#soil classification

[cuddledemon]

Nooo how can mole people soil scientists tell which soils is the tastiest if they can’t say how sandy or loamy it is??? Consider that digging skills come in handy when digging graves. Even in vertisols…

[scifigeekgirl]

Headcannon about Tech: He's the friend/partner who if he gets into a hobby with you then by next time you see him he will be am expert in that field.

[sock-ness-monster]

[utahs-least-optimized-teapot]

How dare they forget about gravel soil types! Don't you dare say gravel is just big sand! It isn't, I will fight you! This dirt triangle is terrible and deserves to be covered.

You did not choose the wrong triangle, fate meerly used your hand to cover this abomination and for that I'm thankful.

[kagaoanengineering]

Unlock Soil Secrets: Explore Classification & Index Tests

Delve into the world of soil engineering with Kagaoan Engineering's comprehensive guide on Classification of Soils and Index Value Laboratory Tests. Uncover the crucial insights into soil composition and behaviour through state-of-the-art laboratory tests. Visit us now to embark on a journey of discovery at https://bit.ly/48ohRrj

[4spheres]

Exceptional Soil Testing and Land Capability Assessment Services in Mornington Peninsula

I recently had the pleasure of engaging with 4spheres for their exceptional soil testing and land capability assessment services in Mornington Peninsula. I must say, their professionalism, expertise, and commitment to delivering high-quality results truly impressed me.

The soil testing conducted by 4spheres was thorough and comprehensive. They utilized state-of-the-art equipment and techniques to analyze various aspects such as pH levels, nutrient content, and compaction. The results were presented in a clear and concise report, which proved invaluable in determining the suitability of my land for construction or agriculture purposes.

Throughout the entire process, 4spheres demonstrated excellent communication skills. They were prompt in answering my queries and addressing any concerns I had. Their friendly approach made it easy to discuss specific requirements and understand the implications of the test results.

Overall, I highly recommend 4spheres for anyone seeking land capability assessment amd soil testing in mornington peninsula. Their professionalism, attention to detail, and dedication to customer satisfaction are truly commendable. Whether you are planning a construction project or agricultural venture, 4spheres will provide you with accurate information and expert guidance to ensure successful outcomes.

[literaryvein-reblogs]

hii I love your stuff can you make writing notes about volcanoes I wanted to write abt them for my writing project and I'm having a hard time on in thx ^^

Writing Notes: Volcanoes

Volcano - vent in the crust of Earth or another planet or satellite, from which issue eruptions of molten rock, hot rock fragments, and hot gases.

Volcanoes are Earth's geologic architects.

They've created more than 80 percent of our planet's surface, laying the foundation that has allowed life to thrive.

Their explosive force crafts mountains as well as craters.

Lava rivers spread into bleak landscapes.

But as time ticks by, the elements break down these volcanic rocks, liberating nutrients from their stony prisons and creating remarkably fertile soils that have allowed civilizations to flourish.

Some 75% of the world's active volcanoes are positioned around the ring of fire.

It is a 25,000-mile long, horseshoe-shaped zone that stretches from the southern tip of South America across the West Coast of North America, through the Bering Sea to Japan, and on to New Zealand.

This region is where the edges of the Pacific and Nazca plates butt up against an array of other tectonic plates.

Importantly, however, the volcanoes of the ring aren't geologically connected.

In other words, a volcanic eruption in Indonesia is not related to one in Alaska, and it could not stir the infamous Yellowstone supervolcano.

Active – volcanoes known to have erupted during historical times. (Total Number = 529)

Dormant – volcanoes that have not erupted during historical times, but will probably erupt again. (Total Number = 1,340)

Extinct – volcanoes that are unlikely to erupt again.

The 3 Classic Types of Volcanoes

TYPE — SIZE — LIFESPAN

Cinder Cone — Small (<1,000 ft; 330 m tall) — Short (single eruption of a few months)

Composite Volcano — Large (usually between 6,500 and 20,000 ft; 2,000-3,000 m tall) — Long (hundreds of thousands of years)

Shield Volcano — Very large (up to a maximum of 33,000 ft; 10,000 m tall) — Very long (up to a million years or longer)

Different shapes of volcanoes have different kinds of eruptions.

The most explosive eruptions come from stratovolcanoes, like the Augustine Volcano in Alaska. When they erupt, stratovolcanoes blow huge columns of gas and ash into the air that can collapse in hot, fast-moving clouds called pyroclastic flows.

A shield volcano, like Mauna Kea in Hawaii, has gentle slopes formed by oozing, runny lava. The magma is low in silica and low in gas, so it doesn’t erupt explosively.

A lava dome, like the one of Chaitén Volcano in Chile, forms when thick lava oozes from a vent, piles up, and cools into a steep mound. The lava is thick because it’s high in silica, and it oozes instead of explodes because it’s low in gas. Sometimes lava domes form after explosive eruptions.

A cinder cone volcano, like Tavurvur in Papua New Guinea, forms when erupted fragments harden and fall to the ground, accumulating around the vent in a cone shape. The lava is low in silica, so the lava is runny. High gas levels make for the explosive eruptions that send it flying. Cinder cones typically form at the beginning of eruptions, and lava flow follows.

Olympus Mons - a giant shield volcano on Mars. It is believed to be the largest volcano in the solar system. The entire island of Hawaii would fit in its caldera.

In more-detailed classification schemes based on character of eruption, volcanic activity and volcanic areas are commonly divided into 6 major types, shown schematically in the diagram. They are listed as follows in order of increasing degree of explosiveness:

Icelandic

Hawaiian

Strombolian

Vulcanian

Pelean

Plinian

There are different types of volcanic eruptive events, including:

pyroclastic explosions, with is fast-moving hot gas and volcanic matter

hot ash releases

lava flows

gas emissions

glowing avalanches, when gas and ashes release.

Volcanic eruptions can also cause secondary events, such as floods, landslides and mudslides, if there are accompanying rain, snow or melting ice.

Hot ashes can also start wildfires.

Volcanic eruptions can impact climate change through emitting volcanic gases like sulfur dioxide, which causes global cooling, and volcanic carbon dioxide, which has the potential to promote global warming.

Features and Erupted Material

Viscosity: The resistance of a material (usually a fluid) to flow. Example of comparison would be the higher resistance to flow of cake batter compared to water.

Lava Flow: Lava flow is thin at the top of the cone, while lava pooled at the base is very thick. When eruptions end, erosion processes start on the cooled lava, including glacier erosion, flowing water, rockfall, and landslides. The volcano will only grow in size if the amount/volume of lava erupted is more than the amount that is lost to erosion.

Volcanic Gases: Most gases originate in the mantle and are transported to the crust and surface by complex interactions with magma and rocks along the way. In general, gases are dissolved in the magma. At shallow depths, as pressure on the magma decreases, gases leave the magma. The gases can interact with surrounding rocks or continue to the surface. The most common volcanic gases are: Water Vapor (H2O), Carbon Dioxide (CO2), and Sulfur Dioxide (SO2). Gases can be both dissolved in the magma chamber and also emitted from volcanoes at the surface. It’s the dissolved gases cause volcanoes to erupt.

A magma chamber contains high pressure and dissolved gases.

The density contrast between the magma and the surrounding rock causes more buoyant magma to rise. As the magma rises, the dissolved gases start to come out of the liquid and form bubbles.

As the bubbles grow and increase in volume, it causes the magma to became more buoyant and ascend closer to the surface, allowing the overlying pressure to decrease and produce magmatic foam.

When the pressure in the bubbles is greater than the pressure of the overlying rock, then the chamber will burst causing a volcanic eruption.

The viscosity, temperature and composition of the magma determine whether the explosion is explosive or effusive.

More Features and Erupted Material

Silica: Influences lava viscosity and overall shape of the volcano. Silica molecules form a strong bond that permits entrapment of volcanic gases and promotes explosive volcanic eruptions. Low-silican magmas allow rapid escape of gases and low-explosivity eruptions. Other factors that control magma viscosity include the temperature, gas, water content and the amount of crystals in the magma.

Color: Color and texture of lava vary considerably depending on cooling conditions. Lava rocks at high temperatures appear red to orange in color but cool quickly to shades of red (due to oxidation) and gray.

Sound: Witnesses of slow-moving, partially cooled lava flows report sounds similar to breaking of glass and pottery, caused by the splintering of the cooled outer skin of the lava flow. In contrast, the passing of a pyroclastic flow is eerily quiet. Some people say this is because its sound energy is absorbed within the billowing ash cloud.

Smell: Observers of lava flows report a slight sulfur smell in the air and the odor of burning vegetation.

Texture: Lava at Mount Rainier is not as fluid as lava at the volcanoes on Hawai'i, where lava flows sometimes resemble hot molasses, nor is it as viscous as lava at Mount St. Helens.

Tephra: Fragmental material produced by a volcanic eruption regardless of composition, fragment size or emplacement mechanism. Also referred to as pyroclasms (airborne), and pyroclastic flows (on ground) and rocks. Tephra can stay in the stratosphere for days to weeks following an eruption. It can also reflect light and heat from the sun back into the atmosphere. Tephra mixed with precipitation can also be acidic and cause acidic rain and snowfall. Tephra is made up of ash (fragments of pulverized rock, minerals and volcanic glass), volcanic blocks (a mass of molten rock), and lapilli (little broken up pieces of molten or semi-molten lava ejected from eruption).

Other Types of Volcanic Rock

If a rhyolite lava flow cools quickly, it can quickly freeze into a black glassy substance called obsidian. When filled with bubbles of gas, and usually with explosive eruptions, the same lava will form pumice. If the same lave is allowed to cool slowly…it will form a light-colored, uniformly solid rock called rhyolite.

Pumice most commonly forms with rhyolite lava flows, though it has formed from dacite and andacite. flows as well. It is so lightweight, it will float on water.

Obsidian has been used for centuries in many countries for things such as weapons and art.

The shape and size of a volcano are controlled by several factors

The volume of volcanic products

The interval length between eruptions

The composition of volcanic products

The variety of volcanic eruption types

The geometry of the vent

The environment into which the volcanic products are erupted

Overall, 44 volcanoes were in continuing eruption status as of 23 December 2024.

An eruption marked as "continuing" does not always mean persistent daily activity, but indicates at least intermittent eruptive events without a break of 3 months or more.

There are typically 40-50 continuing eruptions, and out of those generally around 20 will be actively erupting on any particular day (though detailed statistics on daily activity is not usually kept).

Health concerns after a volcanic eruption include:

Infectious disease

Respiratory illness

Burns

Injuries from falls

Vehicle accidents related to the slippery, hazy conditions caused by ash

When warnings are heeded, the chances of adverse health effects from a volcanic eruption are very low.

Volcanic Ash. Exposure to ash can be harmful. Ash is gritty, abrasive, sometimes corrosive, and always unpleasant. Small ash particles can abrade (scratch) the front of the eye. Ash particles may contain crystalline silica, a material that causes a respiratory disease called silicosis.

Sources: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 ⚜ More: References ⚜ Writing Resources PDFs

Thanks so much! Do go through the links above for more details I wasn't able to include here. Hope this helps with your writing :)

[thegreatestheaver]

never ever ever be sorry hal i love when you tag me in bug posts♥️

we just keep naming bugs like this

[lichenaday]

Cladonia polycarpoides

Thatched peg lichen

Cladonias are referred to as fruticose (shrub-like lichens), but most have a squamulose (scale-like) basal thallus, and some like C. polycarpoides don't always grow the podetial stalks that make them look shrubby, making lichen classification just a little more confusing for all of us. C. polycarpoides has a squamulose basal thallus made up of large (10 mm long), prominent lobules growing in extensive, dense mats on soil and soil pockets on boulders. The upper surface of the squamulose is olive green to brown, and the lower surface is white. The secondary thallus, aka the podetial stalks, are subcylindrical, and have a corticate (bark-like) and fissured surface. They are sparingly branched at the tips, and topped with convex, brown apothecia growing in tight aggregations. C. polycarpoides can be found in temperate regions of North America, Europe, Africa, Asia, and Oceania.

images: source | source | source

info: source | source

[crevicedwelling]

some invasive worms I found in Florida!

first is a Caenoplana sp., a flatworm now found across the tropics but which is likely native to Australia (or nearby). they feed on arthropods, including isopods.

next is Bipalium vagum, the Wandering Hammerhead Flatworm. its specific name alludes to the fact that it too has spread itself throughout the tropics. its close relatives in the US are also probably native to East Asia, but while those eat only earthworms, B. vagum feeds on only snails. Bipalium are known to produce tetrodotoxin, a nasty poison responsible for the toxicity of fugu pufferfish.

third is an Anisorhynchodemus sp., and its original distribution is also unknown. the genus it’s placed in is essentially a wastebasket—all the rhynchodemine flatworms that can’t be connected with an older, outdated classification method get lumped there. these guys are predators of arthropods, and also love sucking isopods out of their shells. when seized, they cleave their own rears off; the biggest one I have failed to autotomize its tail completely and now has two tails (not pictured).

despite a similar appearance, the last isn’t a flatworm, but an entire different phylum of animals! the nemertean (ribbon worm) Geonemertes pelaensis is just one of 13 species of nemertean that live on land with the remaining 1,300 living in saltwater. and, you guessed it, it’s native to *somewhere in the Indopacific* and is now found all over the tropics because of humans transporting it accidentally with soil. it is a predator of small arthropods, including spiders and isopods, which it captures with a sticky, venomous projectile proboscis. good video of that on its Wikipedia page.

so yeah that’s my worms. hope you like the worms

[onekindredspirit]

In the essay 'Morphology of the Hit' (The Empathy Exams 2014), Leslie Jamison discusses Vladimir Propp and his book Morphology of the Folktale. Vladimir Propp proposed a system of classification and structure that could be used as a map for all storytelling. His research was based on Russian folktales. There are 31 functions of storytelling arranged in ascending order. So, like life, one thing follows another but not necessarily all things follow another or happen at all. And so ...

"You can find a program on the internet called Digital Propp. I guess you'd call it a game. You click on the site and it says: "You have reached the Proppian Fairytale Generator." ... You check off the functions you want and it gives you a story. I check: absentation, interdiction, violation, villainy, branding, exposure. I pause, go back, check off: lack. I don't check: counteraction, recognition, wedding. I click the little button called "generate". The site spits back a story: something about a forbidden pear, and then some fight with a bird, some victory having to do with flying. I'm seeing signs of all kinds of functions I didn't ask for: struggle, challenge, victory. There is some fighting and finally some winning: "The soil on my skin turned to sprinkles of gold dust. The people proclaimed me some kind of god." Leslie Jamison *The Empathy Exams* Polaroid - One Kindred Spirit

[cuddledemon]

I need this (for science)

outfit idea

[bettergeology]

Colorful Clays of the Painted Hills area

The Painted Hills are one of the most popular and well-known of Oregon's scenic treasures. The towering ridges of yellow, red, and black clays reveal part of the complex geologic story of Oregon when the area was a tropical rainforest, or a hardwood temperate forest, or a volcanic hellscape at different times. The different bands and layers are folded, warped, and faulted by complex plate tectonics. Here though, at Painted Cove just behind the main Painted Hills viewpoint, the story is just a little different.

Painted Cove is a couple of shallow gullies linked in a loop by a boardwalk and trail. In here, you pass through areas of bold red and yellow clays before reaching a gully flanked with a light purple rock. The light purple is of a completely different origin than the clays, which are effectively fossilized soil layers.

This is a weathered outcrop of rhyolite lava, a lava composition that is mostly quartz by mass. This area grades from purple to brown to red. This is an actual preserved soil horizon. If you dig a hole, you go through different soil horizons - or chemical and physical conditions - before you reach bedrock. Commonly these are O (for organic-rich), A, B, and C. B and C are closest to bedrock and include chunks of weathered, eroded source rock. Here, the purple is that C horizon, then the brown layer is B, and the red is an A horizon mantling the rhyolite lava flow. This whole stack of soil is somewhere around 25 million years old!

This is one of my favorite rock outcrops in all of Oregon because of how elegantly and simply it displays soil development processes from more than 25 million years ago!

(A note for other geologists: my soil horizon analogy isn't completely accurate since these paleosols have different classifications than regular young soils do, and I'm not very well-versed in those at all)

If you're in to photography, these are (with the exception of the 2nd to last shot) shot on Fuji Color 400 with my Nikon FM2.

[the-real-will-wood]

soil classification triangle. have fun 🤩

[kagrenacs]

To give you a sneak peak of my skyrim soil classification: I think Whiterun Hold is either a till plain or an outwash plain, created by receding glaciers.

[cuddledemon]

Holy shit, soil science meme with 11k reblogs in my dash.

I thought the day would never come