#socio-historical approach to mental health

[shiftyourjourney]

Exploring the Role of Haitian Therapists in Mental Health: Bridging Culture and Healing

In recent years, the importance of mental health has gained recognition globally, but cultural factors often shape how individuals approach and perceive it. In Haiti and the Haitian diaspora, addressing mental health issues is uniquely complex, intertwined with cultural, historical, and socio-economic factors. Haitian therapist are pivotal in helping their communities confront these challenges while preserving cultural identity. This article explores how Haitian therapists are helping their communities overcome mental health stigmas, adapting therapeutic practices to meet culturally specific needs, and fostering resilience.

The Cultural Lens in Therapy

Haiti's culture is vibrant, deeply rooted in spirituality, community, and resilience. However, mental health has historically been a taboo subject. Many Haitians view psychological struggles through a cultural or spiritual lens rather than as medical concerns. This perception creates unique challenges for mental health professionals, as individuals may be reluctant to seek help or may interpret mental health differently from Western perspectives. Haitian therapists, therefore, integrate cultural understanding with therapeutic techniques, bridging the gap between clinical psychology and Haitian cultural beliefs.

Tackling Stigma

Mental health stigma is a significant barrier within Haitian communities, often preventing individuals from seeking support. Haitian therapists actively work to dismantle these barriers, using approaches that resonate culturally. Educating communities about mental health, facilitating open discussions, and dispelling myths are critical elements of their work. Many Haitian therapists leverage group settings, storytelling, and community gatherings to foster understanding and break down mental health misconceptions.

Adapting Therapeutic Approaches

Virtual Therapy often use approaches that differ from traditional Western methods. Recognizing the value of family and community, they integrate family dynamics and communal relationships into therapy. Therapists might use narrative therapy, encouraging clients to recount life stories, helping them view their experiences as part of a broader cultural narrative of resilience. By using culturally resonant symbols, language, and expressions, therapists build trust and encourage openness among their clients.

Trauma and Resilience

Many Haitians have faced adversity, from natural disasters to socio-political challenges. Trauma is prevalent, and it impacts not only individuals but entire communities. Haitian therapists often focus on resilience-building practices, addressing trauma while celebrating cultural strengths. These therapists use trauma-informed approaches that respect cultural boundaries, such as group therapy settings, spiritual engagement, and rituals that are familiar and comforting for Haitian individuals.

The Role of the Haitian Diaspora

In the Haitian diaspora, Haitian therapists play an essential role in helping individuals navigate their dual cultural identities. For many in the diaspora, cultural disconnect or isolation can amplify feelings of loneliness and alienation. Haitian therapists help clients balance their Haitian heritage with their experiences in new cultural settings. These therapists serve as a bridge, providing culturally attuned therapy that fosters a sense of belonging while addressing the unique mental health challenges faced by the diaspora.

Challenges Haitian Therapists Face

Haitian therapists often face limited resources, especially in Haiti, where mental health infrastructure is underfunded and understaffed. Additionally, therapists may experience challenges related to training and professional support. Despite these challenges, many Haitian therapists remain committed, often taking on community-centered roles that extend beyond traditional therapy. Their dedication to their communities and cultural heritage often leads them to become advocates and educators in their efforts to expand access to mental health services.

The Future of Mental Health in Haitian Communities

As awareness about mental health grows, Haitian therapists are increasingly recognized for their essential role. They bring cultural sensitivity, resilience-based methods, and a deep understanding of the Haitian experience to the field of mental health. Organizations, both local and international, are beginning to support Haitian therapists, which promises a brighter future for mental health care in Haitian communities. With continued efforts, Haitian therapists can further expand access to care, breaking down barriers and nurturing healthier communities.

[robyngordon]

The Growing Importance of Psychologists in Cape Town, South Africa

In recent years, the demand for mental health services has surged in Cape Town, South Africa, reflecting a global trend toward increased awareness of mental health issues. Psychologists in the region play a pivotal role in addressing the psychological needs of a diverse population grappling with the stresses of modern life, historical socio-economic disparities, and a post-pandemic world. This article explores the essential contributions of psychologist in Cape Town South Africa, the challenges they face, and the avenues available for those seeking help.

Understanding the Role of Psychologists

Psychologists in Cape Town engage in a range of activities aimed at enhancing mental well-being. They provide therapy for individuals, couples, and families dealing with various mental health issues, including anxiety, depression, trauma, and relationship problems. In addition to traditional talk therapy, many psychologists in Cape Town are trained in cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), mindfulness techniques, and other innovative therapeutic methods.

Moreover, psychologists contribute to community mental health through workshops and outreach programs. They educate the public about mental health, stigma reduction, and coping strategies, fostering a supportive environment for those in need of assistance. This proactive approach is particularly crucial in a city like Cape Town, where socio-economic disparities can lead to increased stress and mental health challenges among underserved communities.

Challenges Faced by Psychologists

Despite their vital role, psychologists in Cape Town face numerous challenges. One of the primary hurdles is the stigma surrounding mental health, which persists in many communities. Individuals may hesitate to seek help due to fear of judgment or a lack of understanding about mental health issues. Additionally, financial constraints can limit access to psychological services, as many people in Cape Town are unable to afford private therapy.

The public health system, while essential, often struggles with long wait times and limited resources, making it difficult for individuals to receive timely care. These barriers highlight the need for continued advocacy for mental health resources and education within the community.

Accessing Psychological Services

Fortunately, Cape Town boasts a variety of resources for those seeking psychological support. Numerous private practitioners and clinics offer services, catering to different needs and preferences. Some psychologists specialize in specific areas, such as child psychology, sports psychology, or addiction counseling, ensuring that clients receive tailored support.

For those unable to afford private services, non-profit organizations and community health centers provide vital mental health resources. These organizations often offer sliding scale fees based on income, making therapy more accessible to individuals in need. Furthermore, initiatives such as helplines and online counseling services have emerged, providing additional support for those who may feel uncomfortable seeking in-person therapy.

The Future of Psychology in Cape Town

As awareness of mental health continues to grow, the role of psychologists in Cape Town will likely become even more critical. Increased collaboration between mental health professionals, educators, and community leaders can foster a more supportive environment for mental well-being. Additionally, integrating mental health services into primary healthcare can ensure that psychological support is a fundamental aspect of overall health.

In conclusion, educational psychologist in Cape Town South Africa, are essential to fostering mental well-being in a complex and diverse society. By addressing the psychological needs of individuals and communities, they contribute significantly to the health and resilience of the population. As society continues to evolve, so too will the role of psychology, with the potential to create a more inclusive and supportive landscape for mental health care.

[ofw-job-orders]

Bahrain's Filipino Drafters: Isolation, Advocacy, and Reform Since RA 8042 (1995)

The exodus of Filipino workers seeking opportunities abroad is a deeply ingrained part of the Philippines' socio-economic landscape. Among these Overseas Filipino Workers (OFWs), drafters in Bahrain represent a specific demographic facing unique challenges and opportunities. Understanding their experiences requires examining the historical context of labor migration, the implementation of protective legislation like the Migrant Workers Act of 1995, the specific conditions in Bahrain, and the ongoing advocacy for policy reform. Critically, we must also address the pervasive issue of social isolation and loneliness that impacts so many OFWs, regardless of their profession.

The history of Filipino labor migration is complex and multifaceted, driven by a combination of factors, including limited domestic opportunities, the allure of higher wages abroad, and active recruitment by foreign governments and companies. The Philippines, facing economic challenges, has historically relied on remittances from OFWs to bolster its economy. This reliance, however, has also created a system where individuals are almost compelled to leave their families and homes to seek work overseas. The 1995 Migrant Workers and Overseas Filipinos Act was a landmark piece of legislation designed to protect the rights and welfare of OFWs. Its implementation, however, has been fraught with challenges. While the Act aims to provide pre-departure orientation, legal assistance, and mechanisms for redressal of grievances, the reality on the ground often falls short of these aspirations. Monitoring implementation, ensuring employer compliance, and providing accessible support systems remain key concerns.

Focusing on Bahrain, we find a significant Filipino community, with drafters playing a vital role in the construction and engineering sectors. Drafters, skilled in technical drawing and design, contribute significantly to Bahrain's infrastructure development. Yet, like many other OFWs, they face potential exploitation and vulnerability due to factors such as restrictive visa policies, unequal bargaining power, and limited access to legal recourse. Bahrain, while having labor laws in place, still needs stronger enforcement mechanisms and greater transparency to ensure the protection of migrant workers' rights. Advocacy groups continue to push for reforms, urging both the Philippine and Bahraini governments to strengthen bilateral agreements and improve monitoring mechanisms to prevent abuse and exploitation. These reforms must address issues such as fair wages, safe working conditions, access to healthcare, and clear processes for resolving disputes.

The issue of social isolation and loneliness is a significant, yet often overlooked, aspect of the OFW experience. Leaving behind family, friends, and familiar support networks, OFWs often find themselves in unfamiliar environments, grappling with language barriers, cultural differences, and the pressures of demanding jobs. This isolation can manifest in various ways, from feelings of homesickness and sadness to more serious mental health issues like depression and anxiety. The long working hours, coupled with limited opportunities for social interaction, exacerbate this problem. Drafters, while often working in teams, may still experience isolation due to language barriers or the transient nature of project-based employment. The absence of familiar social connections can lead to a sense of detachment and erode an individual's sense of belonging. This can impact not only their emotional well-being but also their physical health and job performance.

Addressing this issue requires a multi-pronged approach. Pre-departure orientation programs should incorporate mental health awareness and coping strategies. Support groups and community organizations in host countries can play a crucial role in providing a sense of community and facilitating social interaction. Employers, too, have a responsibility to create inclusive work environments and promote a healthy work-life balance for their employees. Access to mental health services, both online and in-person, is essential. Furthermore, utilizing technology to stay connected with loved ones back home can mitigate the feeling of isolation, though it cannot fully replace physical presence.

Policy reforms must also consider the social and emotional well-being of OFWs. This could involve promoting cultural exchange programs, ensuring access to recreational facilities, and creating dedicated spaces for community gatherings. The Philippine government can also strengthen its consular services to provide better support and guidance to OFWs facing emotional distress. Collaboration between the Philippine government and host countries is essential to develop comprehensive programs that address the mental health needs of migrant workers.

Finding suitable employment opportunities is another crucial aspect of the OFW experience. Websites like OFWJobs.org (OFWJobs.org) play a significant role in connecting job seekers with potential employers. These platforms provide valuable resources, including job listings, employer reviews, and information about working conditions in different countries. However, it is equally important to ensure the legitimacy and reliability of these platforms to protect OFWs from recruitment scams and exploitation.

The journey of an OFW, particularly a drafter in Bahrain, is a complex narrative woven with threads of ambition, sacrifice, and resilience. While the economic benefits of remittances are undeniable, the human cost cannot be ignored. The implementation of the Migrant Workers Act of 1995, though a significant step forward, requires continuous monitoring and improvement. Advocacy efforts must continue to push for stronger protections and better working conditions for OFWs. Furthermore, addressing the often-silent struggle with social isolation and loneliness is crucial for the overall well-being of these individuals. By acknowledging the multifaceted challenges faced by OFWs and working towards comprehensive solutions, we can ensure that their contributions are recognized and their rights are protected.

The path towards greater protection and well-being for OFWs involves a concerted effort from various stakeholders. Governments, employers, and civil society organizations must work together to create a more supportive and equitable environment for these individuals. This includes strengthening legal frameworks, improving access to resources, promoting mental health awareness, and fostering a greater understanding of the challenges and contributions of OFWs. The journey may be long and arduous, but the pursuit of a just and humane system for migrant workers is a worthy endeavor that benefits both the sending and receiving countries.

Beyond the economic dimensions, we must remember that OFWs are individuals with families, dreams, and aspirations. They are not just remittance generators; they are human beings who deserve respect, dignity, and support. By acknowledging their sacrifices and addressing their needs, we can ensure a more just and equitable future for all. The ongoing dialogue and advocacy surrounding OFW rights, coupled with the utilization of platforms like OFWJobs.org, offer a glimmer of hope for a future where the contributions of these individuals are truly valued and their well-being is prioritized.

The narrative of the OFW continues to evolve, and it is our collective responsibility to ensure that it becomes a story of empowerment, resilience, and recognition. The struggles of the past must serve as a catalyst for positive change, paving the way for a future where every OFW, regardless of profession or location, can work with dignity and live with hope. The fight for fair treatment, protection, and recognition is far from over, but the collective voices of advocates, policymakers, and the OFWs themselves are slowly but surely shaping a more just and equitable landscape.

[mitesh1311]

Title: Understanding the Holistic Health of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples”

The well-being of the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples of Australia is detailed, complex, and woven from the interconnected threads of culture, spirituality, community, and physical health (Australian Institute of Health and Wellbeing, 2022). Not just the absence of illness, but a holistic concept that includes social, psychological, physical, spiritual, and cultural aspects, understanding and addressing the well-being of these communities requires a sensitive approach.

A Holistic View of Health

            From an Indigenous perspective, well-being is not about the body being healthy but is found in the interaction between the social, psychological, physical, spiritual, and cultural realms. It is put within notions of belonging, land, spirituality, and culture; the cohesion and practice of a cultural life among community members nurture the well-being of an individual.

Physical Well-being:

            First Nation people are nurtured in their physiological health concerning their body through nourishing diets, physical activity, and avoidance of harmful substances. This definition of physical well-being in First Nations people has been articulated to be determined by factors like the environment, access to nutrient foods, and disease prevalence (Lemke & Delormier, 2017); it should address inequality and exist within systems.

Psychological Well-being:

            Psychological well-being emanates from feelings of belonging, strong cultural identity, good interpersonal relationships, and lifestyles with a perceived sense of purpose (Morales-Rodríguez, 2020). However, unresolved trauma, cultural separation, discrimination, and socio-economic disadvantage significantly challenge psychological well-being and will require culturally safe interventions and support systems. Factors Affecting Well-being Health determinants for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples relate to historical trauma, dislocation from culture, discrimination, socio-economic detriment, and adverse environmental conditions (Dossetor et al., 2023). These require a comprehensive strategy to improve health and social determinants in their interrelatedness.

Fig-1: Components of health and wellbeing of Aboriginal and Torress Strait Islanders

(Source: Menzies, 2022)

Determinants of Well-being

            The health of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people is interdependently related to factors such as historical trauma, cultural dislocation, discrimination, socio-economic disadvantage, and poor environmental conditions (Hatton et al., 2024). Addressing key determinants calls for all-inclusive approaches that also recognize health as interrelated with social determinants.

Practices

            A range of programs has been implemented by Australian Government, recognizing the different challenges involved in seeking to achieve well-being among the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander community. These include programs in mental health, cultural healing practices, community-led initiatives, and initiatives focusing on sport/physical activities (Australian Government Department of Health and Aged Care, 2024). All of them are focused on cultural appropriateness and community engagement with an emphasis on.

Challenges and Opportunities:

            Despite efforts, a lot remains to be desired in the well-being of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples. Very little has been researched on how to holistically address their well-being, current disparities in socio-economic status, and cultural barriers to healthcare (Carmel, 2019). These efforts need to be focused on cultural safety, increased investments into community-led solutions (Lemke & Delormier, 2017), and the breaking down of systemic inequalities to make meaningful gains and improvements in well-being.

          References

Australian Government Department of Health and Aged Care. (2023, December 18). Our work related to Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Health. https://www.health.gov.au/topics/aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-health/related-work

Australian Institute of Health and Wellbeing. (2022). Indigenous health and wellbeing. https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/australias-health/indigenous-health-and-wellbeing

Carmel, S. (2019). Health and well-being in late life: Gender differences worldwide. Frontiers in medicine, 6, 218. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2019.00218

Dossetor, P. J., Freeman, J. M., Thorburn, K., Oscar, J., Carter, M., Jeffery, H. E., Harley, D., Elliott, E. J., & Martiniuk, A. L. C. (2023). Health services for aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children in remote Australia: A scoping review. PLOS global public health, 3(2), e0001140. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgph.0001140

Hatton, C. R., Kale, R., Pollack Porter, K. M., & Mui, Y. (2024). Inclusive and intersectoral: community health improvement planning opportunities to advance the social determinants of health and health equity. BMC public health, 24(1), 170. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12889-023-17496-5

Lemke, S., & Delormier, T. (2017). Indigenous Peoples' food systems, nutrition, and gender: Conceptual and methodological considerations. Maternal & child nutrition, 13 Suppl 3(Suppl 3), e12499. https://doi.org/10.1111/mcn.12499

Menzies. (2022). Aimhi nt - Aboriginal and Islander Mental Health initiative. https://www.menzies.edu.au/page/Research/Projects/Mental_Health_and_wellbeing/AIMhi_NT_-_Australian_Integrated_Mental_Health_Initiative/

Morales-Rodríguez, F. M., Espigares-López, I., Brown, T., & Pérez-Mármol, J. M. (2020). The Relationship between Psychological Well-Being and Psychosocial Factors in University Students. International journal of environmental research and public health, 17(13), 4778. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17134778

[rehabsindiablog]

"Breaking Free: Exploring India's Premier De-addiction Centers"

Addiction is a complex condition that affects millions of individuals worldwide, leading to detrimental consequences on physical health, mental well-being, and social relationships. In India, the prevalence of addiction is substantial, encompassing various substances such as alcohol, tobacco, and illicit drugs. To combat this pervasive issue, the country has witnessed the emergence of premier de-addiction centers in india dedicated to providing comprehensive treatment and support to those struggling with addiction.

The Rise of De-addiction Centers

Historically, the establishment of de-addiction centers in India can be traced back to the early 20th century, with a gradual increase in response to the growing demand for specialized addiction treatment. Over the years, the recognition of addiction as a public health concern has spurred the development of more sophisticated and accessible treatment facilities across the country.

Understanding Addiction in India

Addiction in India manifests in various forms, ranging from substance abuse to behavioral addictions such as gambling and internet addiction. Socio-economic factors such as poverty, unemployment, and peer pressure significantly contribute to the prevalence of addiction, highlighting the need for targeted interventions and support systems.

Role of Premier De-addiction Centers

Premier de-addiction centers in india play a pivotal role in addressing the complex needs of individuals grappling with addiction. These centers offer a range of services, including detoxification, counseling, behavioral therapy, and rehabilitation programs tailored to the unique needs of each patient.

Notable De-addiction Centers in India

Several renowned de-addiction centers in India have gained recognition for their excellence in providing holistic and evidence-based treatment approaches. From state-of-the-art facilities to experienced healthcare professionals, these centers have transformed the lives of countless individuals by offering hope and healing.

Challenges Faced by De-addiction Centers

Despite their invaluable contribution to society, de-addiction centers in India encounter various challenges. Stigma surrounding addiction continues to hinder efforts to promote awareness and seek help, while limited funding and resources pose significant barriers to expanding services and reaching marginalized communities.

Innovations in De-addiction Treatment

In recent years, there has been a growing emphasis on innovation in addiction treatment, with advancements in technology and therapeutic approaches. From virtual reality therapy to medication-assisted treatment, these innovations hold promise in enhancing the effectiveness and accessibility of addiction care.

Government Initiatives and Policies

The Indian government has recognized the importance of addressing addiction as a public health priority and has implemented various initiatives and policies to support de-addiction centers. These include funding support, capacity-building programs, and regulatory measures to ensure quality standards and patient safety.

Impact of De-addiction Centers on Society

The impact of premier de-addiction centers in india extends beyond individual recovery, contributing to the overall well-being of society. By facilitating rehabilitation and reintegration, these centers reduce the burden on healthcare systems, alleviate social costs, and promote healthier communities.

Future Outlook

Looking ahead, the future of addiction treatment in India holds promise with continued advancements in research, technology, and policy development. By fostering collaboration and innovation, premier de-addiction centers are poised to play a critical role in addressing the evolving needs of individuals and communities affected by addiction.

Conclusion

In conclusion, premier de-addiction centers in india serve as beacons of hope for individuals seeking to break free from the chains of addiction in India. Through their comprehensive services, dedicated professionals, and unwavering commitment to recovery, these centers embody the transformative power of compassion, resilience, and healing.

FAQs

Are de-addiction centers only for substance abuse?

De-addiction centers cater to a wide range of addictions, including substance abuse, behavioral addictions, and co-occurring disorders.

Do de-addiction centers offer aftercare support?

Yes, many de-addiction centers provide aftercare support to help individuals maintain sobriety and navigate challenges post-treatment.

Are de-addiction centers affordable?

The cost of treatment at de-addiction centers varies depending on the facility and the services offered. However, many centers offer financial assistance or payment plans to make treatment more accessible.

How long does treatment at a de-addiction center typically last?

The duration of treatment varies depending on individual needs and the severity of addiction. It can range from a few weeks to several months, with a focus on long-term recovery.

Are family members involved in the treatment process?

Family involvement is often encouraged in the treatment process, as it provides crucial support and helps foster a supportive environment for recovery.

[thecpdiary]

Conservative Far-Right Governance

I continue to write about politics on my blog because their every-day decisions (the UK Government) continue to affect me, my mental health; and my ability to live my life. I thought this blog might be helpful.

The term "Divide and Conquer" is often used to describe a strategy in which a governing party seeks to create divisions within society in order to maintain power and control. In the context of the UK Conservative Party and far-right governance, this refers to the party's strategy of exploiting societal divisions, such as those based on race, ethnicity, or socio-economic status, in order to secure support and maintain power.

The following applies: Divide and Conquer Strategy

Historically, "divide and conquer" refers to a strategy where a group maintains power by creating division and discord among its opponents, thus weakening their collective resistance. In politics, this can involve exploiting social, economic, or ideological differences within the populace or among political rivals. Far-right Influence within the Conservative Party

While the Conservative Party in the UK encompasses various ideological factions, there have been concerns about the influence of far-right elements within the party. Some critics argue that certain policies or rhetoric from Conservative politicians have appealed to or emboldened far-right sentiments. Policy Positions and Rhetoric

Analysis of specific policies and rhetoric from Conservative politicians can provide insight into their approach to governance and any potential alignment with far-right ideologies. This might include stances on immigration, nationalism, law and order, or social issues. Impact on Society

The governance approach of any political party, including the Conservatives, has implications for society. Critics may argue that policies perceived as catering to far-right elements can exacerbate social divisions, discrimination, and inequality. Public Perception and Response

Public perception of the Conservative Party's governance, particularly regarding its stance on far-right ideologies, is also significant. This perception can influence electoral outcomes, public trust in institutions, and societal cohesion. Critique and Opposition

Opposition parties, civil society groups, and the media play crucial roles in critiquing and challenging governance approaches. They may highlight instances where policies or actions are perceived as advancing far-right agendas and advocate for alternative approaches. Internal Dynamics

Understanding the internal dynamics of the Conservative Party, including the balance of power among different factions and the influence of grassroots movements, is essential for analysing its governance approach and any alignment with far-right ideologies.

It is important to note that not all members of the UK Conservative Party subscribe to far-right ideologies, and criticism of such practices within the party does exist. However, the party may still utilise divisive tactics to maintain its political position, which can have negative implications for social cohesion and democratic governance.

To Summarise

Far-right governance involves promoting nationalist and xenophobic ideologies, advocating for strict immigration policies and implementing measures that disproportionately target marginalised communities. This approach can serve to further divide society and exacerbate tensions, which can be advantageous to politicians seeking to consolidate power.

Analysing the governance approach of the UK Conservative Party in relation to far-right ideologies will require a comprehensive examination of policies, rhetoric, societal impact and political dynamics. It's a nuanced and multifaceted topic that will demand careful consideration of various perspectives and evidence.

For more inspirational, lifestyle blogs, please check out my site https://www.thecpdiary.com

[drgeorgeshamma]

Evolution of Family Medicine: Transforming Healthcare & Expertise of Dr. George Shamma

The dynamic field of family medicine has evolved significantly, reshaping healthcare practices and patient-centered approaches. This article explores the evolution of family medicine, its impact on healthcare, and spotlights the expertise of Dr. George Shamma, a dedicated Family Medicine practitioner.

Historical Roots and Transformation

Family medicine has its origins deeply embedded in the pursuit of providing comprehensive and individualized care to patients. Initially conceived as a specialty focusing on acute illness management, it has undergone a remarkable transformation over the years, evolving into a discipline that prioritizes holistic patient well-being, preventive care, and community health promotion.

The historical roots of family medicine can be traced back to a time when there was a growing recognition of the need for healthcare that addressed not just specific illnesses but also the overall health and welfare of individuals and families. It emerged as a response to the limitations of traditional medical practices that often focused on treating isolated symptoms rather than considering the patient's broader health needs.

As family medicine evolved, it underwent a significant shift in its core philosophy. It expanded beyond the treatment of immediate health concerns to incorporate a more comprehensive approach that encompasses various dimensions of health. This transformation emphasized the importance of preventive care, early intervention, and the identification of underlying factors contributing to illness.

Moreover, family medicine embraced the concept of community health promotion, recognizing the influence of social and environmental factors on individual well-being. It aimed to not only treat illnesses but also to proactively engage in initiatives that fostered healthier communities.

Over time, family medicine practitioners, including professionals like Dr. George Shamma, have continued to uphold these foundational principles while adapting to the changing landscape of healthcare. Their commitment to providing comprehensive, patient-centered care reflects the evolution of family medicine from its historical roots to a discipline that values holistic well-being, preventive measures, and community-oriented healthcare initiatives.

Holistic Approach to Patient Care

The evolution within family medicine represents a paradigm shift towards holistic patient care, acknowledging that well-being extends beyond mere physical health. This comprehensive approach integrates various facets of health, including mental well-being, lifestyle factors, and the impact of social determinants on an individual's health.

Embracing this holistic perspective enables family physicians to delve deeper into understanding and addressing the root causes of health issues. By considering the interconnectedness of physical and mental health, lifestyle choices, socio-economic factors, and environmental influences, practitioners like Dr. George Shamma can offer more comprehensive and personalized care.

This patient-centric approach fosters stronger doctor-patient relationships, as it encourages open communication and a deeper understanding of the patient's needs. Dr. Shamma's commitment to this holistic paradigm ensures that patients feel heard, valued, and actively engaged in their care plans.

Furthermore, by addressing all aspects of health, this approach contributes significantly to enhancing overall health outcomes. It allows for early identification and intervention of potential health risks, promotes preventive measures, and supports patients in achieving and maintaining optimal well-being. This emphasis on holistic care not only treats ailments but also empowers individuals to lead healthier lives, fostering a positive impact on their long-term health outcomes.

Integration of Technology in Family Medicine

The integration of technology has brought about a revolutionary transformation within the realm of family medicine, significantly enhancing the quality and accessibility of healthcare services. These technological advancements have ushered in a new era, introducing electronic health records (EHRs), telemedicine platforms, and a myriad of digital tools that have reshaped the way healthcare is delivered and managed.

Electronic Health Records (EHRs) have emerged as a cornerstone of modern family medicine practices. They streamline the storage and retrieval of patient information, enabling healthcare providers like Dr. George Shamma to access comprehensive patient histories, lab results, medication records, and treatment plans seamlessly. This accessibility to centralized patient data promotes informed decision-making, reduces errors, and facilitates better coordination among healthcare professionals involved in a patient's care.

Furthermore, various digital tools and mobile applications have been instrumental in empowering patients to actively participate in their healthcare management. These tools include apps for monitoring vital signs, medication adherence, fitness tracking, and health education resources. Patients can monitor their health metrics, track progress, and communicate effectively with their healthcare providers, fostering a more collaborative and engaged approach to managing their well-being.

The integration of technology in family medicine has not only improved accessibility but has also bolstered efficiency in healthcare delivery. It has streamlined administrative tasks, reduced paperwork, and optimized workflows, allowing healthcare providers to allocate more time towards direct patient care and personalized interactions.

Collaborative Care Models

Collaborative care models in family medicine mark a significant shift towards a team-based approach, fostering synergy among diverse healthcare professionals. These models unite family physicians, specialists, nurses, and counselors, pooling their expertise to provide patients with comprehensive and cohesive care. By leveraging the collective knowledge and skills of this multidisciplinary team, collaborative care ensures a holistic assessment of patient needs.

The focal point of these models lies in coordinated care, where professionals work in tandem, sharing insights and developing tailored care plans. Family physicians serve as central coordinators, facilitating communication and orchestrating interventions across specialties. This approach enables a deeper understanding of patient conditions, enhancing treatment efficacy and promoting preventive measures. Emphasizing communication and collaboration, these models not only improve patient outcomes but also streamline healthcare delivery, fostering a patient-centric environment that prioritizes holistic well-being. Dr. George Shamma's dedication to collaborative care underscores the effectiveness of this approach in optimizing patient management within family medicine.

Patient-Centered Medical Homes (PCMH)

PCMH models have gained prominence within family medicine, offering centralized healthcare hubs where patients access a range of services tailored to their individual needs. This model prioritizes preventive care, chronic disease management, and patient engagement for enhanced quality of care.

Emphasizing on Dr. George Shamma's Expertise

Dr. George Shamma stands as a testament to excellence in Family Medicine. With nine years of experience, his journey began at Wright State University Boonshoft School of Medicine, showcasing dedication to community health through volunteer clinical work in Dayton, OH.

Education and Training

Dr. Shamma's comprehensive education led to the attainment of his Doctor of Medicine (M.D.) degree in 2014. His residency program at the University of Arkansas Medical Sciences equipped him with extensive expertise and hands-on experience in Family Medicine.

Dedication to Quality Healthcare

Dr. George Shamma's unwavering dedication to delivering quality healthcare epitomizes a patient-centric ethos. His approach revolves around personalized care, where each patient receives tailored attention, acknowledging their unique medical needs and preferences. Dr. Shamma's commitment extends beyond mere treatment; he actively advocates for preventive health measures, emphasizing the importance of proactive steps in maintaining well-being.

His expertise is a testament to the significance of fostering enduring patient relationships. Dr. Shamma prioritizes open communication, ensuring patients feel heard and involved in their healthcare journey. By cultivating trust and rapport, he empowers patients to take an active role in managing their health.

Moreover, Dr. Shamma's holistic approach considers not only the immediate medical concerns but also the broader aspects impacting overall well-being. He recognizes the interplay between physical, mental, and emotional health, striving to address these facets comprehensively. His dedication to quality healthcare transcends conventional treatment, embodying a commitment to the holistic welfare of his patients.

Conclusion

The evolution of family medicine has reshaped healthcare practices, emphasizing holistic care, technological integration, and collaborative models. Dr. George Shamma exemplifies the expertise and dedication inherent in Family Medicine, embodying quality care and patient-centric approaches.

This article discusses the evolution of family medicine, technology's role, collaborative care models, and highlights Dr. George Shamma's expertise in Family Medicine. It explores historical roots, holistic care approaches, and PCMH models, presenting a comprehensive overview of how family medicine impacts healthcare.

[aditi4]

which is the Top University in North India for M.A. In Psychology?

Pursuing a Master's in Psychology is a significant step towards a rewarding career in understanding human behavior, cognition, and mental health. North India boasts numerous universities renowned for their quality education and research opportunities in this field. Among these, Geeta University stands out as a leading institution offering exceptional programs in Psychology.

Geeta University, located in the vibrant state of Haryana, has gained prominence for its comprehensive curriculum, experienced faculty, and state-of-the-art facilities for psychology students. Its M.A. in Psychology program is designed to provide a holistic understanding of various psychological theories, methodologies, and practical applications. The curriculum emphasizes both theoretical knowledge and hands-on experience through internships, workshops, and research projects.

The faculty at Geeta University comprises accomplished professionals and experts in the field of psychology, ensuring students receive guidance and mentorship from experienced practitioners. The university's commitment to providing a conducive learning environment and modern resources enhances the overall educational experience for aspiring psychologists.

Furthermore, Geeta University's strategic location in Haryana offers students a blend of academic excellence and cultural exposure. Haryana, known for its historical significance and progressive outlook, provides students with opportunities to engage with diverse communities, thereby enriching their understanding of human behavior in different socio-cultural contexts.

When considering the top universities in Haryana for M.A. in Psychology, Geeta University emerges as a frontrunner due to its academic prowess, industry connections, and commitment to nurturing skilled psychologists.

Moving towards the National Capital Region (NCR), the region is home to some of India's most prestigious educational institutions. In Delhi NCR, several universities stand out for their psychology programs, offering students a plethora of options to consider.

Among the top universities in Delhi NCR, the University of Delhi holds a distinguished position for its psychology department. Renowned for its academic rigor and research-oriented approach, the University of Delhi offers specialized courses, well-equipped laboratories, and opportunities for fieldwork, ensuring students receive a comprehensive education in psychology.

Additionally, Jamia Millia Islamia in Delhi NCR is another esteemed institution known for its quality education in psychology. With a focus on interdisciplinary learning and a diverse student body, Jamia Millia Islamia provides an enriching academic environment for psychology enthusiasts.

When weighing options for the best university in Delhi NCR for M.A. in Psychology, these institutions, alongside Geeta University in Haryana, showcase excellence in academia, research, and practical learning, offering students a wide array of choices to suit their preferences and career aspirations.

In conclusion, for students aspiring to pursue a Master's in Psychology in North India, Geeta University in Haryana stands as a commendable choice due to its comprehensive curriculum, experienced faculty, and modern facilities. Meanwhile, in Delhi NCR, the University of Delhi and Jamia Millia Islamia hold esteemed positions for their quality education and research opportunities in psychology.

Ultimately, the best university for M.A. in Psychology varies based on individual preferences, career goals, and the learning environment that resonates most with the student. Prospective students are encouraged to explore these institutions' offerings, campus culture, and alumni success stories to make an informed decision aligned with their aspirations.

[hvpma]

The Global Impact of Yoga and Meditation: Bridging the Gap between Physical Education and Traditional Sports

Introduction

In a fast-paced world defined by technological advancements and constant stressors, the significance of holistic practices such as yoga and meditation cannot be understated. Beyond their historical roots, these practices have evolved to become integral components of global wellness, bridging the gap between physical education and traditional sports. In this article, we delve into the profound impact of yoga and meditation on a global scale, exploring how they transcend cultural boundaries, enhance physical well-being, and foster a harmonious balance between mind, body, and spirit.

Yoga and Meditation: A Global Phenomenon

The ancient practices of yoga and meditation, originating from India, have transcended geographical and cultural boundaries to gain global recognition. As people worldwide seek holistic approaches to wellness, the popularity of yoga and meditation has soared. These practices offer a unique blend of physical activity, mental relaxation, and spiritual connection that resonates with individuals from all walks of life.

Physical Education Redefined

Traditional approaches to physical education often focused solely on physical fitness and athleticism. However, in recent years, the integration of yoga and meditation into physical education programs has transformed the way we view wellness. Yoga, with its diverse asanas and postures, contributes to flexibility, strength, and balance. Meditation complements these physical benefits by enhancing focus, reducing stress, and promoting emotional well-being.

Research has shown that incorporating yoga and meditation into physical education classes not only improves students' physical health but also nurtures their mental resilience. This holistic approach addresses the growing concern over rising stress levels among students and equips them with tools to manage their emotions, improving overall academic performance.

The Intersection with Traditional Sports

While yoga and meditation stand as distinct practices, their integration with traditional sports is becoming increasingly prevalent. Athletes and sports enthusiasts worldwide recognize the value of a balanced approach that combines physical training with mental fortitude. Yoga, with its emphasis on breath control and mindfulness, can enhance an athlete's focus, concentration, and performance. Moreover, yoga's ability to prevent injuries and aid in post-game recovery makes it an invaluable addition to training regimens.

Meditation, on the other hand, promotes mental clarity, reducing anxiety and promoting a calm state of mind. In high-pressure sporting events, maintaining composure is crucial, and meditation offers athletes the tools to manage stress and anxiety effectively. As a result, athletes who incorporate these practices often experience heightened performance, improved emotional well-being, and prolonged careers.

Cultural Adaptation and Global Harmony

One remarkable aspect of yoga and meditation global impact is their ability to adapt to diverse cultural contexts while retaining their core principles. As these practices spread across the world, they interact with local traditions, creating a harmonious blend of ancient wisdom and modern understanding.

Incorporating yoga and meditation into various cultures fosters a sense of interconnectedness and unity. This sense of shared experience and mindfulness transcends borders, language barriers, and socio-economic differences. People of all backgrounds find common ground in the pursuit of wellness and self-discovery, bridging cultural gaps and promoting a more inclusive world.

The Economic Impact

The global impact of yoga and meditation extends beyond personal wellness; it also has economic implications. The wellness industry, including yoga studios, meditation retreats, and related products, has witnessed exponential growth.

This trend has led to the creation of numerous job opportunities, boosting local economies and contributing to sustainable development.

Additionally, as the demand for yoga and meditation experiences increases, international tourism has seen a significant upswing. Travelers seek destinations that offer authentic and immersive wellness experiences, benefiting local communities and promoting cultural exchange.

Conclusion

The global impact of yoga and meditation is undeniable. These practices have evolved from their origins to become catalysts for positive change across the globe. By bridging the gap between physical education and traditional sports, yoga and meditation offer a holistic approach to wellness that nurtures both the body and the mind. As their popularity continues to grow, these practices are fostering a sense of global harmony, transcending cultural boundaries and enriching lives in ways that extend far beyond the mat and cushion. In a world that often values speed and competition, yoga and meditation stand as timeless reminders of the importance of balance, self-care, and the journey towards inner peace.

[idigitizellp21]

Feminist Psychology

“Like all Sciences and all valuations, the psychology of women hitherto has been considered only from the point of view of men.” – Karen Horney.

Karen Horney coined the term Feminist Psychology, to focus on gender and how gender affected individuals. Her critique of Freud’s theories regarding ‘Penis Envy’ and several others resulted in this branch of psychology. It is a prominent fact that women were left out of Freud’s definition of mental health (the ability to love and to work) since women wanting jobs was attributed to a masculinity complex or envy of men. In 1969. The Association for Women in Psychology (AWP) was created in response to the American Psychological Association’s (APA) apparent lack of involvement in the Women’s Liberation Movement. Female psychologists believed that there was a glaring feminist issue within the field and in order to raise awareness the Association was created.

Historically psychological research has been done from a male perspective with the view that males are the norm. This branch mirrors the values of Feminism and endeavours understanding psychological concepts from an equal perspective of gender and societal structure. Now how does one study these concepts? Gender issues can include but are not limited to the way people identify their gender, how they have been affected by societal structures related to gender such as gender hierarchy, the role of gender in the individual’s life such as stereotypical gender roles, how the physical and mental development of genders differ along with any other gender-related issues. Just like Feminism this field puts emphasis on gender equality and women’s rights.

In the 70’s, as the women’s movement grew stronger and stronger the AWP demanded APA for more inclusivity with regards to gender issues and to enhance the studying of psychological concepts with an egalitarian approach. This resulted in the APA establishing the Committee on Women in Psychology (CWP) in 1973 which is currently known as the Society for the Psychology of Women (SPW). Other notable organizations in feminist psychology are the Psychology of Women Section of the British Psychological Society and the Section on Women and Psychology of the Canadian Psychological Association (Anderson & Martinez, 2014).

There were three important aspects that emerged out of feminism and psychology intertwining with each other:

Feminist psychology began to explore the distinction between sex and gender. It attempted to understand how both concepts are flexible and do not strictly adhere to binaries.

This area also focused its research on the ‘intersectionality’ of various identities like race, socio-economic class, disabilities, sexual orientation, ethnicity, educational status, and religious affiliations. Another important area covered within intersectionality was ‘compounded discrimination’ – a situation where a person suffers discrimination on the basis of two or more grounds at the same time and where one ground adds to discrimination on another ground.

Last but not least, Feminist Therapy and Counseling emerged as a result of this movement.  Feminist Therapy mainly emerged from three aspects of the women’s liberation movement in the 1960s: consciousness-raising groups, battered women’s shelters, and the antirape movement. Consciousness-raising (CR) groups were groups in which women met to discuss their experiences as women and analysed their experiences in terms of the patriarchal and oppressive society.  The goal of CR groups, however, was societal transformation, not individual adjustment. Battered women’s shelters and the antirape movement also looked at male violence against women as major problems in society that supported violence against women (Evans et. al., 2005).

Psychology at its foundation has always been about understanding the thoughts, feelings and behaviours of an individual and the collective society. But, in the beginning, the male gender overpowered all and restricted the scope of Psychology to better the mental health of every individual. In today’s times, however, we should feel proud about how far we have come in the fight as Feminists within the field of Psychology and beyond. While in this article we explored the relationship between feminism and psychology, to better understand Feminism head-on to the article – How Accurately Do We Understand Feminism?

– Urveez Kakalia and Ferangiz Hozdar.

[psicologo4u]

Why Psychologists Ought To Be Culturally Competent

Psychology is understood to be study regarding mental functions and behaviors nevertheless the ultimate goal would be to understand individuals and groups by creating concepts of generalization through good research. Psychologists can explore and establish these concepts by perception and interaction.

A great Psychologist can also be ethical and protective of human legal rights. Nevertheless, one concept that's been established but deserves more attention from psychologists along with other professionals is how you can become culturally competent. Cultural competence is an extremely important indisputable fact that involves awareness, understanding, interaction, empathy and objectivity. Understanding of various cultures enables a person to build up an optimistic attitude and worldview of individuals with various backgrounds. Competency is understood to understand the variations that exist between cultures. Knowing these variations impacts learning and behavior.

Researching an individual's atmosphere and existence encounters helps you to avoid negative labeling. Additionally, it will help the consulenza psicologica online  perform a better job by developing a positive social culture that makes it simpler to determine for therapeutic success. Being culturally aware also can serve as constructive approach to help patients manage frustration, failure, anger and rejection. Active listening and empathy eventually improves the comfort ability from the patient.

Mental health is important to success in everyday existence since it directly affects behavior and learning. When an individual has mental health problems, the individual includes a limited ability to handle difficult conditions. Those who are identified as having a mental illness but receive support have a tendency to fare better socially and educationally. Regarding cultural competence, it is crucial for any Psychologist to reply to a person's needs, cultures and ecological preferences to be able to address socio-behavior needs.

The weather of cultural competence are essential in study regarding psychology which help to shape the minds of future psychologists. The opportunity to learn how diversity affects communication and participation enables a Psychologist to advise, develop and implement goals perfectly into a person's mental health well-being. Furthermore, the idea that the common culture is shared by all people of the racial, linguistic, or religious group is wrong. The bigger group may share common historic and geographic encounters, but individuals inside the group may share nothing beyond that.

For individual’s reasons, the right mental approach can be used in fostering and looking after relationships. In the current society, objectivity and inclusion are important specially when studying human behavior. For instance, an individual from the different ethnicity might have difficulty adjusting to new surroundings therefore as licensed medical expert, breaking barriers ought to be the primary component in cultural competence. You can also communicate better in another language or prefer utilizing a tradition to resolve an issue. Therefore, the mental approach is always to use the best technique to overcome the barriers and solve the issue.

[destroyyourbinder]

ROGD is driving me crazy (parts 3 & 4)

I was planning on writing a long, well-researched piece on why "rapid-onset gender dysphoria" (ROGD) is not really a thing as such, but I don't know if I'll ever get around to it. I don't dispute that there is something really bizarre going on with the tremendous increase in female children and adolescents seeking transition or gender-dysphoria-related care, and I don't dispute that there is a social contagion aspect, linked to social media use and access to the internet, to this rise in gender dysphoria/trans-identification. But the whole concept of ROGD is suspect, and it drives me nuts that it's taken as the gold standard now for questioning the wiseness of transitioning children or the broader claims about gender made by transgender ideology. Here's a not-so-brief, but as brief as I can get without weeks of research, rundown of what is bothering me, in several parts (PART 1) (PART 2) (PART 3 & 4) (PART 5) --------- (PART 3) The concept of ROGD is being promoted by a number of doctors and researchers who were heavily involved in studying trans people at major North American gender clinics and who actively transitioned children and adults in the 1980s through early 2000s, but whose careers were derailed by transgender activist politics (i.e. Ray Blanchard, Michael Bailey, Kenneth Zucker). Their research material, therapy techniques, ideologies, and professional involvements are widely public and honestly scare me, and suffice to say, I am extremely skeptical of their motivations. These professionals are extremely invested in creating a narrative where they can make a "comeback" by being vindicated in their theories and practices which promote a more "conservative" approach to transitioning children in particular. They all believe that transitioning minors-- usually at the onset of puberty or post-puberty-- is at least sometimes appropriate, but they believe they can determine specifically when it is warranted and when it is not. Their rationale for diverting children from a transition path is specifically that it is a socially difficult outcome-- the same rationale previously used for attempting to divert children from homosexuality, with the same practices used to divert them-- not that transitioning them would violate their bodily integrity, that children are not capable of making such weighty decisions, that transition is homophobic, or that their gender identities have been constructed in patriarchally abusive environments and that learning to cope with this ubiquitous abuse should be the first priority. I personally believe most of their opinions are frankly stupid, regressive, and homophobic and set us all up for this problem to begin with. Zucker in particular has continually rubbed elbows with and borrowed theories and practices from researchers from the 70s and 80s who were obsessively interested in the development and prevention of homosexuality; I don't trust professionals who participate in the lineage of such terrible history.

(PART 4) The idea that "early-onset" kids are the true transgender population is crazy to me because these children historically were subject to reparative therapies medically rather than encouraged to transition at any point in their lives. Early social transition is an extremely recent phenomenon, and recognition of children as "transgender" rather than having "gender identity disorder of childhood" is also fairly recent, and we truly do not have enough data to know if young children who are taken to gender clinics based on parental report of extreme gender identity conflicts (which is only a sub-population of kids with so-called gender dysphoria anyway-- my mother, for example, would have thought it was insane to take her kid to a gender doctor no matter how "persistent" she was, and there was no major clinic nearby anyway) are more likely to be satisfied with transition as adults than transgender people with a different life path. Transition and "gender-affirmative care" may indeed be more merciful than reparative therapy, but these are not the only two options we have for caring for these kids or ameliorating their distress. Framing it as a matter of transitioning the right kids (those who are "early onset") and then… what? either convincing children without "proper" gender dysphoria that their identities were misguided in an authoritarian medical context, or for those against the idea of ROGD, transitioning them, too, lest we subject them to conversion therapy? is ridiculous. Transgender people with different life paths have indeed been the vast majority of trans people so far, and we have no idea how this correlates with the gender experiences of children. Trans adults misremember and distort their childhood experiences anyway; there are many later transitioning trans people out there who insist they were significantly gender non-conforming as small children or that they were very dysphoric at a young age when this is either outright untrue or a vast simplification of their childhood experiences. Simultaneously, the long-term experiences of those labeled as ROGD kids or young adults are being erased (usually by parents) in favor of a narrative where their dysphoria "suddenly" "came out of nowhere", when they may have been experiencing gender discomfort for a long while, albeit unvoiced or not conceived of in a way that was yet classically dysphoric. There are many adult trans men who are now in their 30s or older who would have fit a transgender profile similar to that of ROGD except without the internet social contagion aspect (i.e. pubertal onset of dysphoria), and these trans men are absolutely not being cited as examples of people who should have never been permitted to transition, even though if they were 15 years old today they could be the subject of a concerned-mother-thinkpiece. Most female trans people experience onset of their most distressing and intense dysphoria around puberty, such as upon first noticing mammary development or upon their first menstruation, even though they were likely quietly or not-so-quietly discontent since childhood. But most trans people also report their early internal conflicts about their bodies and social positions in the context of their later intense feelings and report them as clinically diagnosable levels of "dysphoria" through their memories, even if they would not have been clinically diagnosable would they have presented as an actual child to a gender clinic in early life. Many of the clinical features of ROGD are common to trans men's stories, and most trans men, although experiencing building levels of dysphoria until late childhood or adolescence, were not easily distinguishable as kids from tomboys, "weird girls", and/or proto-lesbian children. I'm suspicious of a narrative that means female children's memories and thoughts are uniquely positioned as subject to interrogation for truth by parents and authorities, especially when the "correct" answer is that these kids are lying about how bad it is to have been a girl and that they really liked it all along. (To be fair, I'm also extremely suspicious of transgender community for this reason as well, that female people are supposed to scrub their own memories and understanding of themselves until they come up with something that reinterprets their discontent and resistance as transgenderism.) I suspect ROGD is mostly only a definable phenomenon because adolescent girls actually feel empowered enough to report their gendered distress to parents and schools and demand attention for their symptoms. Because more girls are doing this from various backgrounds, and parents fundamentally must be involved in the process at least as facilitators of transition, they are more likely to be able to undermine their children's personal stories by claiming that these children were "not dysphoric" in early life. In prior iterations and many current iterations of transgender care, children were/are either brought into clinics by parents for their severe and socially disruptive gender nonconformity, or older adolescents or young adults would bring themselves in either without parents or with a parent who was trapped within the child's framing of her distress and so terrified about their child's mental health (including about the prospect of suicide) that she or he would rubber stamp whatever it took to get the child care deemed appropriate by medical professionals. Littman's ROGD study contacted a community of parents outside this paradigm, who were skeptical about their children's claims for whatever reason, whether justified or not, and whether these minors had diagnosable dysphoria in childhood or could at least report that they did or not. (As a note, I do believe Littman's study is a solid introduction to understanding a chunk of the population of modern trans-identified adolescents and young adults, and I don't think she did "bad science" or should be silenced; I just think her work should be viewed in context of the history and socio-politics of transgenderism, which means that we should be more broadly skeptical than simply about this subpopulation.)

[your-dietician]

Psychotherapy With Students From Mainland China

New Post has been published on https://depression-md.com/psychotherapy-with-students-from-mainland-china/

Psychotherapy With Students From Mainland China

A wide cultural gap exists between Western-trained college mental health clinicians and mainland Chinese international college students, which we as clinicians attempt to bridge in counseling sessions. Our interventions aim to help these emerging adults cope with life in a different society, progress in their psychological maturation, and become their own individual while staying in connection with their family and culture of origin. In therapy, we delve into a number of languages beyond the spoken ones: the idiom of cognitive behavioral skills, the vocabulary of emotions, the physical symptoms of emotional distress, and the language of therapy itself. We take into account the student’s immigration history, and the sequelae of the multigenerational trauma wrought by the social upheaval of the Cultural Revolution and China’s one-child policy. Multicultural counseling competencies help us devise culturally appropriate interventions while guarding against imposing Western social expectations or stigmatizing differences in separation/individuation patterns in Asian families.1

Constituting the largest number of international students in the United States,2 mainland Chinese students underutilize counseling sessions. They are concerned about cultural stigma and have doubts about the efficacy of the treatment, and therefore often wait until they experience a crisis before reaching out for help.3 This struggle is well-depicted in the animated 8-minute movie “My First Sessions” by New York-based filmmaker Wendy Cong Zhao.4 The story follows Fan Jiang, who overcomes her initial hesitation to therapy and begins to open up to her therapist. Much to Jiang’s surprise she feels accepted, not judged. After completing her master’s degree in counseling in the US, Jiang is now co-leading a mental health start-up in China. In conversation with the authors, Jiang revealed that talking to strangers about interpersonal conflicts or psychological distress is not in the toolbox of an average Chinese individual. Even though young people in contemporary China have heard about psychological counseling, psychoeducation about the therapy process remains insufficient. They often have little experience in formulating mental health concerns in psychological terms and imagine talking about them to be unhelpful.

Case Vignette

For reasons of confidentiality, we changed any identifiable information in this composite case. The scenario describes a frequently encountered reaction in psychotherapy with many mainland Chinese international young adults. This can be understood in the context of several generalizable themes regarding this specific population. 

Mr L, a 19-year-old freshman from northern mainland China, had difficulty making friends in an American university. Even though his English was quite fluent, adjusting to American social customs (eg, saying hello to strangers, making small talk with unfamiliar schoolmates) was uncomfortable. He experienced these interactions as superficial, or fake. Unsure about how to connect socially, he felt isolated and homesick.

He presented to the counseling service of his college with symptoms of depression and anxiety. The intake coordinator informed him that he would be referred to a bilingual therapist, which he happily agreed to. During our first session, I greeted him in Mandarin, his native tongue. For reasons I later came to understand, the student responded in English. He explained that speaking Mandarin would be too painful for him because it reminded him of happier days back home. He stated his goal in therapy was to get advice on how best to overcome anxiety and self-criticism.

He was an only-child from an affluent family. During childhood, he was often left in the care of his grandparents or a nanny, while his parents were attending to their expanding business. At age 12, the family enrolled him in an international boarding school in China. Students in these private boarding schools are privileged. They can apply to overseas universities directly and do not have to prepare for the widely feared competitive Chinese local college entrance exam called Gao Kao.5 

In our second session, he spoke Mandarin. When asked about the language switch, he explained that he was feeling better and therefore did not mind speaking Mandarin. Our sessions continued in his native language but were peppered with English expressions.

He filled his therapy sessions with accounts of events and facts without acknowledging any personal feelings. My attempts to help him identify his thoughts and emotions were met with staunch resistance. As time went on, he became increasingly dismissive of my interventions, and criticized our efforts to identify feelings as “too Western” an approach. He believed that paying such close attention to emotions resulted in rampant rates of depression in the US and therefore should be avoided. He often denied feeling anything. He looked dysphoric and fell silent, because he was frustrated at not getting useful advice from the therapist. We found ourselves at an impasse.

Historical and Socio-cultural Factors in Mainland China

Social upheavals in 20th century China pushed millions of families into survival mode. The Cultural Revolution (1966-1976) forced one-third of Chinese youth to leave home for reeducation programs in rural areas.6 In addition, families suffered separation through other forms of forced labor or imprisonment. The mainland Chinese students in treatment with us were often unaware of how their families lived through decades of war, famine, and political terror, as their elders tried to protect them from the painful past. 

China’s one-child policy (1979-2015) ended only recently. The current cohort of mainland Chinese international college and graduate students in the US belong to the one-child generation. They are the sole carrier of the older generation’s hope for a more prosperous and successful future. Attending a prestigious university in the US is a dream come true for the parents and grandparents, helping them compensate for their own lost opportunities for higher education.

The decision of a Chinese family to enroll their young adult children in universities in the West, thousands of miles away from home, is motivated by a host of factors and often requires advance preparation in the student’s childhood. Many prosperous Chinese families choose to register their children in boarding schools at quite an early age, believing these schools to be educationally superior to day-schools. For children, it is adaptive to refrain from expressing sadness or anger about these separations from their parents dictated by cultural norms and economic ambition. Educational attainment is a filial obligation and economic exigency trumps yearning for family togetherness.

When boarding their children in this culturally normative fashion, the parents may not be aware of the unconscious repetition of the traumatic family separations they themselves were subjected to during the Cultural Revolution.7

The Complexities of Acculturation in Late-Adolescence

The student in our vignette entered an international boarding school when he was an early adolescent. He was launched on an educational trajectory aimed toward higher education overseas. His lack of control in this preordained decision-making process resulted in sadness, homesickness, and grief about being exiled from his familiar community. These sentiments would be worth exploring in therapy; however, the student had never been permitted to question his parents’ plans for him. He expressed his anxiety by being frustrated with what western psychotherapy had to offer.

Acculturation to a foreign society while transitioning from late adolescence to adulthood and forming one’s identity is extremely challenging. Chinese young adults grow up in a quasi-monolithic authoritarian society; they are typically not encouraged to express emotions or differences of opinions but are educated to function as a cog in the collective social machine. Being asked to articulate their personal reactions in the service of individual freedom leaves them in a state of identity and value confusion.

The most frequently encountered psychological and psychiatric issues in mainland Chinese students are social isolation, mood and anxiety disorders, eating disorders,3 as well as low self-esteem, procrastination, and maladaptive perfectionism. Acculturation stress can trigger these issues or exacerbate pre-existing mental health conditions. Unfamiliarity with talk therapy and mental health stigma constitutes another barrier to treatment. Asian students in general and only-children in particular are hesitant to reach out for professional help and prefer a more directive style.8

The Many Languages Used in Therapy

In dynamically-oriented psychotherapy, we explore childhood memories, which can easily cause a loyalty conflict for the student. The centuries-old Confucian practice of stipulating filial piety, obedience, and indebtedness to the parents is still at the center of a child’s moral development in modern China.9 Given these cultural and moral tenets, any questioning of the parents’ authority might provoke feelings of shame and guilt that the student needs to defend against. Seeking advice from a professional authority figure rather than confronting family conflicts aids the students in protecting their loyalty to family and culture of origin. 

The vast majority of mainland Chinese students have sufficient English-language skills to get them through language tests and coursework. They acquire English as a second language from textbooks primarily as a practical tool for professional activities, not for the description of emotions. With family and friends, they still speak Chinese, think in Chinese, and use Chinese words to describe experiences. Speaking English in therapy will require a translation in mind.

Although having therapy sessions in one’s native language is a major advantage in a multicultural context, it is not a magic wand. In addition to the linguistic translation, Chinese students also have to reconceptualize psychological concepts in order to communicate their inner world to a counselor. Studies have found that non-English languages have fewer words describing emotions, and that cultural-specific variance is significant.10 Chinese culture rarely encourages one to verbalize one’s feelings. There is also evidence suggesting that Chinese parenting style promotes less emotional valence to memory sharing.11

Many Chinese students rely on somatic complaints to draw attention to their emotional distress. They often present to primary care physicians but are reluctant to acknowledge underlying psychological suffering. In therapy, they often defensively bypass their emotions and define their experience as culturally normative. By way of describing their quandaries, they may quote 1 of the very popular idiomatic Chinese sayings called Cheng Yu.12 These idioms are usually quotations from ancient Chinese literature. Used in a psychological context their meaning can be blurry and is reminiscent of proverbs or cultural clichés. As Mr L liked to say, “Shun Qi Zi Ran,” or “go with the flow.” This saying is derived from a concept of Taoism, which he cited as a reason for not wanting to make any decisions that could elicit conflicts. However, therapy can feel stuck in the superficial if this culturally normative defense is not further explored.

Sometimes, the shared native language and cultural knowledge can hinder, rather than facilitate the progress of treatment. The role of speaking the mother tongue in a foreign country, together with the specific associations and transference issues that it elicits is a topic worth in-depth examination. Understandably, recent immigrants would prefer counselors who speak their native language. While this preference may be motivated by convenience, communicating in one’s native language can generate intense and possibly overwhelming affective states. Psychoanalysts who treated Holocaust survivors post-WWII in German or Yiddish highlighted the association of the mother tongue with the emotional weight of early childhood experiences and attachment.13 Later psycholinguistic studies also found that emotional and physiological reactions to taboo words are much stronger in the native language.14

A native-language-speaking therapist also adds more than his or her language skills to the therapy. Invariably the students will wonder about the therapist’s immigration history and their political stance. Because expatriate communities typically are small, Chinese students will benefit from a specific reassurance of confidentiality.

For students who are fluent in both Chinese and English, the choice of language or a language switch can carry meanings beyond what is communicated semantically. Analyzing the meanings of native words in the second language (ie, English) facilitates exploring topics that might be traumatic or too emotionally charged to discuss in the original language. In the vignette above, it was tremendously helpful to use English to carry us through our first session when Mr L was overwhelmed by sadness and grief.

Hopefully, the case presented here will inspire therapists to become proficient in multicultural counseling techniques. The Association for Multicultural Counseling and Development has operationalized multicultural counseling competencies.1 Counselors are encouraged to become knowledgeable about the cultural background of mainland Chinese students, who (especially at the beginning of therapy) might best respond to cognitive behavioral interventions. For a bilingual therapist, it is crucial to examine the impact of the native language on therapeutic relationships. Simply matching the student with a therapist who is a native Chinese speaker might not be a universal solution, because this commonality is not sufficient to create a therapeutic connection. Depending on their immigration or trauma history, students will have specific preferences. In university orientation sessions, mainland Chinese international students might respond well to bilingual handouts to educate them about process of counseling services. Peer-to-peer outreach by other Chinese students might increase the recently arrived students’ ability to navigate the new society and make them confident enough to seek help. Finally, counseling staff might suggest that university student services create affinity groups that are not clinically focused.

Acknowledgement

Drs Qi and Kring acknowledge the contributions of the College Student Committee in the Group for the Advancement of Psychiatry (GAP): Alexandra Ackerman, MD; Helene Keable, MD; Malkah Notman, MD; Lorraine Siggins, MD; David Stern, MD; and Julia Shiang, PhD.

Dr Qi is a psychiatry resident at NYU School of Medicine. Dr Kring is a college mental health psychiatry specialist at NYU Student Health Center.

References

1. Arredondo P, Toporek R, Brown SP, et al. Operationalization of the multicultural counseling competencies. Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development. 1996;24(1):42-78.

2. Institute of International Education. Infographics and Data – United States. 2019. Accessed January 19, 2021. https://www.iie.org/Research-and-Insights/Project-Atlas/Explore-Data/United-States

3. Zheng K, West-Olatunji CA. Mental Health Concerns of Mainland Chinese International Students in the United States: A Literature Review. VISTAS Online. 2016. Accessed January 19, 2021. https://www.counseling.org/docs/default-source/vistas/article_20fcbf24f16116603abcacff0000bee5e7.pdf?sfvrsn=62a9442c_4

4. Zhang H. “My First Sessions” Explores the Relationship Between Therapy and Culture. The New Yorker. July 29, 2020. https://www.newyorker.com/culture/the-new-yorker-documentary/my-first-sessions-explores-the-relationship-between-therapy-and-culture

5. Liu GXY, Helwig CC. Autonomy, social inequality, and support in Chinese urban and rural adolescents’ reasoning about the Chinese college entrance examination (Gaokao). Journal of Adolescent Research. 2020.

6. Zhou X, Hou L. Children of the cultural revolution: The state and the life course in the People’s Republic of China. American Sociological Review. 1999;64:12-36.

7. Brassard MR, Chen S. Boarding of upper middle class toddlers in China. Psychology in the Schools. 2005;42(3):297-304.

8. Yoon E, Jepsen DA. Expectations of and attitudes toward counseling: A comparison of Asian international and US graduate students. International Journal for the Advancement of Counselling. 2008;30(2):116-127.

9. Ho DY-F. Filial piety, authoritarian moralism, and cognitive conservatism in Chinese societies. Genetic, Social, General Psychology Monographs. 1994;120(3):347–365.

10. Moore CC, Romney AK, Hsia TL, Rusch CDJAA. The universality of the semantic structure of emotion terms: Methods for the study of inter‐and intra‐cultural variability. American Anthropologist. 1999;101(3):529-546.

11. Wang Q. Chinese socialization and emotion talk between mothers and children in native and immigrant Chinese families. Asian Am J Psychol. 2013;4(3):185.

12. Wu C. On the cultural traits of Chinese idioms. Intercultural Communication Studies. 1995;5:61-82.

13. Greenson R. The mother tongue and the mother. Int J of Psychoanal. 1950;31:18-23.

14. Harris CL, Gleason JB. Taboo words and reprimands elicit greater autonomic reactivity in a first language than in a second language. Applied Psycholinguistics. 2003;24(4):561-579.

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Blog Post 2

1. What is meant by the term critical pedagogy?

To define quite a broad term, critical pedagogy is an approach to educating that highlights or shines a spotlight on the socio-political issues and factors more so than other forms of pedagogy might do, through the use of 'historical, social, cultural and material conditions of context' (p. 18). Critical pedagogy allows a more adaptive approach for both facilitators and participants depending on the participants and their backgrounds, cultures, social class, race and gender, for example. This approach to teaching also allows a constant analysis to take place throughout to provide a much better understanding of what the participants gain and how they may deal with the issues within the framework of the workshop, while breaking down certain 'social constructions of knowledge' (p. 21) that have been produced.

2. What does Preston mean when she refers to the 'cultural context' of a group?

Preston describes the cultural context as the culture in which the participants can often share a commonality of some kind, in her case being a day centre for people with mental health issues and learning difficulties. Preston goes on to explain through her own experiences how the cultural context can be both a useful and difficult thing to adapt to and work with as a facilitator. It can be made difficult because each individual participant can often be made to feel like they are similar to the others, whereas they can still feel strongly and passionately about the varied differences they have in other categories within their lives. However, on the other hand, the cultural context can work as an advantage to the facilitator as it gives them a clear idea of what to base the overall topic of the workshop around or certain approaches that would clearly be more helpful in order to make it as effective as possible. In the example given, Preston refers to some of the participants with mental health issues as showing 'denial, resistance or acceptance' (p. 20) to take part in the context of the workshop, therefore allowing the cultural context to implicate them in various ways. Additionally, towards the end of the chapter Preston cites a piece of work from McLaren (2008) where he states that 'We do not stand before the social world; we live in the midst of it' (p. 63), suggesting that the cultural context in this day and age is something that is constantly changing and, with us being in the centre of it, also altering our actions and decisions to make them more creative.

3. Why is critical awareness important for a facilitator?

Critical awareness is very important as it allows the facilitator to be aware of each participant's varying views and cultures and also helps to gauge an understanding of the group's beliefs and values which then, in turn, helps to adapt the workshop to their specific needs and characteristics. To be aware critically is vital as a facilitator, especially when you are undergoing more of the 'dominant psychoanalytical or individualizing and psychological frames' (p. 31) that can determine how you progress with that specific group. Preston also describes it as creating a 'heightened awareness' (p. 31) that the facilitator needs to pick up on when analysing the dramaturgical and political choices that will help to maintain the success and effectiveness of the pedagogy.

Bibliography:

McLaren, P. (2008) 'Critical Pedagogy: A look at the Major Concepts', The Critical Pedagogy Reader. 2nd edn. London: Routledge.

Preston, S. (2016) Facilitation: pedagogies, practices, resistance. Bloomsbury Methuen Drama.

[jennymanrique]

Back to school during a pandemic: how to do it safely?

Photo: iStock

While the CDC has said it is safe for students to go to school even if teachers have not been vaccinated, teacher unions and parents have less confidence in the safety of the school environment.

Since the COVID-19 pandemic forced the closure of her children’s school in Los Angeles and obliged the family to move into distance learning without much knowledge, Karla Franco feels that in addition to being a mother, she has had to learn to be a teacher, a counselor and even an expert in electronic devices.

Overwhelmed by her new tasks and the lack of support for parents who found themselves immersed in a remote education model in response to the virus, Franco has become a fierce community leader in her school district in southern California  where, as in the rest of the country, there is fierce debate over reopening schools safely.

“What I think and hear from other parents in general is that going back to school is not safe,” Franco said at a news briefing hosted by Ethnic Media Services on Feb 5. “The school district never protected our students or our campus, not even before the pandemic. I have asked the superintendent: if you cannot control what you see, how will you control this virus that you cannot see? All of us are in danger ”.

Franco insists that not only school personnel and teachers should be protected, but also parents who, according to her, are seen as “the enemy” for raising complaints and concerns to principals.

“We don’t have to think about money. We have to think about our lives,” she added.

The question of how and when to reopen public schools has become “perhaps the most contentious issue in the country,” according to Louis Freedberg Executive Director of EdSource, a leading national news site on education. While the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) says that it is safe for students to go to school even if teachers have not been vaccinated, teacher unions and parents have less confidence in the safety of the school environment and the response capacity of its officials in the event of a virus outbreak.

In Chicago for example, amid threats of a strike, the school district reached a tentative agreement with the Chicago Teachers Union to reopen schools in pre-kinder and kindergarten. The city of San Francisco filed a lawsuit against its own school district in an effort to reopen in-person instruction, and Los Angeles City Councilman Joe Buscaino proposed a resolution to file a similar lawsuit against LAUSD.

In addition to the general exhaustion from the number of hours spent on screens, students of color in major urban districts are losing ground the longer they are out of the classroom. As their communities have experienced the most devastating effects of the virus, they are also the most fragile in their emotional health.

“Socio-emotional support is not available in our schools. It never has been available,” said Bernita Bradley, the midwest delegate for the National Parents Union, speaking from Detroit. “We have districts with one nurse covering about four different schools across the city, and yet the parents are expected to trust the school and just send their kids back into the buildings.”

In cities like Detroit, the disparities in education are glaring: here only 16% of students in third grade have the required reading level and 38% of households do not have an internet connection. In affluent districts, technology and teachers prepared to use it made a huge difference in the online learning impact for parents and students. But African-American families, who have historically distrusted the educational system, were left behind.

“Just in June some of our students got laptops or tablets… Suddenly second graders had to turn in assignments in 30 days to receive a grade. And they have no instructor,” said Bradley, who believes it is time to reimagine education because online teaching is “not working”.

“When some schools opened up in the summertime, we had kids who came up positive (for the coronavirus test). Where are the checks and balances to make sure people are really socially distancing? … The plan is that we all get vaccinated but our survey showed that only 55% of parents say they will.”

Safety is the priority

Safety against the contagion of COVID-19 has become the first factor to be discussed in the reopening plans, above the education model itself, according to Dr. Tyrone Howard, professor of education at the University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA) and director of the Black Male Institute.

“That is a larger conversation that will continue to play out and I think it shouldn’t be a one-size-fits-all approach. There will be inequities because certain districts have more resources to ensure a smoother reopening… So we need to make sure that there is a more customized way to ensure that high-need schools have essential resources by way of vaccination, or testing, or PPE (personal protective equipment). ”

Howard highlighted the impact of the pandemic on communities of color, citing a UCLA Center for Health Policy Research report that found that nearly half of California teens reported having some type of mental health challenges in the last year and a third of those young people said that the levels of depression they felt due to isolation were so high they were unable to do their homework.

Additionally, according to Los Angeles County public health officials, the average number of Latinos dying from coronavirus each day has increased by more than 1,000% since November.

“The fact that children have lost loved ones, mothers, fathers, grandparents, caregivers, aunts and uncles is serious and significant,” Howard said. “Many schools do not have the bandwidth to invest in social workers, counselors or therapists and as we do reopen kids are grieving, suffering from anxiety and depression and the schools will not have the support in place to assist them.

“This has a particular effect on black, brown and indigenous children whose behavior can change dramatically by these traumatic experiences, which are punished with suspensions and expulsions. “

Howard considers that in addition to the social-emotional well-being of the students, two other core areas must be taken into account in the reopening plans: learning loss problems and the support for teachers.

“The learning pods that popped up mainly in affluent white communities, where in-person learning was still taking place, were not opportunities for many black and brown children… We are going to have to make a big push for individualized tutoring, especially for students who are language learners, those with special needs, and those who are experiencing homelessness.

“Those were already students on the academic fringes and this pandemic has pushed them even further (from those fringes). So the grading issue is a real problem. “

Preventing the bullying

As for teachers, Howard argued that they should be part of the conversation because many of them do not feel safe returning to in-person instruction and even for some students who suffer from high levels of anxiety or bullying at school, the online format is a good alternative.

This has been a topic of special interest to the Asian American student community. The racist rhetoric about the origin of the virus promoted by the previous administration has led to “the rise of harassment and bullying,” said Akhil Vora, executive director of the Asian American Lead (AALead) organization.

“These (incidents) include verbal attacks, refusal of service (of teaching) and physical assaults, which puts the well-being of our API children at increased risk… They heard negative things before schools closed down and now that we’re all virtual, they’ve seen anti-asian rhetoric on social media sites that they frequently visit.”

For Vora, the fact that one in three APIs have limited English proficiency requires schools to do “an effective job of communicating with parents who speak another language.”

“Out of the 1.9 trillion (from the stimulus package) a lot more money should go to schools and counselors. Whatever needs to be done to ensure that marginalized students are being supported right first and foremost,” Bora said.

Despite fears across the board, epidemiological evidence suggests that children are the population with the lowest risk of contracting COVID-19 and with a stronger immune system to survive it. Several studies indicate that transmission of the virus among students, especially in elementary school, is very low.

While that may not be very comforting to parents of children in middle and high school, the main problem is that “there are adults and teachers in schools who do not have the same protections (as children),” said Louis Freedberg of EdSource.

This depends on the spread of the virus in the local community and the way schools can mitigate that spread beyond the well-known measures of wearing masks and social distancing, which require working with smaller groups of students.

“Having good ventilation systems, screening and frequent testing. A lot of school districts do not have those measures in place,” Freedberg said.

But back-to-classroom advocates also argue that schools are where kids get their meals, a task that several districts continued doing during the pandemic. “The impact of food insecurity on academic performance is something that we are starting to learn about,” Freedberg said.

“We have to look more closely at the research and see how it applies to our communities. There needs to be some focus on making sure that research is available in other languages,” he concluded.

Originally published here 

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[aditi4]

Which is the best University in North India for M.A. In Psychology?

Pursuing a Master's in Psychology is a significant step towards a rewarding career in understanding human behavior, cognition, and mental health. North India boasts numerous universities renowned for their quality education and research opportunities in this field. Among these, Geeta University stands out as a leading institution offering exceptional programs in Psychology.

Geeta University, located in the vibrant state of Haryana, has gained prominence for its comprehensive curriculum, experienced faculty, and state-of-the-art facilities for psychology students. Its M.A. in Psychology program is designed to provide a holistic understanding of various psychological theories, methodologies, and practical applications. The curriculum emphasizes both theoretical knowledge and hands-on experience through internships, workshops, and research projects.

The faculty at Geeta University comprises accomplished professionals and experts in the field of psychology, ensuring students receive guidance and mentorship from experienced practitioners. The university's commitment to providing a conducive learning environment and modern resources enhances the overall educational experience for aspiring psychologists.

Furthermore, Geeta University's strategic location in Haryana offers students a blend of academic excellence and cultural exposure. Haryana, known for its historical significance and progressive outlook, provides students with opportunities to engage with diverse communities, thereby enriching their understanding of human behavior in different socio-cultural contexts.

When considering the top universities in Haryana for M.A. in Psychology, Geeta University emerges as a frontrunner due to its academic prowess, industry connections, and commitment to nurturing skilled psychologists.

Moving towards the National Capital Region (NCR), the region is home to some of India's most prestigious educational institutions. In Delhi NCR, several universities stand out for their psychology programs, offering students a plethora of options to consider.

Among the top universities in Delhi NCR, the University of Delhi holds a distinguished position for its psychology department. Renowned for its academic rigor and research-oriented approach, the University of Delhi offers specialized courses, well-equipped laboratories, and opportunities for fieldwork, ensuring students receive a comprehensive education in psychology.

Additionally, Jamia Millia Islamia in Delhi NCR is another esteemed institution known for its quality education in psychology. With a focus on interdisciplinary learning and a diverse student body, Jamia Millia Islamia provides an enriching academic environment for psychology enthusiasts.

When weighing options for the best university in Delhi NCR for M.A. in Psychology, these institutions, alongside Geeta University in Haryana, showcase excellence in academia, research, and practical learning, offering students a wide array of choices to suit their preferences and career aspirations.

In conclusion, for students aspiring to pursue a Master's in Psychology in North India, Geeta University in Haryana stands as a commendable choice due to its comprehensive curriculum, experienced faculty, and modern facilities. Meanwhile, in Delhi NCR, the University of Delhi and Jamia Millia Islamia hold esteemed positions for their quality education and research opportunities in psychology.

Ultimately, the best university for M.A. in Psychology varies based on individual preferences, career goals, and the learning environment that resonates most with the student. Prospective students are encouraged to explore these institutions' offerings, campus culture, and alumni success stories to make an informed decision aligned with their aspirations.