#paulista war

[dreamcast-official]

juste got to do propaganda for his husband i am doing propaganda for my bestie. non-latino besties (which is. all of you.) i am begging you NOT to rig the latino sexyman votes (vote to see the results if you wanna) but PLEASE send the vibes that zé carioca can win. hes my best friend plea

[collinthenychudson]

Day 3: Little Joe

Info from Wikipedia:

The Little Joe is a type of railroad electric locomotive built by General Electric. The locomotives had twelve axles, eight of them powered, in a 2-D+D-2 arrangement. They were originally intended to be exported to the Soviet Union and designed to operate on Soviet Railways (SZhD) 3,300-volt DC overhead line system. They were never exported to the Soviet Union due to rising political tensions. Only 20 were built, with 15 sold to domestic operators and five exported to Brazil.

After World War II, the Soviet Railways continued its electrification program, this time targeting the Kropachyovo-Zlatoust-Chelyabinsk line of the South Urals Railway. As local factories were recovering from the war efforts, the Soviet government (then led by Joseph Stalin), ordered 20 of these locomotives. Known by their factory classification of GE 2-D+D-2 406/546 8-GE 750-3300V, in the Soviet Union, they would have received the classification of the A-series locomotive, with the A standing for Amerikanskiy elektrovoz (Russian: Американский электровоз), meaning "American locomotive". At the time, this was the strongest electric locomotive, producing a power of 4320 kW, being comparable to the Union Pacific Big Boy.

The locomotives were built by General Electric (GE) at Erie, Pennsylvania, with the supervision of Soviet specialists. The Ministry of Railways of the USSR was so confident about receiving these locomotives, that they were also allocated running numbers, initially 1591-1610 and later 2301-2320. The first test run of the locomotive (unit A1598) took place on 7 September 1948 on a test track of the New York Central Railroad.

GE built 20 locomotives of this type, but the company was prohibited from delivering them as relations between the United States and Soviet Union deteriorated into what became known as the Cold War. Fourteen were built to the track gauge of 5 ft (1,524 mm) and the final six were built to 4 ft 8+1⁄2 in (1,435 mm) standard gauge.

The locomotives were never delivered because the State Department banned sales of strategic goods to the Soviet Union whilst production was underway. This included the electric locomotives, which were considered strategic to the Soviet Railways. Before the ban, the tensions between the US and USSR caused the Soviet railway engineers to be recalled back to their country. GE completed the locomotives, but they were left with no owner. Two were damaged during the trials. Although minimal, unit 29924 collided with unit 29923, causing significant damage to the leading axle.

The Soviet Union was then forced to design its own locomotive, the N8 (later VL8), which only ran in 1953. This led to the development of the VL10 (3kV DC) and VL80 (25 kV AC) locomotives.

The Milwaukee Road had offered to buy all 20 locomotives, plus their spare parts, for $1 million. That was little more than scrap value, but GE accepted. However, the Milwaukee's Board of Directors would not release the money.  Nonetheless, unit 29927 was tested on 24 December 1948 on the Milwaukee Road, but it revealed some issues during trials.

Demand during the Korean War boosted the Milwaukee's need for locomotives on their electrified mainline. The railroad was also beset by a coal strike that required sending most diesels back East (Milwaukee Lines East steam engines still burned coal, unlike the oil-burning Lines West steamers). So the Board of Directors returned to GE, only to discover that eight locomotives and all the spare parts had been sold. Three had gone to the Chicago South Shore & South Bend Railroad (the South Shore Line), and five to the Companhia Paulista de Estradas de Ferro of Brazil.

Still, the Milwaukee Road bought the remaining 12 locomotives for $1 million. The railroad designated its new locomotives as "class EF-4", denoting them as the line's fourth model of electric freight engine. Two units were modified before delivery for passenger service; these were designated "class EP-4". The Milwaukee's operating employees referred to the EF-4/EP-4 units as Little Joseph Stalin's locomotives, which was eventually shortened to simply Little Joe.

As originally tested, the Milwaukee was not impressed with these locomotives, finding them prone to wheelslip. The World War I-vintage General Electric motor-generator substations had difficulty supplying more than two EF-4s under heavy load, which meant that their true ability could not be demonstrated. Additionally, the controls were initially labelled in Russian. After being modified with increased weight, raising the maximum height of the pantographs and being provided with adequate power, the EF-4s were excellent performers and very reliable. Some substations were later modified to supply up to 3,400 volts to take advantage of the high power of these locomotives.

The E20 and E21 locomotives became EP-4 engines to be used for passenger service. They were modified before delivery to remove driving controls and windows at one end to permit moving new, improved main circuit breakers into a cooler environment. The Milwaukee Shops replaced the operating controls in the "B" end with a steam generator before they entered service. The loss of this cab was operationally inconsequential, as many Milwaukee electric locomotives were normally turned at the end of their runs in Avery, Deer Lodge or Harlowton, the road having preferred to maintain only one set of controls even on double-ended units. The most important and final major modification was the provision of multiple unit controls for trailing diesel-electric locomotives. This system was designed in-house. It was not uncommon to see several diesel-electric locomotives being led by, and controlled from, one or two Joes (or a set of Boxcabs) in the 1960s and 70s.

The external difference that most readily distinguished class EP-4 from EF-4 was the use of roller bearings on all axles on the E20 and E21 as delivered. The EF-4s were delivered with roller bearings on the forward (unpowered) trucks only, though they would have individual roller bearing axles substituted piecemeal in the shop whenever original plain bearing axles on the motorized sets burned out or were wreck-damaged.

Like almost any locomotive class, the Little Joes were occasionally involved in accidents. One such, in 1966, resulted in the E78 being rebuilt (back east in the Milwaukee Shops) to a slightly different appearance from the other 11 units, due to the use of a pair of stainless steel side ventilation grilles intended for use on EMD F-units.

The Milwaukee Road used two for passenger service, designated class EP-4 (2-D+D-2), and the remaining ten for freight, designated class EF-4. They were used on the railroad's electrified Rocky Mountain Division in Montana and Idaho to take the place of older GE boxcab electrics that had been operating there since the 1920s. They were never used on the road's electrically disjunct Coast Division in Washington, as none of that division's substations were upgraded to accommodate them. Three had been delivered in standard gauge, while the rest were converted to standard gauge in the Milwaukee's shops.

The EF-4s performed well, so much so that Milwaukee management soon desired to utilize the two EP-4s exclusively on freights. This was being done by 1956, when the passenger Joes were replaced by newly migrated EP-2 Bipolars. After the latter turned out to be ill-suited to the Rocky Mountain Division, they and the EP-4s were replaced by three-unit consists of EMD E-unit and/or FP7 diesels which hauled the Olympian Hiawatha end-to-end, unassisted, until its discontinuation in 1961. Neither EP-4 received the post-1955 Union Pacific-inspired Armour Yellow, red and gray paint scheme used on Milwaukee passenger power, such as the Bipolars and GE Passenger Motors.

The Little Joes lasted until the end of electric operation on the Milwaukee on June 15, 1974. By that time, they were the Milwaukee's only electric road locomotives, all the GE Freight Motors (except two which were used together in MU as the Harlowton switcher) having succumbed to old age.

The South Shore, while primarily a commuter railroad between Chicago, Illinois, and northwestern Indiana, used them in freight service. hey were modified to operate on 1500 V DC catenary, and were delivered with roller bearings on all axles as on the Milwaukee EP-4s. In service on the South Shore the "Little Joe" name was not generally used; they were called "800s". Two of the three lasted until 1983, making them the last electrics in regular mainline freight service on a US common-carrier railroad. Today, freight trains are pulled by diesel-electric locomotives.

Two 800s survive today, 802 at the Lake Shore Railroad Museum, and 803 in running condition at the Illinois Railway Museum.

The Companhia Paulista de Estradas de Ferro converted its locomotives to its 5 ft 3 in (1,600 mm) gauge. They became known as Russas, and stayed active through each re-organization of the Brazilian railways, finally ending up with FEPASA in 1971.

These were the most powerful electric locomotives in the country. On this railway, the locomotive of number 6454 gained the title "Engenheiro Jayme Cintra" - a tribute for an important person of the Paulista Railway history: he was the responsible for electrification of the main Brazilian railway of that season.

They continued to operate until 1999, becoming the last units of their class in revenue service. It was at this point that FEPASA was privatized, and electric operation was ended.

Surviving Little Joes:

Milwaukee Road #E70 is on static display at Deer Lodge, Montana.

South Shore #803 is preserved, in operational condition, at the Illinois Railway Museum (IRM). South Shore #802 is preserved and on public display at the Lake Shore Railway Historical Museum in North East, Pennsylvania, 10 miles (16 km) away from Erie, where the GE Locomotive Assembly Plant that constructed the Little Joes is located.

In Brazil, 6451, 6453, and 6454 were scrapped after the deactivation. Number 6452 is in a museum in Jundiaí, São Paulo and #6455 is in a museum in Bauru, São Paulo, but is missing many parts. As of 2008, 6455 was transferred in safe for the stop-station gare and now is safe in a rail station-museum.

Models and Route By: RRmods, Auran, and Download Station

[alimentoseguro]

3 Corações anuncia edição limitada de produtos inspirados na saga Star Wars

Imagem reprodução/divulgação

Máquina de café e duas novas opções de cápsulas associados ao design icônico de uma das principais produções da cultura pop

A 3 Corações, referência nacional em cafés e líder do segmento, acaba de anunciar uma parceria inédita com a The Walt Disney Company Brasil que promete encantar os fãs da saga Star WarsTM. A edição limitada apresenta nova máquina de café TRES® e duas versões de cápsulas inspiradas nesta que é uma das principais produções da cultura pop.

Os apaixonados por café em cápsulas vão poder desfrutar de seu ritual diário em companhia do icônico Darth Vader, aclamado pelos fãs da cultura pop. A nova máquina de café associa o melhor do design à praticidade do simples toque de um botão. Compacta, silenciosa e prática, a cafeteira touch é versátil e prepara cafés espressos, filtrados, cappuccinos, bebidas cremosas e chás, oferecendo opções para todos os gostos.

"Agora todos que são movidos a café como nós podem ter experiências prazerosas ao lado de seus personagens favoritos. Esta é uma edição limitada muito especial para nós! Une o que há de mais moderno em tecnologia com a qualidade TRES®. E o principal, com a aventura do universo Star Wars", destaca João Marcelo Villadangos, head da unidade de negócios TRES®.

Além da máquina de café TRES® com a ilustração de Darth Vader, os cinéfilos também podem escolher o seu lado da Força optando por duas novas opções de cápsulas. Ao se entregar ao poder do Espresso Dark Side TM, que traz a imagem do vilão, os consumidores vão abraçar o lado mais intenso do café. Cultivado nas nobres regiões do sul de Minas Gerais e na Mogiana Paulista, o blend 100% Arábica traz uma torra intensa que resulta em uma bebida marcante com intensidade 10. Tem notas de chocolate amargo, aroma adocicado, acidez cítrica, alta doçura e o sabor inigualável de um café robusto.

Com a imagem do carismático mestre Yoda, o Espresso Light Side TM propõe uma jornada sensorial para o paladar. Este blend Arábica de intensidade 5 é cultivado nas altitudes privilegiadas do norte de São Paulo e encanta com sua baixa acidez cítrica e sabor marcante. É um café adocicado com notas de amêndoas, nozes, cacau e frutas secas que desperte a harmonia e o equilíbrio em cada xícara.

A edição limitada com máquina e cápsulas está disponível com exclusividade no Mercafé, loja oficial 3 Corações, e na rede Fast Shop.

Todas as cápsulas são compatíveis apenas com sistema TRES® e a máquina tem 5 anos de garantia.

Grupo 3corações, empresa líder do segmento de cafés no Brasil, possui um portfólio completo em todas as categorias de cafés: desde tradicionais, especiais, cápsulas, solúveis, instantâneos, até cafés prontos para beber. É reconhecida como líder absoluta nas categorias torrado e moído, bem como em cappuccinos.Além da marca nacional 3 Corações, o grupo detém mais de 30 marcas de cafés, entre elas: Santa Clara, líder no norte e no nordeste, as clássicas regionais Pimpinela, Brasileiro, Fort, Iguaçu, Itamaraty, Letícia, Fino Grão, Cirol, Doutor, Divinópolis, Toko, Café Manaus, Cruzeiro, entre outras. Também comercializa filtros, porta filtros e acessórios.A empresa é referência em inovação com a solução exclusiva TRES®️, que conta com um portfólio de máquinas de café e multibebidas, e oferece mais de 40 sabores entre cafés espressos, bebidas cremosas, chás e cafés filtrados em cápsulas.Além de proporcionar diferentes experiências e possibilidades de consumo de cafés, o grupo também atua no segmento de refresco em pó (Frisco e Tornado), achocolatado (Chocolatto), temperos e derivados de milho (Claramil, Dona Clara e Kimimo).Em 2020, ingressou em novos segmentos como leites vegetais e isotônicos naturais, fruto da joint venture com a Positive Brands, detentora das marcas A Tal da Castanha, Jungle, Plant Power, entre outras.Fundada em 1959, por João Alves de Lima, em São Miguel, cidade do interior do Rio Grande do Norte, a companhia possui 27 Centros de Vendas e Distribuição (CDs), 9 Plantas Fabris, 2 Unidades de Compra e Beneficiamento de Café Verde (Armazéns), uma Unidade Corporativa Integradora e a Escola de Serviços e Sabores.Está presente em mais de 400 mil pontos de venda no país, com estrutura logística e comercial próprias. O grupo 3coracoes também exporta café para os principais mercados da América Latina e dos Estados Unidos.

nov/23, com copy a.seg via Ascom -- claudia.jardim@ankreputation.com.br

[amoraeletra]

elogio fúnebre

a natália foi a pessoa mais genial que eu já conheci. ela era capaz de escrever textos sinestésicos a partir de um simples descascar de laranja. era como se fosse mágica. em um segundo você estava lendo o que ela escreveu e no seguinte você estava sentindo o tremer da laranja em suas mãos, com uma faca de mesa de serrinha a contornar a esfera pequena sentindo o sumo da casca entrar em seu nariz depois de expelir seu líquido no ar.

era exatamente assim, uma mulher sinestésica.

ela não sabia andar de salto alto ou sentar-se com as pernas fechadas. ela não sabia a hora de parar de te explanar para as outras pessoas ou como rir baixinho num teatro lotado. ela não sabia ser delicada com as mãos nem como não tentar agradar as pessoas mesmo que ela as odiasse.

mas ela era uma boa amiga, uma ótima ouvinte, uma companheira sensacional. ela amava a mãe mais do que tudo, tinha amor imenso pelo miau, pelas tias e pela família materna. ela colocava músicas que você nem sabia que lembrava e que te pegavam em um trecho muito específico. ela fez tânia mara voltar para a memória dos jovens adultos do abc paulista.

ela saía de casa duas da manhã só pra te fazer companhia, brigava com a mãe dela se possível só pra te socorrer e ter certeza que tudo ficaria bem.

ela tinha uma voz tão potente, capaz de pintar quaisquer quatro paredes onde ela estivesse.

ela também tinha o dom magnífico que soltar indiretas por escrito que te faziam se sentir tão mal que as duas únicas opções possíveis eram pedir desculpas ou simplesmente ignorar, porque você sabia que era o jeito dela se expressar.

ela amava quase todos os artistas, porque ela cresceu sozinha e simplesmente inventou um jogo onde você tinha que ligar uma página da wikipédia na outra sem sair da aba do chrome ou pesquisar no google pelo celular. ela conhecia muitas coisas e amava aprender, embora parecesse que quando você a ensinava sobre algo, parecia constrangida em não saber do que você estava falando.

ela era especialmente louca pelos beatles, por tame impala e mac demarco.

ela foi fã das mais variadas variedades: gael garcía bernal, diego luna, josh hutcherson, john mayer, one direction, harry styles, restart, jogos vorazes, crepúsculo, robert pattinson, star wars, edward norton, as crônicas de nárnia, guns n' roses, rbd, sandy e junior...

quase sempre homens. acho que era uma maneira dela de conseguir lidar com a rejeição e falta de respeito masculinos que sofreu desde sempre até o último dia de vida dela.

ela nunca conseguiu juntar dinheiro.

ela nunca saiu de são paulo.

ela poderia ter ganhado emmys, grammys, tonys, oscares...

mas ela não estava conseguindo escrever.

a natália foi a primeira pessoa que eu conheci que morreu de tristeza. realmente de tristeza. a tristeza matou a natália. ela já estava morta quando o corpo dela parou de funcionar. ela já não saía da cama e preocupava as pessoas.

ela pediu ajuda para todos os amigos que ela considerava irmãos, mas quase ninguém se importou o suficiente.

a natália morreu de tristeza no ano em que ela jurou que seria o melhor da vida dela.

eu amava a natália, mesmo com a energia masculina tóxica que a rondava 70% do tempo.

eu queria que ela ainda estivesse aqui e amaldiçoo o buraco de duna que a sugou tão profundamente que a fez desaparecer.

eu queria que ela estivesse aqui, que abrisse os olhos, que visse o sol e as paisagens lindas que ela costumava desenhar aos sete anos.

queria que ela estivesse aqui para dar netos para a mãe dela, que o coração fosse menos duro e menos pesado.

queria poder abraçá-la e dizer que tudo vai ficar bem.

mas não ficou.

e isso era tudo que ela precisava. apenas um abraço e um conforto, um ombro amigo dizendo que tudo ia ficar bem. uma céline dion no fundo. era isso que funcionava.

mas eu cheguei tão tarde... eu sinto muito.

eu cheguei depois dos gritos, dos empurrões, das frases como "a vida é dura pra quem é mole" "você é fraca, não parece que é filha de quem é", "eu sei que você tem um problema, não precisa ficar chamando atenção", "as pessoas que são abusadas seguem em frente, porque você não consegue fazer o mesmo?"

no dia de hoje estou tão triste, tão desapontado comigo mesmo. como posso ser tão mesquinho ao ponto de querer que alguém assim continue vivo? nesse eterno sofrimento que nem remédio nem terapia fazem efeito mais...

eu só espero que ela seja amparada do outro lado.

e espero que deus me de forças para continuar seguindo em frente.

david borges ohara.

[if-you-fan-a-fire]

“Aiding the troops. One of the many society women of Sao Paulo who have signed up as nurses while civil war rages.”

- from the Toronto Star. October 18, 1932. Page 21.

[bugleader]

[hsbchocolate]

«A Revolução não deveria terminar assim. Depois que fossem os filhos, iriam os pais. depois que eles morressem, iriam as irmãs, as noivas. Todos morreriam. Mais tarde, quando alguém passasse por aqui, neste São Paulo deserto, sem pedra sobre pedra, levantando os olhos para o céu, haveria de ler, no epitáfio das estrelas, a história de um povo que não quis ser escravo.» - Ibrahim Nobre, o tribuno da Guerra Paulista. #vidaporVidas👨🏿‍🚒⛑️🚒 #hsbc0809 #GuerraPaulista #Revoluçãode32 #Revoluçãode1932 #SãoPaulo #SP #Guerra #CivilWar #GuerraCivil #Guèrre #soldat #War #OrgulhoDeSerPaulista #prosaopaulofianteximia #saopauloestado #saopaulostate #saopaulo #Paulista #bandeirapaulista #orgulhopaulista #MMDC #soldier https://www.instagram.com/p/CfzWgaJvn2TlAQNXbSfBlH0NKPvqw1wLvBlv6Q0/?igshid=NGJjMDIxMWI=

[allthebrazilianpolitics]

Brazilian First Lady likens Lula to cancer

Brazilian First Lady Michelle Bolsonaro described former President Luiz Iácio Lula Da Silva as the country's “cancer” that needs to be beaten in the Oct. 30 runoffs.

 Incumbent President Jair Bolsonaro's wife said during an appearance before a group of evangelical followers in São Paulo that “we are here to fight against this cancer of the party of darkness so that it dissipates from our nation.”

Her statements came after President Bolsonaro had to apologize for calling Venezuelan teenagers prostitutes and denying being a pedophile. Her participation in the event organized by Paulista ultra-right-wing congresswoman Carla Zambelli was a part of her spiritual war between good and evil.“

In Michelle Bolsonaro's view, Lula ”intends to steal again and has a list to imprison his opponents.“

Continue reading.

[fernandesluciano]

𝘼 𝙂𝙐𝙀𝙍𝙍𝘼 𝘿𝙊𝙎 𝙋𝘼𝙐𝙇𝙄𝙎𝙏𝘼𝙎 𝘾𝙊𝙉𝙏𝙍𝘼 𝙂𝙀𝙏𝙐́𝙇𝙄𝙊 𝙑𝘼𝙍𝙂𝘼𝙎 #war #guerra #avpaulista #paulista #saopaulo #getuliovargas #historia #brazil #cafes Em julho de 1932, São Paulo, o estado mais rico do país, pegou em armas para destituir o presidente Getúlio Vargas acusando-o de ditador e exigindo a convocação de uma Assembleia Constituinte. O governo federal, em contrapartida, divulgou que São Paulo pretendia se separar do Brasil, isolando o levante e colocando o resto do país contra a luta dos paulistas. O conflito armado, que durou três meses, é considerado um dos mais importantes da história política brasileira ocorrido na chamada Era Vargas (1930-1945). Contou com 200 mil voluntários paulistas dos quais estima-se que 40 mil efetivamente combateram nas fileiras do Exército Constitucionalista. A mobilização da sociedade foi praticamente geral: estudantes, intelectuais, políticos, industriais, comerciantes e outros segmentos das camadas médias participaram dos combates. Mulheres de todas camadas sociais trabalharam no esforço de guerra. 𝘼𝙣𝙩𝙚𝙘𝙚𝙙𝙚𝙣𝙩𝙚𝙨 𝙙𝙖 𝙜𝙪𝙚𝙧𝙧𝙖 𝙥𝙖𝙪𝙡𝙞𝙨𝙩𝙖 O estado de São Paulo havia sido a principal base política do regime da Primeira República alternando com Minas Gerais na indicação do presidente da República na chamada “política do café com leite”. https://www.linkedin.com/feed/update/urn:li:activity:6555408664629387264 (em Vitória. Espirito Santo) https://www.instagram.com/p/Bz0LpneHDy_/?igshid=1jo7pn6i5j8l4

[ueber-den-daechern-referenzen]

Sesc 24 de Maio . Paulo Mendes de Rocha + mmbb architekten . 2017 . São Paulo

Das ehemalige Mesbla Möbelkaufhaus im historischen Zentrum São Paulos wurde von 2012 bis 2017 zugleich kernsaniert, aufgestockt und umgenutzt. Ziel der Architekten und der NPO Sesc (Servico Social do Comércio) war die Schaffung eines sicheren, öffentlichen Raums, der von allen Paulistas genutzt werden kann. Das neue Gebäude wurde mit Bedacht auf den urbanen Kontext entworfen und die 14 Stockwerke mit verschiedenen Freizeitangeboten und sozialen Einrichtungen von innen nach außen konzipiert.

Alle nachträglichen Einbauten in die Originalstruktur wurden entfernt - die neu eingezogenen Decken und die Dachaufstockung (Schwimmbad-Bereich) werden von einer komplett neuen Struktur, die aus vier zentralen Stahlbetonstützen besteht, getragen. Die Aufstockung hebt sich durch ihre weiße Lochblechverkleidung vom restlichen Gebäude ab. Zusätzlich wurde auf auf der Rückseite des Gebäudes eine Rampe gebaut, die zur Erschließung der 14 Stockwerke dient. 

Das Highlight der Dachaufstockung ist ein Rooftop-Pool - normalerweise ein Privileg der reichen Paulistas, hier jedoch für jede Bevölkerungsschicht zugänglich. Unterhalb des Pools, auf dem Dach des ursprünglichen Bestandsgebäudes, befindet sich ein offener, nicht durch die Fassade verkleideter Bereich als Zwischenraum, der als „Garten“ fungiert. Außer dem Pool bietet das Dach noch einen Platz zum Sonnen und eine Terrasse.

Quellen:

https://www.detail.de/artikel/freizeit-fuer-alle-das-neue-sesc-gebaeude-in-sao-paulo-31330/

https://www.baunetz.de/meldungen/Meldungen-Kulturzentrum_in_Sao_Paulo_von_Paulo_Mendes_da_Rocha_und_MMBB_architects_5484172.html

https://www.archdaily.com/893553/sesc-24-de-maio-paulo-mendes-da-rocha-plus-mmbb-arquitetos

https://inspiration-detail-de.eaccess.ub.tum.de/Download/document-download/id/5a4b534c2aedd

[themaninthegreenshirt]

A centenary ago, Corinthian FC of London were to many the world’s greatest side – sporting geniuses credited with popularising football around the world while championing fair play. Having first toured Brazil in 1910, they were returning in 1914 when news reached them of the outbreak of World War One.

They returned home without kicking a ball – dodging torpedo fire en route - and to fight on the battlefields of France, losing more men than any club in history.

A hundred years later, the Corinthian name lives on in two very different corners of the world: Corinthian-Casuals FC play beside the Surbiton dual-carriageway as amateurs in the semi-professional eighth tier of English football; while SC Corinthian Paulista – a club inspired by the legendary Corinthian FC visit in 1910 – are Brazil’s richest and most successful professional club.

[lukeskywaker4ever]

23rd King of Portugal (3rd of Bragança Dynasty):King Pedro II of Portugal, “The Pacific”

Reign: 12 September 1683 – 9 December 1706 Inauguration: 27 January 1668 Predecessor: Afonso VI

Pedro II (26 April 1648 inn Lisbon – 9 December 1706 in Alcântara), nicknamed "the Pacific", was the King of Portugal from 1683 until his death, previously serving as regent for his brother Afonso VI from 1668 until his own accession. He was the fifth and last child of João IV and Luisa de Guzmán.

Third son of King João IV and Queen Luisa, he was created Duke of Beja and Lord of the House of Infantado.

Following his father's death, his mother became regent for the new king Afonso VI, Pedro's elder, partially paralyzed, and mentally unstable brother. In 1662 Afonso put away his mother and assumed control of the state. In January 1668, shortly before Spanish recognition of Portugal's restoration of independence, Pedro acquired political ascendancy over his brother and was appointed regent, banishing Afonso to the Azores and, later, Sintra where he died in 1683. Pedro thereupon inherited the throne.

Pedro not only inherited his brother's throne but also wed his former spouse, Queen Marie-Françoise of Savoy (1646–1683). They had one daughter, Isabel Luísa, Princess of Beira (1669–90), who was heir presumptive.

Rule (1668–1706)

Pedro consolidated Portugal's independence with the signing of the Treaty of Lisbon in 1668, putting the Portuguese Restoration War, that began in 1640, to an end. He formed an alliance with England and had its decisive support based on marriage clauses that united Charles II of England with his sister Catherine of Bragança in 1661. Portugal ceded Tangier and Bombay as a dowry, and compromised to transfer to the English the majority of the places recovered from the Dutch, to share in half the commerce of cinnamon, to install English families with the same privileges of the Portuguese families in Goa, Cochin, Diu, Bahia, Pernambuco and Rio de Janeiro. In exchange, England would give Lisbon military support, protecting Portuguese shipments in the Mediterranean and the coasts of Lisbon and Porto.

The English alliance was decisive in the consolidation of Pedro's leadership. He centralized the monarchy's power and dissolved the excessive strength the nobility had gained after the death of João IV in 1656.

His long tenure was one of important accomplishments. In 1671 he conceded freedom of commerce to the English residing in Portugal and began the establishment of textile manufactures. Isabel Luísa was proclaimed heir presumptive to the throne at the Portuguese Cortes of 1674, Pedro promulgating a letter «on the regencies and tutorships of Kings» to better found the rights of his daughter.

In 1674 his main concern was to improve the defenses of the realm, asking for contributions from the Junta dos Três Estados to the keeping of border garrisons, its paraphernalia and indispensable works in castles and forts. The Cortes didn't attend to totality of his request, but the great apprehension was in the coastal defense. «The shipments from India and Brazil were the main object of greed», says Veríssimo Serrão, «History of Portugal», Volume V, page 213, so that «the Crown was obliged to arm a fleet of 11 boats. (...) The squadron left the Tejo on 21 July 1675, under the command of Pedro Jacques de Magalhães. (...) But the results of such a costly undertaking were none.»

There was a legal impediment to the marriage of his daughter with her cousin, the Duke of Savoy. The so-called «Law of the Cortes of Lamego» prevented the marriage of an heiress with a foreign prince. This alleged document became fundamental law of the Realm in 1640. The Cortes, called on 1 November 1679, proceeded with the derogation. By then the ambassador of Savoy, the Marquis of Ornano, had come to Lisbon to celebrate the marriage by proxy. But it would all turn ineffective to the extent that the embassy of the Duke of Cadaval, sent to Turin in May 1682, did not reach or did not finish the project, by pressures, perhaps, of Louis XIV on the dynasty of Savoy.

In 1683 King Afonso VI and Queen Maria Francisca died. In the court there was a strong «French party», headed by the Duke of Cadaval, the then Count of Vila Maior and by the Viscount of Ponte de Lima, but others favored a closer alliance with Spain. By marrying again, Pedro II chose the sister of the Queen of Spain, daughter of Philipp Wilhelm, Elector Palatine. 

The new queen, Maria Sophia of Neuburg, never influenced political life, maintaining a low profile. The couple had eight children, including the younger João who succeeded his father in 1706 as King João V of Portugal.

Pedro initially supported France and Spain in the War of Spanish Succession (1701–1714), but on 16 May 1703, Portugal and England signed the Methuen Treaty. This trade accord granted mutual commercial privileges for Portuguese wine and English textile traders and would later give England significant influence in the Portuguese economy. This was followed in December 1703 by a military alliance between Portugal, Austria and England for an invasion of Spain. Portuguese and Allied forces, under the command of the Marquis of Minas, captured Madrid in 1706, during the campaign which ended in the Allied defeat at Almansa.

Pedro obtained papal approval for the elevation of the Bahia bishopric to the category of archbishopric, and the creation of the bishoprics of Olinda and Rio de Janeiro in 1676. In 1677 was created the bishopric of Maranhão, directly subordinated to the archbishopric of Lisbon. In 1686, via decree from the Missionary Regiment, the privileges of the Jesuits in the interior of the Northern region were restricted. There was, however, resistance to the reordering process of the colonial administration, such as the Beckman revolt of 1684 that sublevated the Maranhão colonists against the monopoly of the General Company of Commerce of Grão-Pará and Maranhão and the rise of the Tapuias in the 1680s in various regions of the Northeast.

The discovery of gold in the interior of Caetés, Minas Gerais, in the end of the 17th century, began an age of economic prosperity and administrative changes, with the creation in 1693 of the Captaincy of São Paulo and Minas Gerais, and the Intendancy of Minas Gerais in 1702. It also dates from the period the destruction of the Quilombo dos Palmares, Alagoas, in 1695.

The King fixated the basis of his Brazilian policy in two main points: the research of precious metals and stones and the expansion of the borders of the colony to the banks of the Río de la Plata. He sent the Viscount of Barbacena to Brazil with instructions to encourage the mining explorations. The reputation of the Paulistas was such that, urged by Barbacena, Pedro wrote to twelve frontiersmen Piratinganos, and provided them with the "incomparable honor" of a direct interpellation, summoning them to place their employment at the royal service.

Under his reign was created the Casa da Moeda do Brasil, inaugurated on 8 March 1694. The King ceded his seigniorage rights, tribute owed to him, in favor of the better functioning of this institution, that coined the first Brazilian coins for usage within the colony. These coins of 2,000 and 4,000 réis in gold, and 640, 320, 160, 80, 40 and 20 réis in silver amplified and diversified the circulating midst in Brazil.

By the end of Pedro's reign, there were two big problems in Brazil: the dispute over the Colónia do Sacramento that, even though since 1680 recognized as Portuguese territory, was occupied by the Spanish in 1705, and the first conflicts between Paulistas and Emboabas, competing outsiders, including metropolitan people, who arrived in the region of the mines in search of gold.

Since 1703 the King went through times of deep drowsiness that doctors attributed to a «downflow of "estilicido"», i.e., severe infection of the larynx. On 5 December 1706 he was stricken with a «legitimate pleurisy», that derived a seizure, with which he lost consciousness. The bloodletting from his feet didn't yield results, and on 9 December, the attack became fatal. It is believed nowadays that the King suffered from a liver disease, because the autopsy found «a part of his liver twisted where 25 stones in the gall would be found.»

He was the last surviving child of João IV of Portugal, and is buried in Lisbon, in the Pantheon of the Braganças.

Historian Veríssimo Serrão says of The King in his «History of Portugal», Volume IV, page 233:

«A coeval historian extolled his physical qualities, skilled both in arms as in horseback bullfighting, having an agility and strength that predisposed him to the exercise of violence. It was during his time that the Palace of Salvaterra de Magos became again the favorite place of court, Pedro II settling there in the months of January and February, to devote himself to the sport of riding. (...) Master of a great memory, the monarch never refused an audience to whoever asked it, was it day or night, delighted to listen to others and to discuss the issues in the smallest details. This quality was (...) one of his biggest flaws, because he always wanted to hear the opinion of advisers, fact that led to him dilating the problems. His reign had as a great aim to rebuild the country, shaken by the wars of Restoration. Since 1693 he could dispose of the gold from Brazil that gave to this work the decisive push that Portugal needed. But the participation in the Wars of the Spanish Succession went against the national interests. (...)».

He was tall, well proportioned, with dark eyes and dark hair.

He earned the nickname “the Pacific”, because peace was made with Spain during his regency, in 1668.

By Marie Françoise of Savoy-Nemours (1646–1683; married 2 April 1668)

Infanta Isabel Luísa of Portugal (6 January 1669 - 21 October 1690) 3rd Princess of Beira

By Maria Sophia of Neuburg (6 August 1666 – 4 August 1699; married in 1687)

João, Prince of Brazil (30 August 1688 - 17 September 1688) Prince of Brazil and 12th Duke of Bragança

João V of Portugal (22 October 1689 - 31 July 1750) Prince of Brazil from 1697; succeeded Pedro as King of Portugal

Infante Francisco of Portugal (25 May 1691 - 21 July 1742) Duke of Beja

Infante António of Portugal (15 March 1695 - 20 October 1757)

Infanta Teresa Maria of Portugal (24 February 1696 - 16 February 1704)

Infante Manuel of Portugal (3 August 1697 - 3 August 1766 ) Count of Ourém.

Infanta Francisca Josefa of Portugal (30 January 1699 - 15 July 1736)

By Maria da Cruz Mascarenhas (c. 1655-?)

Luísa de Braganza (9 January 1679 - 23 December 1732) Natural daughter; Duchess of Cadaval through marriage first to Luís Ambrósio de Melo, 2nd Duke of Cadaval, and then to Jaime Álvares Pereira de Melo, 3rd Duke of Cadaval

By Anne Armande du Verger (c. 1660-?)

Miguel of Braganza (15 October 1699 - 13 January 1724) Natural son

By Francisca Clara da Silva (c. 1650-?)

José de Braganza (6 May 1703 - 3 June 1756) Natural son; Archbishop of Braga

[avozdotempo]

Em uma semana como esta, mas em 1946, eram executados 10 dos 12 condenados à morte no tribunal de Nuremberg após a segunda guerra mundial. Você já se perguntou o que houve após o fim da guerra? Para alguns líderes nazistas houveram julgamentos, para outros absolvição e muitos fugiram, mas tiveram uma vida de fuga. Houveram alguns casos de nazistas que vieram para a América do Sul, e tiveram uma vida de fuga da Mossad, como no caso de Mengele, médico responsável por experimentos abomináveis com os judeus, que veio para a Argentina e viveu no Brasil até sua morte ao ter um AVC e se afogar enquanto nadava numa praia do litoral paulista. Neste julgamento, houveram ao todo, 20 réus, dos 20, 12 foram condenados à morte, 10 tiveram sua sentença de morte executada, Hermann Goering se suicidou antes da forca e Martin Bormann foi condenado in absentia devido ter morrido durante a invasão russa à Berlim no fim da guerra na Europa. Se você curte História, assim como eu, siga meu perfil para fatos históricos toda semana. Fique à vontade para ler, compartilhar e comentar. Divulguem esse perfil para colegas que também curtem história para disseminarmos o conteúdo Histórico educativo de qualidade. Obrigado! 📷 Domínio Público Fonte: Educabras e Wikipédia #segundaguerramundial #ww2 #war #nazismo #guerra #hojenahistoria #fatoshistóricos #nuremberg #direito #conhecimento https://www.instagram.com/p/Cj27qdaONc1/?igshid=NGJjMDIxMWI=

[camila-villa]

Marco Paulista: Como ajudar os alunos a compreender melhor as aulas de história

Resumo

Os alunos do colégio Marco Paulista, estão apresentando algumas dificuldades na hora de aprender e compreender conteúdos relacionados aos estudos de História e Geografia.

Desafio

Como fazer os alunos se interessarem mais pelas aulas e aprenderem de uma maneira mais divertida de forma que facilite o aprendizado?

Processo

Para este processo, utilizamos as ferramentas de Design Thinking para encontrar uma solução que fosse adequada tanto para os professores quanto para os alunos.

Empatia: avaliar as reais necessidades dos alunos, entendendo seus desejos e motivações, para isso, foi necessário se colocar no lugar dos alunos e deixar de lado suas próprias suposições e pontos de vista. Observar onde os estudantes tinham dificuldade na hora de guardar datas e entender situações de períodos históricos quando as aulas eram muito teóricas.

Definição: como os alunos estão tendo dificuldades em entender a disciplina, que tal seria se os professores conseguissem inseri-lo no momento histórico onde as batalhas estavam ocorrendo?

Ideação: por estar no início do ano letivo, tivemos duas ideias que poderiam proporcionar diversão aos alunos, permitindo que eles se sentissem mais confortáveis ao invés de se cansarem e entediam com aulas teóricas. Uma das ideias, é fazer a utilização de um jogo de tabuleiro (War) como uma das formas para os alunos compreenderem o contexto das guerras e políticas durante as aulas em sala.Para a outra ideia, o período de carnaval pode ajudar, já que a escola pretende promover um desfile de fantasias. Neste caso, as crianças podem preparar fantasias, para serem apresentadas no desfile. Como a sala de aula é composta por 25 alunos, a ideia seria formar dois grupos: O grupo 1, composto por 12 alunos e o grupo 2, composto por 13. O tema escolhido para o trabalho é a Guerra dos 100 Anos, entre a França e a Inglaterra. Cada grupo deve pesquisar o período histórico em questão e o país que lhe foi atribuído, e a partir destes dados, elaborar fantasias que representem o período histórico da guerra.

Protótipo: Para a ideia do jogo de tabuleiro, não precisamos realizar a etapa de prototipação, uma vez que a ideia é fazer com que os alunos joguem como uma maneira de compreender como se sucedeu o período histórico estudado. Para a ideia 2, podemos fazer um ensaio em sala de aula, mesmo que os alunos ainda não estejam com suas fantasias prontas, apenas para que eles entendam como vai funcionar o desfile e podermos avaliar se existe alguma questão que precisa ser mudada.

Data de entrega final.

Dores encontradas

Muitas vezes, estes alunos acompanham as aulas, mas sentem dificuldade em guardar informações, além de acharem extremamente cansativas as aulas teóricas por longos períodos de tempo, especialmente quando caem em dias de dobradinha.

Objetivos

Nosso objetivo é ajudar os professores destas disciplinas a promover aulas mais interativas para seus alunos, assim como ajudar os alunos a encontrar uma maneira mais fácil e menos cansativa de estudar, fazendo com que eles tenham maior facilidade em compreender as aulas e guardar as informações que estão sendo passadas.

Deu certo?

Sim! Os alunos ficaram muito contentes com a proposta da criação de aulas interativas onde poderiam aprender brincando, além disso, o desfile de fantasias foi um sucesso na escola e entre os pais. Todos acharam uma temática muito interessante e uma nova maneira de apresentar o carnaval, com educação, aprendizado e cultura para as crianças.

Além disso, a cada fantasia que desfilou, os alunos contavam um pouco sobre seus trajes, a história de suas batalhas e os costumes da época, o que ajudou muito para que eles aprendessem ainda mais.

[hsbchocolate]

«A Revolução não deveria terminar assim. Depois que fossem os filhos, iriam os pais. depois que eles morressem, iriam as irmãs, as noivas. Todos morreriam. Mais tarde, quando alguém passasse por aqui, neste São Paulo deserto, sem pedra sobre pedra, levantando os olhos para o céu, haveria de ler, no epitáfio das estrelas, a história de um povo que não quis ser escravo.» - Ibrahim Nobre, o tribuno da Guerra Paulista. #vidaporVidas👨🏿‍🚒⛑️🚒 #hsbc0809 #GuerraPaulista #Revoluçãode32 #Revoluçãode1932 #SãoPaulo #SP #Guerra #CivilWar #GuerraCivil #Guèrre #soldat #War #OrgulhoDeSerPaulista #prosaopaulofianteximia #saopauloestado #saopaulostate #saopaulo #Paulista #bandeirapaulista #orgulhopaulista #MMDC #soldier https://www.instagram.com/p/CfzWbO1PXUDhQZtq-jQk9SVSVIXMowO0haLkrw0/?igshid=NGJjMDIxMWI=