#rms mauritania

[listen-to-the-inner-walrus]

so i have a soft spot for the 2006 film poseidon which is a film i reckon about 24 other people remember existing since warner bros lost like $70million on it, and i just like, need to talk about it.

its a loose remake of a 1972 film, and overall, its a very silly film, however its also connected to massive advancements in oceanography, and through that connection, also connected to an incident that could have killed around 10000 american recruits during ww2 in less than an hour.

and i cannot stop thinking about this stupid film so please enjoy this stupidly long post no one is going to read because I Need To Infodump.

so poseidon (2006)...

it's a very of its time disaster film with your group of plucky survivors trying to overcome more and more obstacles as they desperately fight for safety. among them, youve got kurt russell as an ex nyc firefighter and mayor because its 2006, of course you do. emmy rossums here because of course she is (again, its 2006), and surprise richard dreyfus is here as a gay naval architect who survives the film. fergie even has a cameo and its honestly a crime that the song she sings for it is not on spotify.

but the film is also very much not a of its time disaster film, because production decided to not update the setting. and i have absolutely no idea why. and its confused me for years now because its an easy fix.

see the 1972 film (the poseidon adventure) and the book its based on, both take place on an ocean liner, and that makes sense for that time.

contrary to popular beliefs, ocean liners =/= cruise ships.

during the late 19th century and most of the 20th century, ocean liners were all the rage, because if you wanted to go from liverpool to new york, they were your best bet.

with the invention of steam engines, they were no longer dependent on weather, and once wood was swapped for steel, they were at serious less risk of sinking. this meant they could run reliable trips from point a to point b and back again. they were essentially buses for the ocean. thats what titanic was btw.

while less popular due to jet travel in the 70s, people were still using them. the ss michelangelo sailed her maiden voyage in 1965, and ran for ten years still. it does make sense for both the book and film to take place on an ocean liner.

it does not make sense for the 2006 iteration to take place on an ocean liner, but it does. and its not even an ocean liner turned cruise ship like the rms queen mary 2 or the ss france/ss norway. there were no ocean liner only businesses operating in 2006 because you can now take a plane rather than a five day trip across the atlantic.

but in poseidon (2006), the rms poseidon is not a cruise ship. it is an ocean liner, and designating it as rms means it is also delivering international royal mail. theres even a plot about a stowaway aboard the ship which is just a tad bit bizarre. its such an odd choice not to simply update it so its a cruise ship. most people dont know the difference between them, theres no reason to specify that it is an ocean liner.

(its especially odd because the gay naval architect apparently knows the vessel very well which, sir, who is paying you to draft up ocean liner designs in 2006??)

weirdly enough though, the film does decide to update the actual cause for the disaster, which will bring us back to the ww2 point.

the general gist of the story is that some environmental event causes the ship to capsize (turn upside down in the water), and our heroes have to escape the ship.

i have attempted to read the book, but i didnt enjoy it and i was getting a feeling that the author, paul gallico, was antisemitic. he was. he specifically expressed it by saying jewish folks love basketball because its a game specialised for tricky characters, to paraphrase. yeah no theres also basketball antisemitism going on.

in the book, its an underwater earthquake that causes the ship to capsize. the quake created a 90ft wave (put a pin in that, we'll get back to it) which i believe hit the ship side-on, after the ship fell into a deep trough.

i have no idea if this is possible irl as im just an autistic with a special interest in ocean liners.

in the 1972 film, its a tsunami that hits the ship. i believe the tsunami is also caused by an underwater earthquake (again, put a pin in that) which would hit the ship on the side and cause it to roll right over (put a pin in this too btw).

again, i dont know about the veracity of this happening irl. i know tsunamis are related to underwater earthquakes, but as far as i know, they dont form into the massive wave until the wave is closer to shore?

but anyway, in the 2006 film, the capsizing is caused by a rogue wave.

as aforementioned, my special interest is ocean liners so i know quite a lot about rogue waves and i dont know how much of that is common knowledge so time for another abrupt explanation of niche topics.

so rogue waves, what are they? well, theyre big fuck off waves. descriptions tend to put them anywhere from 50ft high to 100ft (10 stories high).

for a wave to be considered a rogue wave, it needs to be more than twice the height of any other wave in that region. theyre unpredictable and often occur out of nowhere. theyre more common in some specific regions like off the coast of south africa, and are distinct from tsunamis. they can occur both in the ocean and on the great lakes.

for centuries, sailors have told tales of them but like krakens and sea monsters, they werent believed. this is partly due to survivorship bias because if youre in a wooden sailboat and get hit by a rogue wave, youre not going to survive. it was only after advancements in ship building that people began to survive them. and even then, its not guaranteed.

some theorise rogue waves were responsible for the sinking of both the ss munich/munchen and the edmund fitzgerald.

still, it wasnt until one was recorded by a research post in 1995 that rogue waves genuinely became a serious topic within oceanography.

however, we did have credible reports of them hitting ocean liners long before then. both the rms lusitania (in 1910) and the ss michelangelo (in 1966) were badly damaged when they ran into rogue waves bow first (head-on). they both fell into deep troughs before the wave hit and both of their bows sustained serious damage. three people lost their lives on the ss michelangelo.

(damage done to ss michelangelo)

despite this, it was preferable for both vessels to hit the wave head-on. both were ocean liners with bows designed to break through waves, and designed to be able to keep sailing even if the bow was caved in.

(fun fact: if titanic had hit the iceberg head on, there was a very good chance she wouldnt have sunk)

now you might want to know why we know it was preferable to be hit head-on, and why i specified the ship would have been hit side-on. this is how the ship was hit in the 2006 film also. and well, this is when were getting into ww2 territory.

the lusitania and michelangelo are not the only ocean liners to encounter a rogue wave. this also happened to the rms queen mary in 1942.

just some quick background on the queen mary; she was launched in 1936 and built with the goal of stealing the blue riband (the record for fastest journey for a passenger line from southampton to new york) from the ss normandie, owned by french line. queen mary was owned by the cunard line whose reputation partly rested on speed. both the lusitania and mauritania (both cunard ships) had won the blue riband at some point. in 1942, queen mary held the blue riband and was considered the fastest passenger liner in the world.

at that point though, she has been requisitioned by the admiralty for the war effort and was acting as a troop ship. a very effective troop ship as she averaged 28 knots in speed and they managed to up her capacity from around 3300 (including crew) to 16000.

she also was owned by cunard line who have a long history of conferring with the admiralty during peacetimes. their ships were designed with spaces left for guns and weapons. part of why the lusitania was sunk by a u-boat in ww1 was her secretly carrying firearms back from the "neutral" america to the uk despite it still being a passenger ship. the admiralty knew queen mary would be a massive benefit in a war.

this isnt to say that she was perfect, however. she was a famous roller. see, when youre building a ship, you expect it to roll somewhat on any difficult seas. to combat extreme rolling (which can be fatal), ships are built with their centres of buoyancy and gravity close together. this reduces rolling, but can cause very sudden lists (tilts). as queen mary was a big fuck off ship, it was assumed she wouldnt roll badly, so she was designed with a slightly bigger gap between those centres which caused very slow rolling from side to side. this often felt like the ship would never right itself, and as handrails were not considered necessary at first, passengers had to shuffle down hallways.

cunard took her in for repairs and added stabilisers to lessen the roll. they also added handrails. it didnt fix the rolling, but it was bearable and not considered dangerous. she soon became a superstar liner, and again, a very good troop ship.

hitler had even put a monetary bounty specifically on the queen mary for whichever submarine could shoot her, with the iron cross promised also. this did not come to pass.

(rms queen mary as a troopship)

what did come to pass, however, was a 92ft high rogue wave smashing into her portside (left). this is the absolute opposite of what you want to happen.

there was an attempt to steer her head-on into the wave but ocean liners that size take two miles to stop moving. they also couldnt risk too sudden of a turn because they were in the atlantic in a storm. this attempt to change course is repeated in the 2006 film and is also unsuccessful.

so now when the wave hit queen mary, it caused her to begin listing to starboard (right side) because a 90ft ocean wave just smashed into her. and she began to list. the portholes broke and wager poured in, making the list worst.

at first, it was 15°, then 20°, then 25°, 30°, 40°, 50°, 52°

then she stopped. and she stayed there, listing 52° to starboard. she was nearly capsized. and what must have felt like hours for those 11000 recruits and crew, she just stayed there, nearly on her side in the atlantic ocean.

and then finally, she began to right herself, one degree at a time, until she was back steady as if nothing had happened.

the technicians had later examined the ship and estimated that if shed listed just 3° extra, they would have capsized and sank, taking 11000 men with her.

so i imagine at this point, if youre even reading this anymore, youre like okay, kai, we get it, you dont wanna get hit broadside by a rogue wave, do we need all this detail?

and well, no. you dont need to know it and i dont need to tell it but here i am, telling you so.

but it is very relevant to poseidon (2006) because remember how its a remake of a film based on a book? and that book was written by the basketball antisemite? yeah, so paul gallico was on board the queen mary when this happened.

and this is what inspired him to write the book.

obviously, at the time, we didnt fully understand rogue waves so gallico explained it as an underwater earthquake, but we know now it was a rogue wave.

and so the 2006 film honours that and makes it a rogue wave. they never really explain it so unless youre insufferable like me, you might just be like what the fuck? is that poseidon (god) doing that?

but im gonna redirect your attention to the fact that the queen mary was 3° away from capsizing and that 3° could have caused an entirely different outcome to the war.

if she had capsized, she would have taken 10000 recruits with her and the allies would have lost their best troop ship. morale would have been affected because back then, ocean liners were household celebrities. they were adored by residents.

im not a historian, and especially not a war historian, so im not gonna be like oh look alternate history where the nazis won oooh how edgy?

but like, just a few more feet of water on that wave and parts of ww2 would be so different.

it also would have affected the cunard line massively after the war, and the white star line (titanics owners) as well. i believe their merger was after ww2.

also, gallico would have died so his book wouldnt have existed, neither would the film adaptation or the remake. it all just comes back around like a never ending carousel of feral seahorses.

but anyway, away from all the existential crises. i wanted to actually address what made me want to write this stupidly long post in the first place:

an article i skim read that addressed the veracity of the inciting event in the 2006 film, aka the rogue wave.

after a mostly accurate explanation of rogue waves and at least one misuse of cruise ship for ocean liner, the article concluded that a rogue wave hitting an ocean liner like that was simply so unlikely, it was basically impossible.

and if youve got this far in my ramblings, you might be able to understand the level of bafflement i felt reading that.

because while it is a fair conclusion as it is a very unlikely thing to happen. but THIS FILM EXISTS BECAUSE A ROGUE WAVE SMASHED INTO AN OCEAN LINER AND NEARLY CAPSIZED IT

[lonestarbattleship]

HMHS Mauritania, circa December 1915.

National Library of France: ark:/12148/btv1b6945544d

[theofficalmrlaggy]

Cunard on October 20th, 1910:

[your-resident-boat-person]

What’s ur favorite boat. I want a picture of the boat too.

My favorite is the RMS Olympic. She may look like her younger sister RMS Titanic, but with a keen eye, you can tell them apart. She's my favorite for a couple reasons. First of all, I like her exterior. I like the proportions of her funnels, and her hull shape. I also like the relatively square superstructure at the bow. Her interiors are also an excellent example of the edwardian era decor. I MIGHT prefer the Mauretanias interiors a bit more, but the Olympic wins overall because of her exterior and career. Oceanliner Designs has a 3 part series on her career I would recommend because it's too much to get into here, but one of my favorite stories involves her time as HMS Olympic during World War 1. She was serving as a troop ship and she was being targeted by a German U-Boat. She actually managed to swing herself around and ram the U-Boat, sinking it in the process. She also survived a torpedo strike on a separate U-Boat encounter (it was a dud). While Olympic is my favorite, I have a list of my top 19 ocean liners. The only things that remain consistent is that Olympic is always #1, and the Mauretania, Queen Mary, and SS United States all always occupy the top 4 (although the positions change.) Also, I have a 1 ship per class rule, so among the Olympic, Titanic, and Brittainic, I had to only pick 1.

#1) RMS Olympic (1911)

#2) RMS Queen Mary (1935)

#3) SS United States (1951)

#4) RMS Mauritania (1907)

#5) RMS Oceanic (1899) 

#6) RMS Aquitania (1914)

#7) RMS Adriatic (1907)

#8) RMS Majestic (1889)

#9) RMS Carmania (1905)

#10) SS Bremen (1938)

#11) MV Georgic (1931)

#12) SS Nieuw Amsterdam (1937)

#13) RMS Umbria (1884)

#14) City of Paris (1888)

#15) SS Conte di Savoia (1932)

#16) SS Andrea Doria (1953)

#17) SS Atlantic (1871)

#18) Queen Elizabeth 2 (1967)

#19) RMS Queen Mary 2 (2004)

[grantgfan]

Hey, Ellie. I had a bit of weird dream last night.

It was where me, Mina, you, Dexter and the other Genie Team members were having a vacation on the largest cruise ship; the Oasis of the Seas. We were enjoying ourselves, partying, playing games, etc…. However, the next morning, the ship stopped despite being nowhere near land or any harbor. We all woke up to go see what was up. As I walked onto the ship’s bow, i saw everyone standing in stunned silence at something. I gently and politely moved my way through the crew. When I finally saw what it was, my mouth hung open in shock and my mouth ran dry…

…

…

There, in the middle of the ocean, mere 60 meters from the cruise ship’s bow, floating adrift in the ocean and dead silent… was something that left me shocked and confused. Slowly, I said “The RMS Mauritania? But— but that’s impossible, she was scrapped in 1935”. You and Grant looked at me and i explained to you both and everyone else everything about the Mauritania. That being she was a Cunard Line Ocean Liner from the late 1900s al the way to when she was sacrificed to the scrapper’s torch in 1935 in order to give jobs to jobless people during the Great Depression. And yet, the Mauritania was there, in one piece, in her original launch color of white, completely devoid of passengers and crew, and covered in masses of a dark substance.

As if her unknown and mysterious appearance wasn’t enough, Dexter, Mindy and the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles noticed a foul odor in the air, and using a Cybertronian-upgraded iPad Pro, Dexter found that the stench was coming from the Cunard liner. The boy genius then sent 6 small Cybertronian drones near the vacant ship and through screens from a transforming computer suitcase, we all saw that the dark masses on the ship’s hull was the source of the stench.

A few hours later, the Mauritania was being towed by the Oasis of the Seas on the way back to the mainland. I was at the cruise ship’s stern, staring silently at the ancient Cunard Line ocean liner, still reeling from seeing a ship that was scrapped in ‘35 right before my eyes.

Ellie: wow

[cybertronianchaoticbutterfly]

Now I will put down the summoning lines for Titanic, Olympic and Carpathia.

Titanic

“Servant Rider! I’m the RMS Titanic! One of White Star Lines Olympic Class ships! I look forward to being your ship, No icebergs please!”

Olympic

“Servant Rider. the First of the Olympic Class of White Star Lines, I am RMS Olympic. Sistership of RMS Titanic and HMHS Britannic. I hope you have a good dock for me, also I’ll show I’m better than that dumb Mauritania”

Carpathia

“Servant Rider, I am RMS Carpathia a ship of Cunard Line and called the Hero of Titanic. Don’t worry, if things so south like that night then I shall do the same for you! My deck is your safety and my crew will help you.”

[electricnik]

Cunard advert, 1920s

[cetaceous]

Propeller for RMS Mauritania, c. 1905 Wallsend Slipway & Engineering Co, Wallsend, England This is one of the original 3-blade propellers. These were upgraded to 4-blade propellers after sea trials revealed vibration issues. image credit: Tyne & Wear Archives & Museums

[zponds]

RMS Mauritania, SS France, and SS United States sailing together in Virtual Sailor 7.

[josemimontalban]

"HUNDIMIENTO DEL BRITANNIC" 1916. En el Mar Egeo, una explosión de origen desconocido provocaba el hundimiento del RMS Britannic, hermano gemelo del Titanic. La empresa naviera "Cunard Lines" revolucionó la industria cuando inició la construcción de tres grandiosos transatlánticos, que terminarían llamándose "Mauritania", "Lusitania" y "Aquitania". En respuesta a ese anunció y para no perder competitividad la "White Star Lines" emprendió en 1910 un ambicioso proyecto de similares proporciones, iniciando la construcción de los imponentes "Olympic", "Titanic" y "Gigantic". Con el Olympic en los mares y el Titanic en su etapa final de construcción, el 30 de noviembre de 1911 en el astillero Harland and Wolff de Belfast se inició la producción del "Gigantic". Inicialmente se estaba construyendo con los mismos planos que los dos predecesores, pero la tragedia del "Titanic" significó el replanteo general del proyecto incluido el nombre. Su estructura de costillas, exclusas y espesores fueron rediseñados, además se duplicaron la cantidad de botes salvavidas. Finalmente el 26 de febrero de 1914 fue botado con el nuevo nombre de "RMS Britannic". Apenas 6 meses después estalló la Primera Guerra Mundial y el Almirantazgo Británico secuestro el barco y lo envió junto al Olympic a los astilleros de Belfast. Aprovechando que sus lujosos interiores no estaban montados se lo adaptó como buque hospital y se lo pintó de blanco. Con sus nuevas funciones fue puesto en manos del capitán Charles A. Bartlett, quien realizo con él varias misiones de rescate en el Mediterráneo. Su mas importante misión fue la evacuación de los soldados heridos en la Batalla de Galípoli. En su sexta misión se encontraba en el mar Egeo cuando en proximidades de la Isla de Kea se produjo una explosión de origen desconocido (Torpedo, Mina o atentado). Los daños hicieron que rápidamente se inundaran 2 compartimentos, al fallar las compuertas exclusas el barco quedó condenado. https://www.instagram.com/p/CWrTDD4oHye/?utm_medium=tumblr

[pinturas-gran-guerra-aire]

1918 Dazzling Duo - James Field

Running up the Solent is RMS Mauritania in full anti-submarine “dazzle” camouflage. Flying above is a Felixstowe F2A similarly camouflaged for sea landings, on its way to RAF Calshot airbase.

[tigermike]

RMS Mauritania: sister ship of the ill-fated Lusitania.

[ocean-liners]

The scrapping of RMS Mauritania

[the-wish-box]

More Ken Marshall 1) HMHS BRITTANNIC (White Star Line): was originally supposed to be named “Gigantic”, but the name was too close to Titanic. It never enjoyed a trans-Atlantic career due to the outbreak of WWI. She served as a hospital ship and was sunk on 21 November, 1916 by either a mine or torpedo off the coast of the Isle of Kea, Greece. Surprisingly, only 30 lives were lost. 2) RMS LUSITANIA (Cunard Line): Sister ship of the RMS Mauritania. Depicted here is the sinking on 7 May, 1915 after being struck by a torpedo from the U-20 and an unknown secondary explosion post impact. She sank off the coast of Ireland in 18 minutes with the loss of 1198 lives. 3) NORMANDIE (Compagnie Générale Transatlantique): She still holds the record of fastest steam powered turbo-electric passenger liner. Entered service in 1935. Interiors were extraordinarily extravagant Art Deco style, though she never was a commercial success. Seized by the US in WWII, she was renamed Layfayette, but caught fire at Pier 88 on 9 February, 1942. Attempts to save her caused her to list to port and capsize. Sat in harbor until 1945 when she was scrapped. 4) An idealized depiction of Titanic and Olympic passing each other at sea. 5) Titanic approaching New York.

[luxmentis]

Embroidered silk postcard [SS Arabic]

We’ve a wonderful collection around the golden age of ocean travel as told through menus, programs, and postcards. Built over a period of 3 decades, it covers the period from approximately 1880 to around 1930.

Highlights of the collection and important aspects include:

    Original dining menus featuring culinary specialities of the period

Passenger lists serving as registers for historical documentation

Examples of design and style for advertising of the 19th and early 20th century

Documents featuring the description of innovations in transportation of the 19th and early 20th century [image gallery below]

Embroidered silk postcard [RMS Lusitania]

Archive Encompassing the Golden Age of the Great Ocean Liners. [circa 1880-1930]. Approximately 850 items of ephemera from the golden age of ocean liner travel; including a cloth ticket wallet, numerous menus and passenger list cards from a wide variety of ships and routes, a souvenir handkerchief, deck plans, agent’s timetables etc. All in very good or better condition, minor edgewear to some of the more fragile pieces, essentially forty years or more of historical material, spanning the closing years of the 19th century and two world wars. Very Good to Near Fine.

The history of ocean liners is the history of western prosperity, the lure of emigration and the race for technology to catch up with both. The roots of passenger liners are based in 1818, when the Black Ball shipping line of New York started offering a regularly scheduled passenger service across the Atlantic and realised very swiftly that ticket prices could be increased in accordance with the level of comfort they were capable of offering. Previously buying a transatlantic ticket had relegated the hardy traveller to the same status as whatever other cargo the ship was carrying, indeed often slightly lower status; livestock and produce needed to be carefully nursed through the often perilous journeys, passengers were largely expected to fend for themselves.

The proliferation of steamships after the 1830’s, larger, faster creatures altogether; sometimes able to make the enormous journey in a little over two weeks, led to new and creative methods of utilising space and maximising profit. History changed on July 4th, 1840 when the very first ship to bear the legendary Cunard name, “The Britannia” left Liverpool on a ground (or perhaps sea) breaking 14 day journey to New York. It was for the times the very height of luxury, it travelled with a live Jersey cow on board, and chickens, to provide the passengers with fresh milk and eggs.

The advent of the tourist based pleasure cruise didn’t really take off until the 1860’s and the first cruise voyage to originate in America carried none other than Mark Twain, who characteristically immortalised the experience in “The Innocents Abroad.” By the 1880’s, a decade before the earliest items in this collection, the ocean cruise industry was in full swing; doctors regularly advised sea air and ocean voyages for the improved health of their patients, and the allure of foreign continents was proving irresistible to many as companies started offering “steerage” tickets as a very rough and ready way for the huddled masses to make their way to new opportunity.

The final years of the 19th century saw the advent of the first super liners, Germany initially led the field in creating enormous, painfully luxurious vessels that were effectively the floating luxury hotels we have come to expect today. Able to forge through any weather without hardly spilling a first class passengers cocktail, they became the preferred mode of travel for the super rich; reaching their zenith with the Cunard Line’s floating masterpieces “The Mauritania” and “The Lusitania”, the ships that required their passengers to dress for dinner and offered the romance of fine dining rooms where dinner suited elegance and mouth watering menus were accompanied by string quartets, whilst immaculately turned out stewards glided around supplying every need.

This particular collection contains representative ephemera from the largest and most luxurious lines of the period, and some of their flagship vessels, the one notable exception being, of course, The RMS Titanic, firstly because it should be remembered, Hollywood notwithstanding, that it failed, through little fault of its own, to do what transatlantic liners are supposed to do and secondly because all Titanic material is by definition mementos mori and therefore exists rather beyond its socio-industrial context…drifting more into the sargasso of legend. In the manner of such things however, the phantom of the Titanic is unavoidable and present here are pieces of material related to ships who in any number of ways were influenced and overshadowed by their relationship to the largest and most evocative maritime disaster of the time.

The period covered by this material (1896-probably the 1940’s in the case of a couple of deckplans) encompasses the successes, failures and tragedies of the largest passenger shipping lines in the world; Cunard, White Star, Norddeutscher Lloyd Bremen, the Hamburg Amerika Line (notwithstanding the blanket ownership of J P Morgan’s “IMM” after the early 1900’s) and a number of others. It was a period of fierce competition in the arenas of sheer size and speed, and the degree of luxury which could be attained. Norddeutscher Lloyd’s “Kaiser Wilhelm der Grosse” was built to rival Cunard’s “Campania” and “Lucania”; White Star’s “Oceanic” was put into play to combat “Kaiser Wilhelm” and so on. It was a period of fierce continental competition; at times the fabled prizes rested with the German lines, at others with the British Cunard liners and eventually the laurels passed to the American lines as more and more US ingenuity and drive was brought to bear on what was essentially the “space race” of the era. The mighty giants of the period; Mauretania, Deutschland, Lusitania, Olympia, Normandie have passed into the mists of ocean going myth, all of them are represented here; in fact, in the case of many of these pieces, this collection will represent their sole representation anywhere. Hardly any of the items in the collection were intended to last longer than the duration of a single voyage and their survival within this archive offers a unique record of the Golden Age of ocean travel. Similarly, outside of the realm of international business rivalry, shadowy political preoccupations began to affect the industry, with the British Admiralty quickly cottoning on to the concept that every ocean liner was a potential warship and subsidised lines like Cunard to build ships like “Lucania” and “Campania” in such a way that would make them swiftly convertible to battle stations in time of war. These two ships alone at that time had the largest triple expansion engines ever built, signifying the summit of achievement in that realm of technology until the inception of the turbine engine.

This archive represents a porthole into a period of unprecedented elegance, prosperity and innovation. Comprising of a tremendous number of items (we believe this to be one of the largest collections of material to come to market for a very long time), spanning a breadth of periods, lines and purposes; from beautifully chromo-lithographed menu cards to deck plans and passenger lists, souvenir programmes, handkerchiefs and fans, ticket wallets and books of postcards; an enormous and attractive collection of postcard ands promotional material spanning not only most of the world but most of the world’s significant shipping lines and a treasure trove of other ephemera and memorabilia.

The collection contains, as an example and in no particular order:

~Hamburg-Amerika Line: “SS Reliance”, illustrated menu card for farewell dinner, September 1928

~Norddeutscher Lloyd Bremen: “Friedrich der Grosse”, illustrated menu card, October 1900

~N.Y.K. Line (Nippon Yusen Kaisha): “SS Kashima Maru”, souvenir passenger list, February 1934

~Norddeutscher Lloyd Bremen: “SS Berlin”, 3 illustrated menu cards from April 1931 Norddeutscher Lloyd Bremen: “SS Bremen” illustrated gatefold menu, June 1937

~United States Lines: “George Washington”, Illustrated Passenger List, New York to Bremen, October 1924

~Nederlandische-Amerikanische: “SS Maasdam”, Illustrated Passenger List, Rotterdam to New York, July 1894

~Hamburg-Amerika Line: “Deutschland” Illustrated Passenger List, July 1901

~Hamburg-Amerika Line: “Moltke”, Illustrated Passenger List, July 1903

~Norddeutscher-Lloyd Bremen: Passenger voyage timetable for sailings to North and South America, The Far East and Australia June 1929

~Red Star Line: “SS Pennland” Decorative souvenir programme for the Grand Concert, July 1927

~Pacific Mail Steamship Co.: “PMSS Manchuria” Illustrated Passenger List, Yokohama to San Francisco May 1912

~Compagnie Generale Transatlantique: “La Lorraine” Illustrated Passenger List, New York to Le Havre, August 1919

~N.S. Gemeinschaft “Kraft Durch Freude” (KdF) promotional brochure advertising National Socialist excursions from Hamburg. 1930’s.

~Hamburg-Amerika Line [HAL]: Calendar of “Pleasure and Relaxation Cruises” October 1905 to June 1906

~American Line: “St. Paul” Illustrated Passenger List, Southampton to New York August 1929

~White Star Line: “SS Majestic”, Illustrated Passenger List, New York to Cherbourg, April 1931

~Hamburg-Sudamerikanische Line: “Monte Sarmiento”, Illustrated Menu/Postcard, July 1927

~Inman Line [I&I Steamship Co.]: “City of Chicago” Illustrated Passenger List, Liverpool to New York, April 1889 (with ink annotations by a passenger).

~Norddeutscher Lloyd Bremen [NDLB]: “SS Bremen” Elaborate menu card with silk ties, August 1933

~P&O and British India Steam Navigation Co.: “P&O Cruiser Ranchi”, Illustrated Passenger List, Mediterranean, August 1926

~NDLB: “SS Bremen”, elaborate menu card for Brahms’ birthday dinner August 1933 NDLB: “SS Bremen” illustrated wine menu, April 1929

~H.A.L.: “Kronprinzessen Cecille” Illustrated Passenger List, Hamburg to Mexico 1911

~H.A.L.: “President Grant” Illustrated Passenger List, July 1912

~NDLB: “SS Bremen” Illustrated Kosher menu card for March 1934 (!)

~H.A.L.: “Albert Ballin” Illustrated Passenger List, Hamburg to New York, July 1926

~NDLB: “Kaiser Wilhelm” Illustrated menu card August 1903

~H.A.L.: “Pennsylvania” Illustrated Passenger List, Hamburg to New York November 1905

~Cunard Steamship Company: “RMS Campania” Illustrated Passenger List, New York to Liverpool July 1906 [also listed on timetable; Saxonia, Lucania and Carpathia]

~Cunard Steamship Co.: “RMS Campania” Illustrated Passenger List. Liverpool to New York August 1900

~Cunard Steamship Co.: “RMS Saxonia” Illustrated Passenger List, Boston to Liverpool 1903

~NDLB: Guidebook to Munich, card wraps, English text, given free aboard ship and containing an interesting potted history of the NDLB and its manifold successes.

~NDLB: Cloth ticket/travel document wallet, beige and purple, 1930’s, excellent condition. H.A.L.: A selection of on ship purchased postcards in original paper chemises.

~Royal Mail Steam Packet Co.: “RMSP Aragon” Illustrated Passenger List, Southampton to Buenos Aires, February 1911

~NDLB: “SS Berlin” embroidered souvenir handkerchief depicting the liner at full steam. NDLB: “Grosser Kurfurst” Illustrated menu card, (some loss to upper edges), March 1904.

~Pacific Mail Steamship Co. “SS Manchuria” Illustrated Passenger List, San Francisco-Far East Circuit, March 1912. Heavily annotated by passenger.

~NDLB: “Friedrich der Grosse” Illustrated menu cards, July 4th 1911, July 5th 1911 NDLB: “Kronprinz Wilhelm” Illustrated menu card, July 1903

~NDLB: “Grosser Kurfurst” Illustrated menu card, September 1901

~Cie. Gle. Transatlantique: “La Provence” Illustrated menu card, beautiful art nouveau design, August 1910

~NS Gemeinschaft “Kraft durch Freude”: “Oceana” Illustrated itinerary card with exhortation from the Nazi party “We wish you a happy homecoming, Heil Hitler!” Italian voyage January 1938

~NDLB: Luggage label with string for a stateroom on the “Adolf Vinnen” in the name of Mr. and Mrs. Meyer of New Jersey. Hamburg-New York 1912

~H.A.L.: “SS Graf Waldersee” Illustrated Passenger List. New York to Hamburg July 1902 H.A.L.: “SS Normannia” Illustrated Passenger List, New York to Hamburg September 1894

~Great White Fleet: “SS Heredia” Caribbean Cruise of Gulf Park College leaving New Orleans March 1928, elaborate illustrated menu card.

~Tokyo Kisen Kaisha: Illustrated Information Brochure circa 1917

~H.A.L.: “Albert Ballin” Illustrated and elaborate bell shaped multi leaved menu and concert programme August 1935

~RMS Titanic: 2 commemorative cards (1987 and 1991) sent at sea from the resting place of the great liner; stamped with all vessels present and the sigil of ~Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute with hand written co-ordinates of the wreck site and the details of the Russian Research Vessel “Akademyk Keldysh” which carried the Mir I and Mir II submersibles.

~H.A.L.: “Graf Waldersee” Illustrated menu card, August 1900 H.A.L.: “Pennsylvania” Illustrated menu card, February 1901

~H.A.L.: A group of four further Illustrated menu cards from the “Pennsylvania” during a voyage in January-February 1901

~Cie Gle Transatlantique: Large format photograph of the liner “SS Normandie” under construction noting that the vessel was 1020” feet long. In 1935 the ~“Normandie” was the largest and fastest passenger vessel on the seas. She is still cited as being the most powerful steam turbo-electric powered ship ever built.

~Nippon Yusen Kaisha: “SS Fushimi Maru” Illustrated menu card, May 1915

~Nippon Yusen Kaisha: “SS Awa Maru” Illustrated menu card, May 1915

~Nippon Yusen Kaisha:”SS Tenyo Maru” Illustrated menu card, September 1916

~NDLB: A selection of decorative menu cards in card chemise for a voyage by the “SS Berlin”

~Various: A selection of folding souvenir deck plans for ships in the Red Star, Cie Gle Transatlantique and United States Lines.

~NDLB: Beautiful illustrated menu card “SS Columbus”, April 1925. At that time the “Columbus” was the flagship of NDLB and was notable for being almost permanently on hire to Thomas Cook and for being the first liner to have its own swimming pool on deck.

~NDLB: “SS Koln” Illustrated Passenger List, November 1902, Bremen-Galveston

~NDLB: “SS Amerika” Illustrated Passenger List, July 1906

~NDLB: “SS Havel” Illustrated Passenger List, New York to Bremen, November 1894

~Cie Gle Transatlantique: “MS Lafayette” Illustrated Passenger List, Le Havre to New York September 1937

~Cie Gle Transatlantique: “MS Ile De France” Illustrated Passenger List, Le havre to new York, September 1937. The Ile de France was the first refrigerated ocean liner and was thus the first vessel to bring fresh French Brie to America.

~Cie Gle Transatlantique: A selection of 6 Illustrated Cruise Itineraries from the “SS Normandie” [1930’s]

~Cunard Line: Notepaper from “Mauretania”, “Queen Mary” and “Queen Elizabeth” Cie Gle Transatlantique: Single sheet not on “Normandie” notepaper

NDLB: “SS Columbus” Illustrated Menu Cards, July 1937 [2]

~Cunard White Star: “RMS Laconia” Illustrated menu card, June 1937. The “Laconia” was, like it’s previous namesake in WW1, sunk by a submarine in World War 2 on September 12th 1942. The aftermath of the sinking, during which over 1600 people died, became known as “The Laconia Incident.” Kapitanleutnant Werner Hartenstein of the U-156 surfaced after the sinking in order to pick up survivors when he became aware that non-combatants were on board, he requested assistance from U Boat High Command in Germany and several U Boats entered the area flying red cross flags and signalling that a rescue operation was under way. The U-Boat convoy, fore-decks laden with survivors, lifeboats in tow and still flying Red Cross flags headed towards a neutral exchange point. Unfortunately, a US B-24 Liberator, despite the resistance of it’s crew and the frantic radio signals of Hartenstein was ordered to attack the U-Boats. The U-Boats were forced to dive and abandon the survivors, some of whom were later picked up by Vichy French naval ships. Admiral Donitz, as a direct result of the Laconia Incident rescinded any previous directions to do with rescuing survivors of enemy ships. Hartenstein and his crew were killed a few months later.

NDLB: “SS Europa” 3rd Class Illustrated menu card June 1931. Very striking. Cunard Line: Atlantic Interlude, cruise brochure 1930’s

~Cunard Line: “RMS Aquitania” card booklet from the 1920’s. Aquitania was the last four-funnel steamer, and noted as being one of the most beautiful ships afloat, and was the longest serving commercial ocean liner at the time of her retirement in 1950

~Cie Gle Transatlantique: “La Provence” fold out cutaway diagram of the liner in card wraps showing many of the joyous luxuries available on board.

~H.A.L.: Brochure for first class travel on the line, 1930’s

~H.A.L. Winter Service Timetable 1896-1897 advertising voyages on the “August Victoria”, “Columbia”, “Normannia” and “Furst Bismarck”

~Raymond Whitcomb Cruises: advertising taking the “Normandie to Rio” 1939

~Tokyo Kisen Kaishu: “SS Kitano Maru” Illustrated menu card, december 1936 (some underlining by passenger)

~T.K.K.: “Kitano Maru” Illustrated menu card for farewell dinner February 1937 autographed by passengers.

~T.K.K.: 2 Blank illustrated menu cards with Kabuki and Samurai designs from the TKK 1930’s design blueprint.

~T.K.K.: “Miyazaki Maru” Illustrated menu card, march 1916. 

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Exploring the Golden Age of the Great Ocean Liners…in print. We've a wonderful collection around the golden age of ocean travel as told through menus, programs, and 

[nicolae]

Cum ajungi ca turist în Africa?

New Post has been published on http://www.und.ro/cum-ajungi-ca-turist-africa/

Cum ajungi ca turist în Africa?

 (Croazieră pe Marea Mediteraneeană)

Cu avionul

Africa are, probabil, cea mai puțin extinsă rețea de rute aeriene dintre toate continentele locuite. Când călătoriți către destinații importante precum Johannesburg, Nairobi sau Accra, există mai multe alternative, iar costurile aeriene sunt aproximativ medii, în comparație cu rutele cu o lungime similară din întreaga lume. Biletele de avion tind să fie mai ieftine atunci când sunt rezervate dintr-o capitală europeană care are o puternică legătură colonială cu destinația turistului (de obicei, din Londra, Paris, Bruxelles și Lisabona). Egiptul are, de asemenea, conexiuni multiple și ieftine cu Orientul Mijlociu și Europa.Dar destinațiile mai puțin populare precum Brazzaville sau Niamey pot fi servite doar de câteva zboruri pe săptămână operate de companiile aeriene majore, iar costul biletelor de avion poate fi destul de mare. Unele companii aeriene africane (cum ar fi Air Namibia) deservesc numai țările vecine, cu unul sau două zboruri (sau niciunul) către Europa.

Principalele linii aeriene din Africa – South African Airways, Kenya Airways și Ethiopian Airlines – oferă un nivel decent de servicii pentru capitalele continentului și alte orașe importante și zboară către multe orașe importante din întreaga lume. Puține alte companii aeriene africane operează zboruri intercontinentale, multe dintre acestea având o siguranță redusă sau discutabilă, și oferă niveluri scăzute de servicii. Multe zboruri către Africa sunt disponibile din/prin Europa și Orientul Mijlociu. Rețineți că multe companii aeriene fac parte din alianțe și acorduri de partajare de coduri și probabil veți zbura pe mai multe linii aeriene.

Rețineți că multe țări africane oferă doar câteva zboruri internaționale zilnic sau, în unele cazuri, săptămânal. Nu este greu să ajungi în Africa de Sud, Kenya, Nigeria sau Egipt, dar transportul în Malawi sau Togo poate fi o provocare.

Din Europa

Există mai multe zboruri spre Africa din Europa decât din orice alt continent. Destinațiile turistice populare, cum ar fi Egipt, Tunisia, Maroc, Capul Verde, Kenya și Africa de Sud, sunt bine servite din marile orașe europene, chiar și cu companii aeriene cu discount și charter. Royal Air Maroc, Afriqyah Airlines, Kenya Airways Jet4you și EgiptAir oferă o bună selecție de destinații europene, iar Etiopia, Kenya Airways, South African Airways și Arik Air servesc câteva orașe importante (Londra, Paris etc.). Cele mai ieftine zboruri către orașele africane sunt adesea prin fosta putere colonială a țării africane. Orașele cu populații mari de imigranți, cum ar fi Londra, Marsilia și Paris, au un număr mare de zboruri către Africa. Companiile aeriene aeriene zboară către 39 de destinații din 30 de țări africane începând din 2014.

Pe șosea sau pe feribot

Singura legătură terestră între continente este Istmul Suez de 163 km, care se găsește în Egipt (deși peninsula Sinai este uneori considerată o parte a Africii din motive geopolitice). Astfel, singura modalitate de a merge cu mașina în Africa este de a conduce prin Egipt. Majoritatea persoanelor care șofează din Orientul Mijlociu în Africa călătoresc prin Iordania și iau un feribot scurt spre Egipt pentru a evita trecerea prin Israel, deoarece cei doi vecini africani din Egipt (Sudan și Libia) refuză intrarea persoanelor cu ștampile israeliene sau egiptene/iordaniene care indică trecerea prin Israel.

De;i există doar o trecere îngustă terestră între continente, există și alte modalități de a aduce vehicule în Africa cu feriboturi scurte. Trecerea scurtă a Strâmtoarei Gibraltar între Spania și Maroc este traversată de mai multe feriboturi zilnic și transportul este relativ ieftin. Alte feriboturi auto includ:

Feriboturile Italia-Tunisia operate de câteva companii. Dar trebuie să treci prin Algeria spre Mauritania/Niger sau Libia către Egipt, ambele foarte scumpe și greu de intrat cu mașina.

Feriboturile Spania/Franța spre Algeria sunt conduse de Algerie Ferries. Site-ul lor web este numai în limba franceză.

Feriboturile Yemen-Djibouti pot funcționa săptămânal sau mai des (informațiile despre această trecere sunt puține și contradictorii) pentru a evita Egiptul (datorită taxelor de import extrem de mari) sau Sudanul (deoarece frontiera dintre Etiopia și Sudan este predispusă la banditism). Este, de asemenea, posibil să folosești dow pentru motociclete sau vehicule mici/ușoare.

Feriboturile Port Said, Sudan spre Jeddah, din Arabia Saudită funcționează zilnic și sunt o modalitate excelentă de a evita tarifele foarte mari pentru a intra în Egipt, deși vizele pentru AS sunt dificil de obținut.

Mai multe camioane pe uscat fac călătorii care traversează Europa sau Orientul Mijlociu și Africa.

Cu vaporul

Multe croaziere din Marea Mediterană opresc în țările din Africa de Nord, cum ar fi Egipt, Tunisia, Maroc, Insulele Canare și Capul Verde. Unele nave maritime vor opri în Insulele Canare sau Capul Verde pe curse transatlantice sau în Africa de Sud, Madagascar, Mombasa, Zanzibar, Seychelles sau Mauritius în timpul călătoriilor în întreaga lume.

În altă parte a Africii, croazierele se limitează la linii de croazieră de lux sau „tip boutique”, adesea la bordul navelor mici și croaziere destul de scumpe sau „croaziere de marfă” care nu oferă prea mult confort „pasagerilor”, dar poți petrece câteva zile în câteva porturi. Croazierele Grimaldi Freighter au plecări săptămânale spre Africa de Vest, făcând o călătorie dus-întors din Amsterdam în 38 de zile.

Seychelles, Reunion și Mauritius sunt destinații populare pentru iahturi și nave private, însă pirateria din Cornul Africii ține departe multe nave europene.

Pentru o experiență cu adevărat unică, luați RMS St Helena din Marea Britanie în Cape Town prin Sf. Elena – una dintre cele mai îndepărtate insule din lume!