#rome 100 ce

[palabrasdoradas]

Discovered in the sarcophagus of Emperor Alexander Severus near Rome in 1582, the vase passed through the Barberini family, British ambassador Sir William Hamilton, and finally to the 2nd & 3rd Dukes of Portland who gave it to the British Museum. Author Thomas Windus (1778-1854), an English coachbuilder and collector of engraved gems, explores the iconography on the vase depicting Augustus, his family, and his rivals, as well as marine creatures such as sea snakes, and a marriage scene. This is an early and important study of this rare masterpiece of Roman glass.  

Source: A New Elucidation of the Subjects on the Celebrated Portland Vase (si.edu)

The scenes on the vase are divided into two parts by a bearded head (perhaps with horns), one under each handle. The first scene has four figures which include a young man leaving a shrine in the countryside and wearing a cloak. The man holds the arm of a semi-naked woman sitting on the ground preoccupied with stroking an animal resembling a snake. Above the woman is the flying figure of Eros with his customary bow and a torch in his right hand. On the right is a bearded male standing between two trees and depicted in a contemplative mood with his chin resting on his hand.

The second scene on the other side of the vase shows three figures all sitting on rocks with a background of a single tree. On the left is a young male next to a column or pillar, whilst in the centre is a young woman with her arm raised to her head and holding a torch which hangs down to the ground. On the far right is another half-dressed woman who holds a sceptre or staff in her left hand.

The exact significance of the scenes is not known for certain, but a commonly held speculation is that it is the wedding of Thetis and Peleus from Greek mythology that is being shown. Other interpretations include the dreams of Olympias, Alexander the Great's mother. This would make the reclining female figures in both scenes Olympias, the snake Alexander's father Zeus, and the young male leaving the temple as Alexander. Another interpretation is the similar story of Julia Mammaea and Roman emperor Alexander Severus. Finally, some have suggested the scene with Eros shows Mark Antony and Cleopatra, whilst the reverse scene has Augustus consoling Octavia with the goddess Venus looking on.

Source: The Portland Vase - World History Encyclopedia

Glass cameo vase, Roman, 1st century AD

from The British Museum

[artschoolglasses]

Portrait Head of Emperor Hadrian, Roman, 130-38 CE

[losttranslator]

hello je me sens d'humeur à faire ma rageuse ce soir alors je veux lister (pas) tous les trucs qui me soulent dans le livre vi (que J'AIME au demeurant : incroyables acteurs, incroyables scènes, mais continuité à s'en arracher les cheveux). Alors.

Caius. Rien à faire là mais alors RIEN. Où sont sa femme et ses gosses qu'il mentionne tout le temps dans Kaamelott (qu'il devrait déjà avoir parce qu'il dit toujours qu'il les a pas vus depuis 17 ans sauf que le reste de Kaamelott c'est 15 après le livre VI). Pourquoi lui et Arthur se tutoient jamais/évoquent jamais leur passé commun quand ils sont seuls s'ils étaient dans la milice ensemble. Pourquoi il a une personnalité si complètement différente

Que la réticence d'Arthur à coucher avec Guenièvre vienne d'un serment et pas d'un manque d'affinité simple (pas logique pcq il essaye de coucher avec elle deux trois fois dans la série sans grande envie et ça foire pour des raisons débiles, mais il essaye)

Ygerne qui confie la clé de la paix en Bretagne à Rome... sans leur dire qu'il est important??? Ou alors eux ils oublient???

Dans Kaamelott ça parait toujours clair qu'Arthur se souvenait de la Bretagne quand il était à Rome et qu'il était en "camp d'éducation militaire," pas milicien. Il était là-bas pour se faire former pour revenir et devenir roi*

Caius

les manigances de Sallustius seraient mille fois plus logiques s'il savait depuis le début qui est Arthur (pk il a autant foi en la possibilité qu'Arthur retire une épée qu'il a jamais vu et dont il vient juste d'apprendre l'existence supposée par Lurco? si sa confiance venait du fait qu'il prépare son coup depuis des plombes sur les renseignements fiables d'ygerne ça tomberait sous le sens)

comment la chevalerie peut être si vieille que le code est trop vieux pour être compris alors que y a limite pas de chevaliers avant qu'arthur arrive

Mevanwi, Bohort, etc qui sont des péquenauds au lieu d'être des gros, gros nobles comme c'est dit dans le reste de la série

la date de 484 on la tient du film mais dans la série on savait déjà qu'on était au 5ème siècle (enfin, 5ème siècle qui tire sur le 13ème lol) pcq ils mentionnent justinien, romulus augustus, valentinien iii, etc. mais donc. OÙ SONT LES CHRÉTIENS ROMAINS. L' édit de Théssalonique c'est en 380 les copains ! 100 ans que c'est la religion d'état. Pourquoi est-ce qu'Arthur accepte une quête au service du Dieu unique si personne n'en a entendu parler et que c'est pas déjà une religion majeure de leurs bleds?

où est le pape et comment il devient assez puissant en 15 ans pour commander les rois fédérés si rome n'est pas chrétienne

pourquoi le livre VI parle pas beaucoup plus du graal alors que c'est l'élément moteur de la fédération d'arthur et le mortier de sa cour normalement

* rapport au fait qu'arthur était clairement préparé au pouvoir: arthur a rencontré "tous les empereurs romains depuis valentinien III quand il était tout petit" 1) pk il a rencontré un empereur tout petit si rome le considérait pas comme important. 2) comment il a rencontré les autres si il était juste soldat basique

*toujours rapport à ça: arthur dit à guenièvre qu'il portait son casque de centurion à 19 ans (pcq il était clairement en plein parcours, avec comme but final de devenir dux, pcq il était dans une ACADÉMIE) il devient centurion à 20 ans dans le livre vi (et il le reste deux secondes, et il ramène pas son uniforme de centurion en bretagne)

Caius

arthur va très régulièrement à rome en temps que roi, et guenièvre est respectée là bas en temps qu'épouse de chef fédéré. arthur a changé d'avis sur le fait de la mettre dans l'os à rome ou...?

Merlin-de-884-ans a les cheveux gris, Merlin-de-879-ans a les cheveux bruns

Méléagant qui est déjà là pour pousser César au suicide sans trop de raison apparente alors que son arrivée comme La Réponse aux péchés d'Arthur est clairement un évènement exceptionnel

CAIUS

ptn on pourrait remplacer Caius du livre VI par un mec qui s'appelle Claudius et ça changerait R I E N

c'est la saison de la téléportation. glaucia, procyon et verinus se coltinent leurs hématomes frais toute la saison alors qu'au vu des va-et-viens entre rome et la bretagne effectués par capito, merlin, léodagan, arthur, macrinus, etc, y a des mois et des mois qui s'écoulent

quelle langue arthur et manilius parlent avec les rois bretons quand arthur sort "on parle pas le latin". genre MANI il parle breton??? hello??? (alors qu'encore une fois: arthur qui a été préparé toute sa vie à prendre le pouvoir en bretagne il aurait appris le breton parfait et il aurait pu faire genre. mais là venez pas dire qu'il aurait pas un gros accent??)

C A I U S

allez sorry pour le coup de gueule lol je peux aussi faire la liste de pk le livre vi a toutes les meilleurs scènes si vous voulez (arthur qui rencontre les rois bretons, césar qui donne la bague de contrôle des lames à arthur, goustant qui passe le pouvoir à léodagan, loth et son "j'ai peur d'aimer," toutes les scènes de césar en fait, sallustius qui taille les autres sénateurs, toutes les scènes de sallustius en fait, le monologue de macrinus, arthur qui félicite papinius pour les pompes, Anna au mariage, toutes les scènes de léodagan et séli en fait, l'épisode 9 en entier)

[sillysybilsden]

To Janus. To Jupiter. To the Roman gods.

🪔

𝐓𝐚𝐛𝐥𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐬

I. Introduction

II. Gods

III. Mythology

IV. Calendar

V. Ritual

VI. Epilogue

VII. Resources

🪔

𝐈. 𝐈𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐨𝐝𝐮𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧

Hey there everyone! This is Sybil (fka Clever Crow). As a Roman polytheist, “Roman polytheism is just a carbon-copy of Greek polytheism” is something I hear on a weekly basis. Whether on YouTube, TikTok, Pinterest or, heck, even academic resources, there seems to be a widespread belief that these two religions are identical. Today, I want to focus on this piece of misinformation and try to debunk it by using historical evidence and examples.

Just a small disclaimer: I will be discussing this topic from a hard polytheistic and revivalist point of view. Soft polytheism is absolutely valid, but in this case it might not be of use when highlighting differences between gods.

Also, I want to thank the following people: Cristina, Mystix, @spiritual-entries and @camssecretcave . They made sure that all information provided here is factual and reliable, and I will be forever grateful to them for their help.

🪔

𝐈𝐈. 𝐆𝐨𝐝𝐬

“Are the Greek and Roman pantheons one and the same?” This is the first question we will attempt at answering within this chapter. To do so, we must introduce a very important concept in Roman religion: interpretatio romana. Before that, though, let me provide you with some historical context.

Ever since the founding of Rome in 753 BCE, Romans were exposed to influences from other Italic peoples: Sabines, Etruscans, Volsci and so on. Because of that, we can indeed say that there has never been a 100% “native” Roman religion.

We can nonetheless differentiate two “phases” of Roman polytheism: pre-hellenisation polytheism and post-hellenisation polytheism (“hellenisation” being the process that merged Greek and Roman cultures and religions during the 1st century BCE and the 1st century CE). For simplicity’s sake, in this post we are going to compare the pre-hellenisation version of Roman religion and Hellenism.

Back to interpretatio: what is it? To put it simply, it is the comparison of two different pantheons (which is used to find matches between the gods). It was used so that, when describing other populations’ religions, one could just name a more familiar, local deity instead of fully describing a foreign one (which, obviously, would take much more time). Just imagine being a Roman historian and having to discuss Greek religion: instead of saying “Ares is a god of war, battle and courage”, you could just say “Ares is like our Mars”.

Does that mean that these gods were seen as identical? Absolutely not! Actually, this shows us that Roman gods were a thing long before Greek gods started being adopted in the pantheon (which is the reason why a god like Janus does not have a Greek counterpart).

Sticking with the same example we have used before, we can say that Mars was already Mars before he was equated to Ares. And, because of that, at a closer look, the two are extremely different: while Ares is blood-driven, Mars shows a much calmer nature; contrarily to Ares, Mars has some pretty important ties to royalty (his son being Romulus-Quirinus) and agriculture; while Ares has a relationship with Aphrodite, Mars is married to Nerio; and so on. It is only after hellenisation that these two (as well as all of the other gods) started merging into one single Greco-Roman figure.

As I said before, though, this does not mean that Rome was against syncretism. Quite the contrary, actually: whenever Romans ran into a deity who could be of use to them and did not have a counterpart in their pantheon, they would consider adopting them. This is the reason why Apollo was worshiped by both societies (Romans adopted him in 431 BCE in order to fight a pestilence; his Greek nature never went unacknowledged: for him, ritus graecus was performed).

Fun fact: interpretatio was not only directed to Greece. Roman priests tried to include the prophet Jesus Christ into the Roman pantheon. He was described to them as “a god of love”, so they used interpretatio to connect him to Venus.

🪔

𝐈𝐈𝐈. 𝐌𝐲𝐭𝐡𝐨𝐥𝐨𝐠𝐲

As I said before, during hellenisation Greek and Roman gods started merging. As a consequence, so did their mythologies…

Actually, no, scratch that: except for a few exceptions, Roman gods did not have a mythology to begin with. Mythology that is Roman in origin revolves around men, not deities (and that is the reason why it is also referred to as “mythic history”, as the protagonists are pseudo-historical figures). Myths in Ancient Rome were used as exempla, examples to teach teens and men how they should behave in a virtuous way.

For example, one of the most famous figures from Roman mythology is Lucius Junius Brutus, the founder of the Republic: he was intelligent (he tricked the cruel king Lucius Tarquinius Superbus into sparing his life), loyal (he never deserted the Romans) and strong-willed (he took the matters into his own hands and kicked out of Rome the cruel king), and every Roman had to aspire to be like him.

In Greece, on the other hand, myths had the task of explaining why something happens. Why do we have a colder season and a warmer one? That is because Persephone comes back from and goes to the Underworld. How do we know how to use fire? Prometheus gave it to men. How did the hyacinth, the flower, get its name? It comes from Apollo’s lover Hyacinth. On top of that, Greek mythology revolves a lot more around deities than the Roman one (which is the reason why there is a pretty intricate divine family tree in Hellenism).

With this in mind, we can say that, with hellenisation, the Roman gods received myths and genealogies (as well as iconographies, in some cases) of their own for the first time ever. However, these myths and these genealogies were not altered to better fit the deity.

This is the reason why Nerio, Mars’ original wife, was forgotten in favor of Venus (Aphrodite’s Roman counterpart). This is why Saturn, an extremely benevolent agricultural deity, started being depicted as a cruel entity devouring his children (yes: I am looking at you, Goya). And this is also why Minerva, who used to have nothing to do with Medusa, started to be seen as she-who-cursed-Medusa (now I am looking at you, Ovid).

🪔

𝐈𝐕. 𝐂𝐚𝐥𝐞𝐧𝐝𝐚𝐫

Calendars were of extreme importance in polytheistic societies. After all, they were deeply intertwined with their religious mentality… which is the reason why we are briefly going to discuss this matter in this blog.

When it comes to Ancient Greece, the calendar we have the most evidence on is the Athenian one (which, because of this, has become the most widely used in modern Hellenic polytheistic communities). It is lunisolar (keep this in mind!). When it comes to Ancient Rome, on the other hand, we have quite some evidence on three different calendars that modern Roman polytheists can choose from: a lunar one, a lunisolar one and a solar one (the latter happens to be the calendar still in use today).

One similarity that needs to be addressed is the one between Noumenia and Kalends (both being a celebration of the first day of the month). In the Roman version, however, we would also have to add Nones and Ides as recurring monthly festivities.

Another similarity that many seem to highlight is the one between Kronia and Saturnalia, two festivities where abundance is celebrated (as well as, respectively, Kronos and Saturn, who later merged) and the Golden Age is remembered. However! Kronia is celebrated during the Summer, roughly during the Summer solstice; Saturnalia is celebrated during Wintertime, roughly during the Winter solstice. It might not seem like a big difference at first, but it is if we consider this: during Kronia, the harvest is celebrated while it is happening, while the mature crops are being collected; during Saturnalia, the harvest that has already happened during the past Summer is celebrated, as well as the one that is to come.

Last but not least, let us highlight a Roman-only peculiarity. Back in Ancient Roman times, every day had a “quality": they could either be faustus or nefastus (as well as a lot more nuances which we will not be taking into account here). They were of great importance on a religious level, as nefastus days could bring bad luck to a practitioner if they were to take big decisions. Something similar also happened with dies religiosi, during which it was forbidden to go to work (or do anything that was not a life-or-death matter).

🪔

𝐕. 𝐑𝐢𝐭𝐮𝐚𝐥

Now that we have discussed the more “theological” matters, such as the nature of the gods, myths and festivities, we can briefly talk about the more practical side of things.

Let us start with an all-time favorite: veiling. Nowadays, a lot of pagans (no matter their path or their gender) veil for a variety of reasons: protection, modesty or devotion. And that is, no doubt, valid. Historically speaking, though, things kind of different. While both in Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome veils were used by women in order to express their modesty, in Italy they were also mandatory whenever performing rituals (for women and men alike).

Another big difference resides in the views of these two societies over divination. When we think of “divination” and “Ancient Greece”, one of the first things that comes to our minds is probably the Oracle of Delphi (and rightly so!). This figure was said to be able to channel the messages of the gods, and they did so by going into a trance-like state.

In Rome, this practice was seen as unreliable (even though, surprisingly, there are a couple of instances where Romans have asked the Oracle for guidance), as the only reliable forms of divination were those that could be performed when completely conscious (augury, haruspicy, etc). Dreams, too, were seen as an untrustworthy form of communication by Romans.

🪔

𝐕𝐈. 𝐄𝐩𝐢𝐥𝐨𝐠𝐮𝐞

There is something we still need to address: if these two cultures, societies, religions were so different, why do so many people believe otherwise?

Well, the answer can be found in 19th century’s anthropological and religious studies. Back then, scholars used to be very fond of the comparative approach (which is a “strategy where characteristics or parts are compared across different research situations to identify differences or similarities”, according to www.sciencedirect.com) and the Indo-European theory.

Too focused on stressing the similarities between Greeks and Romans, intellectuals “forgot” to highlight the differences. Even though nowadays, academically, these hypotheses have been marked as outdated, they are still ever-so widespread.

I hope that this blog will contribute to debunking this piece of misinformation. And I hope that I managed to introduce you, reader, to Roman polytheism… Not just a carbon-copy of Hellenism!

Sybil

🪔

𝐕𝐈𝐈. 𝐑𝐞𝐬𝐨𝐮𝐫𝐜𝐞𝐬

The majority of my knowledge on Greek religion comes from “Archeologia greca” by Enzo Lippolis and Giorgio Rocco and theoi.com, as well as some high school classes dedicated to Hellenic mythology.

The following resources talk specifically about this post's subject:

Roman vs. Greek religion (YouTube)

Greek mythology: A second masterpost (Tumblr)

You can check out my full list of resources on Roman polytheism here.

🪔 Check out this post on Amino as well! 🪔

[whencyclopedia]

Hadrian's Travels

No other Roman emperor travelled as much as Hadrian (r. 117-138 CE). The 'restless' emperor spent more time travelling than in Rome, devoting half of his 21-year reign to the inspection of the provinces. His travels provided him with the political means of unifying the Roman Empire, but he may also have been personally motivated by his insatiable curiosity, philhellenism, and love of travel.

Memories of Hadrian have been inextricably linked with his long administrative journeys throughout the empire. The author of the Historia Augusta tells us that the emperor was "so fond of travel, that he wished to inform himself in person about all that he had read concerning all parts of the world" (HA Hadr. 17.8). The Christian writer Tertullian (155-210 CE) speaks of Hadrian as "omnium curiositatum explorator" (Apology 5.7), "an explorer of all curiosities". Cassius Dio (c. 164 to c. 229/235 CE) writes: "He personally viewed and investigated absolutely everything" (69.9.2).

However, Hadrian's travels were not only the result of a hedonistic wanderlust. He was a capable administrator and a competent military commander. His voyages were part of a global policy aimed at inspecting western and, in particular, eastern provinces, and at supporting local communities through donations. If Hadrian is often portrayed as a passionate intellectual with an insatiable curiosity and thirst for discovery, he was also a man determined to remind his provinces who was in charge.

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[beardedmrbean]

Archaeologists discovered a Celtic necropolis from the second Iron Age filled with metal artifacts.

The team located two swords still in their sheaths covered in ornate decorations.

The swastika decorations found on one sword originate from Celtic tradition.

While it is most heavily associated in the Western world today with the horrific events of World War II, the swastika existed well before the Nazis co-opted the symbol to represent their monstrous regime. The design was—and continues to be—a common motif in a number of religions and cultures, and often represents good fortune or spirituality. And recently, archaeologists in France discovered two sheathed swords in a Celtic necropolis from about 2,300 years ago—one of which features small swastika decorations on the copper scabbard.

Archaeologists from the French National Institute of Preventive Archaeological Research (INRAP) said in a translated statement that the metal ornaments and weapons found in the skeleton-less tomb were of “exceptional manufacture” and have “little equivalent” in all of Europe.

Both swords were found among the artifacts in their sheaths, and one of them was dubbed “without a doubt, the most spectacular object of the necropolis.” The handle and the front plate of the sheath—designed to be worn at the waist—were made of copper and covered with eye-like decorations known as ocelli. Gemstones embellished the outside of the richly decorated sheath, and at least two of those decorations feature the swastika symbol.

The sword itself is a short, slender blade with an antennae handle made of iron. The team used X-rays to reveal inlays on the top of the blade, including what was once likely a sun and crescent moon separated by a line. Vincent Georges, an archaeologist with INRAP and manager of the excavation, told Live Science that the key cosmological symbols were collectively a “very widespread sacred concept linked to this particular kind of sword” during the beginning of the fourth century B.C. that was “fashionable among Celtic craftsmen.”

Due to the ornate decorations, Georges believes that the sword was mostly likely a non-functioning piece intended to show off status in a military setting. And while he can’t say it with certainty, he believes that the sword may have been made around the time of the Celtic incursions of northern Italy and the sacking of Rome in 383 B.C.

The second sword is longer and features rings allowing it to be carried at the waist. This sword has fewer decorations than the other, but still has embedded gemstones on the top of the sheath and eye-like ocelli designs. Remnants of fabric remain in the sheath, possibly from either the deceased’s clothing, a shroud, or a casing, according to the statement. The more functional design and finding of fabric means that it could have been used for its created purpose.

Experts believe both swords were created during the fourth century B.C. According to Georges, swastikas were common in the Mediterranean as ornamental motifs at the time, and Celtic culture adopted the symbol in mainland Europe. Experts believe the earliest Celtic use of the symbol was intended to evoke a sun moving across the sky and symbolized good luck.

The excavation in the small French town of Creuzier-le-Neuf—once a crossroads for major Celtic tribes—covered 7,000 square feet and featured over 100 graves from the Second Iron Age. The acidity of the soil didn’t allow for the conservation of the skeletons, and the site featured a single cremation with an accompanying vase.

Roughly half of the tombs included metal ornaments. Bracelets were the most common—many were simple rolled copper, but others featured decorations, rings, or clasps. The team found 18 brooches made of copper or iron, with the most impressive featuring a gemstone and silver leaf motif. Still, nothing was as notable as the fourth century B.C. sword ornately decorated with gemstones and swastikas.

[cottoncandytrafficcones]

10 Jewish Women from History Part 4

Roza Papo (1914-1984, Yugoslavia)

A physician and general of the Yugoslav People's Army, and the first woman to rise to rank of general on the Balkan Peninsula. Born to a Sephardi Jewish family in Sarajevo, she studied at the School of Medicine in Zagreb and worked as a physician. In 1941, after the invasion of Yugoslavia, she made contact with several resistance groups. She had the rank of officer, captain, and major. After the war, she continued her career as a physician in the army, and became the first head of the Military Medical Academy, formulating the first criteria for the selection of military physicians. She published over 50 papers, is credited with introducing new diagnostic methods, and has received six medals for her contributions. In 1973, she was promoted to the rank of major general, the first woman general in all the Balkans.

Fira Benenson (1898-1977, America)

A Russian born fashion designer and dressmaker who grew up in Baku, Saint Petersburg, London, Paris, and New York City. After her family fortune took a hit in the Great Depression and Wall Street Crash of 1929, she opened a dress shop in NYC and began to gain a reputation in the fashion industry. She worked with Bonwit Teller, until she created her own company focused on simple but elegant clothing that women could wear throughout their daily routines. She worked with Princess Grace of Monaco and Pat Nixon, and designed many clothes for women over forty.

Lilli Henoch (1899-1942, Germany)

Born in Konigsberg, East Prussia, she and her family moved to Berlin. She was a track and field athlete who set four world records and won 10 German national championships in four different disciplines. She participated and set world records in the discus, the shot put, and the four by one hundred meters relay. After 1933, she and other Jews were forced to leave the BSC by race laws, so she joined the Jewish Gymnastics and Sports Club 1905, where she played team handball. She also worked as a gymnastics teacher. She was entered into the International Jewish Sports Hall of Fame in 1990, and was honored with a Stolperstein in Berlin in 2008.

Lily Krongerber (1890-1975, Hungary)

A Hungarian figure skater born in Budapest, she was Hungary's first World Champion. She won two bronze medals and four gold medals in the World Championships, and participated in the first official one in 1906. She was inducted into the International Jewish Sports Hall of Fame in 1983, and the World Figure Skating Hall of Fame in 1997.

Adlene Harrison (1923-2022, America)

An American politician and the first Jewish woman to serve as Mayor of a major U.S. city, as well as Dallas's first Jewish mayor and first female mayor.

Ida Silverman (1882-1973)

A Jewish philanthropist who helped co-found approximately 100 synagogues. She is the only woman to have served as VP of the Zionist Organization of America and the American Jewish Congress. Born in Kovno, Russia, her family emigrated to the US when she was an infant. She was honored as Jewish Mother of the Year in 1951, and Rhode Island mother of the year in 1954. She has both a forest and a village in Israel named after her. She and her husband were jointly inducted into the Rhode Island Heritage Hall of Fame in 1971.

Rachel, Countess d'Avigdor (1816-1896, England)

A philanthropist and communal worker, she was privately educated by some of the most eminent teachers of the time. She was involved in communal institutions, including Jewish owned businesses, and was also a signatory of the firsts mass petition in Britain for women to vote.

Sara (200 CE ~ 600 CE, Roman Empire)

A Roman convert to Judaism buried within the Jewish catacombs of Rome. Also known as Veturia Paulla. She was honored as the mother of several synagogues.

Yalta (Period of Babylonian Talmud)

One of the few women named in the Babylonian Talmud, and wife of Rav Nachman, who was a sage from around 250 CE. The second most mentioned women in the Talmud, she is described as breaking 400 jugs of wine after a guest offended her and womenkind. She also offers her husband counsel, and was able to come up with non-kosher food that tasted the same as kosher food.

Helena of Adiabene (?-50/56 CE, Parthian Empire)

Queen mother of Adiabene, a vassal state of the Parthian Empire. She converted to Judaism around the year 30 CE, and was known for her generosity. Her strictness of keeping to the mitzvot was mentioned in the Talmud.

[withinthesplendor]

Wolf-Head Barge Fixture

This snarling wolf head is closely similar to others that were attached to a luxurious pleasure barge moored on Lake Nemi owned by the infamous first century Roman Emperor Caligula, near Rome. The ship was designed as a floating platform for elaborate parties, and included impressive bronze fittings to ornament the wooden structure. 1 - 100 CE.

The wolf is an important symbol of Rome, having reared its mythical founders, Romulus and Remus. The original wolf heads are in the National Roman Museum in Rome.

[theromaboo]

The Eighth Day of Julius Caesar

Julius Caesar did not go to Germany in 50 CE, because he was already dead for almost 100 years by then.

This beautiful beautiful time line of Germany is in the Houston Museum of Natural Science. It's a museum, so it has to be accurate, right?

It's definitely a little tiny bit confused about Roman history. Or shall I say, Holy Roman history.

This is killing me! The Holy Roman Empire ruled middle and Northern Germany from 700 BCE to 400 CE!! Wow, I never knew the Holy Roman Empire existed that long ago! I never knew the Holy Roman Empire lasted that long either!

Huhuhuh they definitely mixed up the Holy Roman Empire with the Roman Empire. They clearly also fundamentally screwed up with exactly when the Roman Empire possessed middle and northern Germany.

Rome did not rule Germany from 700 BCE to 400 CE. That's like, from the foundation of the city to the fall of the Western Roman Empire. It would be very funny if this timeline was accurate. What did Roman territory look like during 700 BCE? A teeny dot over where Rome was and Germany.

It reminds me of how people over or underestimate the Roman Empire's size.

Once I heard someone saying that "At the Roman Empire's height, Rome ruled over most of Italy." Wow, I wonder about that part of Italy that Rome did not rule over during its height.

On the opposite end of the spectrum, once I heard someone saying that "By the fifth century BC, Rome ruled over most of the known world." Wow, I didn't know the known world was... the smallest slice of Central Italy.

[barbucomedie]

Bronze Bust of Young Man from Rome dated between 100 BCE - 100 CE on display at the Burrell Collection in Glasgow, Scotland

Roman artists copied Greek sculptors, who used mathematical formulas to work out what they thought were people's perfect proporations. This has been wrongly use to promote racist ideas about the ideal proportions of faces.

Photographs taken by myself 2023

[inspofromancientworld]

The First Pope

By Anonymous - http://digi.vatlib.it/view/MSS_Vat.gr.1613/0182?sid=a7590df9b8aca22111c8359533716419&zoomlevel=4, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=113009649

The first person to hold the position of Pope was Linus, who was the bishop of Rome, another title of the pope, beginning in about 68 CE and going through his death in about 80 CE. By tradition, he received the position from the Apostles Peter and Paul when the Christian church in Rome. It wasn't until the late 2nd or early 3rd century that Peter was considered the bishop of Rome or pope. According to the Liber Pontificalis, a book of papal biographies through the 15th century.

The title of pope comes from the Ancient Greek πάππας (páppas) which means 'father'. It originally applied to all bishops, who originally were elders in the churches who watched over all the churches in a city in an almost monarchical manner as churches tended to be held within private homes. They were tasked with ensuring the churches maintained correct doctrine. It was determined that the bishop of Rome would ensure all other bishops would maintain the right doctrine, becoming the most senior member of the church, though there were other cities that were thought to have been equal initially, such as Jerusalem and Alexandria.

Originally, popes were chosen either by the preceding pope or by senior clergymen near Rome. The College of Cardinals didn't elect the pope until the 11th century CE. As such, Linus' election by Peter and Paul was considered binding though it wouldn't be by modern standards. Peter and Paul also appointed Anacletus at the same time and he was Linus' successor.

The earliest attestation of Linus that we have is from about 100 years after his death by Irenaeus, a Greek bishop who worked in southern modern-day France. Because of this, there is some doubt as to exactly what he did, wit some claiming that he decreed that women should cover their heads when in church, and the early writers claiming he was a martyr. However, records from Nero and Domitian don't record any particular persecution of Christians during their reigns. He was sainted prior to the 12th century, though the exact date has been lost to history. His feast day is the 23rd of September. He was followed by Anacletus, who had been previously appointed by Peter and Paul.

[roxannepolice]

Outside the boundaries of the universes lie the raw realities, the couldhave-beens, the might-bes, the neverweres, the wild ideas, all being created and uncreated chaotically like elements in fermenting supernovas.

Just occasionally where the walls of the worlds have worn a bit thin, they can leak in.

And reality leaks out.

Thank you, sir Terry, for once again providing me with an excellent opening quote for a Doctor Who rambling. That probably has nothing to do with the fact that both DW and Discworld fall into the Gulliverian satire poetic.

So yeah, about what's grown to be called a Truman show theory, and I cannot stop making it clear, me critically poking at it is not me hating it especially if Ruby's story ends up throwing shade providing metatextual insight on the mystery baby extravaganza of 2010s (am I the only one who thought that Splice looks like Rey?).

But the problem is, how far would the revelation go? Is it just the endgame for the season? Did it start when Fourteen invoked a superstition at the end of the universe, as the text implies? Or does it go further back, as the Newton and apple story is unreal, too (HOT TAKE: THEY'RE IN VOLTAIRE'S BRAIN. THE CRITICISM OF ORGANISED RELIGIOM CONFIRMS THAT). Or was it already there when Fourteen regenerated in new clothes (he does talk of "canon" in the Dalek Mini-sode)? All of this is just digging deeper into figuring out just how clever the Cave is. But let's dig even deeper, shall we?

Ok, maybe it's Flux. Flux definitely messed up a lot of things, such as replacing Russia with Sontarans. Except...

There's Robin Hood in season 8. And not just a guy called Robin Hood, it's the Robin Hood of legend. Twelve is explicitly confused by that.

In fact, fourth wall breaking was probably most recurrent in Twelve's run.

Though let us not forget Thirteen looking straight into the camera to explain humans must recycle or else we'll turn into props.

Hey, remember how in Let's kill Hitler Eleven is like "The British are coming" and Hitler reacts with fear? In 1936? When the alliance between Third Reich and UK looked like a very realistic prospect? When the Windsors were enthusiastic over what was going on in Germany? PROPAGANDA MUCH?

Bashing on the royals will definitely go down better than my next point on this anarcho-communist coffeeshop AU website, but if you guys think the Red Army's involvement in WWII was fresh faced boys so filled with faith in equality for all people that they came to fight its eternal enemy of fascism then no. Nonononononono. No. NO. Go read about Ribbentrop-Molotov pact NOW. Sincerely, a person living east of the Berlin wall.

Seventh era is also when we get a hint there's a Doctor Who show on BBC.

I'm not going to go through every single time DW has leaned into a made up version of events (wonder if the Doctor ever changed their mind about Mao Zedong, though), but you're getting the drift, but there is one last point to be made.

Nero didn't start the great fire of Rome. The eternal city was a densely packed stack of wood and would go up in flames quite often, though the one from 64 CE was a particularly nasty one and putting it out could have been coordinated better. Still, the idea Nero intentionally started it is 100% made up.

Why should this be important? Well, The Romans are from the 2nd season of Classic Who, from 1965. While we're at it, season 1 historicals are also based more on simplified ideas about Marco Polo, the reign of terror, or Aztec human sacrifices (Barbara Wright Victorious, my love) than true facts (probably because documentary about everyday life of the Aztecs would work better as a way to get children to sleep than to get them hooked on history), but that's more a matter of how than what. In case you want to somehow reconcile this via the Pantheon, then the Toymaker first appeared in season 3, and that after the Doctor visited the Trojan war and Vicki stayed there with Troilus as actually faithful Cressida.

So. The thing about Truman show revelation is. It's either groundbreaking on a last episode ever, goodbye yellow brick road, level, or not meaningful at all. I just can't see it work as a seasonal endgame, because if the episode from 2023 is in unreality, then so is the one from 1965. Just, where do you go from here? It's either waking up in the crude reality or. y'know. acknowledging the convention, which is what the Truman show theory kinda set out to negate in the first place.

Again, I genuinely want to discuss! I myself am never sure if hot take posts are open to discussion, which is why I made a separate post, so I want to make it clear, I want to have the holes in my own rambling explained!

[longwindedbore]

The sick world of ultra-conservative Christianity.

Pastor confesses to statutory rape and gets standing ovation from the congregation

‘A sexual encounter’ with someone underage is statutory rape.

[Victim Jules] Woodson said Savage drove her home after a church event in 1998. She said he took her to an empty road and Savage assaulted her.

Woodson claims the day after the incident, she went to leaders at that church in Texas, but according to her, they did not contact authorities, never told her parents the whole story, and allowed Savage to resign.

[In response to the allegations] Andy Savage responded with a statement saying in part:

"As a college student on staff at a church in Texas more than 20 years ago, I regretfully had a sexual incident with a female high school senior in the church. I apologized and sought forgiveness from her, her parents, her discipleship group, the church staff, and the church leadership, who informed the congregation... I was wrong and I accepted responsibility for my actions."

For Woodson, this wasn't enough.

"His apology isn't enough because number one, he's lying about how he handled it. He never came to me, the church told him he couldn't talk to me and they told me I couldn't talk to him," she explained.

Highpoint Church declined an interview…but in a statement they said they were already aware of this incident and are 100 percent committed to Pastor Savage.

•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••

Oh. That was in 2018. You do realize that this isn’t the end of anyone’s career. Two years later…

“Not only has my abusive pastor @andysavage started his own church,” Jules Woodson tweeted Sunday (August 9), “but the pastor that hired him and supported him (and was subsequently fired), Chris Conlee, is coming back to Memphis to start a new church. Where and when does the madness end?”

Of course in 2024 ‘Pastor’ Savage is back at the pulpit:

https://www.gracevalleymemphis.org/leadership/items/andy-savage

====================================

Imagine if this Pastor’ had been a High School teacher. And his Principal supported him in front of a crowd of Parents after his confession

•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••

The various Denominations of Chritianity have a grooming process that involves scaring the curiosity out of five and six year olds. Because the Denominations argue that curiosity leads to questioning authority figures placed over you. That questioning opens the door to Satan to tempt you and therefore Eternal Burning.

The Denominations argue that THEIR religious ‘leaders’ all have received a silent ‘calling’ only they can hear from their denomination’s version of the Invisible-Narcissist-in the-skywho only communicates with those called.

NO ONE DARE QUESTION THE SUPREME NARCISSIST’s CHOICE of who is ‘CALLED’ or El Supremo will be very very very very angry.

So the applause is from those groomed at an early to worship authority rather than the precepts of Jesus.

Just as the Roman Emperors Constantine and Theodosius intended when they executed their hostile takeover of the Jesus movement. Put their Neoplatonic upper class bishops in control (Nicea 325 CE)

Granted the Patriarchs of Rome and Constantinople the power of summary execution of any who didn’t adhere to Nicean Triniterianism (Edict of Thessalonia (380 CE). All of which precede d the assembly of a Christian Bible.

Been teaching the ass-kissing of Narcistic Patriarchy and it’s toxic managers ever since.

[estbela]

Romania's physical age over the years (my headcanons)

* may be subject to change

Probably born in the 100s CE

Slowly grows, by 271, when the romans pulled out of the region he is roughly 4-5 years old.

6 years old by the fall of Rome in 476

6th century- 7 years old

7th century- 8 years old

8th century- 9 years old

Remains 9 for some time, until maybe the 10th century turns 10 years old.

is 10 years old during the Uprising of Asen and Peter (basically what kickstarts the Second Bulgarian Empire).

By the end of the 12th century is 11

Turns 12 in the 13th century

By the 14th century, is 13

15th century- 14

16th century-15

17th century-16

18th century-17

19th century-18 at first, by the end is 21

20th century, ages a bit faster, by the end is maybe 24-26

In the present, at most I'd say...26?

[whencyclopedia]

The Kingdom of Kush

Kush was a kingdom in northern Africa in the region corresponding to modern-day Sudan. The larger region around Kush (later referred to as Nubia) was inhabited c. 8,000 BCE but the Kingdom of Kush rose much later. The Kerma Culture, so named after the city of Kerma in the region, is attested as early as 2500 BCE and archaeological evidence from Sudan and Egypt show that Egyptians and the people of Kush region were in contact from the Early Dynastic Period in Egypt (c. 3150 - c. 2613 BCE) onwards. The later civilization defined as 'Kushite' probably evolved from this earlier culture but was heavily influenced by the Egyptians.

While the history of the overall country is quite ancient, the Kingdom of Kush flourished between c. 1069 BCE and 350 CE. The New Kingdom of Egypt (c. 1570-1069 BCE) was in the final stages of decline c. 1069 BCE, which empowered the Kushite city-state of Napata. The Kushites no longer had to worry about incursions into their territory by Egypt because Egypt now had enough trouble managing itself. They founded the Kingdom of Kush with Napata as its capital, and Kush became the power in the region while Egypt floundered.

Kushite kings became the pharaohs of Egypt's 25th Dynasty and Kushite princesses dominated the political landscape of Thebes in the position of God's Wife of Amun. The Kushite king Kashta (c. 750 BCE) was the first to establish himself on the Egyptian throne and appointed his daughter, Amenirdis I, the first Kushite God's Wife of Amun. He was followed by other great Kushite kings who reigned until the Assyrian invasion of Egypt by Ashurbanipal in 666 BCE.

In c. 590 BCE Napata was sacked by the Egyptian pharaoh Psammeticus II (595-589 BCE) and the capital of Kush was moved to Meroe. The Kingdom of Kush continued on with Meroe as its capital until an invasion by the Aksumites c. 330 CE which destroyed the city and toppled the kingdom. Overuse of the land, however, had already depleted the resources of Kush and the cities would most likely have been abandoned even without the Aksumite invasion. Following this event, Meroe and the dwindling Kingdom of Kush survived another 20 years before its end c. 350 CE.

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[aurianneor]

Limiter la richesse individuelle

Les frères Gracchus, Gaius et Tibérius, étaient tribuns, l'équivalent de nos députés et ils ont voulu s'attaquer aux problèmes de l'époque. Les riches étaient peu nombreux mais possédaient presque toutes les terres. Comme ils produisaient toutes les céréales, ils se mettaient d'accord entre eux pour fixer un prix élevé et faisaient venir des étrangers pour travailler à des salaires très bas que les citoyens romains n'acceptaient pas. En 133 avant J-C, Rome était plongée dans une pauvreté généralisée qui tourmentait Rome. Les frères Gracchus ont fait voter une loi qui s'appelait propriété et elle affirmait que la propriété avait une limite en quantité au-delà de laquelle elle était toxique pour la société et une limite d'usage selon laquelle ce n'est pas parce que c'est à moi que je peux en faire ce que je veux. Les frères Gracchus ont été saisis par les riches et leurs hommes de main et jetés dans le Tribe. S'en est suivi 100 ans de guerre civile entre la plèbe et les riches avant que l'empereur Auguste n'instaure les lois des frères Gracchus profitant de l'émoi causé par la mort de Jules César. Quatre cent ans de paix et de prospérité ont suivi. 

En 1930, en France, des juges ont crée le service public de l'eau, nationalisant les sources. Cela a montré que la propriété privée n'est pas sacrée. Ils ont exproprié les propriétaires, et c'était normal. Léon Blum a été harcelé et a quitté sa fonction. 

La victoire du Labour en 1945 au Royaume-Uni a permis d'exproprier les propriétaires de mines. La propriété n'est pas absolue. Les propriétaires sont devenus moins riches et cela les a fait passer en-dessous de la limite de toxicité.

Le 24 novembre 2013, en Suisse, est votée une loi limitant les salaires à 250 fois le salaire minimum. Cela veut dire que pour que les salaires les plus hauts augmentent, il faut augmenter les salaires les plus bas. A titre de comparaison, en France en 2019, les patrons du CAQ40 gagnaient 1128 fois le salaire de leurs employés les plus modestes. Les riches sont très heureux en Suisse.

En 2022, en Ukraine, profitant de l'opportunité de pouvoirs exceptionnels liés à la guerre, le président Zelensky a nationalisé les banques, les chaînes de télévision et les industries possédées par les oligarques. Ceux-ci étaient tellement riches qu'ils décidaient de tout dans le pays, les caisses ukrainiennes étant vides.

Quand Elon Musk intervient dans la guerre en Ukraine, c'est trop. Quand Mark Zuckerberg favorise l'élection de Trump pour s'enrichir, c'est trop. Quand une personne est suffisamment riche pour avoir un propre programme spatial ou a plus d'argent qu'un pays, c'est trop. Quand tes décisions peuvent ruiner la vie de millions de gens alors que tu n'as pas été élu, c'est trop. Quand les 1% les plus riches de l'humanité émettent 100 fois plus de gaz à effet de serre que ceux qui émettent les 99% autres, c'est trop. 

Ces gens méritent d'être riches mais pas à ce point. Ils n'ont jamais rendu à la société ce que la société leur avait donné en premier lieu. La société a formé leurs employés avec des écoles et des universités; ceux-ci sont en bonne santé grâce aux hôpitaux, il y a des routes, des chemins de fer et des aéroports pour transporter leurs biens. Il y a une police et une armée pour les protéger et une justice pour faire valoir leurs droits. Il y a des ressources naturelles pour alimenter leurs industries, etc.

La Columbia University estime que 100 millions de dollars est une limite. C'est largement suffisant pour la personne et pas assez pour être toxique. (Putting a Limit On Wealth - Stephen H. Unger: http://www1.cs.columbia.edu/~unger/articles/wealthLimit.html)

What, if Anything, is Wrong with Extreme wealth: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/epdf/10.1080/19452829.2019.1633734?needAccess=true&role=button

Having too Much - Ingrid Robeyns: https://www.openbookpublishers.com/books/10.11647/obp.0338

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Les autorités illégitimes: https://www.aurianneor.org/les-autorites-illegitimes/

“The world has enough for everyone’s need, but not enough for everyone’s greed”: https://www.aurianneor.org/the-world-has-enough-for-everyones-need-but-not/

You can’t get enough… Enough!: https://www.aurianneor.org/you-cant-get-enough-enough-the-same-companies/

Qui se cache derrière le drapeau?: https://www.aurianneor.org/qui-se-cache-derriere-le-drapeau/

Riche: https://www.aurianneor.org/riche-cetait-une-belle-journee-et-le-paysage/

Liberté et vivre ensemble: https://www.aurianneor.org/liberte-et-vivre-ensemble/

Tomorrow – Chap 4: La démocratie: https://www.aurianneor.org/tomorrow-chap-4-la-democratie-the-panama/

Solidarité Hélvétique: https://www.aurianneor.org/solidarite-helvetique-democratie-semi-directe/