#quinolone side effect

[agreenroad]

CIPRO, LEVAQUIN, AND OTHER FLUOROQUINOLONES ARE NOTORIOUSLY TOXIC. YOU MUST NEVER TAKE THEM UNLESS IT IS LIFE OR DEATH...

Podcast; https://robertyoho.substack.com/p/318-cipro-levaquin-and-other-fluoroquinolones? This is about the phenomenon colloquially known as “floxing,” and my message might save your life or that of a relative or friend. My knowledge is firsthand—I was poisoned with IV Levaquin without my knowledge for a bogus diagnosis of pneumonia; I had a heart condition, not an infection. It has been 21…

[healthcare-skyquest]

Antibiotics Market: Combating Bacterial Infections in a New Era of Medicine

The Antibiotics market plays a crucial role in global healthcare by providing treatments that combat bacterial infections. As antibiotic resistance rises, the market is witnessing both challenges and innovations, making it essential for healthcare providers and decision-makers to stay informed. This article explores the latest trends, market segmentation, key growth drivers, and leading companies in the antibiotics industry.

Request Your Free Sample: - https://www.skyquestt.com/sample-request/antibiotics-market

Market Overview

According to SkyQuest’s Antibiotics Market report, the global antibiotics market is valued at USD 41.4 billion in 2023 and is projected to grow at a CAGR of 2.5% during the forecast period. This growth is propelled by the increasing incidence of infectious diseases, the rising global population, and advancements in antibiotic development.

Market Segmentation

By Product Type:

Beta-Lactam and Beta-Lactamase Inhibitors: Widely used for treating a variety of bacterial infections, including respiratory and urinary tract infections.

Quinolones: Effective against a broad spectrum of bacterial pathogens, commonly used for respiratory infections.

Macrolides: Used primarily for respiratory infections and soft tissue infections.

Aminoglycosides: Target severe bacterial infections, especially in hospital settings.

Tetracyclines: Commonly used for skin infections, respiratory infections, and sexually transmitted diseases.

Others: Includes specialized antibiotics for niche infections or resistant bacterial strains.

By Spectrum of Activity:

Broad-Spectrum Antibiotics: Effective against a wide variety of bacteria, frequently prescribed for undiagnosed infections.

Narrow-Spectrum Antibiotics: Target specific bacteria, reducing the risk of resistance and minimizing side effects.

By Route of Administration:

Oral Antibiotics: Convenient for outpatient care and commonly prescribed for less severe infections.

Injectable Antibiotics: Typically used in hospitals for serious infections or when rapid treatment is needed.

Topical Antibiotics: Applied directly to the skin to treat local infections or prevent wound infections.

By End-User:

Hospitals & Clinics: Major users of antibiotics, especially for severe infections requiring immediate attention.

Pharmacies: Provide antibiotics for outpatient care, over-the-counter purchases, or prescription-based sales.

Research Laboratories: Focus on the development of new antibiotics and testing their efficacy against resistant bacteria.

Get more info at: — https://www.skyquestt.com/report/antibiotics-market

Key Growth Drivers

Rising Prevalence of Infectious Diseases: The continuous rise in bacterial infections worldwide, especially in developing regions, drives the demand for antibiotics.

Antibiotic Resistance: The emergence of drug-resistant bacteria necessitates the development of new antibiotics, boosting market growth.

Government Support and Initiatives: Various global health organizations and governments are actively funding research to combat antibiotic resistance.

Technological Advancements: Progress in biotechnology and genetic research is aiding the development of novel antibiotics.

Leading Companies in the Market

SkyQuest’s report highlights several key players in the Antibiotics market, including:

Merck & Co., Inc., Allergan plc (AbbVie), GlaxoSmithKline plc., Pfizer Inc., Novartis AG, Sanofi S.A., AstraZeneca plc, Johnson & Johnson, Teva Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd., Mylan N.V., Eli Lilly and Company, Bayer AG, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, AbbVie Inc., Astellas Pharma Inc., Boehringer Ingelheim GmbH, Daiichi Sankyo Company, Limited, Roche Holding AG, Sun Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd., Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited.

Challenges and Opportunities

The antibiotics market faces significant challenges, including antibiotic resistance and stringent regulatory approval processes. However, these challenges also create opportunities for innovation in developing next-generation antibiotics and alternative therapies.

Future Outlook

The future of the antibiotics market is shaped by ongoing efforts to combat antibiotic resistance and the development of advanced, targeted therapies. As companies invest in research and innovation, the market is expected to see steady growth. For more detailed insights and strategic recommendations, refer to SkyQuest’s in-depth Antibiotics Market report.

The Antibiotics market remains a cornerstone of global healthcare, with ongoing advancements aimed at tackling bacterial infections and resistance. Decision-makers who focus on innovation and the development of new antibiotics will stay at the forefront of this critical healthcare sector. For more in-depth insights and emerging trends, consult SkyQuest's Antibiotics Market report.

[intracinpharma]

Why Flasin-Tylosin Tartrate Is A Must-Have Drug In Cattle Medicine Supplies?

Flasin-Tylosin tartrate has been one of the most common drugs the vet prescribes for farm animals. Many animal owners are not sure about the health issues of the animal. Experts believe that this macrolide antibiotic works as an antimicrobial growth promoter in animals. In simple words, it helps in eliminating bacterial infections in pet animals.

If you are a farm owner looking for answers related to this drug or health issues, this blog is for you. Here you can find details about the drug and answers for many of your queries related to various health issues.

Let’s address the first common questions first. Flasin – the Cattle medicine is Tylosin Tartrate Powder for oral administration, which generally helps treat microbial infections. Most vets believe that it is very effective in treating gastrointestinal and respiratory infections caused by Tylosin sensitive micro-organisms like Campylobacter, Chlamydia, Mycoplasma, Pasteurella, Streptococcus, Staphylococcus and Treponema spp . Such health issues are common in Calves, Goats, Poultry, Sheep and Swine.  

Though this is one of the most popular veterinary drugs for cattle, you need to avoid it if your pet is hypersensitive to tylosin, as it could complicate the health issue. If your farm animal is being administered penicillin, cephalosporins, quinolones or cycloserine, then you need to avoid this drug. The other situation in which you should avoid this drug is if the animal has active microbial digestion. All the contraindications mentioned in this paragraph helps to eliminate further complications.

The vet manufacturer believes that like any other drug, this medication also has few side effects. Diarrhoea, epigastric pain and skin sensitiveness could be some issues that the animal could experience. One should understand that all the animals would not show the same side effects. A few animals would not have any side effects of this drug. You need to maintain some caution while administering to a pregnant pet.

If you are an owner of a large set of animals, it would be ideal for you to purchase the 1000g jar. You could also try the 30 g or the 100 g sachet, as they are part of the popular cattle medicine supplies. The various packaging provides convenience for people to purchase the product and use it without wastage. This same drug can be used for dogs, cattle, sheep, goats, hens and other pre-ruminant calves.

Like any other veterinary drug for cattle or other farm animals, the dosage of this drug would depend on the animal type and weight. The powder is generally administered orally; but in few cases, the pet owners can mix it in water or food. Experts believe that many animals would show resistance to have the powder, as it is bitter. They suggest placing the powder into an empty gelatine capsule or cold butter. If the pet vomits or acts sick after taking the drug (without food), then you could try mixing it with food or treat. The medication generally shows its effect in about one to two hours. But, you can notice a significant difference in few days. This Flasin-Tylosin tartrate powder should be stored in an air-tight container, away from light and moisture. Room temperature would be the ideal condition.

If you missed a dose, you need not worry; you can give it when you remember. If it is close to the next dosage, then it would be ideal to miss the dose and continue with the schedule as per the prescription. You should never give any pet two doses at once or opt for an extra dosage. You would not need any specific monitoring, but the vet would prefer to keep an eye to ensure that the medication is working.

If you suspect an overdose or adverse reaction, then you need to call the vet immediately. If the vet is not available, contact the nearest vet hospital and explain the condition.

One should understand that any drug should not be administered without a vet prescription, as self-medication could be fatal.

[siglerprescriptiondrugcards]

Duloxetine Hydrochloride

Brand Name: Cymbalta

Generic Available

Dosage Forms:

Capsules: 20 mg, 30 mg, 60 mg

FDA Indications/Dosages:

For the treatment of major depressive disorder (MDD): The normal total daily dose is 40-60 mg. A 40 mg daily dose should be given as 20 mg twice a day. A 60 mg daily dose may be given as 30 mg twice a day or 60 mg once a day.

For the management of neuropathic pain associated with diabetic peripheral neuropathy: 60 mg per day.

For the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD): Start with 30 mg daily for 1 week and then increase to 60 mg daily. Maximum daily dose is 120 mg.

For the management of chronic musculoskeletal pain: Start with 30 mg daily for 1 week then increase to 60 mg daily.

If the choice to discontinue duloxetine is made, a gradual reduction of dose rather than abrupt cessation is recommended. At least 14 days should elapse between discontinuation of a monoamine oxidase inhibitor and initiation of duloxetine. At least 5 days should elapse before starting an MOAI after discontinuing duloxetine.

Pharmacology/Pharmacokinetics: Duloxetine is a potent inhibitor of neuronal serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake and a slight inhibitor of dopamine reuptake. Its mechanism of action is thought to be due to a potentiation of serotonergic and noradrenergic activity in the CNS. Duloxetine is well absorbed orally with peak plasma concentrations reached in 6 hours. Food slightly delays the time to peak plasma levels and decreases amount absorbed by 10%. Evening doses delay absorption by 3 hours and increase apparent clearance of duloxetine by 30%. Metabolism occurs via many pathways, including hepatic isoenzymes CYP2D6 and CYP1A2. Elimination half-life is approximately 12 hours and steady-state levels are reached in 3 days.

Drug Interactions: Serious and sometimes fatal reactions have occurred in patients taking a serotonin reuptake inhibitor with MONOAMINE OXIDASE INHIBITORS. Potents inhibitors of CYP1A2 (fluvoxamine, quinolones) and CYP2D6 (paroxetine, fluoxetine, quinidine) will increase plasma levels of duloxetine. Plasma levels of drugs metabolized by CYP2D6 (tricyclic antidepressants, phenothiazines, propafenone, and flecainide) may be increased when used with duloxetine.

Contraindications/Precautions: ANTIDEPRESSANTS INCREASE SUICIDAL THOUGHTS AND ACTIONS IN CHILDREN, ADOLESCENTS, AND YOUNG ADULTS. Use is contraindicated in patients taking monoamine oxidase inhibitors and in patients with uncontrolled narrow-angle glaucoma. Patients being treated with antidepressants should be observed closely for clinically worsening and suicidality, especially at the beginning of therapy, or at the time of dose changes. Use with caution in patients with impaired hepatic function and in patients with heavy alcohol use. Duloxetine may increase blood pressure and active mania/hypomania in some individuals; use appropriate precautions. Use with caution in patients with a history of seizures or controlled narrow-angle glaucoma. Do not use late into the third trimester. Nursing is not recommended while on duloxetine. Pregnancy Category C.

Adverse Effects: Adverse effects occurring in more than 2% of the population include nausea (20%), dry mouth (15%), constipation (11%), insomnia (11%), dizziness (9%), diarrhea (8%), decreased appetite (8%), fatigue (8%), drowsiness (7%), sweating (6%), vomiting (5%), blurred vision (4%), and erectile dysfunction (4%).

Patient Consultation:

Therapeutic effects may take as long as 4 weeks to appear.

May cause drowsiness. Use caution while operating machinery or when mental alertness is required.

Avoid alcohol while taking this medication.

Consult your physician or pharmacist before taking nonprescription medications.

Do not abruptly discontinue medication.

Store in a cool, dry place away from sunlight and children.

Contact a physician if the above side effects are severe or persistent.

If a dose is missed, skip it and return to normal dosing schedule.

Pay close attention to any changes, especially sudden changes, in mood behaviors, thoughts, or feelings. Antidepressants may increase suicidal thoughts or feelings.

Continued therapy of up to 2 weeks may be needed to show noticeable improvement.

[floxie-spoonie]

about floxie-spoonie

Hi, I’m Jessica! ♥ I made this blog to vent about my chronic illness and pain in a positive, humorous, and constructive way. My hope is that I can interact with others who can relate with my story and develop a feeling of solidarity and community. ~ ♥ ~ ABOUT MY ILLNESS

If you would like to read a summary of my journey through my illnesses in order to better understand me, I would be happy to share. Please keep reading only if you wish:

I have been a spoonie for almost 8 years. After puberty I developed constant chronic bladder pain with & without recurrent UTI. I have never been officially diagnosed with anything, including interstitial cystitis, and I still live with daily bladder pain. Nearly 2 years ago I showed my first signs of Ciprofloxacin toxicity. I was prescribed the antibiotic 9 times in 1 year for recurrent UTI. I had no idea of the risk of severe side effects at the time. Since being floxed I have been diagnosed with trochanteric hip bursitis, achilles tendonitis, and chronic sacroiliac pain. I also have all over body pain, often in my shoulders, elbows, and back. Typical therapy has not been able to cure my multiple-site tendonitis and I suffer limited mobility and pain. Due to the weakening of my tendons, my TMJ also malfunctioned. I slipped a disc in my jaw joint over a year ago and it has been locked ever since. Thousands of dollars later, and again, typical therapies have not fixed my TMJ. Because of this I have limited ability to eat solid foods. The pain in my jaw can become extremely severe; easily reaching a 9 on the pain scale on bad days. Besides chronic tendonitis, I also developed peripheral neuropathy, primarily in my feet from Cipro-toxicity. It manifests in a visibly red burning inflammation, as if I just dunked my feet in boiling water, at room temperatures above 75 degrees. Because of this I have to keep my house very cold so my feet feel normal, and when I go outside I just have to ignore the pain in my feet. ~ ♥ ~ MY GOAL WITH THIS BLOG

The past 2+ years have seen a long string of doctors visits, physical therapy appointments and late night online research sessions. Besides my wonderful boyfriend, I have gone through this alone. I am fully dedicated to healing and recovering, to whatever degree my body is physically capable. My hope is to find others like me; those working towards as happy & healthy a life as is possible for them, despite their illnesses or physical challenges. Please feel free to PM me anytime if you would like to connect and talk. I don’t know anyone quite like me in person/“real life”, but I know there are many out there! Please reach out if you are so inclined. (: For anyone who stumbles upon it, I hope this blog will be a reminder that you are not alone. ~ ♥ ~ ABOUT ME

I am an artist and a student! I am slooowly working towards a BFA in Graphic Design from UH. I am definitely a jack-of-all-trades sort of artist. I create hand sculpted and painted jewelry which I sell at shoplolipop.etsy.com (this has been my primary source of income since Highschool, so you know I’m not rich lol). I also make digital art which you can find on my main blog @lava-pop. When I’m not creating art or crafting I’m probably kicking ass on Overwatch, playing Animal Crossing, or lurking for funny memes online. If any of this interests you 1) lets be friends &2) check out my side blog for my side interests! @sleepy-virgo

[registerednursern]

Fluoroquinolones (Quinolones) Antibiotics NCLEX Quiz Questions 

 Fluoroquinolones nursing pharmacology NCLEX quiz questions for students! Fluoroquinolones, also called Quinolones, are a group of antibiotics used to treat various infections. The nurse should know what type of microorganisms this group of medications treat, how they work, side effects, and the nursing considerations for this antibiotic group. Before taking the quiz, don’t forget to watch the…

[watertreatmentcf]

Pharmaceuticals in Potable Water Supplies

In recent years the number of people concerned about the prevalence of chemicals from pharmaceuticals and personal care products, such as cosmetics, in the nation's streams and rivers has grown. In 2002, the USGS performed the first significant examination and discovered an average of seven chemical compounds in the streams they looked at. The cause of this contamination is that American medication use has skyrocketed in recent years. In America alone, on average, doctors give out around 3.5 billion prescriptions each year. After being expelled from the body or when unneeded medicine is flushed down the toilet, the chemicals in these pharmaceuticals wind up in waterways. For this reason, today, we will discuss the most common pharmaceuticals in potable water supplies.

Beta Blockers

The first pharmaceuticals we are going to mention today are Beta-blockers. The four main compounds found in potable water supplies are sotalol, atenolol, metoprolol, and propranolol. Doctors prescribe these medications to individuals suffering from excessive blood pressure and those recuperating from heart attacks. Unfortunately, water safety tests found Beta-Blockers in surface water on multiple occasions. These findings show that Beta Blockers do not degrade completely in sewage treatment facilities.You can sign up for the water testin Longwood, Florida, to check the water in your home.

Cardiovascular Medications and Lipid-lowering Medicines

Over the last several decades, cardiovascular medicines and lipid-regulating chemicals have become prominent environmental pollutants classes. However, information on their presence in freshwaters and ecotoxicity remains inadequate. This medication helps with heart physiology, lipid metabolism, growth, and reproduction, and its presence in potable water supplies is not ideal. Research has found the existence of 82 cardiovascular medications and lipid regulating agents worldwide. These pharmaceuticals are so far-reaching that they even affect aquatic life. Only 71% of these medications in use have had their residues in aquatic environments studied, and only about 24% have evaluated their effects. Researchers have found these pharmaceuticals on surface waters ranging from 12 ng/L to over 100 ng/L. In wastewater, the amounts were even higher. 

Antiepileptics

Surface waters frequently contain pharmaceuticals, such as antiepileptic pharmaceuticals. However, many water treatment and purification systems are still looking for a way to remove these compounds from the water effectively. Furthermore, antiepileptics are found in wastewater as well. As a result, extensive research into sophisticated compound elimination systems has been underway for several years. The main reason is that antiepileptic pharmaceuticals tend to transform into more dangerous compounds when improperly handled. Unfortunately, this sort of chemical in the water supply can be hazardous and hard to deal with.

Antibiotics

The geographical and temporal distribution of antibiotics in water sources varies greatly throughout the United States, but the fact stands, they are there. Most of this variation is a direct result of the local industrial structure. Antibiotic disposal methods in the pharmaceutical sector and antibiotic usage in the livestock business have greatly influenced the number of Antibiotics in potable water supplies. In some parts of the US, chloramphenicol, a highly effective antibiotic with proportionally significant side effects, is a big issue. 

The pharmaceutical sector is concentrated in economically developed areas of the US. Because of this, research has found a high concentration of antibiotic contamination in these areas. The main reason for this is the substantial volume of antibiotic wastewater that is discharged here. Additionally, the rise of the livestock sectors has resulted in much greater levels of sulfonamides and tetracycline antibiotics in the environment. In addition to that, Quinolone antibiotics are common in medical therapy as broad-spectrum anti-infective medications. Research has found traces of it in most local drinking water sources. 

Ways To Treat Water

There is currently no definitive method for removing these compounds from potable water supplies. There are, however, a few methods that can assist with certain pharmaceuticals. Among them are:

1. Treatment With Activated Sludge

Activated sludge is a compound made up of microorganisms attached to organic and inorganic materials. This material can help with antibiotic biosorption, antibiotic biodegradation, and flocculation. The diverse bacteria in activated sludge establish a complicated food chain with organic nutrients in the wastewater. This microbial activity can eliminate the antibiotics in the wastewater supply without much issue.

2. Filtration by Membrane

The membrane separation technique uses micro- and nanoporous membranes to intercept or reverse osmosis antibiotics in water for purification. That being said, Membrane separation is often only one part of a water purification procedure. You will often see it in combination with activated sludge treatment and general water treatment.

3. Filtration via Physical Adsorption

Physical adsorption refers to the process in which antibiotic molecules attach to surfaces through intermolecular interactions. In many applications, scientists use adsorbents with a molecular sieve pore structure, such as activated carbon or a modified form of activated carbon to accomplish this. Physical adsorption can significantly reduce the number of antibiotic molecules in water. However, it can't get it all in one swoop.

4. Filtration via Plants Adsorption

Plants absorb antibiotics from river water and bottom sediments through their roots, stems, and leaves. They subsequently transmit them to animals that consume them or into the sediment where their roots are. While this can help reduce the number of pharmaceuticals in water, the environment for this type of filtration must be ideal for it to work. It is almost impossible to create it in a home environment.

Are Pharmaceuticals in Potable Water Supplies Dangerous?

Many people are aware of water contamination these days. Indeed, in recent years, 24/7 Logistics Services experts have noticed an increase in homes equipped with sophisticated water filtration systems. People are doing everything they can to make their water cleaner and safer. That being said, are pharmaceuticals in the water supply that dangerous?

Findings show that exposure to trace amounts of medicines that may theoretically be present in drinking water had a very low risk of causing significant adverse health effects. Pharmaceutical concentrations in drinking water are often more than 1000 times lower than the MTD, which is the lowest clinically active dose. This indicates that the health hazards of exposure to trace quantities of pharmaceuticals in potable water supplies are exceedingly low. However, we recommend contacting professionals for water treatment in Central Florida and equipping your home with a modern filtration system to be safe.

[ironwarriortestothrust-canada]

Iron Warrior Testo Thrust - for bulk - fixings - encounters - application

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rundown For a foundation of mialgia overall in calf bones related with eye to eye high temperature and jaundice, we considered mice. (Attack in the moray eel, valet close to the house, no waste, flooding) suggests leptospirosis. individuals from the Amazon area

metabolic muscle tissue), diseases (Influenza An and B influenza, S. pneumoniae, Legionella, Salmonella, HIV and Cocksaki generally normal). unlawful medications or injury. Tenacious rhabdomyolysis can notwithstanding solid dystrophies, potassium or phosphorus issues, and metabolic myopathies (issues in ATP or lipid digestion)

#ironwarriortestothrust

[sacred-life-connections]

An Antibiotic That is Worrisome for Thyroid Patients by Ronald Grisanti D.C., D.A.B.C.O., D.A.C.B.N., M.S.

When it comes to life-threatening infections, antibiotics have been a GodSend, however for minor infections the following antibiotics are troublesome and are known to cause some nasty side effects.

The antibiotic family I am referring to are fluoroquinolones. You may also see it referred to as quinolones. The following make up the quinolones: Ciprofloxacin, Cipro, Ciloxan eye drops, Levofloxacin, Levaquin, Quixin, Moxifloxacin, Avelox, Vigamox eye drops, Norfloxacin, Noroxin, Ofloxacin, Ocuflox, Floxin, Floxin Otic, Floxacin, Trovafloxacin, Trovan and alatrofloxacin.

Side effects include sudden severe insomnia, hypnic jerks, tendon and cartilage tears, brain fog, weird sensations like bugs crawling on you, headaches, buzzing, pain, tinnitus (ear ringing), face-down fatigue, moving abdominal pain and every thyroid symptom possible.

For people with thyroid disease, these antibiotics are especially worrisome because the quinolone antibiotics are built with a fluoride backbone. It is important to note that fluoride is extremely toxic to your thyroid.

Combining quinolone antibiotics with Levothyroxine (a T4 drug) may lead to reduced absorption of thyroid medicine and cause changes in TSH.

From a functional medicine perspective, fluoride competes with iodine which is necessary to make T4.

I don't like fluoride, or fluorine, or anything related to fluoride coming anywhere near your thyroid gland.

Four medications have been pulled off the market, and the remaining drugs have a "Black Box" warning on them from the FDA.

If you are taking an antibiotic check with your pharmacist to see if it is in the fluoroquinolone family.

If so you would be wise to ask your physician for another type of antibiotic. Again this plays an even more significant role if you are suffering with thyroid disease.

Reference:

Cohen, S. Thyroid Healthy. 2014

The information on this website is not intended to replace a one-on-one relationship with a qualified health care professional and is not intended as medical advice. It is intended as a sharing of knowledge and information from the research and experience of Dr. Grisanti and his functional medicine community. Dr. Grisanti encourages you to make your own health care decisions based upon your research and in partnership with a qualified health care professional. Visit www.FunctionalMedicineUniversity.com for more information on our training in functional medicine. Look for practitioners who have successfully completed the Functional Medicine University's Certification Program (CFMP) www.functionalmedicinedoctors.com. This content may be copied in full, with copyright, contact, creation and information intact, without specific permission, when used only in a not-for-profit format. If any other use is desired, permission in writing from Dr. Grisanti is required.

[siglerprescriptiondrugcards]

Slow Fe

Ingredient: Ferrous sulfate.

Dosage Form:

Tablets, Extended Release: Each tablet contains 45 mg of elemental iron as 142 mg ferrous sulfate.

FDA Indication/Dosages: For the use as an iron supplement or for the treatment of iron-deficiency anemia: The usual dose is one tablet daily, or as recommended by a physician. Tablets must be swallowed whole. Not intended for use in children.

Pharmacology: Iron is essential for normal erythropoiesis. Iron deficiency in humans can lead to low hemoglobin and hypochromic anemia. Normal dietary iron of 14 mg per day leads to absorption of about 1 mg per day, primarily through the duodenum and upper small intestine. Foods high in iron content include liver, heart, wheat germ, egg yolks, oysters, and some dried beans and fruits. Iron deficiency can result from inadequate intake, interference of iron absorption, or from the loss of blood. About 2/3 of the iron in the body is found in hemoglobin and myoglobin while the remaining amount is stored as aggregated ferritin.

Evaluation: Acid indigestion or heartburn is usually described as a burning or sourness in an area posterior to the sternum. It is caused by a dysfunction of the lower esophageal sphincter which allows gastric contents to flow upward into the esophagus. It is usually preceded by overeating, eating acidic foods, alcohol ingestion, or stress. The patient should be advised to avoid the causes of the indigestion. Frequent or chronic complaints may be a sign of a more serious upper GI disease and the patient should be referred to a physician.

Contraindications/Precautions: Use with caution in nursing mothers. Antacids decrease absorption of iron. Iron decreases the absorption of tetracyclines, quinolones, and levodopa.

Adverse Effects: The most common adverse effects include constipation, nausea, vomiting, heartburn, and diarrhea.

Patient Consultation:

Take with food to minimize absorption and to decrease GI upset.

It may be advisable to add a stool softener to therapy to decrease the risk of constipation.

Store in a cool, dry place away from sunlight and children.

Contact a physician if the above side effects are severe or persistent.

If a dose is missed, take it as soon as possible and return to normal dosing schedule.

[amshrihari]

SMALL MOLECULE ANTI-INFECTIVE DRUG MARKET ANALYSIS

Small Molecule Anti-infective Drug Market, by Product Type (Antibiotics (B Lactam, Quinolones, Macrolides, Tetracyclines, Aminoglycosides, Sulphonamides, and Others), Antifungal ( Azoles, Echinocandins, Polyenes, and Others), Antivirals (Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors, Non-nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors, and Others), and Others (Anthelminthic and Antiprotozoal), by Indication (Pneumonia, MRSA Infections, MSSA Infections, Sinusitis, Tuberculosis, Dermatophytosis, Aspergillosis, Candidiasis, Hepatitis, HIV Infection, Respiratory Tract Infection, Urinary Tract Infection, and Others), by Distribution Channels (Hospital Pharmacies, Retail Pharmacies, and Online Pharmacies), and by Region (North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, Latin America, Middle East, and Africa) - Global Industry Insights, Trends, Outlook, and Opportunity Analysis, 2019 – 2026

Source https://www.coherentmarketinsights.com/ongoing-insight/small-molecule-anti-infective-drug-market-2655  

Small molecule anti-infective drugs are used for the treatment of various infectious diseases such as Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections, Methicillin-Susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) infections, sinusitis, cellulitis, pneumonia, tuberculosis, aspergilosis, and hepatitis. Anti-infective drugs have the capability to eliminate and suppress infections that are caused by various bacteria and viruses.

Small Molecule Anti-infective Drug Market Drivers

Increasing approval of new drugs is expected to drive growth of the global small molecule anti-infective drug market. For instance, in April 2019, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) announced the approval of Dovato (dolutegravir and lamivudine), which is used for the treatment of HIV-1 infection in adults. It is manufactured by ViiV Healthcare.

Furthermore, in August 2018, Tetraphase Pharmaceuticals received the U.S. Food and Drug Administration approval for its new drug, Xerava containing Eravacycline, which is used for the treatment of complicated intra-abdominal infections (CIAI).

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Small Molecule Anti-infective Drug Market Restraints

Increasing severe side effect of drugs is the major restraining factor of anti-infective drug market, it is expected to the hamper the small molecule anti-infective drug market growth. For instance, NBC news report in December 2018, U.S Food and drug administration sends warning letters to Fluroquinonolone antibiotics because U.S FDA found that Fluroquinolones antibiotic can increase the occurrence of serious events of rupture in the main artery of the body. These ruptures called as the aortic dissections.

Small Molecule Anti-infective Drug Market Regional Analysis

On the basis of region, the global small molecule anti-infective drug market is segmented into North America, Latin America, Europe, Asia Pacific, Middle East, and Africa.

North America is expected to hold dominant position in the small molecule anti-infective drugs market, owing to new product launches of small molecule anti-infective drugs. For instance, in November 2018, Xellia Pharmaceuticals launched its new product, Vancomycine Hydrochloride for injection, in the U.S market.

Furthermore, Asia Pacific is also projected to witness significant growth in the global small molecule anti-infective drugs market, owing to increasing collaboration activities among key players. For instance, in April 2018, Entasis Therapeutics Holdings Inc. collaborated with the Zai Lab Limited. This collaboration facilitated phase III clinical trial for a fixed-dose combination of ETX2514 and sulbactam. This combination is intended for the treatment of multidrug-resistant infections caused by Acinetobacter baumannii bacteria. The study started in April 2019 and is expected to complete in July 2020.

Key players operating in the global small molecule anti-infective market include, Merck & Co., Inc., AstraZeneca, Theravance Biopharma, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Novartis AG, Bayer AG, Pfizer, Inc., Sanofi, GlaxoSmithKline plc. (GSK),and Allergan plc.

Small Molecule Anti-infective Drug Market Taxonomy

By Product Type

Antibiotics

Antifungal Drugs

Antiviral Drugs

Others

B Lactam

Quinolones

Macrolides

Tetracyclines

Aminoglycosides

Sulphonamide

Others

Azoles

Echinocandins

Polyenes

Others

Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors,

Non-nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor

Others

Anthelminthic

Antiprotozoal

By Indication

Pneumonia

MRSA Infections

MSSA Infections

Sinusitis

Tuberculosis

Dermatophytosis

Aspergillosis

Candidiasis

Hepatitis

HIV Infection

Respiratory Tract Infection

Urinary Tract Infection

Others

By Distribution Channels

Hospital Pharmacies

Retail Pharmacies

Online Pharmacies

By Region

North America

Europe

Asia Pacific

Latin America

Middle East

Africa

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Mental Illnesses Market Analysis, Size, Industry Share, Growth, Demand and Segment by 2026 | Medtronic Bausch Health ,Merck KGaA ,Island Health, Homewood Health

Mental Illnesses Market report strategically analyses the growth trends and future prospects. Moreover, this market report also provides strategic profiling of top players in the industry, comprehensively analyzing their core competencies, and drawing a competitive landscape for the market. Further, it presents the company profile, product specifications, production value, and contact information of manufacturer and market shares for company. The comprehensive Mental Illnesses Marketing report identifies and analyses the emerging trends along with key drivers, challenges & opportunities in the industry. Few of the major market competitors currently working in the Global mental illnesses market are Johnson & Johnson Services Inc., AstraZeneca, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Eli Lilly and Company. F-Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Novartis AG, Otsuka Holdings Co., Ltd., Pfizer Inc., GlaxoSmithKline plc , Alkermes , ALLERGAN, Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Inc. ,Solvay Meiji Holdings Co, Ltd., Abbott ,Jazz Pharmaceuticals, Inc ,AbbVie Inc. ,Vertical Pharmaceuticals, LLC ,ACADIA Pharmaceuticals Inc. ,Medtronic Bausch Health ,Alfasigma USA Inc. ,Merck KGaA ,Island Health, Homewood Health, Inc. ,ROYAL OTTAWA HEALTH CARE GROUP, CAMH, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Service Administration (SAMSHA), National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) Validus Pharmaceuticals LLC

Global mental illnesses market is set to witness a Substantial CAGR in the forecasted period of 2019-2026; the report contains data from the base year of 2018 and the historic year of 2017. The rise in the market value can be attributed to rising publicity of mental disorders, social and environmental changes.

Sample Report Available in PDF Version along Graphs and Figures@ https://www.databridgemarketresearch.com/request-a-sample/?dbmr=global-Mental Illnesses-market

By Mental Disorders (Clinical depression, Anxiety, Bipolar, Dementia, Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, Schizophrenia, OCD, Autism, Post-traumatic stress), Diagnosis (Psychological Test, Lab Tests, Depression Screening Tests), Treatment (Psychotherapy, Medication), By End User (Hospitals, Medical Research Centers)

Mental illness additionally referred to as mental state disorders, refers to a good vary of mental state conditions — disorders that have an effect on your mood, thinking and behavior. Samples of psychopathy embrace depression, anxiety disorders, psychosis, consumption disorders and addictive behaviors. Many people have mental state issues from time to time. However a mental state concern becomes a psychopathy once in progress signs and symptoms cause frequent stress and have an effect on your ability to perform.

Market Drivers

Increased in publicity of mental disorders is contributing to the growth of the market

Social and environmental changes, at the side of ever-changing style is boosting the growth of the market,

Rise in adoption of latest therapies and coverings is propelling the growth of the market

Increasing awareness concerning disorders and covering is driving the growth of the market,

Market Restraints

Increasing in senior citizen population

Some of the Major Highlights of TOC covers:

Chapter 1: Methodology & Scope

Definition and forecast parameters

Methodology and forecast parameters

Data Sources

Chapter 2: Executive Summary

Business trends

Regional trends

Product trends

End-use trends

Chapter 3: Global Mental Illnesses Market Industry Insights

Industry segmentation

Industry landscape

Vendor matrix

Technological and innovation landscape

Chapter 4: Mental Illnesses Market, By Region

Chapter 5: Company Profile

Business Overview

Financial Data

Product Landscape

Strategic Outlook

SWOT Analysis

Get Detailed Toc @ https://www.databridgemarketresearch.com/toc/?dbmr=global-Mental Illnesses-market

Global Mental Illnesses market is highly fragmented and the major players have used various strategies such as new product launches, expansions, agreements, joint ventures, partnerships, acquisitions, and others to increase their footprints in this market. The report includes market shares of global Mental Illnesses market for global, Europe, North America, Asia-Pacific, South America and Middle East & Africa.

Reasons for Buying this Mental Illnesses Report

1. Global Mental Illnesses Market report aids in understanding the crucial product segments and their perspective.

2. Initial graphics and exemplified that a SWOT evaluation of large sections supplied from the Mental Illnesses industry.

3. Even the Mental Illnesses economy provides pin line evaluation of changing competition dynamics and retains you facing opponents.

4. This report provides a more rapid standpoint on various driving facets or controlling Mental Illnesses promote advantage.

5. This worldwide Mental Illnesses report provides a pinpoint test for shifting dynamics that are competitive.

Regionally, this report categorizes the production, apparent consumption, export and import of global Mental Illnesses market covering:

- North America (United States, Canada and Mexico)

- Europe (Germany, France, UK, Russia and Italy)

- Asia-Pacific (China, Japan, Korea, India and Southeast Asia)

- South America (Brazil, Argentina, Colombia)

- Middle East and Africa (Saudi Arabia, UAE, Egypt, Nigeria and South Africa)

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Browse Related Reports@

Cancer Biomarkers Market

Vaccine Market

Proton Therapy Market

Quinolones Market

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Zinc Factsheet - Part 2

Therapeutic uses and supplemental doses

Common cold                                                                      

Adults  -  Between 80 mg to 92 mg  Zinc Acetate (ZA) or Zinc Gluconate (ZG) dissolved in the mouth spread throughout the day has proved successful in reducing severity and duration of cold symptoms to approx. 5 days. (Singh & Das, 2013; Hemilã et al. 2017). 

Children – Initial dose of 46 mg ZG followed by 23 mg ZG for children over 27 kg (max. 9 lozenges per day) and 11.5 mg ZG every 2 hrs for children under 27 kg (max. 6 lozenges daily) reduce cold’s 10 common symptoms to 7 days (Eby et al. 1984) however Science et al. (2012) discouraged the use of Zinc for colds in children. 

Possible side effects: taste disruption and nausea. (Singh & Das, 2013)

Acute diarrhea in children                                                   

Less than 6 months – No evidence of improvement (Haider & Bhutta, 2009)    

6 months and more – 20 mg of Zinc Sulphate (ZS), ZA or ZG a day administered as a syrup reduce diarrhea by a day. (Haider & Bhutta, 2009; Lazzerini & Wanzira, 2016).                                     

Possible side effects: Risk of vomiting. (Lazerrini & Wanzira, 2016)

ADHD in children                                                                          

6 -14 yrs – 55mg of ZG twice a day to cover afternoon wear off reduce ADHD symptoms (Arnold et al.  2011). Up to 150mg of ZS was administered once daily for 3 months and showed improvement in hyperactivity, impulsivity and socialization but not attention however a low retention of positive effects was recorded (30%). (Bilici et al. 2004)                                            

Possible side effects: Copper deficiency (Arnold et al.  2011) and metallic taste in mouth (Bilici et al. 2004)

Acne Vulgaris                                                                     

200mg of ZS twice a day was shown to improve severe acne however unacceptable side effects such as nausea and vomiting were also observed (Gupta et al. 2014). Topical ZS (5%) works well on mild to moderate acne and is well tolerated. (Sharquie et al. 2008)

Diabetes Type II                                                                 

Studies have shown that supplementation in Zinc as a coadjuvant in diabetes II patients significantly improves their symptoms: 

100mg/day of ZS for 4months decrease TC and TG levels

50mg/day of ZA for 3 months decrease TC, TG and LDL levels.   

660mg/day of ZS for 6 to 12 weeks decrease TG, TC, LDL and HbA1c however abdominal pain was reported due to the very high dose. (Jayawardena et al. 2012)

Toxicity levels and symptoms                                  

Studies have shown that Zinc supplemented above the upper safe limit in therapeutic uses can result in side effects such as: nausea, vomiting (Gupta et al. 2014), Copper deficiency (Arnold et al. 2011), taste disruption (Bilicci et al. 2004), abdominal pain (Jayawardena et al. 2012), weakening of the immune system, loss of smell  among others while a single dose of 10g would result in death. More research is however needed to determine the maximum exposure to Zinc before toxicity occurs (toxicity threshold).(www.umm.edu , 2018)                                                              

Interactions with other nutrients and drugs

High amount of Zinc reduce Copper absorption. Iron and Folate also reduce Zinc absorption (Gibson, 2007). Zinc is not recommended when taking the following medications:

·         ACE inhibitors decrease level of Zinc in blood

·         Quinolones and tetracyclines antibiotics absorption is decreased in presence of Zinc

·         Immunosuppressant medications functions are impaired since Zinc strengthen the immune system

·         Penicillamine decrease Zinc levels in blood

·         Thiazide diuretics,  deferoxamine as well as cisplatin decrease Zinc levels in blood by increasing its amount excreted in urine

·         Amiloride increases Zinc levels in blood

(www.umm.edu, 2018)

© 2018 - The Quirky Healer

[siglerprescriptiondrugcards]

Ofloxacin (Ophthalmic)

Brand Name: Ocuflox

Generic Available

Dosage Forms:

Ophthalmic Solution: Each mL contains ofloxacin 3 mg and benzalkonium chloride 0.005% as a preservative.

FDA Indications/Dosages:

For the treatment of ophthalmic infections associated with corneal ulcers caused by susceptible strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Serratia marcescens, or Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis: For the first two days, instill one to two drops in the affected eye every 30 minutes while awake and awaken at approximately four and six hours after retiring and instill one to two drops. From day three to seven, instill one to two drops hourly while awake. After day seven, instill one to two drops four times a day.

For the treatment of ophthalmic infections associated with conjunctivitis caused by susceptible strains of Haemophilus influenzae, Enterobacter cloacae, Proteus mirabilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, or Streptococcus pneumoniae: One to two drops into the conjunctival sac(s) every two to four hours while awake for two days and one to two drops four times a day for the next five days.

Pharmacology/Pharmacokinetics: Ofloxacin is a fluoroquinolone antibiotic which exerts its bactericidal effect on susceptible bacteria by inhibiting DNA Gyrase, an enzyme essential to the duplication, transcription, and repair of bacterial DNA. Maximum serum concentrations are more than 1000 times less than those from an oral dose.

Drug Interactions: No known clinically significant drug interactions exist.

Contraindications/Precautions: Contraindicated in patients hypersensitive to ofloxacin or other quinolones. As with other antibacterial preparations, prolonged use of ofloxacin may result in overgrowth of non-susceptible organisms, including fungi. If superinfection occurs, appropriate therapy should be initiated. Discontinue at the first sign of a skin rash or any other sign of hypersensitivity reaction. Use with caution during pregnancy or in nursing mothers. Pregnancy Category C.

Adverse Effects: The most frequently reported drug-related adverse reactions are local burning or discomfort. Less frequent adverse reactions include foreign body sensation, itching, photophobia, blurred vision, dryness, and redness.

Patient Consultation:

Complete full course of therapy unless otherwise directed.

To instill drops: Lie down or tilt head backward and look up (holding dropper above eye), drop solution inside lower lid, and make sure dropper does not come in contact with eye or fingers. Then release lid, keeping the eye open for at least 30 seconds, and apply pressure to the inside corner of eye for at least one minute.

Wait at least 5 minutes before instilling other ophthalmic preparations.

Avoid tightly closing eyes after instillation.

Store in a cool, dry place away from sunlight and children.

Instill a missed dose as soon as possible.

Contact a physician if the above side effects are severe or persistent.

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Antibacterial Drugs Market Projected to Gain Significant Value by 2018-2026

Global antibacterial drugs market was valued US$ 26.4 Bn in 2017 and is expected to reach US$ 34.2 Bn by 2026, at a CAGR of 3.29 % during a forecast period.

Growth in old population, rising demand for efficient & affordable antibacterial drugs and increasing number of multi-drug resistant bacterial strains are some of the key factors that are driving the global antibacterial drugs market.

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High prevalence of infectious diseases, increased research and development activities, product differentiation through various methods, and rise government support is boosting the growth of the market. The growing number of product approval and subsequent launch of the products is the main factor expected to boost the growth of the market over the forecast period. Reduced time for action and fewer side effects are projected to offer a good opportunity for growth of the antibacterial drugs market. However, the rise in drug-resistant species, a launch of the generic drugs, and patent expiry are limiting the growth of the market.

Retail pharmacies segment accounts for a major revenue share of the global antibacterial drugs market owing to the providing advice about health issues, symptoms & medications in response to customer inquiries, recruiting, training & managing staff, and treating prescriptions & dispensing medication.

Penicillin is a group of antibiotics, which contain penicillin G, penicillin V, procaine penicillin, and benzathine penicillin. Penicillin antibiotics are amongst the first medications to be in effect against many bacterial infections caused by staphylococci and streptococci.

The cephalosporins are a class of β-lactam antibiotics, which is originally derived from the fungus Acremonium. Cephalosporins drugs are used to treat bacterial infections including ear & skin infections, pneumonia, kidney & bone infections, sexually transmitted infections such as gonorrhoea, and strep throat & other throat infections.

Cell wall biosynthesis inhibitors (CBIs) is one of the most effective mechanism of antibiotics and the most extensively used class of antibiotics. However, this mechanism of antibiotics is not received impunity from resistance development.

North America is leading the global antibacterial drugs market in terms of revenue owing to the presence of significant market players in the region. Europe accounts for second-largest revenue share in the global antibacterial drugs market, followed by Asia Pacific, South America, and the Middle East & Africa respectively. The Asia Pacific is estimated to register comparatively faster growth in terms of revenue during the forecast period owing to the increasing number of healthcare infrastructure and the growing prevalence of bacterial infections.

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Key player operating in the global antibacterial drugs market are Pfizer, Inc., Merck & Co., Inc. Johnson & Johnson, and GlaxoSmithKline plc. The report covers a comprehensive study of major market drivers, restrains, opportunities, challenges, PESTEL, Porters, SWOT, and technological forecasting in the market. The Scope of Global Antibacterial Drugs Market: Global Antibacterial Drugs Market, by Drug Class: Penicillins Cephalosporins Quinolone Aminoglycosides Monobactams Carbapenems Macrolides Other Drug Class Global Antibacterial Drugs Market, by Drug Mechanism: Cell Wall Synthesis inhibitors Protein Synthesis inhibitors Nucleic Acid inhibitors Folic Acid synthesis inhibitors Mycolic Acid synthesis inhibitors Global Antibacterial Drugs Market, by Route of Administration: Oral Topical Parenteral Other Route of Administration Global Antibacterial Drugs Market, by Distribution Channel: Hospital Pharmacies Drug Stores & Retail Pharmacies Online Sales Global Antibacterial Drugs Market, by Region: North America Europe Asia-Pacific South America Middle East & Africa Key Player Operating In the Global Antibacterial Drugs Market: Pfizer, Inc. Merck & Co., Inc. GlaxoSmithKline plc. Novartis AG Eli Lilly & Company Johnson & Johnson Sanofi AstraZeneca plc. Bayer AG Abbott Laboratories Daiichi Sankyo Company Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd Bristol Myers Squibb Company Allergen Plc.

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[tea-and-cozy-idek]

6 Things That Can Trigger a Seizure Even If You Don't Have Epilepsy

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Harrison Ford has played a hero in the movies, but in real life, he gives that distinction to his 26-year-old daughter, Georgia. Earlier this month, the actor revealed that Georgia has epilepsy, and that it took years for her to get the proper treatment. “I admire her perseverance, her talent, her strength,” he told the Daily News.

Epilepsy isn't always easy to identify. The disorder typically isn't diagnosed until a person has had two or more “unprovoked” seizures-that is, seizures that don't have a clear trigger, explains Vikram Rao, MD, PhD, an assistant professor of neurology at the University of California, San Francisco.

It turns out there are multiple things that can trigger a seizure, which is essentially a surge of electrical activity in the brain. And just because you have one, that doesn't mean you've got epilepsy. But you should always get checked out by a doctor afterwards, says Dr. Rao.

Here, six things that are known to trigger seizures even in people who don't have a neurological condition-and what to do when a seizure strikes.

Stress

Seizures triggered by stress look similar to epileptic seizures, mainly because they can have the same symptoms-numbness, confusion, convulsions, and more. But there are differences in the brain electrical activity between the two types. In fact, research suggests that somewhere between 5% and 20% of people with epilepsy may be misdiagnosed and, in fact, suffering from seizures provoked by anxiety or underlying trauma. RELATED: 25 Surprising Ways Stress Affects Your Health

Low blood sugar

Your brain is a huge consumer of glucose, says Dr. Rao. When your blood sugar levels drop too low-a state called hypoglycemia-your brain has trouble functioning normally and the result could be a seizure. Since hypoglycemia is a potential a side effect of diabetes medications, diabetics may be at a higher risk for this type of seizure.

Heatstroke

You already know that playing soccer for hours on a scorching-hot day can be dangerous. In that kind of heat (and under that kind of exertion), people can have trouble cooling themselves down. Once your internal thermostat reaches about 104 degrees Fahrenheit, you risk damaging your organs, including your brain: “The brain doesn't function as well at higher temperatures,” says Dr. Rao. Once heat illness sets in, the brain can misfire, possibly triggering a seizure.

Alcohol Withdrawal

An estimated 2 million people may experience alcohol withdrawal every year, according to a 2004 study in the journal American Family Physician. People can develop a tolerance to (or dependence on) alcohol, and the wiring in their brains can reflect that. So when some people quit cold turkey, it leaves their brains in a new, altered state that can set them up for a seizure, usually within 48 hours after their last drink, says Dr. Rao.

Certain medications

Antidepressants like bupropion (a.k.a. Wellbutrin and Zyban) have been associated with seizures in certain studies. And some antibiotics, like penicillins and quinolones, and pain medications like tramadol (sold under the brand name Ultram) might increase the risk of seizures too.

Sleep deprivation

Too-little sleep is a powerful trigger for seizures, says Dr. Rao. (He's seen seizures in college students who've stayed up for days in a row cramming for an exam.) “No one knows the exact reason behind this,” says Dr. Rao, “but sleep is restorative. We spend one-third of our lives sleeping, so we know it's important.” RELATED: 30 Sleep Hacks for Your Most Restful Night Ever

What to do if someone has a seizure

Oftentimes, less is more. Rule number one: Keep the person safe. That means making sure she doesn't accidentally hurt herself, either on a nearby sharp object or by falling down the stairs.

As Anto Bagić, MD, PhD, the chief of the epilepsy division at the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center puts it: “There's no 'heroic' measure necessary.” Don't try to restrain the person (she might panic and lash out even more aggressively) and do not put anything in her mouth (she might choke on it). Besides, it's a myth that people can swallow their tongue during a seizure.

Either give her some space or, if necessary, guide her to a safer area, Dr. Bagić explains. If she's lying on the floor, gently turn her on her side so that her saliva doesn't block her airway.

Most seizures resolve themselves within five minutes, so if it goes on for longer than that, you should call 911, says Dr. Bagić. More often, however, the person will regain consciousness after a few minutes-and when she does, stay calm.

“When people are coming back [from a seizure], that's when they're at their most vulnerable,” says Dr. Bagić. “It can be scary if the first thing they see is people staring at them or panicking.”

Another key point: Stay with the person until you're sure that she's completely recovered. Do all that, and it'll be heroic enough.