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fatehbaz · 2 years

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[I]n poststructural adjustment Africa, established ways of getting ahead and getting by were sabotaged, producing a sense of ruptured temporality and reversed or forestalled “development” that has been felt and acted upon in multiple, overlapping registers. The West Africanist Jane Guyer has argued that the erasure of incremental time is a global phenomenon: the precarity brought about by neoliberalism has made the “near future” inconceivable, leaving us only with the instantaneous now (“punctuated time”) and the far away future, be it utopic or apocalyptic (Guyer 2007). In a related vein, Daniel Hoffman argues that the “just in time” production of military actors in Sierra Leone responds to post-Fordist economic shifts, which take place at a moment’s notice (Hoffman 2011). James Ferguson’s pioneering work examines how colonial era social investment in African mining underpinned an expectation of the longue duree, and of mining futures now past (Ferguson 1999, 2006). The historic, neoliberal shift from socially and temporally “thick” to socially “thin,” hit-and-run extraction informed a number of other changes related to work and time in Africa, including the concentration of political sovereignty around “mining enclaves” where multiple historical and political repertoires come into play. [...]

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[E]xtractive economy in tantalum, tin, and tungsten (referred to in NGO circles as the “3 Ts”) shapes experiences and understandings of space, time, and value in the Eastern DR Congo. [...] Much of this product is eventually sold to electronics manufacturers, ending up in many high tech devices. All of these aforementioned substances are essential to digital devices: tantalum is needed to produce digital capacitors, and tin is used for wiring. Tungsten is found in laptop screens and is used to make cell phones vibrate, among many other things. Global demand for tantalum increased by 24 percent per year during the 1990s, alongside the emergence of the “information age” and so-called knowledge economies [...]. Not only will our vaunted twenty-first-century digital technologies not work without these minerals, but these minerals’ prices are also strongly influenced by digital cultures. Congolese “3 Ts” are traded on spot markets, so their values fluctuate radically and rapidly: for example, online speculation helped produce the spike in coltan prices in late 2000, when Sony ran out of the tantalum it needed to meet Christmas demand for PlayStation 2 (the time Eastern Congolese know as bisikatike, “may it not be broken” or “may it never end”). [...]

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Moreover, the rapid fluctuation in prices, combined with the temporal delays produced by bad or nonexistent infrastructure, leads to a great deal of conflict and confusion about price and value between buyers and sellers on the ground. The rupture of incremental time and predictable work is central to the experiences of those involved in this extractive economy. Elsewhere I have drawn attention to the process of “temporal dispossession” in Congolese mining areas -- or the usurpation, by others, of the ability to produce social relations incrementally (Smith 2011). [...] [M]any Eastern Congolese experience war as the instrument through which the price for these minerals is determined, and time and price are among the many “resources” through which war is carried out. Transnational networks are experienced as the main mechanism through which outsiders have expropriated Congolese resources and been victorious in the war over time [...].

The paradox at the heart of Congolese understandings of price and price wars captures the reality of capitalism’s social foundations. [...] Rather, price remains beyond their control for entirely social reasons: because a network of powerful agents continues to manage events in their pursuit of Congolese wealth, in an ongoing and incremental way, the likes of which Congolese only glimpse in moments some of them hope will never end.

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Text by: James H. Smith. “’May it never end’: Price wars, networks, and temporality in the ‘3 Ts’ mining trade of the Eastern DR Congo.” HAU: Journal of Ethnographic Theory. 2015.

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brookstonalmanac · 3 years

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Events 4.7

451 – Attila the Hun sacks the town of Metz and attacks other cities in Gaul. 529 – First draft of the Corpus Juris Civilis (a fundamental work in jurisprudence) is issued by Eastern Roman Emperor Justinian I. 611 – Maya king Uneh Chan of Calakmul sacks rival city-state Palenque in southern Mexico. 1141 – Empress Matilda becomes the first female ruler of England, adopting the title 'Lady of the English'. 1348 – Charles University is founded in Prague. 1521 – Ferdinand Magellan arrives at Cebu. 1541 – Francis Xavier leaves Lisbon on a mission to the Portuguese East Indies. 1724 – Premiere performance of Johann Sebastian Bach's St John Passion, BWV 245, at St. Nicholas Church, Leipzig. 1767 – End of Burmese–Siamese War (1765–67). 1776 – Captain John Barry and the USS Lexington captures the Edward. 1788 – American pioneers to the Northwest Territory establish Marietta, Ohio as the first permanent American settlement in the Northwest Territory. 1789 – Selim III became Sultan of the Ottoman Empire and Caliph of Islam. 1798 – The Mississippi Territory is organized from disputed territory claimed by both the United States and Spain. It is expanded in 1804 and again in 1812. 1805 – Lewis and Clark Expedition: The Corps of Discovery breaks camp among the Mandan tribe and resumes its journey West along the Missouri River. 1805 – German composer Ludwig van Beethoven premiered his Third Symphony, at the Theater an der Wien in Vienna. 1827 – John Walker, an English chemist, sells the first friction match that he had invented the previous year. 1829 – Joseph Smith, founder of the Latter Day Saint movement, commences translation of the Book of Mormon, with Oliver Cowdery as his scribe. 1831 – Emperor Pedro I of Brazil resigns. He goes to his native Portugal to become King Pedro IV. 1862 – American Civil War: The Union's Army of the Tennessee and the Army of the Ohio defeat the Confederate Army of Mississippi near Shiloh, Tennessee. 1868 – Thomas D'Arcy McGee, one of the Canadian Fathers of Confederation, is assassinated by a Fenian activist. 1890 – Completion of the first Lake Biwa Canal. 1906 – Mount Vesuvius erupts and devastates Naples. 1906 – The Algeciras Conference gives France and Spain control over Morocco. 1922 – The United States Secretary of the Interior leases federal petroleum reserves to private oil companies on excessively generous terms. 1927 – The first long-distance public television broadcast (from Washington, D.C., to New York City, displaying the image of Commerce Secretary Herbert Hoover). 1933 – Prohibition in the United States is repealed for beer of no more than 3.2% alcohol by weight, eight months before the ratification of the XXI amendment. (Now celebrated as National Beer Day in the United States.) 1940 – Booker T. Washington becomes the first African American to be depicted on a United States postage stamp. 1943 – The Holocaust in Ukraine: In Terebovlia, Germans order 1,100 Jews to undress and march through the city to the nearby village of Plebanivka, where they are shot and buried in ditches. 1943 – Ioannis Rallis becomes collaborationist Prime Minister of Greece during the Axis Occupation. 1945 – World War II: The battleship Yamato, one of the two largest ever constructed, is sunk by American aircraft during Operation Ten-Go. 1945 – World War II: Visoko is liberated by the 7th, 9th, and 17th Krajina brigades from the Tenth division of Yugoslav Partisan forces. 1948 – The World Health Organization is established by the United Nations. 1949 – The Rodgers and Hammerstein musical South Pacific opened on Broadway; it would run for 1,925 performances and win ten Tony Awards. 1954 – United States President Dwight D. Eisenhower gives his "domino theory" speech during a news conference. 1955 – Winston Churchill resigns as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom amid indications of failing health. 1964 – IBM announces the System/360. 1964 – A bulldozer kills Rev. Bruce W. Klunder, a civil rights activist, during a school segregation protest in Cleveland, Ohio, sparking a riot. 1965 – Representatives of the National Congress of American Indians testify before members of the US Senate against the termination of the Colville tribe in Washington DC. 1968 – Motor racing world champion Jim Clark is killed in an accident during a Formula Two race at Hockenheim. 1969 – The Internet's symbolic birth date: Publication of RFC 1. 1971 – President Richard Nixon announces his decision to quicken the pace of Vietnamization. 1972 – Communist forces overran the South Vietnamese town of Loc Ninh. 1976 – Member of Parliament and suspected spy John Stonehouse resigns from the Labour Party (UK) after being arrested for faking his own death. 1977 – German Federal prosecutor Siegfried Buback and his driver are shot by two Red Army Faction members while waiting at a red light. 1978 – Development of the neutron bomb is canceled by President Jimmy Carter. 1980 – During the Iran hostage crisis, the United States severs relations with Iran. 1983 – During STS-6, astronauts Story Musgrave and Don Peterson perform the first Space Shuttle spacewalk. 1989 – Soviet submarine Komsomolets sinks in the Barents Sea off the coast of Norway killing 42 sailors. 1990 – Iran–Contra affair: John Poindexter is found guilty of five charges for his part in the scandal (the conviction is later reversed on appeal). 1990 – A fire breaks out on the passenger ferry Scandinavian Star, killing 159 people. 1994 – Rwandan genocide: Massacres of Tutsis begin in Kigali, Rwanda. 1994 – Auburn Calloway attempts to destroy Federal Express Flight 705 in order to allow his family to benefit from his life insurance policy. 1995 – First Chechen War: Russian paramilitary troops begin a massacre of civilians in Samashki, Chechnya. 1999 – The World Trade Organization rules in favor of the United States in its long-running trade dispute with the European Union over bananas. 2001 – Mars Odyssey is launched. 2003 – U.S. troops capture Baghdad; Saddam Hussein's regime falls two days later. 2009 – Former Peruvian President Alberto Fujimori is sentenced to 25 years in prison for ordering killings and kidnappings by security forces. 2009 – Mass protests begin across Moldova under the belief that results from the parliamentary election are fraudulent. 2011 – The Israel Defense Forces use their Iron Dome missile system to successfully intercept a BM-21 Grad launched from Gaza, marking the first short-range missile intercept ever. 2017 – A man deliberately drives a hijacked truck into a crowd of people in Stockholm, Sweden, killing five people and injuring fifteen others.

#Events

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jonhmaick · 4 years

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The Car Rental Industry

The vehicle rental industry is a multi-billion dollar area of the US economy. The US fragment of the business midpoints about $18.5 billion in income a year. Today, there are roughly 1.9 million rental vehicles that help the US section of the market. Moreover, there are numerous rental offices other than the business chiefs that partition the complete income, specifically Dollar Thrifty, Budget and Vanguard. In contrast to other develop administration enterprises, the rental vehicle industry is profoundly united which normally puts likely new comers at an expense weakness since they face high information costs with diminished chance of economies of scale. Besides, a large portion of the benefit is produced by a couple of firms including Enterprise, Hertz and Avis. For the financial year of 2004, Enterprise produced $7.4 billion in all out income. Hertz came in second situation with about $5.2 billion and Avis with $2.97 in income.

Kıbrıs araç kiralama7

Level of Integration

The rental vehicle industry faces a totally unexpected climate in comparison to it completed five years prior. As per Business Travel News, vehicles are being leased until they have amassed 20,000 to 30,000 miles until they are consigned to the pre-owned vehicle industry while the pivot mileage was 12,000 to 15,000 miles five years prior. Due to moderate industry development and tight net revenue, there is no fast approaching danger to in reverse joining inside the business. Truth be told, among the business players just Hertz is vertically coordinated through Ford.

Extent of Competition

There are numerous elements that shape the serious scene of the vehicle rental industry. Rivalry comes from two primary sources all through the chain. On the get-away customer's finish of the range, rivalry is furious not just in light of the fact that the market is immersed and very much watched by industry pioneer Enterprise, yet contenders work at an expense hindrance alongside more modest pieces of the pie since Enterprise has set up an organization of vendors more than 90% the relaxation fragment. On the corporate fragment, then again, rivalry is exceptionally solid at the air terminals since that section is under close management by Hertz. Since the business went through an enormous monetary ruin as of late, it has redesigned the size of rivalry inside the majority of the organizations that endure. Seriously talking, the rental vehicle industry is a combat area as most rental offices including Enterprise, Hertz and Avis among the significant players take part in a clash of the fittest.

Development

In the course of recent years, most firms have been running after upgrading their armada measures and expanding the degree of productivity. Venture presently the organization with the biggest armada in the US has added 75,000 vehicles to its armada since 2002 which help increment its number of offices to 170 at the air terminals. Hertz, then again, has added 25,000 vehicles and widened its global presence in 150 districts rather than 140 of every 2002. Likewise, Avis has expanded its armada from 210,000 of every 2002 to 220,000 in spite of ongoing financial afflictions. Throughout the long term following the financial decline, albeit most organizations all through the business were battling, Enterprise among the business chiefs had been developing consistently. For instance, yearly deals came to $6.3 in 2001, $6.5 in 2002, $6.9 in 2003 and $7.4 billion out of 2004 which converted into a development pace of 7.2 percent a year for as far back as four years. Since 2002, the business has begun to recapture its balance in the area as generally speaking deals developed from $17.9 billion to $18.2 billion of every 2003. As indicated by industry investigators, the better days of the rental vehicle industry presently can't seem to come. Throughout the span of the following quite a while, the business is required to encounter quickened development esteemed at $20.89 billion every year following 2008 "which compares to a CAGR of 2.7 % [increase] in the 2003-2008 period."

Dissemination

In the course of recent years the rental vehicle industry has gained a lot of ground to encourage it dissemination measures. Today, there are around 19,000 rental areas yielding about 1.9 million rental vehicles in the US. Due to the undeniably plentiful number of vehicle rental areas in the US, vital and strategic methodologies are considered to protect legitimate appropriation all through the business. Dispersion happens inside two interrelated portions. On the corporate market, the vehicles are dispersed to air terminals and inn environmental factors. On the relaxation portion, then again, vehicles are dispersed to office claimed offices that are strategically placed inside most significant streets and metropolitan zones.

Previously, administrators of rental vehicle organizations used to depend on premonitions or natural estimates to settle on choices about the number of vehicles to have in a specific armada or the usage level and execution guidelines of keeping certain vehicles in a single armada. With that system, it was exceptionally hard to keep a degree of equilibrium that would fulfill purchaser interest and the ideal degree of benefit. The dispersion interaction is genuinely basic all through the business. In any case, chiefs should decide the quantity of vehicles that should be on stock consistently. Since a truly recognizable issue emerges when such a large number of or insufficient vehicles are accessible, most vehicle rental organizations including Hertz, Enterprise and Avis, utilize a "pool" which is a gathering of autonomous rental offices that share an armada of vehicles. Fundamentally, with the pools set up, rental areas work all the more proficiently since they lessen the danger of low stock if not kill rental vehicle deficiencies.

Market Segmentation

Most organizations all through the chain make a benefit based of the kind of vehicles that are leased. The rental vehicles are arranged into economy, conservative, moderate, premium and extravagance. Among the five classes, the economy area returns the most benefit. For example, the economy fragment without anyone else is liable for 37.7 percent of the all out market income in 2004. Moreover, the minimal section represented 32.3 percent of by and large income. The remainder of different classifications covers the excess 30% for the US fragment.

Chronicled Levels of Profitability

The general productivity of the vehicle rental industry has been contracting lately. In the course of recent years, the business has been battling much the same as the remainder of the movement business. Indeed, between the years 2001 and 2003 the US market has encountered a moderate decrease in the degree of benefit. In particular, income tumbled from $19.4 billion of every 2000 to $18.2 billion out of 2001. Thusly, the general business income disintegrated further to $17.9 billion of every 2002; a sum that is insignificantly higher than $17.7 billion which is the general income for the year 1999. In 2003, the business encountered a scarcely perceptible increment which carried benefit to $18.2 billion. Because of the financial slump lately, a portion of the more modest players that were exceptionally reliant on the carrier business have done a lot of methodology realignments as a method of setting up their organizations to adapt to possible monetary difficulties that may encompass the business. For the year 2004, then again, the monetary circumstance of most firms have progressively improved all through the business since most rental organizations have returned far more noteworthy benefits comparative with the front years. For example, Enterprise acknowledged incomes of $7.4 billion; Hertz returned incomes of $5.2 billion and Avis with $2.9 billion in income for the financial year of 2004. As indicated by industry investigators, the rental vehicle industry is required to encounter consistent development of 2.6 percent in income over the course of the following quite a while which converts into an increment in benefit.

Serious Rivalry Among Sellers

There are numerous elements that drive rivalry inside the vehicle rental industry. In the course of recent years, widening armada estimates and expanding productivity has been the focal point of most organizations inside the vehicle rental industry. Undertaking, Hertz and Avis among the pioneers have been developing both in deals and armada sizes. Moreover, rivalry increases as firms are continually attempting to improve their present conditions and offer more to buyers. Endeavor has almost multiplied its armada size since 1993 to around 600,000 vehicles today. Since the business works on such restricted overall revenues, value rivalry isn't a factor; in any case, most organizations are effectively associated with making esteems and giving a scope of conveniences from mechanical devices to try and free rental to fulfill clients. Hertz, for instance, coordinates its Never-Lost GPS framework inside its vehicles. Venture, then again, utilizes complex yield the executives programming to deal with its armadas.

At long last, Avis utilizes its OnStar and Skynet framework to all the more likely serve the shopper base and offers free end of the week rental if a client leases a vehicle for five sequential days Moreover, the purchaser base of the rental vehicle industry has generally low to no exchanging cost. On the other hand, rental offices face high fixed working expenses including property rental, protection and support. Therefore, rental organizations are delicately evaluating there rental vehicles just to recuperate working expenses and sufficiently satisfy their clients needs. Moreover, on the grounds that the business experienced sluggish development lately because of monetary stagnation that brought about a huge decrease in both corporate travel and the relaxation area, most organizations including the business chiefs are forcefully attempting to reposition their organizations by bit by bit reducing the reliance level on the aircraft business and recovering their balance in the recreation serious field.

The Potential Entry of new Competitors

Entering the vehicle rental industry puts new comers at a genuine impediment. In the course of recent years following the financial decline of 2001, most significant rental organizations have begun expanding their blemish

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iahmedabouzeid · 4 years

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The evolution of the car has been a long one, but as time moves on, technology develops faster and faster. The first car was invented in 1886 if you believe Mercedes-Benz, and then Henry Ford revolutionized how they were built with the Model T in 1908. In 1922, electronic ignition replaced the starter crank handle, but it wasn’t until 1949 that Chrysler introduced the keyed ignition into production cars. Cigarette lighters came to automobiles in 1921, then car radios in 1930

Once entertainment was taken care of, power steering appeared as far back as 1951, and then Chrysler introduced air conditioning in 1953, and cruise control appeared as early as 1958. Three-point seat belt appeared in 1959 courtesy of Volvo, while the 1960s saw electric windows, heated seats, and intermittent wipers appear. Anti-lock brakes were first seen in 1971, in 1973, the catalytic converter turned up to ruin everyone’s fun for nearly twenty years, and the first digital dashboard appeared in 1974. Airbags started becoming standard in the 1980s, then, in the 1990s, things started picking up. That’s where we’ll start with the evolution of modern car technologies as we know them

1990: Built-In Satellite Navigation

We take a GPS based navigation for granted now, but once upon a time, people had to use paper maps and written directions. Then companies started playing with navigation systems in cars, which were problematic for several reasons, mainly in being able to pinpoint the car’s location accurately. Then, in 1990, Mazda was the first to put a GPS based navigation system in a production vehicle. It went into the Japanese market Eunos Cosmo, which is a whole article in itself. The first GPS navigation system in a US car came from Oldsmobile and was a $1,995 option in 1995. It wasn’t until 2000 that the US government made a more accurate GPS signal available for civilian use, and GPS based navigation started to become commonplace

1996: Connected Cars

The term ‘connected cars’ has become a buzzword in the 21st century, but it was GM working with Motorola that created the first connected system for a car, and they called it OnStar. The first OnStar telematics systems could call emergency services if an airbag deployed, and was first fitted to the Cadillac Eldorado, DeVille, and Seville. Over time, the ability to add GPS locations and the ability to transmit voice and data at the same time evolved. OnStar is still a feature on cars and in its tenth generation and with a lot more features added, but virtually every automaker has a similar system available

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1998: Color Head-Up Display

The head-up display (HUD) was a futuristic sci-fi wonder in the 1980s. The first automotive head-up display appeared on the Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme Indy Pace Cars and replicas in 1998. They became more widely available, and Toyota and Nissan started offering them on select models, most notably the Nissan 240SX. They’ve now become a common option for cars, and many automakers make them standard on higher trims. Most HUD systems use color to draw the eye to pertinent information, but the first car to offer a color head-up display was the 1998 Chevrolet Corvette. Cadillac then offered a HUD in the XLR, and BMW pushed development hard with the 2003 5 Series

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1999: Laser Adaptive Cruise Control

Mercedes has a long list of technology it has brought to market before anyone else, often in its most premium of premium models. Mitsubishi pioneered laser-controlled cruise control with a lidar-based cruise control system that used throttle and transmission control to adapt the car’s speed but didn’t use the brakes. Mercedes introduced its Distronic system in 1999 on the S-Class and CL as the first radar-assisted Autonomous cruise control system available worldwide. Its impact reverberates still as autonomous vehicle technology slowly creeps forward

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2000/2001: Bluetooth

A Bluetooth connection to our cellphones is something we take for granted in 2020, and it’s rare for a car to be sold without Bluetooth technology as standard. In the mid-1990s, you could buy a car stereo head unit with Bluetooth, but it was a while before it appeared as an option. History is a little hazy about which manufacturer offered it from the factory first as Chrysler saw it as a great idea early on, but it’s likely the Acura TL was the first car to be offered in the US with the technology equipped

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2001: Modern Infotainment System

It’s hard to pin down when the infotainment system, as we know it today, came into being. BMW introduced its iDrive system to the 7 Series in 2001; it featured a prominent screen that was controlled by a central knob and meant fewer buttons on the dashboard. But the first touchscreen in a car dates back to the 1986 Buick Riviera and its green-and-black cathode-ray tube display. At that time, Popular Mechanics wrote that the touchscreen “violates the First Commandment of ergonomics – you must take your eyes off the road to make any adjustments.” 21 years later, after the release of the first Apple iPhone in 2007, we saw the big move to touchscreen systems in cars

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2002: Parking Camera

The first example of a rearview camera goes back to the 1956 Buick Centurion concept car. Volvo also toyed with the idea in 1972 Volvo Experimental Safety Car, but it didn’t make it into production for some time. The first production car with a rear camera was the Japanese market 1991 Toyota Soarer Limited, but not the US market’s Lexus SC equivalent. However, it was Infiniti that added guidelines for parking on the 2002 Q45 flagship sedan, which debuted at the New York Auto Show in 2000. Nissan also used the 2002 Nissan Primera to introduce the technology outside of the US and Japan. Legislation introduced in 2018 has subsequently made the humble reverse camera standard in all modern cars. The concept of a surround-view camera then arrived on the 2008 Infiniti EX35, using four cameras to give a bird’s eye view of the vehicle, with numerous manufacturers following suit

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2004: Remote Start

Remote start technology had been available via the aftermarket for years before 2004, but that was the year GM decided to make the technology available direct from the factory. Before starting, the vehicles were set to run diagnostics in engine oil pressure, engine temperature, throttle position, brake/transmission shift position, and battery voltage. If everything checked out and the hood wasn’t open, the car could be started from the key fob and then be unlocked at the driver’s leisure. It has become an incredibly valuable feature for people living in climates with particularly hot or cold weather, allowing them to start the car and let it cool down or warm up before even leaving the house

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2006: Self Parking Car

Lexus showed the world the first self-parking production car; the 2006 LS 460 sedan was unveiled at the Detroit International Auto Show, and the technology blew people away. To activate it, the driver had to put the car in reverse, which enabled the rearview camera, then press the parallel park icon on the touchscreen to place an indicator square over the parking space they wanted to use. The driver could then release the steering wheel while the car parked and maneuvered itself. Other manufacturers followed, and, with each iteration, the technology has gotten smoother, more precise, and faster to park

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2007: Blind Spot Monitoring

As thicker pillars became prevalent due to safety legislation due to rollover risks, blind spots when using side-view mirrors became more problematic on passenger vehicles. Volvo developed its Blind Spot Information System and included it on its 2007 S80 sedan, which created a visible alert for the driver when changing lanes with another car present. Ford was Volvo’s parent company at the time and started using the same system for all of its brands. Mazda then used a similar system for its 2008 Mazda CX-9, but only in Grand Touring trim. In 2013, Mazda started making it more available through its range, and other companies followed suit. Blind-spot monitoring systems are now also used for rear-cross-traffic safety systems

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2007: LED Headlights

The common halogen lamp is an energy-hungry unit and is usually only rated for around 800 hours of use, while High Intensity Discharge (HID) lighting is an expensive and complicated system that’s not the most ideal either. LED headlights, however, strike an excellent balance, and give bright white light, light up faster than halogen, are energy-efficient, and have a long operating life. They’re also easy to package as they use small bulbs and allow automakers to get creative with lighting designs.

The use of LEDs for exterior on cars goes back as far as the 1986 Chevrolet Corvette’s brake lights. Kia started using LED turn indicators in 2002, and then the 2007 Audi R8 used LED daytime running lights. Outside of the US, the R8 had the first option for LED headlights while, at the same time, the Lexus LS featured LED low beams and side markers in the US. The Cadillac Escalade featured low and high beams powered by LEDs in 2009, but it wasn’t until the current-generation Mercedes S-Class that we saw the first car to use exclusively LED lighting, both inside and out

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2009: Smart Phone Connected Cars

Now, pretty much every automaker has something to offer in the way of smartphones interacting with a car. In 2009, Mercedes launched the first iteration of its ‘mbrace’ app to allow remote access to owner’s vehicles from their smartphone. It worked with iPhone and Blackberry and allowed remote door locking and unlocking as well as vehicle location. Since then, apps from automakers have increased in scope to include everything including diagnostics, checking the fuel level, the vehicle’s location, remote start, and even booking service appointments

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2012: First License For Autonomous Cars

The race to build the first production autonomous car started in the 2010s. It was Google that secured the first license to take its experimental driverless technology on the road. The Toyota Prius was issued its license in Nevada and opened the gates to testing autonomous systems. That has led us to a plethora of driver assistance features on production cars, such as lane-keeping, collision avoidance, and advanced adaptive cruise control systems. In 2014, Tesla then dropped its first iteration of Autopilot for existing owners as the first commercially available system that can steer the car without input from the driver and change lanes on the motorway

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2014: Apple CarPlay

A common problem with automaker’s infotainment systems has been that they are not designed well and are often operated on hardware to that found in the smartphone in the driver’s pocket. Apple’s CarPlay came to market in 2014, closely followed by Android Auto, to change that. Both Apple and Google lead the way with their voice control and navigation, and the systems use popular travel and music apps, integrating everyday life with the car, and ensuring that a car’s tech is never further behind than your easily-upgradable smartphone. All you currently have to do is plug in your phone, and it becomes the infotainment system

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2018: Phone As Key

Keyless entry has been with us for a long time. Ford’s SecuriCode has been around since 1980, although it started out being called Keyless Entry System. It’s been a slow burn for the technology to become mainstream and has always required having your remote in your pocket. It seems incredible that it took so long, but Tesla introduced its customers to use a cellphone to replace the remote key fob in 2018. Model 3’s were able to sense the driver’s phone from up to 30 feet away and unlock the doors. There have been security and safety concerns, which is why the more traditional automakers have been slow to follow, but soon, this tech will be the go-to choice

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Source carBuzz

The Evolution of Modern Car Technology The evolution of the car has been a long one, but as time moves on, technology develops faster and faster.

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