#orléannais

[retrogeographie]

Orléans, le centre commercial de la place d'Arc.

[postcard-from-the-past]

Farman airplane on an aviation event in Orléans, Orléanais region of France

French vintage postcard

[rhianna]

CHAPTER IV. THE FEUDAL SYSTEM—GENERAL PRINCIPLES—INFLUENCE ON PEOPLE.

In accounting for the crusades we must consider the governmental condition of Europe at the time. Under no other system than that of feudalism would it have been possible to unify and mobilize the masses for the great adventure. Had Europe then been dominated by several great rulers, each with a nation at his control, as the case has been in subsequent times, even the popes would have been unable to combine the various forces in any enterprise that was not purely spiritual. Just to the extent in which the separate nationalities have developed their autonomy has the secular influence of the Roman see been lessened. Kings and emperors, whenever they have felt themselves strong enough to do so, have resented the leadership of Rome in matters having temporal bearings.

Nor would the mutual jealousies of the rulers themselves have allowed them to unite in any movement for the common glory, since the most urgent calls have never been sufficient to unite them even 33for the common defence, as is shown by the supineness of Catholic Europe when, in the fifteenth century, the Turks crossed the Marmora and assailed Constantinople.

But in the eleventh century there was no strong national government in Europe; kingship and imperialism existed rather in name than in such power as we are accustomed to associate with the words. At the opening of the tenth century France was parcelled out into twenty-nine petty states, each controlled by its feudal lord. Hugh Capet (987-996) succeeded in temporarily combining under his sceptre these fragments of Charlemagne’s estate; but his successors were unable to perpetuate the common dominion. In the year 1000 there were fifty-five great Frankish lords who were independent of the nominal sovereign. Indeed, some of these nobles exercised authority more weighty than that of the throne. Louis VI. (1108) first succeeded in making his lordly vassals respect his kingship, but his domain was small. “Île de France, properly so called, and a part of Orléannais, pretty nearly the five departments of the Seine, French Vexin, half the countship of Sens, and the countship of Bourges—such was the whole of it. But this limited state was as liable to agitation, and often as troublous and toilsome to govern, as the very greatest of modern states.

The age of the crusades by James M. Ludlow http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/72852

[erkhyan]

I feel the need to correct all of these to fit the original “Jean-Luc Demonym” pattern…

Jean-Luc Normand

Jean-Luc Angevin

Jean-Luc Gascon

Jean-Luc Lyonnais

Jean-Luc Orléannais

… but they all agree that Jean-Luc Parisien is the most insufferable of them.

Jean-Luc Picard implies the existence of:

Jean-Luc Normande

Jean-Luc d'Anjou

Jean-Luc Gascogne

Jean-Luc Lyon

Jean-Luc Orléans

[neozoneorg]

OAZÎS, un étonnant "vélo-couché" électrique qui fonctionne à l'énergie solaire !

Un ingénieur orléannais a mis au point un étonnant tricycle électrique doté de cellules photovoltaïques... Avec deux heures de charge, il peut parcourir 100 km ! ... Read the full article

[retrogeographie]

Vendome.

[retrogeographie]

St-Laurent-des-Eaux (Loir-et-Cher).

[retrogeographie]

Orléans, le centre national de formation des travailleuses familiales.

[postcard-from-the-past]

Madagascar Restaurant in Olivet, Orléanais region of France

French vintage postcard

[retrogeographie]

Orléans, la Source.

[postcard-from-the-past]

House of Jeanne d'Arc in Orléans, Orléanais region of France

French vintage postcard

[retrogeographie]

Nogent-le-Roi, la cité Bel-Air.

[retrogeographie]

Mainvilliers,agglomération de Chartres, la cité de Tallemont.

[retrogeographie]

Blois, la rue Denis Papin.

[postcard-from-the-past]

Street scene in Orléans, Orléanais region of France

French vintage postcard

[postcard-from-the-past]

1912 aviation event in Orléans, Orléanais region of France

French vintage postcard