation materials help to reduce moisture infiltration, which can lead to the growth of mould and mildew. Additionally, by reducing the need for heating and cooling systems, the amount of dust and allergens that are circulated throughout the home is minimised.

Installing Thermal Insulation in Your Home

DIY vs. Professional Installation: While some homeowners may opt to install thermal insulation themselves, it is often recommended to hire a professional for the job. Proper installation is crucial for insulation to function effectively. Gaps, poorly fitted materials, or improper sealing can significantly reduce the effectiveness of the insulation. Hiring an experienced professional ensures the insulation is installed correctly, maximising its performance and longevity.

Common Areas to Insulate: When upgrading your home’s insulation, focus on the areas that are most likely to experience heat loss or gain. These areas include the attic, walls, floors, windows, and doors. Insulating your attic is one of the most effective ways to prevent heat loss, as warm air rises, and without proper insulation, it escapes through the roof. Likewise, insulating walls and floors helps maintain a stable temperature and prevents drafts.

Government Incentives for Home Insulation

Energy Efficiency Programs: In many countries, government incentives are available to encourage homeowners to invest in energy-efficient upgrades, including thermal insulation. These programs may offer financial rebates or tax credits for insulation installation, making it more affordable for homeowners to improve their home's energy efficiency. Check with local authorities to see what incentives are available in your area.

Environmental Benefits: Investing in thermal insulation not only reduces energy consumption and costs but also contributes to environmental conservation. By lowering your energy usage, you reduce the overall demand for fossil fuels, helping to decrease your carbon footprint and support sustainability efforts. Insulating your home is a simple yet effective way to reduce your environmental impact.

Conclusion:

Thermal insulation is a key element in enhancing the comfort, energy efficiency, and overall performance of your home. By reducing heat loss in the winter and preventing heat gain in the summer, insulation helps maintain a stable indoor temperature and lowers energy consumption. With a range of insulation materials and techniques available, homeowners can choose the solution that best suits their needs and budget. Whether you opt for fibreglass, foam, or mineral wool insulation, the benefits are clear: lower energy bills, improved comfort, and a more sustainable home.

[evercoat]

External Thermal Insulation Systems: Everything you need to know

Discover everything you need to know about External Wall Thermal Insulation Systems. Enhance energy efficiency, reduce costs, and protect your home with expert solutions.

[vidyap2912]

Thermal Insulation Packaging Market: An In-Depth Analysis

The thermal insulation packaging market is experiencing significant growth, driven by increasing demand for temperature-sensitive goods and advancements in packaging technologies. According to a report by Report Prime, the market is projected to expand from USD 26.50 billion in 2023 to USD 45.12 billion by 2030, at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 7.90% during the forecast period.

Market Overview

Thermal insulation packaging involves materials and solutions designed to maintain the temperature of products during storage and transportation. This is particularly crucial for industries such as pharmaceuticals, food and beverages, and chemicals, where temperature control is essential to preserve product integrity.

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Key Drivers

Growing Demand for Temperature-Sensitive Products: The pharmaceutical and biotechnology sectors require stringent temperature control for products like vaccines and biologics. Similarly, the food industry demands thermal packaging to maintain the freshness of perishable items.

Expansion of E-commerce: The rise in online retailing of perishable goods has necessitated efficient thermal insulation solutions to ensure products reach consumers in optimal condition.

Regulatory Compliance: Stringent regulations regarding the transportation of temperature-sensitive goods compel industries to adopt reliable thermal insulation packaging to meet compliance standards.

Market Segmentation

The thermal insulation packaging market can be segmented based on product type, material, application, and region.

By Product Type:

Boxes: Widely used for shipping temperature-sensitive products.

Bags: Employed for smaller quantities requiring thermal protection.

Carton Liners: Used to line cartons, providing an additional layer of insulation.

Bubble Cushioning: Offers both insulation and protection against physical damage.

By Material:

Polystyrene: Includes expanded (EPS) and extruded (XPS) forms, known for excellent insulation properties.

Polyurethane (PUR): Offers superior thermal resistance, suitable for extreme temperature conditions.

Polyethylene: Commonly used due to its flexibility and durability.

Vacuum Insulated Panels (VIPs): Provide high thermal resistance in a thin profile, ideal for space-constrained applications.

Corrugated Fiber Board: An eco-friendly option with moderate insulation properties.

By Application:

Pharmaceuticals: Ensuring the efficacy of temperature-sensitive drugs and vaccines.

Food & Beverages: Maintaining the freshness and safety of perishable goods.

Chemicals: Preventing temperature-induced reactions during transport.

Horticulture Products: Protecting plants and flowers from temperature extremes.

Electronics: Safeguarding temperature-sensitive electronic components.

Regional Analysis

North America: Dominates the market due to advanced pharmaceutical and food industries, along with stringent regulatory standards.

Europe: Significant growth attributed to increasing demand for sustainable packaging solutions and a robust pharmaceutical sector.

Asia-Pacific: Expected to witness substantial growth owing to rapid industrialization, urbanization, and expanding e-commerce activities.

Middle East & Africa: Growth driven by the development of cold chain logistics and increasing pharmaceutical imports.

Latin America: Steady growth anticipated due to improving economic conditions and rising demand for temperature-sensitive goods.

Challenges

High Costs: Advanced thermal insulation materials like VIPs and PUR can be expensive, impacting adoption among cost-sensitive end-users.

Environmental Concerns: Disposal of non-biodegradable materials such as polystyrene poses environmental challenges, prompting a shift towards sustainable alternatives.

Supply Chain Complexity: Maintaining the integrity of thermal insulation packaging throughout complex supply chains requires meticulous planning and execution.

Opportunities

Sustainable Materials: Development of eco-friendly insulation materials presents opportunities for market growth, aligning with global sustainability trends.

Technological Advancements: Integration of smart technologies, such as temperature monitoring sensors, can enhance the functionality of thermal insulation packaging.

Emerging Markets: Expansion into developing regions with growing pharmaceutical and food industries offers potential for market penetration.

Recent Developments

Innovations in Sustainable Packaging: Companies are investing in research to develop biodegradable and recyclable thermal insulation materials to address environmental concerns.

Strategic Partnerships: Collaborations between packaging manufacturers and pharmaceutical companies are on the rise to develop customized solutions for specific temperature-sensitive products.

Regulatory Compliance Initiatives: Businesses are enhancing their packaging solutions to comply with evolving regulations, ensuring product safety and quality during transportation.

Conclusion

The thermal insulation packaging market is poised for robust growth, driven by increasing demand for temperature-sensitive products, advancements in packaging technologies, and a global emphasis on sustainability. However, challenges such as high costs and environmental concerns need to be addressed. Companies that invest in sustainable materials, technological innovations, and strategic partnerships are well-positioned to capitalize on emerging opportunities in this dynamic market.

[bdgrepair]

A good exterior door for a single-family house – what to consider when choosing?

The entrance door to the house is its showcase and a barrier separating the household members from the outside world. A good exterior door for a single-family house provides comfort and safety, and at the same time is an ideal complement to the composition of the building. When browsing through the available solutions, it is easy to get lost, but making a decision does not have to be difficult at all. We suggest which entrance door to your home is worth choosing and what to consider when buying.

Which exterior doors for a single-family house – the most important parameters

To someone who has never had to choose a front door for their home, this may seem very simple, but in reality, it is a decision that cannot be made lightly. The enormity of available designs can be problematic – after all, appearance in this case is very important. The color scheme and style of the leaf should harmonize with the entire body of the building and be a preview of what can be expected inside. In fact, aesthetics is a side issue. When considering which exterior door to choose for your home, you need to take into account a number of factors affecting their functionality and comfort of use. These factors are primarily:

thermal insulation,

sound insulation,

level of protection against burglary,

resistance to weather conditions,

size (dimensions),

mechanical durability.

Read on if you want to learn more about these criteria and the selection of parameters for your new door.

Thermal insulation – warm entrance doors

According to modern criteria, a good exterior door for a single-family house is primarily a warm door. Thermal insulation is usually put in the first place when it comes to the importance of the parameters of the models under consideration. It is the door that can be responsible for up to 30% of heat loss from the house. A tight sash therefore provides savings in terms of heating expenses and much greater comfort of the household members.

How to choose an exterior door to make it tight? The easiest way is to be guided by the heat transfer coefficient U. Each manufacturer determines its value for a given sash. It is worth knowing that according to the regulations in force since 2021, the U-value of external doors cannot be greater than 1.3 W/(m²· However, it is worth choosing a model that provides even better insulation. Usually, the lower the U-value, the more expensive the door is, but it is certainly a profitable investment. This is because it allows you to achieve real savings on your bills. It is also worth considering that good exterior doors to the house (e.g. panel doors) will easily serve your family for at least several years.

Sound insulation – silent exterior doors

A good exterior door to the house should insulate its interior not only from the cold, but also from the noise outside. Proper sound insulation will make your home a peaceful, comfortable oasis, even if it is located among dense buildings or by a busy road. Soundproofing the interior of the door combined with well-insulated windows will make any unpleasant sounds much less bothersome.

The sound insulation of the door is determined by the Rw coefficient. Currently, in most models available on the market, it is at least 30 dB. If the house is located in a busy environment, by the road, near a construction site or places where people often gather, it is definitely worth choosing a model with a higher value of this factor. For example, external panel doors with XPS board filling are excellent at insulating noise. It should be remembered that in the case of doors, the seals used and the method of installation are also of great importance.

A good exterior door to the house is a safe door

Of course, a good exterior door for a single-family house must also be safe. This is one of the most important barriers that protects the household members and their property from often audacious and well-prepared criminals. Currently, all external doors available on the market can be classified as anti-burglary doors. They may differ only in the class of security. In a single-family house, it is recommended to install doors marked with anti-burglary class 3 or 4 (former class C). They are designed to resist a burglar equipped with professional tools for at least 20 minutes. So it will help prevent even well-organized actions. Of course, locks that effectively lock the leaf are no less important.

Which exterior doors for a single-family house – other factors

Once you have looked at the technical parameters of a house door, it is worth looking at other factors as well. These include the water resistance class marked with symbols from 1A to 9A. The higher the number, the tighter the door. For a single-family house, the absolute minimum is a door marked with class 3-4A.

It is also worth paying attention to their mechanical durability class (0-8, where a higher digit means greater durability) expressed in the number of closing and opening cycles. If you want to choose for years, choose a door with at least 5 mechanical strength class (designed for "normal" use, planned for 100 thousand opening and closing cycles).

Already at the stage of designing the house, it is worth considering the width of the entrance. External doors, in accordance with construction standards, must be at least 90 cm wide and 200 cm high. Even an additional 10 cm in width, however, gives much greater comfort of use. A wider entrance will certainly be useful when entering and leaving with children, it will also be useful when carrying furniture. It is also worth making sure that it is at least 210 cm high.

The last factor is aesthetics. Currently, the choice of designs is very wide, so no one should have a problem choosing the solution that suits them. If you care about a modern and diverse style, it is worth paying attention to aluminium panel doors. The technology of their production allows you to create many great-looking patterns, and the color can be freely selected from the RAL palette, which makes it easy to match it to the other details of the house and plot.

[rnsksa]

Unlocking Energy Efficiency: The Importance of Thermal Insulation in Saudi Arabia

In the heart of Saudi Arabia, where soaring temperatures can lead to soaring energy bills, the need for effective thermal insulation has never been more critical. As energy costs rise and the demand for sustainable living grows, homeowners and businesses alike are turning to innovative solutions to enhance their buildings’ efficiency. This is where RNS KSA comes into play, offering premier insulation services that ensure comfort without compromising on energy savings.

Why Thermal Insulation Matters

Thermal insulation is essential for maintaining comfortable indoor temperatures, especially in the extreme climates of Saudi Arabia. By reducing heat transfer between the outside and inside of a building, insulation helps keep interiors cool during the blistering summer months. This not only enhances comfort but also significantly lowers energy consumption, making it a win-win for both the environment and your wallet.

The construction industry in Saudi Arabia is rapidly evolving, and energy efficiency is now at the forefront of this transformation. High-quality building materials that feature advanced insulation properties are becoming standard in new developments. Investing in effective thermal insulation can lead to substantial savings on air conditioning costs, which are a significant portion of monthly energy bills.

RNS KSA: Your Partner in Energy Efficiency

RNS KSA specializes in providing top-tier thermal insulation solutions that cater to the unique demands of the Saudi Arabian climate. Our commitment to eco-friendly solutions ensures that our products not only enhance energy efficiency but also contribute to a sustainable future. We understand that every building has distinct needs, which is why we offer tailored insulation services that are designed to meet specific requirements.

Our expert team is dedicated to helping you choose the right insulation materials for your project. From spray foam to fiberglass, RNS KSA utilizes only the best products that comply with international standards. By focusing on HVAC efficiency, we help reduce the load on your heating and cooling systems, leading to longer lifespan and lower operational costs.

The Benefits of Investing in Thermal Insulation

Cost Savings: With rising energy prices, investing in thermal insulation can dramatically reduce your energy bills. The initial cost of installation is often offset by the long-term savings achieved through lower energy consumption.

Enhanced Comfort: Proper insulation keeps your indoor environment stable and comfortable. Say goodbye to hot spots and drafty rooms!

Environmental Impact: By improving energy efficiency, thermal insulation helps reduce your carbon footprint. This aligns with Saudi Arabia’s vision for a more sustainable future.

Increased Property Value: Homes and buildings with quality insulation tend to have higher market values. Potential buyers are increasingly aware of energy efficiency, making insulated properties more attractive.

Noise Reduction: Quality thermal insulation not only manages temperature but also absorbs sound, making your indoor spaces quieter and more peaceful.

Choosing the Right Insulation

When it comes to selecting the best thermal insulation for your building project, it’s important to consider factors such as climate, building design, and intended use. RNS KSA’s team of professionals is here to guide you through the selection process, ensuring you choose the right product that suits your needs and budget.

We also provide comprehensive installation services, ensuring that your insulation is applied correctly for maximum effectiveness. Our commitment to excellence means that we stay updated with the latest techniques and materials in the industry, guaranteeing that you receive the best service possible.

Conclusion

In a country like Saudi Arabia, where energy efficiency is not just a choice but a necessity, RNS KSA stands out as a trusted partner in thermal insulation solutions. By investing in quality insulation, you can achieve significant cost savings, enhance indoor comfort, and contribute to a more sustainable future.

Make the smart choice today. Contact RNS KSA to learn more about our thermal insulation services and how we can help you maximize your building’s energy efficiency. Together, let’s create a cooler, more comfortable environment while being kind to our planet.

[kingyazer]

Discover why melamine foam is the superior choice for soundproofing and insulation. Learn about its NRC, sound absorption, hardness, and thermal insulation properties, with a comparison to polyurethane foam.