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xtruss · 3 years

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‘The Hypocrite Hegemonic West’ Projects Its Own Crimes Onto China By Accusing It of ‘Genocide’ and ‘Colonialism’

— 19 July, 2021 | Sputnik

The Chinese national flag is seen in Beijing, China © Reuters

A key Western propaganda strategy is to accuse others of crimes that they’ve themselves committed. This is seen most blatantly in Western accusations that China is committing “genocide” or “colonialism” in Xinjiang.

As I Say, Not as I do

Most Western criticisms of China can be categorized under one broad umbrella: psychological projection. It is involuntary, reflexive and Pavlovian; as well as strategic, planned and deliberate. It’s a key pillar of Western propaganda, especially against China. It manifests in accusing others of that which you are guilty of.

Few propaganda campaigns meet the criteria better than the “Xinjiang genocide” narrative. Western history has no shortage of genocide and mass murder – both at home and abroad. Thus, in a natural reversal, many in the West accuse China of genocide. Such accusations are weaponized by the Western propaganda machinery – from the media to Wikipedia – and then projected onto China. Of course, there’s little evidence for any of it.

The United States of America, the vanguard of Western propaganda today, remains at the forefront of this campaign. The entire nation itself was of course founded on the genocide of indigenous peoples. Thus, in a classic example of projection, the US projects its crimes onto someone else, officially accusing China, its main rival, of genocide.

It is of course an entirely political decision – the US regime’s own lawyers disagree with the assessment.

Not to be outdone, also accusing China of “genocide” is Canada’s House of Commons. Recently, as unmarked graves of indigenous children are being discovered across the country, Canada has sought to divert attention by stepping up its “human rights” criticisms of China. It even went to the extent of delivering a joint statement on behalf of 44 countries at the UN Human Rights Council, which, with no sense of irony, mentioned reports of “forced separation of children from their parents” in China – exactly what Canada itself had done to indigenous children, word for word. Goebbels would’ve been proud.

Such flippant, reckless accusations of “genocide” by Western nations and their legislatures and media are despicable; not to mention a grave injustice to victims of actual genocides. Few diplomatic actions are more irresponsible than making a joke of perhaps the most serious accusation that can be levied on a nation state.

The ideological basis of the new Cold War is clear, and this time the Western powers look set to be on the losing side

A Project of Projection

Yet, despite the factual inaccuracy and historical revisionism, such projection nevertheless feels comfortable. Projecting your own guilt on someone else is an easy coping mechanism. It makes you feel better knowing that those “Others” are no better than you are. It helps you avoid coming to terms with your own guilt. This could help explain why so many are willing to absorb and believe it.

As an added bonus it also provides a much-needed diversion from their own crimes, not to mention aids the hybrid war against China.

An old falsehood in the West’s quiver is accusing China of colonialism. When once China was accused of imperialism and even “genocide” in Tibet, with even Hollywood celebrities speaking out, that is no longer in fashion. Today, the same narrative is being recycled for Xinjiang.

China may be building more than 100 new nuclear missile silos in its western desert... but only in response to American aggression

Industrial-Scale Lies

Colonialism is defined by economic exploitation and wealth extraction. The colonizer extracts wealth from the “colony,” either by exploiting its labor or natural resources, and ships it back to benefit the home nation. The “colony” becomes drained of capital and sees little benefit from its own natural resources and labor. Consequently, the colonizer grows richer.

Few colonial examples illustrate this better than India, the largest “colony” of the largest imperial empire in the modern world.

When British colonialists first started landing on Indian shores, the subcontinent commanded the single highest share of the world’s economy. In 1700 AD, India had 24.4% of the world’s GDP, the largest in the world. It was the global leader in manufacturing, producing 25% of the world’s industrial output. From the late 17th to the early 18th century, India accounted for 95% of British imports from Asia. The Indian economy at the time was in a proto-industrial state, and if left to its own devices, would possibly have experienced an “industrial revolution” of its own.

Instead, it was Britain that had the industrial revolution – financed by Indian capital. By the mid-18th century, the relative situation between India and Britain was largely reversed, with Britain beginning to replace India as the world’s leading economic and commercial power, leading directly to its superpower status.

Estimates cited by the Indian Minister of External Affairs S. Jaishankar, suggest the total robbery amounted to $45 trillion, around 17 times Britain’s current GDP.

India’s share of world GDP had come down from 24.4% to 3% when the British left in 1947. The same study also estimates that an unbelievable 1.8 billion people died from deprivation and famines in 190 years – between 1757 and 1947. No wonder then the British House of Commons projects Britain’s crimes onto someone else – officially accusing China of genocide by passing a non-binding motion (Britain having committed no shortage of crimes against China as well). There is little doubt that if India today was the rising power that China is, the West would’ve concocted similar accusations and projected their crimes onto India instead.

US-China confrontation may only get worse under Biden as Beijing switches into ‘war mode’ in face of western criticism & sanctions

China’s Nefarious Plot to Make People Richer

Today, the “Xinjiang genocide” narrative has been largely debunked, with even the most wicked propagandists split on whether the term is appropriate.

Accusations of colonialism are no less farcical. While colonialism is defined by economic exploitation and wealth extraction, China’s policies in Xinjiang and Tibet, while far from perfect, are the opposite. These regions have become exponentially richer than what “democratic” countries like India achieved for their border minority regions, or indeed, for their whole countries. China recently announced the elimination of extreme poverty, including in Tibet and Xinjiang.

In 2020, Tibet had the fastest economic growth among all of China’s 31 provinces and administrative regions. Per capita income has doubled in the last 10 years. Primary school enrollment is nearly universal. The unemployment rate is below 4%. Nearly all higher-education graduates have a job.

Xinjiang has a per capita income of around $7,868, higher than that of Goa ($6,698), India’s richest state by per-capita income. Meanwhile, Kashmir, a restive Muslim-majority region of India that also has a history of separatism and terrorism, languishes with a per capita income of $1,342.

Beijing has invested about 2.35 trillion yuan in Xinjiang over the past seven decades. GDP grew at an annual rate of 7.2% from 2014 to 2019. Per capita disposable income has multiplied more than 100-fold in 40 years. Primary school enrollment is 99.91%. 99.7% of residents are covered by basic medical insurance. Colonialism indeed.

China’s US visit snub is because Biden is increasingly behaving like Trump

Genociding Truth

Of course, none of this means that Chinese rule is legitimate because it has made these regions richer. Xinjiang and Tibet are as much part of China as Texas or Florida are of the US. Yet, for decades, Western propaganda has desperately tried to poison the well and portray Chinese rule as illegitimate. The US has directly funded Tibetan and Uighur separatists for decades.

Normally, one would assume that the more serious the accusation, the more overwhelming the evidence. But in this case, it’s the opposite. No wonder few outside the West are buying it. The Xinjiang narrative remains one of America’s weakest propaganda campaigns.

The Western cabal often tries to slander China at the UN by releasing statements criticizing it. China and its allies then release counter-statements in response. The two groups have been exchanging official barbs over the last three years, at numerous UN sessions. In every single such exchange, the pro-China side always gets more support than the pro-US side – every single time.

In the latest back and forth, where Canada fired the opening salvo with its joint statement last month, the result was an overwhelming backlash of anti-imperialist solidarity – a whopping 90 nations released statements supporting China and opposing any interference in its internal affairs. The international community stood with China against the US-led Western onslaught.

Expectedly, this elicited complete radio silence from Western media. It could only keep shouting over the rooftops about how “44 nations criticize China at the UN” – in story after story, with no mention of the nations supporting China. After all, propaganda by omission remains the easiest and oldest form of propaganda.

Truth is often said to be the first casualty of war. It is also the first casualty of an information war. And in the West’s campaign to accuse China of “genocide,” the only thing being murdered is the truth.

— Maitreya Bhakal is an Indian commentator who writes about China, India, the US, and global issues. Follow him on Twitter @MaitreyaBhakal

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easyfoodnetwork · 4 years

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Rajma Masala Might Be the Perfect Cupboard Comfort Dish for Our Times

Getty Images/iStockphoto

The north Indian kidney bean curry is a dish that forgives you if you do not have all the spices, and rewards you for patience and generosity

In the first few weeks of sheltering in place, I found a packet of old rajma in my pantry — that is to say, I stumbled upon a small treasure. Strictly speaking, it was an American brand, so the label on the bag read “kidney beans,” but their magic was the same.

I soaked them overnight and they bloomed into large, toothy beans already splitting at the seams. Boiling them turned their surrounding water brown and thick; I cooked them with onions, tomatoes, and whatever spices I had, and simmered it for hours, using the liquid from bean boiling to thicken the mix. In the end I had made the perfect dish of rajma masala — a rich North Indian kidney bean curry — even if it took me two extra hours of simmering, since I didn’t account for the added cook time for old beans.

Like so many of the world’s recipes that rely on hardy pantry staples, rajma masala is an ideal pandemic dish. You can turn to it when grocery runs are limited and time at home abundant. Its base recipe demands largely shelf-stable ingredients, and like the various bean chili riffs of the Americas, is a soothing comfort food for those who grew up with it. (To New York Times restaurant critic Tejal Rao, rajma masala is “her family’s store-cupboard comfort food” and the “indisputable king” of bean dishes.) Also like chili, there’s an acidic tomato base to cut through the bean’s inherent creaminess, and though it’s heavily spiced, it is a dish that forgives you if you do not have all the spices, and rewards you for patience and generosity.

“The beauty is that it is not instant gratification,” says Oxford, Mississippi-based chef Vishwesh Bhatt, who makes batches of Louisiana red beans to share with his neighbors. “Beans and rice are universal comfort foods, communal, big pot dishes— they lend themselves to sharing.”

After I posted photos of my own rajma masala efforts to Instagram, friends, both South Asian and otherwise, slid into my DMs to ask for the recipe and tips. Similarly, when food writer Priya Krishna posted a photo of her rajma chawal — rajma masala with rice — 10 people responded immediately, and more the next day, telling her that they too had been making rajma at home. Krishna, who grew up eating rajma, had cooked it with her mother while sheltering in place with her family in Dallas, but notes, “I hesitate to call what millions of people do everyday a trend.” Fair point.

It is true that what seems remarkable in the diaspora is not really so remarkable in the subcontinent. Would anyone in India really care that anecdotally, about 20 people also made rajma masala the same day that Krishna and I did? While I had finished the bulk of this essay before Alison Roman’s comments about two Asian women’s business endeavors kicked up a storm in food media, I am finishing it in the aftermath. It is true that writing about food is a fraught endeavor that skirts appropriation and neocolonialism — that often, food personalities exploit other cultures and their own. Exotification is, after all, an orientalist, capitalist ploy. And in learning more about the rajma bean, I have uncovered another complication in my notion of what is traditional desi, or Indian, cuisine, and — as an Indian immigrant to Turtle Island, another reason to honor the ancestors of this land.

Rajma masala may taste and feel like an ancient Indian dish, but its past is marked by cultural and colonial exchange, its recipe scarcely older than my grandfather. While rajma masala is a modern icon of North Indian food, the bean itself is not indigenous to the subcontinent, and neither is the dish’s base, tomato. “Ingredients that seem to many to be inextricably part of an Indian diet are not always autochthonously Indian,” writes historian Anita Mannur in her 2010 book Culinary Fictions: Food in South Asian Diasporic Culture.

The kidney bean originates in the Americas, with sources pointing to Mexico and Peru. The bean journeyed from the New World to the Old, and then onward through the spice trade routes to Asia, in what is known as the Columbian exchange, where beans and other plants and animals and peoples and information and diseases were passed between continents in the 15th and 16th centuries. “We think we’re globalizing now, but look to the 1500s,” says Mannur, who co-edited Eating Asian America: A Food Studies Reader. “The irony is that in looking for India, Columbus bizarrely transformed the Indian diet.”

The bean’s beneficial properties as a nutrient-dense dried protein source, Mannur tells me, made it a good food for long nautical journeys. Portugal’s ships, filled largely with degredados — convict exiles who often died of dysentery and typhoid along the spice route, and were promised one chest worth of expensive spices to take home if they made the journey — arrived on the western coast of India. Goa, which became Portugal’s capital in India in 1530, was a hub for much internal trade — and was how the tomato and chile pepper took root in Indian cuisine.

It is possible that the bean made it up through the cattle caravan routes to the Mughal Empire in the north — but the recipe for rajma masala doesn’t really crop up until as recently as around 130 years ago, says culinary archaeologist Kurush Dalal. Dalal thinks it’s unlikely the kidney bean was traded by the Portuguese, even if they ate it themselves, because it is not mentioned in medieval Indian texts.

“There is evidence that the French brought the rajma bean from Mexico to Pondicherry,” he tells me, calling the French the “best conduit.” The French, who colonized Pondicherry on the Eastern coast of India, had mounted the Second French Intervention in Mexico in the 1860s, spearheaded by Emperor Napoleon III. (Cinco De Mayo celebrates the day the French were defeated by the Mexicans in 1862.) There is no paper trail of how it ends up in the hills of the North — though logically, it makes sense for the hearty bean to become more popular in cooler climates, where one would burn more calories. In the wetter, hotter south, such a bean would throw off the Ayurvedic energies of vata and pitta, Dalal speculates.

Rajma masala, which made a place for itself in North Indian cuisine, is not as popular in the South. Mannur remembers being told at a restaurant in Mangalore — another erstwhile Portuguese capture — that the North Indian thali was unique because it featured rajma masala.

“Methods of preparing rajma masala are not too different from how Latin Americans made chili,” says Mannur. Like Goan vindaloo, which retained both its Portuguese name and the foreign ingredient of vinegar, rajma masala folded in local ingredients like its spices and the Asian-origin onion, but kept its base of tomatoes and chile peppers, imports from long ago.

Of course, the bean’s entree into the international plate was accompanied by pandemics brought on by Columbus and his ilk, who pillaged the global south, devastating populations and colonizing them along the way.

And this is where a cruel mirror image emerges: A few hundred years ago, millions of Indigenous people died after European contact brought with it an onslaught of new diseases, then departed with native foods, including beans. Now here we are again in the midst of another pandemic, hastened and marked by irresponsible tourism, largely impacting vulnerable populations, especially Native Americans for whom “disease has never been just disease.”

Food exchange has historically been a story of carnage, and the hegemony established continues to benefit from these massacres that unwittingly introduced foods like beans to the world.

Beans that we’re now all staring at in our pantries, wondering how to best cook. Rajma masala came together on the other side of the world — to cook the beans in their “land of origin” feels like a nod to its history. Here, then, are some tips on how best to cook these lovely, storied beans.

How to Make Rajma Masala

Step 1: Procure

Red kidney beans are available at most grocery stories, whether canned or dry. Buy some onions and tomatoes (or tomato paste) while you’re at it. Cilantro leaves will brighten your finished dish. Check your pantry for the usual suspects: chiles, garlic, ginger, cumin, cardamom, cinnamon, bay leaves. If you’re missing any ingredients, or just want to punch up the flavor, the easiest cheat is to buy garam masala — well, the actual easiest would be to buy some rajma masala powder.

Step 2: Soak

“Not all beans are created equally,” says molecular biologist and food writer Nik Sharma. Rajma is a fatty bean, while the chickpea is both fatty and carby — these properties affect how you cook a bean. And while it’s a beautiful thing that the kidney bean can sit on a shelf for a year and still be delicious, the older the bean, the longer it takes to cook. “The skin contains magnesium and calcium,” which create water barriers. It holds in itself pectin, the same tough ingredient that makes jam gel together, and the calcium makes it insoluble.

If you’re using dry beans, you’ll have to soak them. Mannur cautions that faster processes may reduce some of the nutrients. She soaks beans overnight — “My mother was right, but I’ll never tell her.”

Step 3: Boil

Not all food legends are true. For example, we’re told that we must shave off the foam buildup from boiling beans because that foam contains whatever makes you gassy. Sharma, whose book The Flavor Equation will come out this October, says that this is a common misconception. The foam does not make you gassy; improperly cooked kidney beans do, though, if the complex carbohydrate does not break down. The precipitate is removed during the canning process, he says, so you don’t get it confused with bacteria — “it’s not poisonous itself, it’s just quality assurance.”

And Sharma has a secret that he’s willing to share as a tip, and it’s baking soda. “I did an experiment,” he says. Adding baking soda to boiling water and beans cut down the cook time from 4 hours to a mere 30 minutes.

Step 4: Make the Base

“You cook the masala with tomato and onion until the fat separates,” says Sharma, and know that canned tomato is chemically different from fresh tomato, that its acids and sugars have changed in the canning process — so start with fresh tomato, and judiciously add canned slowly, tasting every time. The rest (the spices, that is) is tweakable. I like to use garlic, ginger, cumin, red chile powder, a bit of garam masala, cardamom, and cinnamon.

Step 5: Combine

Hopefully your beans are cooked, somewhere between al dente and exploded. Throw them into the onion-tomato base and add the leftover bean water. I did this gradually. It renders a much thicker base than if you were to use water. Simmer for 20 minutes, checking for consistency. It should be thick and stew-like, not dry or watery.

Step 6: Eat and share

Serve it to yourself with rice. Squeeze a bit of lemon to cut the richness, and sprinkle on some chopped cilantro for sparkle. Or better yet, take a page out of Vishwesh Bhatt’s book, and make a ton. Separate the servings into jam jars. Leave them on your neighbor’s doorsteps as a contactless embrace and a reminder of the bean, its story, and how far it traveled.

Aditi Natasha Kini writes cultural criticism, essays, and other text objects from her apartment in Ridgewood, Queens.

from Eater - All https://ift.tt/2B4rzET https://ift.tt/3fGeAZa

Getty Images/iStockphoto

The north Indian kidney bean curry is a dish that forgives you if you do not have all the spices, and rewards you for patience and generosity

Food exchange has historically been a story of carnage, and the hegemony established continues to benefit from these massacres that unwittingly introduced foods like beans to the world.

How to Make Rajma Masala

Step 1: Procure

Step 2: Soak

Step 3: Boil

Not all food legends are true. For example, we’re told that we must shave off the foam buildup from boiling beans because that foam contains whatever makes you gassy. Sharma, whose book The Flavor Equation will come out this October, says that this is a common misconception. The foam does not make you gassy; improperly cooked kidney beans do, though, if the complex carbohydrate does not break down. The precipitate is removed during the canning process, he says, so you don��t get it confused with bacteria — “it’s not poisonous itself, it’s just quality assurance.”

Step 4: Make the Base

Step 5: Combine

Step 6: Eat and share

Aditi Natasha Kini writes cultural criticism, essays, and other text objects from her apartment in Ridgewood, Queens.

from Eater - All https://ift.tt/2B4rzET via Blogger https://ift.tt/30dFDVc

#Blogger #cooking #Eater #food #recipes

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casimir0 · 7 years

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The Sidi Project - Luke Duggleby

Much study and documentation has been done into the Western movement of slaves from Africa, that began in the 16th century and forcibly brought over 10 million Africans across the perilous waters of the Atlantic Ocean. But this wasn’t the only slave route that existed, ruthlessly taking African’s from their homes to foreign lands.

The movement east across the Indian Ocean, between the first and 20th century, is believed to have involved around 4 million people. Beginning with the Arabs and the Ottomans, the trade was later continued by the Portuguese, the Dutch, the French and the British, helping to fuel their colonial expansion and even to help fight against the countries they were trying to maintain control over.

Scholars estimate that in the 19th Century alone, around 350,000 Africans were forcibly moved to the Arabian Peninsula and then onwards to Iran and the Indian Sub-Continent with the then powerful Omani rulers of Zanzibar largely facilitating and controlling the vast majority of the trade.

Not all migration was forced however, as African traders, travellers and mercenaries also sailed the same route but as free people in their small wooden dhow boats. Mastering the monsoonal winds that change direction twice a year allowed these sail-powered vessels to travel to and fro.

The abolition of slavery began in the 19th century led by the British, whose own citizens created a strong and powerful abolition movement pressuring the Government to put an end to it. With their headquarters in Mumbai, India they sent out anti-slavery ships to intercept the incoming slave-boats and stopped ships of other powers forcing them to release their slaves. As a result thousands of boats were intercepted and slaves already living on the continent were slowly released over time as deals were made between colonial powers, the Sultan’s of Oman who controlled much of the trade and their customers, the powerful and the wealthy of South Asia. Whilst some returned to Africa many stayed, forming unique communities that still exist today.

But such freedom left many stranded in a foreign land that was subject to a rigid social hierarchy, and being freed slaves and outsiders this African diaspora were considered the bottom of that hierachy. Many communities travelled in land, away from the coastal communities to remote forested locations where they were the dominant group hence safe from persecution and free to live peacefully.

As a result there are African diaspora populations across western South Asia, and indeed throughout the peripheries of the Indian Ocean, that still survive today. Known as the Sidi in India and the Sheedi in Pakistan they number around 75,000 combined.

Pakistan is considered to have the largest African diaspora with a very active population of around 50,000. India has approximately 25,000 people of African origin know locally as Sidi, with most living in the provinces of Gujarat and Karnataka in almost entirely African exclusive villages. Whilst assimilated in to Indian culture they often live separately and on the fringes of society.

There were exceptions and India has a long history of freed African slaves, working as soldiers and bodyguards of Maharajah’s, who once released rose to become powerful rulers in their own right controlling armies of thousands and creating small Kingdoms. Between the 17th and 20th century African’s controlled a 300km stretch of coastline from Mumbai to Goa.

Still today, direct descendants of two Royal families of African lineage survive. Family members of the Janjira and Sachin Royal families still live around the west coast of India, mostly in Mumbai and Gujarat. And further in land exist a regiment of African descendants who were the private army of the Nizam of Hyderabad.

One doesn’t need to look too hard in to the history of South Asia to find mentions of African’s who played an important part in the turbulent past of the sub-continent. And this is where the connection between the past and today becomes confusing. You can read books talking about the Nawab of Janjira, the most powerful African ruler in India but find almost nothing about the people brought as slaves from Africa.

Unlike the Atlantic slave trade there was virtually no documentation in a trade where the Arabs played a large part, so the question of who? from where? Even how many? is very difficult to be answered. Once they arrived in Zanzibar’s notorious slave market their identity vanished and after arriving in South Asia if they weren’t to join famous army regiments of Kings they disappeared into a life of hard undocumented labour.

The powerful African past recorded in history books play in stark contrast to the life of the vast majority of African slaves brought to the sub-continent and indeed to situation of the sidi/sheedi today. Most live on the fringes of society, often poor farmers and in remote villages, suffering from discrimination they receive little opportunity in modern day South Asia.

However, this is slowly beginning to change as more gain access to higher education, they are beginning to form their own Societies and organisations, helping the development of their own communities but it is awareness of their communities, of their people, that they crave. They are proud of their African roots and those few aspects of African culture that has survived time especially in music and dance, is celebrated.

But academia and modern media have largely ignored them, or rather never even known about them. Studies do exist and books have been written and certain media outlets have even visited their villages and celebrated this unique phenomenon of the existence of “African-villages” in India but that is where it ends and the media moves on.

The aim of my project is to bring them a real voice by creating an in-depth photographic documentary of their culture of the various communities in India and Pakistan. And it is through these photographs that their stories and culture will be told which will ultimately instigate change.

#pakistan #india #afro-south asian #african diaspora #african #z

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chenardhwaj · 4 years

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Post 22.

April 16,2020. Vasco, Goa.

What a sad day to come back to write. India is under the grip of COVID19 as cases cross more than 11000 and deaths 300. Some estimates suggest, at this rate cases will cross 20000 very soon. Frankly telling, its difficult to live in this 2nd phase lockdown. Food is not a problem. My only problem a dew days ago was the unavailability of stationary as It is not an essential items. Finally yesterday stationary shop opened. Moreover not eaten chicken also from past 2-3 weeks. Fish was available but that also only Bangda and not other types.

Want to talk little bit about Delhi riots that happened in Feb. Very sad. At the face of it it looks to be the cause of lax administration. It went on for 3-4 days. And no riot can go beyond 1day unless it is state sanctioned. Many videos also came which raises lot of questions on conduct of police. Whatever happened shouldn't have happened.

Preparations go on. Many exams are postponed due to COVID-19. I am having difficulty to take printouts as stationary shops are completely shut. Shifted to online learning instead of doing it on paper.

Prelims 2020 may be postponed. Not sure as of now. Many first happening in these times like, Railways stopped completely, all flights grounded, the world never thought it would these days in 21st century.

Economic future seems very bleak. Tough times are ahead of us. And I am not even employed.😥

Poverty, all round economic distress, unemployment and majority youth population - a perfect cocktail for social tensions. And with our colonial police controlled by feudal mindsets politicians l, the situation is bound to get aggravated.

Full sympathies for the migrants and poor families that are suffering and will suffer in near future. Heart goes out to them. Compared to them I don't have any problems in this lockdown, can call myself privileged and I am thankful to god for that.

Many case studies all over India about IAS officers doing wonderful jobs. Shahid Choudhary, DM of Srinagar is one of them. #RoleModel

Sad that even in these times the communal poison in our society is flowing unabated. Don't know where it will end. The chain reaction has started and surely it will end in disaster. Last time it subsided with partition of India. This time???

Definitely we will come out of this different than what we were before. Hopefully we will be better than before.

AK.

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edanatours-blog · 5 years

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Explore Mumbai Tourism in 1 Day with Edana-Tours!

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Flashback of Bombay to Mumbai:

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Within the 2nd half of the 17th century, those islands were leased to the British Joint-stock corporation after which absolutely passed into its possession. within the 18-19 century, the improvement of Bombay started: it becomes a naval base, administrative and port middle. In 1946, there was an uprising, which became later joined through the inhabitants of Bombay and a year later India won independence from British rule.

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The tomb and mosque of Haji Ali, built on the site of the loss of life of the Muslim saint Haji Ali Shah Bukhari inside the waters of the Arabian Sea. The tomb of the saint dates from the 15th century and is ready 600 years old

Explore Embankment Marine Drive - this region draws absolutely exclusive tourists, right here everybody will discover an area for anyone.

Gateway of India - the arch is built of basalt within the Indo-Saracen style and is adorned with elements borrowed from Muslim structure and laid by the English king George V

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Cruise to the island of Elephant - an adventure to the underground cave temples with amazingly lovely statues, the course to which lies past the navy port. This mysterious island draws vacationers from everywhere in the global. The whole complicated is a UNESCO international heritage site.

Why Choose Edana for Mumbai Tour?

Transfer from the hotel in Goa to the bus station, excursion program in Mumbai, the services of a non-public Russian guide, comfortable shipping with air conditioning and a private motive force, fee for parking and highways, front expenses (except for a journey to the island of Elephant). Excursion in Mumbai, meetings and seeing off to the bus are executed on air-conditioned Toyota Innova motors and minivans.

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juniperpublishersmicrobiology · 5 years

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Variable Region of 16s rRNA is Essential For the Identification of Group 1 Mosquito-Pathogenic Strains of Lysinibacillus

Authored by Ashwani Kumar

Abstract

A study was carried out to characterize and identify the potential mosquito-pathogenic bacilli strains isolated from the soil samples obtained from various locations in Goa, India. Six isolates were characterized morphologically, biochemically and phylogentically. Phylogenetic relationships of these strains were determined based on comparison of the 16S rRNA sequences with that of the closest Lysinibacillus species obtained from nucleotide database. Their mosquitocidal abilities were confirmed by bioassay and presence of genes responsible for pathogenicity and toxin production. Molecular characterization by partial sequencing of 16S rRNA gene has confirmed their identity as Lysinibacillus sp. Group 1.

Comparison of the 16S rRNA sequences with that of the five groups of "Bacillus sphaericus like organisms”, re-designated off lately as Lysinibacillus, revealed that a variable region of 695 bp and hypervariable region of 22 bp were highly conserved among these five groups. These isolates were found effective against Culex quinquefasciatus larvae with LC50 values ranging from 0.018 to 0.58 ppm. The PCR amplification also showed the presence of binA, binB binary genes and mtx1, mtx2, mtx3 mosquitocidal genes. Larvicidal activity against Culex quinquefasciatus appeared related with expression of binary toxins. These strains were found more potent than the commercial strain and hence could be formulated for controlling Culex species transmitters of Japanese encephalitis and filariasis.

Keywords: Biocontrol agent; Binary toxins; Hypervariable; Lysinibacillus strains; 16S rRNA gene

Abbreviations: Btx: Binary Toxins; Mtx: Mosquitocidal Toxins; HV: Hyper Variable; NJ: Neighbor Joining; NYSM: Nutrient Yeast Sporulating Medium

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Introduction

Some strains of "Bacillus sphaericus like organisms” are toxic to dipteran larvae and used operationally for control of mosquito-borne diseases. These micro-organisms are aerobic, spore-forming bacteria producing spherical or oval endospores and contain endotoxins responsible for the killing of mosquito larvae [1] The larvicidal strains contain two types of insecticidal toxins viz. binary and mosquitocidal. The binary toxins (Btx) are spore associated toxins produced during sporulation phase and form crystals in the mother cell. The crystal comprises of two toxic proteins with molecular weights of about 42 kDa (binA) and 51 kDa (binB). Both proteins are required in equal amounts for larval toxicity [2,3].

In contrast, mosquitocidal toxins (Mtx) are produced during vegetative stage. There are three Mtx toxins (Mtx1, Mtx2 and Mtx3) that have been identified in some mosquitocidal strains [4-6]. Interestingly, Mtx proteins are degraded by extracellular proteases which are produced when the cell growth reaches sporulation phase [7 ]. Highly toxic strains are known to produce both Btx and Mtx toxins, while other strains synthesize either of them [8]. Krych et al. [9] on the basis of DNA-DNA homology demonstrated that Bacillus sphaericus is a conglomerate of 5 distinct homology groups. Group I represents Bacillus sphaericus sensu stricto, while Group II consists of two subgroups, IIA & IIB. All mosquito pathogenic strains are placed in subgroup IIA. Group IIB consists of non-pathogenic Bacillus fusiformis.

Alexander & Priest [10] attempted to use phenotypic features to separate these groups. The toxic strains of Group IIA produce ribosomal RNA gene restriction patterns which are different from Group IIB and non-toxic Bacillussphaericus sensu stricto [11]. De muro & Priest [12] eveloped an oligonucleotide probe based on specific region of 16S rDNA which differentiates Group IIA from other DNA homology groups. However, Jhanz et al. [13] showed that this probe also hybridizes with non-toxic strains. RAPD and repetitive primer amplified polymorphic DNA analysis showed close relatedness among mosquito pathogenic strains belonging to homology group IIA [14,15]. Nakamura [16] redistributed Bacillus sphaericus-like organism based on 16S rRNA gene sequence into seven distinct clusters. In this schema, mosquitocidal and few non-mosquitocidal strains were clustered in Group 1 which corresponded to Krych Group IIA and closely linked to Group 2 representing Krych Group IIB named as Bacillus fusiformis.

Group 1 to 4 of Bacillus sphaericus like organisms were re-designated as new genus Lysinibacillus on the basis of the presence of lysine in the cell wall [17]. In the past, different techniques have been used for grouping and classifying mosquito pathogens. Except the pathogenicity to mosquito larvae, there are no definitive characters that can separate this from other taxa, therefore the taxonomic status of this group is still unclear.

Here, we have studied variable and hypervariable regions of 16S rRNA gene specific to the strains of Lysinibacillus which correspond to group 1 to 5 of Nakamura [16]. This study was aimed at finding whether the distinctive phenotypic characters, the presence of unique nucleotide sequences and mosquitocidal genes altogether could form basis for distinguishing this group from other spore forming Lysinibacillus.

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Materials and Methods

Source of strain

The bacterial strains were isolated from soil samples which were collected from various mosquito breeding habitats viz., stagnant ponds, paddy fields and mangrove vegetations at different location in Goa, India [18]. Stock cultures were maintained on NYSM agar slants stored at 4 °C.

Characterization of the isolates

Morphological, biochemical and physiological characteristics of the isolates were studied as per Krych et al. [9] and Alexander & Priest [10].

Amplification of 16S rRNA gene of the isolates

The genomic DNA was extracted from 24hrs old culture grown in J-Broth using the method described in Sambrook et al. [19]. Gene of 16S rRNA was amplified using the universal primers, a forward primer (S-D-Bact-0011-a-5-17: 5'-GTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG-3') and a reverse primer (S-*-Univ- 1392-b-A-15: 5'-ACGGGCGGTGTGTNC-3'). The conditions for PCR amplification were used as described by Prabhu et al. [20]. PCR products were purified using purification kit (Quiagen). Purified PCR product obtained was outsourced to Bangalore Genei for sequencing. The sequences obtained were submitted in the Gene Bank under the accession numbers FJ473362 (KSD- 1), FJ473363 (KSD-2), FJ473364 (KSD-3), FJ473365 (KSD-4), FJ473368 (KSD-8) and FJ473369 (KSD-7).

The sequences obtained were compared with those available in NCBI database using BLASTn. The sequences from phylogenetic groups described by Nakamura [16] for Bacillus sphaericus like organisms were compared. Clustal X version 2.0.7 was used to generate multiple sequence alignment between these selected sequences. Consensus sequences obtained from these multiple alignment within groups were compared with sequences available in NCBI databases. Consensus sequences for these groups were then analyzed in relation to variable and hypervariable (HV) regions to develop phylogenetic tree using neighbor joining (NJ) method. Tree was obtained with 1000 seeds and 10000 bootstraps. Final tree was rooted and drawn using MEGA4 [21].

PCR amplification of genes encoding the mosquitocidal toxins

Genomic DNA of isolates was subjected to PCR amplification to detect the presence of genes encoding toxins. Primers used for amplification of toxin genes binA, binB, mtx1, mtx2 and mtx3 are listed in Table 1. Conditions used for amplification were as described in [6,22,23].

Source of immature of test mosquito species

Culex quinquefasciatus larvae were obtained from the insectary of National Institute of Malaria Research, Field Unit, Goa, where this mosquito species is maintained at a temperature of 27±2 °C, relative humidity of 70±5% and a photoperiod: scotoperiod of 12:12 h (light: dark). From this laboratory bred mosquitoes, 3rd instars larvae were selected and used for larval bioassays to determine larvicidal activity of bacterial strains.

Preparation of Lyophilized powder for Bioassay

Isolates were grown in a 250ml conical flask containing 100ml of NYSM broth and incubated at 30 °C on a rotary shaker for 96 hrs. Spore crystals were harvested by centrifugation at 5000rpm for 10 min, cell pellet was washed twice with sterilized distilled water and the final pellet was kept for lyophilization which was carried out in Delvac Model (Lyodel) at temperature -40 °C. Vacuum was applied for 4-6 hours for complete drying. Lyophilized culture was stored at 4 °C until use.

Larval Bioassays

Stock dilutions were prepared by dissolving lyophilized powder in sterile distilled water. Dilutions were made to obtain appropriate range of dosage [24]. For each of the doses, 3 replicates of 25 healthy III instar larvae of Culex quinquefasciatus were introduced in 250ml plastic bowl containing 100ml of sterile distilled water. Concurrent control was maintained under similar conditions without the addition of spore suspension. The mortality was recorded by counting live larvae after 24 & 48 hours. LC50 were determined by Probit analysis with SPSS PASW 18.0 indicating mean and standard errors [25].

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Results and Discussion

Phenotypic characterisation of isolates

Colonies of all six mosquito pathogenic isolates were white- creamish in colour. The vegetative cells were Gram's positive, long and rod-shaped. Sporulating cells consisted of racket shaped swollen sporangia were containing round endospores associated with the crystal proteins. These isolates did not produce nitrate reductase, amylases, tyrosinase and showed the production of catalase, urease and acid from glucose. All isolates grew in broth with 2 to 7% NaCl, sensitive to erythromycin and resistant to streptomycin. These isolates cleared adenine and were unable to utilize citrate and L-isoleucine in the medium.

Earlier, mosquito-pathogenic bacterial strains were classified on the basis of limited biochemical tests as Bacillus sphaericus Krych et al. [9] demonstrated using DNA-DNA homology that Bacillus sphaericus actually a conglomerate of 5 homology groups. The mosquito-pathogenic strains belong to subgroup IIA. Non-pathogenic strains belong to subgroup IIB were identified as Bacillus fusiformis.Alexander & Priest [10] used several phenotypic tests in order to give features specific to mosquito-pathogenic strains belong to subgroup IIA. The above isolates showed all the features in agreement to the described feature of subgroup IIA. It was noted that subgroup IIA pathogens separated from the subgroup IIB non-pathogens only by the ability of the former to clear adenine from nutrient agar and sensitivity to erythromycin. An additional feature is mosquito-pathogenicity, which is based on the production of toxins. Recently, members of group I to IV of Krych et al. [9] were re-designated as members of genus Lysinibacillus due to presence of lysine in the cell wall [17].

Phylogenetic characterization

Sequences of 16S rRNA genes obtained from the isolates were used to search NCBI databases using BLASTn which showed high similarity with Lysinibacillus fusiformis and Lysinibacillus sphaericus. (Figure 1) presents phylogenetic tree based on comparison of the variable region of 16S rRNA sequences generated with that of sequences of species belonging to Lysinibacillus genus, including strains of Bacillus sphaericus like organisms earlier reported as pathogenic to mosquitoes in the GenBank database. Phylogenetic tree separates these organisms into five groups. All the six mosquito-pathogenic isolates were clustered in Group 1 in accordance with Nakamura [16] that correspond to sub-group IIA as described above.

Consensus sequences derived in this study for five groups of Lysinibacillus are shown in (Figure 2). A variable region (V) of 695 bp nucleotide position stretching from 62 to 756 bps and a hypervariable (HV) region of 22 bps at nucleotide position from 178 to 199 bps were found among all these five groups. The HV regions were conserved and specific to respective groups. Interestingly, the highly conserved HV region in Group 1 and Group 2 were different only by three nucleotides at position 197199 bps. Additionally, we found six single nucleotide differences in the variable regions of Group 1 and 2 which were used to differentiate members of these groups. These unique nucleotide differences among these two groups are at nucleotide position 85, 221, 571, 586, 665 and 720.

Group 2 and Group 3 of 16S rRNA gene alignments correspond to sub-group IIB and Group I of DNA-DNA homology and were named as Lysinibacillus fusiformis and Lysinibacillus sphaericus, respectively. Group 4 has been named as Lysinibacillus boronitolerans which corresponds to group III of DNA-DNA homology [26]. So far Group 1 containing mosquito pathogenic strains and Group 5 (DNA-DNA homology Group IV) has not been recognised as a separate species.

The phylogenetic tree shown in (Figure 1) included the consensus sequences drawn for five groups. Sequence similarities of the above mentioned variable region between these five groups are shown in (Table 2). This analysis reveals that Group 1 and Group 2 have maximum commonalities of only 98%. Our findings showed that variable region was sufficient in distinguishing the five groups as the nodes were showing very high bootstrap values (Figure 1). These findings match with the phylogenetic tree drawn using 16S rDNA sequences more than 1400 bases [16]. Although, HV regions showed the signature sequences of Group 1 and Group 2 but were incapable of separating these groups on its own during phylogenetic analysis. This region was earlier used by de Muro et al. [12] for designing probe for identifying the mosquito-pathogenic isolates.

Mosquito-pathogenicity of isolates

+, positive; -, negative; V, variable;

*Data from other study as follows: Group2, Group3, Group4 and Group5 organism's biochemical characteristics as described in Alexander& Priest [10].

All 6 isolates were tested against laboratory reared III instar larvae of Culex quinquefasciatus. These isolates were found highly toxic to Culex quinquefasciatus larvae, with LC50 values ranging from 0.05to 0.87 ppm at 24 hrs post treatment and 0.018 to 0.58 ppm at 48 hrs (Table 3). Isolate KSD-2 had lowest LC50 value of 0.05 & 0.018 ppm at 24 and 48 hrs respectively and hence was most lethal. Lethal conc. of KSD-2 was 32 folds lower as compared with commercial Bacillus sphaericus 101 (H5a5b)

PCR amplification of binary and mosquitocidal genes confirmed the presence of binA, binB, mtx1, mtx2 and mtx3 in all 6 isolates as shown in (Figure 3). Larvicidal activity was found to be primarily associated with binary toxins. This could be explained as only sporulating stage was tested for determination of larvicidal activity. Previous studies also showed that highly toxic strains are known to produce both binary and Mtx toxin proteins, while other strains synthesize either of these toxins [8]. The DNA sequences of the genes encoding these proteins are highly homologous between the strains, although they were isolated from different continents [27]. Previously, pathogenicity of Bacilli was considered important for distinguishing taxa as there were no reliable phenotypic characters [10], but now probe based on 16S rRNA and toxin genes are available to segregate mosquito-pathogenic strains morphologically similar to Bacillus sphaericus like organisms [12,28]. In the present study, the presence of both bin and mtx genes in the mosquito- pathogenic strains has been confirmed.

Proposal for species novo

Classical characterization methods for describing Bacillus sphaericus have failed to provide enough taxonomic information [29]. Krych et al. [9] were the first to identify 5 distinct DNA-DNA homology groups among the 50 strains, which include 7 strains showing pathogenicity to mosquito larvae, which were placed in the sub-Group IIA. There was about 62% DNA-DNA sequence homology, with ATm of about 7oC between the strains of subgroup IIA and IIB. It is generally argued that strains within a species show greater than 70% DNA sequence homology and thermal hybrid stability (ATm) of less than 6oC [30]. This amply suggested that sub-group IIA and IIB cannot be allocated to the same species. The creation of a separate species for the mosquito pathogens was contemplated earlier but due to lack of positive phenotypic tests, other than mosquito pathogenicity, its identification as a taxon has been delayed. Alexander &Priest [10] used several phenotypic tests and tried to develop numerical taxonomic group in order to identify features specific to mosquito-pathogenic strains belonging to subgroup IIA. Further support for distinction of sub-group IIA pathogens from non-pathogenic sub-group IIB became possible by rRNA gene pattern [11], RAPD finger print and isoenzyme analysis [31].

These studies revealed a very low similarity between the two subgroups and led to the conclusion that the pathogenic strains are an independent lineage distinct from the other round spore forming bacilli of sub-group IIB. Nakamura [16] attempted to raise the status of sub-group IIA and sub-group IIB to independent groups namely Group 1 and Group 2, respectively using 16S rRNA sequences. Now with re-designation of the genus due to presence of Lysine in cell wall the sub-group IIB is known as Lysinibacillus fusiformis.

PROBIT model: PROBIT(p) = Intercept + BX (Covariates X (dose) are transformed using the base 10.000 logarithm)

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Acknowledgement

We thank the Indian Council of Medical Research, National Institute of Malaria Research, New Delhi for institutional support. We are thankful to the field and laboratory staff of National Institute of Malaria Research (ICMR), Field Unit, Goa, India. The authors also thank Dr. Barbuddhe of ICAR, Research Complex, Goa for providing the Lyophiliser facility. This paper bears the NIMR publication screening committee approval no. 049/2016.

The present investigation clearly identified the differences of 16S rRNA sequences between various members of Lysininbacillus including Lysinibacillus fusiformis and group IIA containing mosquito pathogenic isolates. The phylogenetic tree constructed by taking only variable region was also stable at its nodes with high value of bootstrap. The distinct features specific to each of the species of Lysinibacillus are listed in (Table 4). These taxonomic signatures could be reliably utilized for the screening and identification of mosquito pathogenic strains. Due to the taxonomic value of the unique sequences observed based on variable region in the mosquito-pathogenic strains and phenotypic characters, we propose to designate mosquito- pathogenic strains as a new species Lysinibacillus kychi sp. novo that are hitherto clustered in Group IIA by Krych et al. [9] and Group 1 by Nakamura [16].

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caremobile · 5 years

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Journal, President of North Africa and Syria --Charge D Affair (St Yv Sound, Burnham Point,) Chicago, --HMSS

Dear Val

I am parsing out, more and more the story of, my tree, i can write a time line,

whether or not, its a great suitable one for the books as of yet,

I am not so sure,

Some where along the lines, it;s like this,

My great great grandparents, were from Ocampo Sorsogon, near Goa Gubat, with roots, in Illocos Norte and ancestry, maybe near Tagudum around there

and with these lines,

my grandfathers sister married a Muscat, which can trace its roots from Oman and Switzerland

where my grandfather worked for Zuillig, as well as the Central Bank, he was a Swiss Legionnaire,

let me tell you about his father,

He worked in Textiles and studied in Japan,

his last notable memory of him, was, when he took my grandfather to

see the New York Yankees at Rizal Park,

he’d died when he was 11 you see,

I think Lou Gherig and Babe Ruth, were there

My grandfather, Eli was orphaned at the age 13, not long after his father died,

his mother, Segunda passed on two years later, of..according my grandfather and mentor, “A Broken Heart” : Her heart failed her

They owned some units in a building,

she told him

“Collect the rent!, from the tenants,:

My mother, studied at Fribourg

with her sister, eventually working for SwissAir

iniitally she worked for PAL, upon making an announcement, in French, AirFrance tried to recruit her

Somwhere along the lines, Silvina Ocampo intertwined, when she came to the Philippines intermittenly to write about the Pearl of the Orient, and the wonderful, secret, places which she compared to the place near Salvador Brazil,

near there she always mentioned it, in the tapes, in her poem, her biographers did so too

We have the same line,

Us, Pitzarek, Cesares, Dosteyevski, Muscat,

My mother ‘s father, Emilio D. Bejasa was born in Buan, Sorsogon where my grandmother Cordia was born, where after law school was recruited by the US State Department

while the Philippines was still commonwealth, (and now is)

his first post after having schooled by the US State Department Foreign Service School,

was to open the Hong Kong Consulate, the first one...his last post was ambassador to India, prior to that was Brazil,

Cordia died in Jaffa srael, where my mother studied French and danced, for Golda Meir,

in service, of my past rich jewish latin and Filipino Illustrado intellectual circles, of the Hardackers, McAllisters, and Garridos, not to mention the Marquez’ Sanchez who are of North African and Palestinians Legion Writers who also inspired me to do my first

manuscript, Becoming Neruda -- changing it later to Dialekt of Humble for dedications to my mother, in context of a long long long apology

Somewhere along the line, we intermingled, with

great writers, like Pitzarek, Cesares, Doesteyevski, all of Silvina Ocampo, linea our blood, we intermarried, Pitzarek married a Doesteyevski

The Silvina line -- of Argentina to Paris, along wiht Eluard and Rene Char, Dali and Gala, and Duras, and God knows who else leading the Surrealist Communist ... Camus et al...Absurdist Movement

somewhere, I was gifted with Georgina of Iowa Writers Circle’s soul, and blood, after I was born when

I was trained, by Georgina Dubois, Iowa Writers Circle and University of Chicago -dans Ryerson

not just in a class, but we have blood, an Mississippi Dubios Lousiana Blood,

we kept furthering our learning and experienes together in the bunker, our experience, and in the cafe..we left it at the bunker...

not recently also, I met the Ocampo, Pitzarek, Doesteyevski line of my paternal side and had a wonderful time at the cafe have begun writing our narrative

What is not said, as well, I worked at the Art Institute, and met Katie Sanchez of the Kennedy, who is a cousin of my step sister Erica, whose children I take as my own since the loss of their father through a bad divorce and seperation, and from my grandfather who died, her real actual father, (His daughter --nee Ocampo) with him or her rather, I have a couple of children as .....a dutiful legionnaire...

Katie, She is a Kennedy

We worked at the Art Institute together, and I am trained by Art Institute MFA School of Writers who led me to Bevington Penguin Circle, of the greatest Shakespeare Program in the World, at University of Chicago dans Ryerson

I had a daughter, named Leaf -- Leaf Monte Ciela (I myself was the crushed leaf once, or more than once, and so was my mother)

The last time I saw her, It was the bunker, make shift cafe, where I sang an Adelle song for her,

a legionnaire song -- All I ask!

Ocassionally,

I will sing it, when I am not too somber

and

by the by I was appointed English Speaking Union’s, Executive Secretary whilst

my Writing Seminars and Studies regarding Aids issues in Thailand and studies regarding Development Trade Regimes and in Africa

There I met, my writing circle, who gave me the Poetry Foundation

I inherited, the love of Bevington let alone Shakespeare as well as your love, including Mountbatten, becoming, later worthy of your services as a legionnaire and secret service offer to you our countrymen and the Roosevelts, especially John, my personal assignment in the Bunker

, and other great mentors, like Papadapolous, head of Greece Intelligence, the greatest Geographer in the EU

and studied, Coding and GIS under Patrick McAffie who adopted me too

who is in my linea

There I met, Melissa Lofthouse Benoist, and Agnes Malec

had children, we were in the same circles, same program, my June as a Henry,

or the other the Gala to my life as an Eluard,

later one or the other a Curie will be to my Pastuer who

But, during the war, I did see them, sparingly ..and were absent from my life, passing glances

until I met, someone,

who, was like, me as a child, as I waited in vain

in Yvonne, was from the place, where my area of focus was

in Thailand, rural area working as a missionary teacher protecting youth

by the Burma border at the Golden Triangle at St Mary’s in Chiangrai

now as an officer in the military, in the navy is taking surigical nursing, but in secret, is developing her skills, as an aspiring writer

under, yours truly Val -- Val, I am LaAmant Consul --

I was, then, on my mercy mission, as a writer, here in what was then what became a penal colony

til liberation

afterwhich,

I became head of Aids Research, and French Studies at Rhodes Kings

and a member of the International Aids Foundation, and with Nobel and Fields

the Nobel Family

I did some remediation work for my school at Monmouth-Smith, as Dean Father, won the Paris Arts Exhibition

just like my father won the 1972 Philippine Photography Art Competition

I married, im 2014,

had children with my wife, when I conceived in Howe, Indiana after a weekend trip to Michiana seeing, in parituclar the Beautiful Tulip Gardens

In memory,

In memoriam, to all, we wrote our first Saga, Alia Crimea

I retired at St Yv Sound, with irony voted as North Africa’s President and Syria’s President, which parts of my scripts yield attends to....

The manual at the smithsonian, allows me some leverage,

Seen, once as a Crushed Leaf, now, as a lawyer, legionnaire doctor,

sweet man sweet sweet man, til, the ax is pulled on me with theft in mind,

I am then the most dangerous Karl!

But further to the point, I was born, with jaundice,

needing, blood from a nun, and legionnaires, to stay alive,

and legionnaire writers, and mountain men,

I was named, Justin, after a Dillaneauve, of the line --

Sir Hillary Edmund, to get me through...life,

that the milestones, that with my family tree,

for example, the first sculpture i can recall my dad made

was a Christmas Tree, and I tried to replicate...

that .......my children, from Ann (Queenie), to Yv, Liberte, Leaf, Lilly,

Hom, all those I yielded from my escapade at Howe, to Alia, and Elle

Tigre, Michelle, the children of White Cross, my children of Kings Rowe, and La Paz, my Children at Mindoro -- my memories of the songs sung, in French,

to Ivo, Ivo Malec, and, lastly, .......How can I forgot my first born, along the way, I had triplets

Justine, Tallia, Marissa et al.. All, Her majesty,

Arc -View -Jennifer, of Audobon, How Two Roads Divurge on a Wood, we chose the one least travelled, who difficult it was -- it was longer, but we lived to see this day...

The day that I became JOB, I read purpose driven life,

where My children of White Cross and Kings Row, of La Paz...

You.....will bring together, gifts under the same way

Order! build, a sculpture, not of the last liberals who gave up everything, to overthrow Kampala, including the brothers convinced me to wake up, In the Reyes, Lei, Pia, Eric Reyes, Et Al.build rather a Christmas Tree first ---

Rene Justin Dove Ocampo --(Nee Roosevelt Nobel) - HMSS (President of Syria and North Africa)

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channelguest · 4 years

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The humpback whale, which is a seasonal visitor to the Kingdom of Tonga, is a sort of baleen whale, with adults ranging from twelve to sixteen metres in length and weighing in at around 36,000 kilograms. These gentle giants have a distinct physique outline, with very long pectoral fins and an exciting ridged head. Whale watchers in Tonga will attest to the fact that humpback whales are acrobatic swimmers, getting well-recognized for breaching and hitting the surface of the water with their pectoral fins ad tail flukes. These who select to go swimming and snorkelling with humpback whales will from time to time hear the males singing, an intricate pattern which lasts from ten to twenty minutes and is repeated normally. Scientist think these haunting sounds play a function in mating rituals, although their exact goal is not yet completely understood.

The North India Taj Mahal Tours is the 1st point that comes out of our suggestion. In a land distinctly marked by one of the illustrious periods in Indian history, the Taj Mahal Tour Packages assured that your vacation will be going back to the past. But this does not that the Taj Mahal India Tours are only about history. For instance, the Taj Mahal Tours will amaze you. For a hint, go for sigh seeing in the course of the Tour of Taj Mahal.

Black Desert Online Fast Travel – These holidays are run by skilled organisations who are professional in arranging the finest activities led by hugely certified and enthusiastic instructors.

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khajjiartourpackages · 2 years

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Top Family Holiday Packages in Goa for an Ideal Family Vacation

The not unusual place belief that Goa isn't tailored for own circle of relatives vacations is best a belief. There are numerous adventures and reviews in Goa that await tourists of all interests. Whether you’re seeking to bask in nearby seafood, need to attempt adrenaline-pumping water sports, or study Goa’s colonial past, our Goa package gives you the possibility to discover this vacation spot at your very own pace. ...

#Top Family Holiday Packages in Goa for an Ideal Family Vacation

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isprava · 6 years

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Kaiyan K. Mistree - Luxury holiday homes and Villas for Sale and Rent in Goa

Interview with Kaiyan K. Mistree

Walk into the Isprava office and you’ll be met with wide smiles and probably some banter as well. The one person you’ll find with the biggest smile will be Kaiyan K. Mistree, the newest addition to our team. Kaiyan has joined us at the Head of New Business and Markets and is determined to spread Isprava’s message and story across the world. We catch up with Kaiyan to chat about his life, his role and more.

Tell us a bit about yourself, how did you end up at Isprava? I studied architecture and spent eight years practicing so I’ve always enjoyed smart design, traditional aesthetics and welcoming spaces. For the last few years, I had been observing Isprava's growth story and was inspired by their work. I remember telling my wife Shireen after a personal visit to Goa and viewing a few of the Isprava villas, that it would be great to be part of this company as it reflects all the things I enjoy. Soon after, my wife encouraged me to reach out to Dhimaan and Nibhrant who I have known since my school days, to express my interest. Over the course of several conversations and few months later, Isprava had a role for me that was new, challenging and exciting and one I couldn't refuse. The rest as they say is history.

What is your role here? My role at Isprava is Head of New Business and Markets and has now expanded into New Technology and Sustainability as well.

What is your favourite part of your role? I love that no two days are the same. A large part of my job is exploring opportunities in new landscapes which have the potential to manifest into beautiful Isprava homes for our clients. This also would involve meeting several external and internal stakeholders which results in rich conversations, knowledge sharing and adding value which is the most exhilarating feeling in the world.

Tell us a little bit about the culture at the office? Besides having a strong ethos to work together, food is a binding factor for everyone at Isprava. Meals are discussed and debated over constantly which is always exciting for a food lover like myself. In addition, for me personally coming to Isprava was sort of a homecoming which was long overdue. From the very first day I never felt out of place, I have finally found my tribe, where everyone works together as one big happy family towards a common goal.

Were you always inclined toward the luxury space? If so, how do you feel it evolving in India now? I have always been inclined towards the luxury space, having worked for many years in the luxury real estate world. India is an emerging, diverse and challenging market for the luxury space. One’s success is mainly determined by one’s ability to understand and adapt with the highly complex demands of the Indian buyer. One has to constantly evolve, innovate and tweak approaches to provide unique and bespoke services and offerings basis the melting pot of cultures, customs and history.

Are you more a beach person who loves the energy of Goa or the tranquil calm of the lush Nilgiris? My body loves the beach and the ocean but my mind loves the tranquil calm of the lush Nilgiris.

What does luxury mean to Isprava? Over the past few years we have built some of the world’s most beautiful luxurious homes. However, at Isprava that was simply not enough, we have further evolved the concept of luxury to be combined with a series of curated bespoke experiences & thoughtful services which cater to all your perceivable needs of the present and future, that form lasting memories for a lifetime.

Rapid Fire

What is the first thing you do in the morning? Stretch and check the time on my phone.

What are three things we will find on your desk? Bottle of water, Isprava notebooks and a variety of pens, pencils and markers.

Vintage or modern? Vintage Mediterranean Revival with hints of Art Deco and Art Nouveau styling.

Favourite vacation spot? Anywhere in Italy.

A celebrity you would like to have a drink with? Prince William.

If you could have a holiday home anywhere, where would it be? St. Lucia in the Caribbean.

Favourite TV character? Dwight Kurt Schrute III from The Office.

Office Address: 12, GD Ambekar Marg, Wadla Village, Wadala, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400031, India Email- [email protected], Tel: (022) 6708 0502

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easyfoodnetwork · 4 years

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Getty Images/iStockphoto The north Indian kidney bean curry is a dish that forgives you if you do not have all the spices, and rewards you for patience and generosity In the first few weeks of sheltering in place, I found a packet of old rajma in my pantry — that is to say, I stumbled upon a small treasure. Strictly speaking, it was an American brand, so the label on the bag read “kidney beans,” but their magic was the same. I soaked them overnight and they bloomed into large, toothy beans already splitting at the seams. Boiling them turned their surrounding water brown and thick; I cooked them with onions, tomatoes, and whatever spices I had, and simmered it for hours, using the liquid from bean boiling to thicken the mix. In the end I had made the perfect dish of rajma masala — a rich North Indian kidney bean curry — even if it took me two extra hours of simmering, since I didn’t account for the added cook time for old beans. Like so many of the world’s recipes that rely on hardy pantry staples, rajma masala is an ideal pandemic dish. You can turn to it when grocery runs are limited and time at home abundant. Its base recipe demands largely shelf-stable ingredients, and like the various bean chili riffs of the Americas, is a soothing comfort food for those who grew up with it. (To New York Times restaurant critic Tejal Rao, rajma masala is “her family’s store-cupboard comfort food” and the “indisputable king” of bean dishes.) Also like chili, there’s an acidic tomato base to cut through the bean’s inherent creaminess, and though it’s heavily spiced, it is a dish that forgives you if you do not have all the spices, and rewards you for patience and generosity. “The beauty is that it is not instant gratification,” says Oxford, Mississippi-based chef Vishwesh Bhatt, who makes batches of Louisiana red beans to share with his neighbors. “Beans and rice are universal comfort foods, communal, big pot dishes— they lend themselves to sharing.” After I posted photos of my own rajma masala efforts to Instagram, friends, both South Asian and otherwise, slid into my DMs to ask for the recipe and tips. Similarly, when food writer Priya Krishna posted a photo of her rajma chawal — rajma masala with rice — 10 people responded immediately, and more the next day, telling her that they too had been making rajma at home. Krishna, who grew up eating rajma, had cooked it with her mother while sheltering in place with her family in Dallas, but notes, “I hesitate to call what millions of people do everyday a trend.” Fair point. It is true that what seems remarkable in the diaspora is not really so remarkable in the subcontinent. Would anyone in India really care that anecdotally, about 20 people also made rajma masala the same day that Krishna and I did? While I had finished the bulk of this essay before Alison Roman’s comments about two Asian women’s business endeavors kicked up a storm in food media, I am finishing it in the aftermath. It is true that writing about food is a fraught endeavor that skirts appropriation and neocolonialism — that often, food personalities exploit other cultures and their own. Exotification is, after all, an orientalist, capitalist ploy. And in learning more about the rajma bean, I have uncovered another complication in my notion of what is traditional desi, or Indian, cuisine, and — as an Indian immigrant to Turtle Island, another reason to honor the ancestors of this land. Rajma masala may taste and feel like an ancient Indian dish, but its past is marked by cultural and colonial exchange, its recipe scarcely older than my grandfather. While rajma masala is a modern icon of North Indian food, the bean itself is not indigenous to the subcontinent, and neither is the dish’s base, tomato. “Ingredients that seem to many to be inextricably part of an Indian diet are not always autochthonously Indian,” writes historian Anita Mannur in her 2010 book Culinary Fictions: Food in South Asian Diasporic Culture. The kidney bean originates in the Americas, with sources pointing to Mexico and Peru. The bean journeyed from the New World to the Old, and then onward through the spice trade routes to Asia, in what is known as the Columbian exchange, where beans and other plants and animals and peoples and information and diseases were passed between continents in the 15th and 16th centuries. “We think we’re globalizing now, but look to the 1500s,” says Mannur, who co-edited Eating Asian America: A Food Studies Reader. “The irony is that in looking for India, Columbus bizarrely transformed the Indian diet.” The bean’s beneficial properties as a nutrient-dense dried protein source, Mannur tells me, made it a good food for long nautical journeys. Portugal’s ships, filled largely with degredados — convict exiles who often died of dysentery and typhoid along the spice route, and were promised one chest worth of expensive spices to take home if they made the journey — arrived on the western coast of India. Goa, which became Portugal’s capital in India in 1530, was a hub for much internal trade — and was how the tomato and chile pepper took root in Indian cuisine. It is possible that the bean made it up through the cattle caravan routes to the Mughal Empire in the north — but the recipe for rajma masala doesn’t really crop up until as recently as around 130 years ago, says culinary archaeologist Kurush Dalal. Dalal thinks it’s unlikely the kidney bean was traded by the Portuguese, even if they ate it themselves, because it is not mentioned in medieval Indian texts. “There is evidence that the French brought the rajma bean from Mexico to Pondicherry,” he tells me, calling the French the “best conduit.” The French, who colonized Pondicherry on the Eastern coast of India, had mounted the Second French Intervention in Mexico in the 1860s, spearheaded by Emperor Napoleon III. (Cinco De Mayo celebrates the day the French were defeated by the Mexicans in 1862.) There is no paper trail of how it ends up in the hills of the North — though logically, it makes sense for the hearty bean to become more popular in cooler climates, where one would burn more calories. In the wetter, hotter south, such a bean would throw off the Ayurvedic energies of vata and pitta, Dalal speculates. Rajma masala, which made a place for itself in North Indian cuisine, is not as popular in the South. Mannur remembers being told at a restaurant in Mangalore — another erstwhile Portuguese capture — that the North Indian thali was unique because it featured rajma masala. “Methods of preparing rajma masala are not too different from how Latin Americans made chili,” says Mannur. Like Goan vindaloo, which retained both its Portuguese name and the foreign ingredient of vinegar, rajma masala folded in local ingredients like its spices and the Asian-origin onion, but kept its base of tomatoes and chile peppers, imports from long ago. Of course, the bean’s entree into the international plate was accompanied by pandemics brought on by Columbus and his ilk, who pillaged the global south, devastating populations and colonizing them along the way. And this is where a cruel mirror image emerges: A few hundred years ago, millions of Indigenous people died after European contact brought with it an onslaught of new diseases, then departed with native foods, including beans. Now here we are again in the midst of another pandemic, hastened and marked by irresponsible tourism, largely impacting vulnerable populations, especially Native Americans for whom “disease has never been just disease.” Food exchange has historically been a story of carnage, and the hegemony established continues to benefit from these massacres that unwittingly introduced foods like beans to the world. Beans that we’re now all staring at in our pantries, wondering how to best cook. Rajma masala came together on the other side of the world — to cook the beans in their “land of origin” feels like a nod to its history. Here, then, are some tips on how best to cook these lovely, storied beans. How to Make Rajma Masala Step 1: Procure Red kidney beans are available at most grocery stories, whether canned or dry. Buy some onions and tomatoes (or tomato paste) while you’re at it. Cilantro leaves will brighten your finished dish. Check your pantry for the usual suspects: chiles, garlic, ginger, cumin, cardamom, cinnamon, bay leaves. If you’re missing any ingredients, or just want to punch up the flavor, the easiest cheat is to buy garam masala — well, the actual easiest would be to buy some rajma masala powder. Step 2: Soak “Not all beans are created equally,” says molecular biologist and food writer Nik Sharma. Rajma is a fatty bean, while the chickpea is both fatty and carby — these properties affect how you cook a bean. And while it’s a beautiful thing that the kidney bean can sit on a shelf for a year and still be delicious, the older the bean, the longer it takes to cook. “The skin contains magnesium and calcium,” which create water barriers. It holds in itself pectin, the same tough ingredient that makes jam gel together, and the calcium makes it insoluble. If you’re using dry beans, you’ll have to soak them. Mannur cautions that faster processes may reduce some of the nutrients. She soaks beans overnight — “My mother was right, but I’ll never tell her.” Step 3: Boil Not all food legends are true. For example, we’re told that we must shave off the foam buildup from boiling beans because that foam contains whatever makes you gassy. Sharma, whose book The Flavor Equation will come out this October, says that this is a common misconception. The foam does not make you gassy; improperly cooked kidney beans do, though, if the complex carbohydrate does not break down. The precipitate is removed during the canning process, he says, so you don’t get it confused with bacteria — “it’s not poisonous itself, it’s just quality assurance.” And Sharma has a secret that he’s willing to share as a tip, and it’s baking soda. “I did an experiment,” he says. Adding baking soda to boiling water and beans cut down the cook time from 4 hours to a mere 30 minutes. Step 4: Make the Base “You cook the masala with tomato and onion until the fat separates,” says Sharma, and know that canned tomato is chemically different from fresh tomato, that its acids and sugars have changed in the canning process — so start with fresh tomato, and judiciously add canned slowly, tasting every time. The rest (the spices, that is) is tweakable. I like to use garlic, ginger, cumin, red chile powder, a bit of garam masala, cardamom, and cinnamon. Step 5: Combine Hopefully your beans are cooked, somewhere between al dente and exploded. Throw them into the onion-tomato base and add the leftover bean water. I did this gradually. It renders a much thicker base than if you were to use water. Simmer for 20 minutes, checking for consistency. It should be thick and stew-like, not dry or watery. Step 6: Eat and share Serve it to yourself with rice. Squeeze a bit of lemon to cut the richness, and sprinkle on some chopped cilantro for sparkle. Or better yet, take a page out of Vishwesh Bhatt’s book, and make a ton. Separate the servings into jam jars. Leave them on your neighbor’s doorsteps as a contactless embrace and a reminder of the bean, its story, and how far it traveled. Aditi Natasha Kini writes cultural criticism, essays, and other text objects from her apartment in Ridgewood, Queens. from Eater - All https://ift.tt/2B4rzET

http://easyfoodnetwork.blogspot.com/2020/07/rajma-masala-might-be-perfect-cupboard.html

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wionews · 7 years

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'In the name of the Father'

Buddhism, Christianity, Islam, Jainism, Judaism, Hinduism, Zoroastrianism. That’s in order of the alphabet, not of preference, or greatness. These major world religions were either founded by prophets who trod the earth or, evolved through the mists of ancient mythology. And they contain one, common message: tolerance, even of those who choose another God. In terms of followers, the world’s biggest religions are Christianity, Islam and Hinduism. Then there are other small but equally global faiths, Judaism and Buddhism. The last, especially, is legendary for its consistency in preaching and largely practicing compassion.

Some choose a mosque. Others a temple. Some attend churches, others frequent synagogues.

Some choose a mosque. Others a temple. Some attend churches, others frequent synagogues. We inhabit the same cities, eat the produce of the same earth, work at similar jobs. We hang out at my place for Diwali, his for Christmas, hers for Id, yours for Rosh Hashanah. At least that’s what most thought till - it all began to change.

It’s Christians vs, Muslims, Muslims vs Jews, Buddhists vs Christians, Hindus vs Muslims today. It’s either my way or - the highway. You either worship my God or - I’ll force you to do so. Religious tolerance is yesterday’s news. Polarisation is the hallmark of today’s world. Be it in society or politics, in the classroom or the boardroom, religious intolerance is polarising the world today.

Christianity:

"One person believes he may eat anything, while the weak person eats only vegetables, let not the one who abstains pass judgment on the one who eats. Who are you to pass judgment on the servant of another?" That’s the Sixth Book of the New Testament - the Bible, the holy scripture for 2.2 billion people in the world ie, 31.5 per cent of the globe’s population.

But way back in the 12th century, early practitioners of the faith opened one of the worst chapters in the history of Christianity: the Inquisitions. This kind of 'portable' religious court was first held in France. It was a period marked by witch-hunt, lynching and forcible conversions.

By the end of the 14th century, hundreds of Jews were killed in Spain and later across its South American colonies.

The intention was to prosecute Catholics who were attracted by other churches. The practice soon spread to other countries like Spain and Portugal. Those colonial powers took it to the next level. They began to hold harsh, cruel inquisitions in their colonial properties in Africa, Asia and the America. Their favourite targets were those Jews and Muslims who had converted to Christianity only to find that the Catholic colonial masters hauled them again: this time, to question their commitment.

By the end of the 14th century, mistrust had turned into deep hatred. Hundreds of Jews were killed in Spain and later across its South American colonies.

Historians say the Portuguese were far worse. Their inquisition began in 1536 and soon, a cruel and tyrannical version moved to Brazil and - to Goa, their tiny colony on India’s West Coast. In Goa, the chief targets were Hindus and Muslims. First, there were conversions by force. Anyone who resisted was tortured or burnt alive.

Those who converted but practised Indian rituals soon faced harsh inquisitions because the slightest deviation raised doubts about their commitment to Christianity. This tyranny began in 1560 and continued for 252 years. Anyone in Goa could be tortured merely for possessing a Hindu religious symbol. In the late 1800s, the inquisitions also hunted down practitioners of witchcraft, cult-leaders and even bigamists. The horrors are depicted vividly in Guardians of The Dawn, a bestselling historical novel set in Portuguese Goa.

WION spoke to Richard Zimler, its author. "We’re talking about fundamentalists even way back then. That’s the danger and there is a need for all of us to oppose fundamentalism of any kind. The Portuguese would not allow anyone who had converted to Christianity to continue to practice their traditional religion," he says. "My book did very well in Portugal. There were some who said I was painting Portugal in a bad light but I am happy to expose the truth and fight against fundamentalism".

Mindless executions, forcible conversions, unmitigated cruelty and violence towards all who oppose them. These are the hallmarks of terror groups like the Islamic State (I.S.) today. Only their God has a different name, as does their holy book. Zimler agrees that today's violence is nothing but a repeat of the crusades.

The Inquisitions gradually stopped but - anti-semitism persisted. Indeed, hatred for Jews pervaded even literature and the fine arts and didn’t escape many of the world's greatest writers. Like William Shakespeare's clichéd caricature, that of the greedy moneylender, Shylock. Or Charles Dickens' conniving villain, Fagin. That xenophobia reached its pinnacle under Adolf Hitler.

The Holocaust is one of the worst genocides known in the history of mankind.

In a cold-blooded and systematic operation that included instruments of torture and factories of death that boggle the mind, 6 million innocent Jewish men, women and children were killed. The Holocaust is one of the worst genocides known in the history of mankind. And three generations of Germans continue to struggle with the question: how could their forefathers have allowed Hitler and his Nazis to carry out this unbridled manslaughter?

"Crimes against humanity should never be forgotten," said German Chancellor Angela Merkel at a sombre memorial service for the victims of the Holocaust. "We have the perpetual responsibility to transmit the knowledge of the atrocities committed in the past and to keep alive their memory."

Unsurprisingly and given that murderous past, Germany and all EU member-states have grounded their constitutions firmly in the tenets of the European Convention on Human Rights. Germany has more than adhered to its own, by taking in millions of refugees fleeing from troubled countries, even economic refugees in the guise of persecution.

But is darkness really a thing of the past in Europe? There has been a steady rise of the extreme right-wing all over the Continent again in recent years. Its graph rose upwards even and especially during a crippling recession. And when refugees on the run from the US-led war in Syria and Iraq started pouring into Europe in 2015, even Scandinavian countries with the most magnanimous asylum policies, like Sweden, began to see a rise in neo-Nazi popularity.

Today, Europe is simmering with intolerance. Xenophobia even finds representation in various provincial parliaments. There are the Swedish Democrats, there is the Alternative for Germany, there is the Front National in France, there’s the Freedom Party in Austria which is slated to form the next coalition government.

Since the September 11 attacks in New York in 2001, there have been more than 900 terror strikes in Europe.

And much like in the United States, there’s a new scapegoat here in Europe too: Muslims. When France’s right-wing leader Marine Le Pen was asked by a television interviewer whether Muslim people should be allowed to wear headscarves, she said, "No I am opposed to headscarves being worn in public places. France is not burqinis on the beach. France is Brigitte Bardot".

Since the September 11 attacks in New York in 2001, there have been more than 900 terror strikes in Europe. The fact that most were at the hands of Islamist terror groups like the Islamic State has only fanned the fires of religious intolerance.

Islam:

"For you is your religion, and for me is my religion". That’s what the Quran says, possibly the most hotly debated holy book of all in recent times. Islamist terrorism is wreaking havoc and spilling rivers of blood across the world. The criminals have several motives, to convert the entire world to Islam and reduce women to subservience.

They swear by the Quran and that’s unfortunate because by doing so, they are maligning millions of tolerant Muslims too. The Quran also makes one thing very clear, "There shall be no compulsion in the religion".

So how and when did this fanaticism begin? This unholy ‘holy war’, or ‘jehad’? Where does the Quran tell its followers to kill innocents in the name of faith? Or is everyone except Islamist terrorists, many of whom are nurtured, trained and armed by Pakistan to target India misreading the Quran?

Are millions of moderate Muslims living in La-La Land? Many scholars point to the West’s own unholy Crusades to enforce Christianity around the world. Some of the unholiest Crusades were in Islamic countries, including in the Middle East, where Islam was born.

Thirty-five years ago, the Iranian Revolution changed the fabric of Iranian society. But it also changed the geopolitics of the Middle East and redrew the map of global alliances.

Much like the cosmopolitan capitals of the west, Iran was a turnpike on the global map of the swinging sixties, mini skirts, bars, the races, balls, concert halls, fashion, theatre and emancipated women working alongside men, and dressed as they pleased. So when and how, did all that change, and was the change really all that bad? Are those elements really the criteria, as the West likes to believe of a stable and democratic society? When Iran’s Islamic Revolution brought radical changes, were the Iranians quite relieved to be rid of a tyrannical regime?

Thirty-five years ago, the Iranian Revolution changed the fabric of Iranian society. But it also changed the geopolitics of the Middle East and redrew the map of global alliances. It was a populist Shia uprising that replaced the dictatorial monarchy with an Islamic theocracy. And it was unique and surprised the world because it carried none of the usual hallmarks of a revolution: War, financial crisis, national debt or a weak army. A renowned scholar of Iranian studies, Dr Majid Tafreshi spoke to WION and explained what led to the Revolution and beyond.

"In the 40s and 50s, the then-new King Mohammed Reza Shah had good relations with the Olama (Ullema / clergy) but after the death of an Ayatollah in the early 60s, that relationship turned confrontational", says Dr Tafreshi. "Then came the new phenomenon Ayatollah Khomeini. He was a charismatic character and had dedicated followers. Gradually, he became the political and religious leader in Iran. An early confrontation of the Shah in 1963 was put down. But though most people took that as a sign that the Shah was in control, 1963 was, in reality, the beginning of the end of the Shah and monarchy in Iran."

Predictably, the inordinate interest in Iran’s affairs on part of the West. They wanted to control the Shah whose importance had grown along with that of Iran’s oil reserves. A revolution and an ouster of the Shah at that point in time was considered "highly inconvenient". Dr Tafreshi says that this is the reason why the United States government tried hard to prevent an uprising.

Afghanistan changed from a secular state into a turbulent republic, struggling to strike a compromise between conservative Islam and Western-style modernity and remains to this day, in search of its true identity.

But it met with no success. The revolution changed the face of Iran drastically. It also inspired similar uprisings across the Middle East. There is western perception about life in today’s Iran. But there is also the Iranian determination to never bow to western hegemony. To experience what life in Iran is really like, observers would do themselves a favour by avoiding media reports emanating in the West and experiencing it for themselves.

During the 7th century, Caliphate Arabs made their way onwards to Afghanistan. That country’s subsequent history has seen many constitutional changes including the establishment of the Sharia as the state religion in 1931. By 1977, Afghanistan’s constitution had twice been tweaked and made more secular to use a contested word. By then, Afghanistan was fully modelled along the lines of a modern country with a penal code and civil law.

Islamic movements in Afghanistan were born in the late fifties but had remained relatively passive. By the late seventies, they gained in popularity among sections of the population which felt alienated by Western-style democracy. By the time the Soviet Union invaded in support of a communist force in Kabul, there was a solid resurgence of the Islamic movement.

But from the birth of a unified mujahedin to push out a foreign invader to a radical Islamist Al Quaida, Taliban and now the Islamic State is a long leap of the leap for the imagination. But happen it did. Afghanistan changed from a secular state into a turbulent republic, struggling to strike a compromise between conservative Islam and Western-style modernity and remains to this day, in search of its true identity.

Hinduism:

Valmiki’s Ramayana, the epic poem on the banishment of God Rama, describes the god as one "who cared for equality to all".

‘’For those who live magnanimously, the entire world is a family.”

This is stated in the Upanishads, Hinduism’s ancient philosophical texts that are said to have been compiled between 800 and 500 BCE, ie, before the birth of Jesus Christ. The message is repeated in various ways in other Hindu religious texts, even after reformers began to question some of its practices and beliefs.

Valmiki’s Ramayana, the epic poem on the banishment of God Rama, describes the god as one "who cared for equality to all". Hinduism has been the mothership of many other new religions – Jainism, Buddhism – and has always been viewed as a way of life, a tolerant philosophy, more than as a diktat to worship a particular set of divinities. Critics of Hinduism point to its division of society into castes and the inequality that persists between those castes, even in modern India. Other scholars claim that the caste system, in ancient times, was merely an administrative division of people according to their professions. In the seventy years since India’s independence, laws have been passed, the abhorrent concept of ‘untouchability’ long stands banned. Surely a radical improvement? Not according to former police officer and Dalit rights activist, S.R. Darapuri.

"The rigours of the caste system in the past have undoubtedly been very harsh", Darapuri told WION. "There was a lot of distance between various castes and the lower caste was subjected to much discrimination. It is true caste rigors have slackened to an extent in modern India. The caste system doesn’t seem to work particularly in the urban context. In rural India, the law has not been able to overcome caste discrimination.

The caste system has the religious sanction of Hinduism. As long as Hinduism remains in its present form, the caste system will continue because there is no Hindu who has no caste.

When untouchability was abolished, the practice decreased to an extent. But it still very much exists. The caste system has the religious sanction of Hinduism. And as long as Hinduism remains in its present form, the caste system will continue because there is no Hindu who has no caste. Indeed, it is the religious duty of a Hindu to observe caste practices and obligations.

Darapuri emphatically dismisses the racial theory on the origin of caste and points to Dr Ambedkar’s book, The Untouchables. In it, the author of India’s Constitution cites the anthropological evidence that lower and higher castes belong to the same racial stock. The activist makes no bones to point that the division of labor theory about caste holds no water too. After all, he argues, if it caste originated only to distinguish professions, then surely it ought to change when an individual change his area of work. "The caste system is one of superiority and inferiority", sums up Darapuri. Though the caste system can even be discerned even among converts to other religions in India, caste wars were essentially a Hindu phenomenon. To other foreigners like Arab traders who came landed in Kerala, the relationship with the Hindus was good. Soon Arab and Persian traders began to settle in Gujarat. Ismaili Islam took root in the western Indian state.

But by the 12th century, a different kind of Islam, one more strident and eerily similar in zeal and ferocity to the Christian Crusades, began to arrive in Northern India. Sindh in today's Pakistan became a province of the Umayyad caliphate. Then came Mahmud of Ghazni, leaving a bloody trail of loot, plunder and murder along with his way.

He conquered Punjab and his marauding armies even reached Gujarat. By the end of the 12th century, the Delhi Sultanate was born. Then came the Mughals, some cruel and zealous about forcing conversion, others benign and more bent on creating an integrated society.

But those were harsh conquerors, ancient times. By the time the last Mughal was overthrown by the British Empire and before the latter could indulge one more time in its classical game of Divide and Rule that saw India and Pakistan separate, Muslims and Hindus had come together with one common goal: to shake off British rule. And succeed they did. But what happened decades later? For an old mosque to be destroyed? For riots to erupt between India’s Hindus and Muslims? Call it the debut of religion in politics, lay it at opportunism’s door.

If there is one religious teaching that focuses entirely on the principle of tolerance and non-violence, it is Buddhism.

Judaism and Buddhism: "The Torah was given to mankind in order to establish peace," reads an excerpt from Judaism's holy book. But the Jews of Israel continue to live in one of the most turbulent regions in the world. Followers of Judaism don't outnumber Christians, Muslims or Hindus. And yet, it is their controversial politics that continues to take centre-stage in the global arena today.

"One is not called noble who harms living beings", reads the Dhammapada. One of the Buddha's most renowned followers, Emperor Ashoka, carried that message forward: "The faiths of others all deserve to be honoured for one reason or another". If there is one religious teaching that focuses entirely on the principle of tolerance and non-violence, it is Buddhism.

And yet, there are militant factions even among followers of Gautama Buddha. In Sri Lanka, where radicalised monks have targeted Muslims and other minorities. In Myanmar, where the Rohingya Muslim minority has borne the wrath of similarly militant Buddhists. What happened to the world's most gentle religion? If Buddhists can be polarised, is there any hope left for the rest of the world?

This is the second article of WION's three-part series "Poles Apart". The first article was published on 17/10/17.

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vero-cartin · 7 years

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Isn't supporting bee keepers by buying honey kind of a good thing? Like its a double edged sword bc we shouldn't use animals as food and all but right now with the changing climate and GMO crops and colony collapse disorder it's killing off bees and we desperately need them, so isn't it a good thing that bee keepers are keeping bees alive?

Hi there pretty-love-ly!

We’ve been tricked into believing that honey is simply a byproduct of the essential pollination provided by farmed honeybees. Did you know though that the honeybee’s wild counterparts (such as bumblebees, carpenter and digger bees) are much better pollinators? They are also less likely than farmed honeybees to be affected by mites and Africanized bees. The issue is that these native bees can hibernate for up to 11 months out of the year and do not live in large colonies. Thus, they do not produce massive amounts of honey for a $157 million dollar a year industry.

Honey and the Different Types of Bees

Honey bees: Honey bees make a large quantity of honey (possible due to the size of colonies – that is, many worker bees collecting nectar). Honey consists of nectar combined with a ‘bee enzyme’ that goes through a process of concentration in the honeycomb before it is capped by the bees.

Bumblebees: Bumblebees, in one sense, make a form of honey, which they collect in nectar pots to be eaten by the colony, including the newly hatched worker females. However, the process of concentrating, capping, and the making of honey combs does not happen in bumblebee colonies, nor is nectar stored over winter, since only the queen survives and hibernates, whilst the rest of the colony do not.

Solitary bees: Solitary bees do not make honeycombs. They construct egg cells which they provision with a ball of nectar and pollen that will be consumed by the new larvae.

Honey bees will pollinate many plant species that are not native to their natural habitat but are often inefficient pollinators of such plants.

The crops that can be only pollinated by honey bees are:

• Guar Bean• Quince• Lemon• Lime• Karite• Tamarind

The crops that are pollinated by bees, in general, are:

• Apples• Mangos• Rambutan• Kiwi Fruit• Plums• Peaches• Nectarines• Guava• Rose Hips• Pomegranites• Pears• Black and Red Currants• Alfalfa• Okra• Strawberries• Onions• Cashews• Cactus• Prickly Pear• Apricots• Allspice• Avocados• Passion Fruit• Lima Beans• Kidney Beans• Adzuki Beans• Green Beans• Orchid Plants• Custard Apples• Cherries• Celery• Coffee• Walnut• Cotton• Lychee• Flax• Acerola – used in Vitamin C supplements• Macadamia Nuts• Sunflower Oil• Goa beans• Lemons• Buckwheat• Figs• Fennel• Limes• Quince• Carrots• Persimmons• Palm Oil• Loquat• Durian• Cucumber• Hazelnut• Cantaloupe• Tangelos• Coriander• Caraway• Chestnut• Watermelon• Star Apples• Coconut• Tangerines• Boysenberries• Starfruit• Brazil Nuts• Beets• Mustard Seed• Rapeseed• Broccoli• Cauliflower• Cabbage• Brussels Sprouts• Bok Choy (Chinese Cabbage)• Turnips• Congo Beans• Sword beans• Chili peppers, red peppers, bell peppers, green peppers• Papaya• Safflower• Sesame• Eggplant• Raspberries• Elderberries• Blackberries• Clover• Tamarind• Cocoa• Black Eyed Peas• Vanilla• Cranberries• Tomatoes• Grapes

Check this chart to see which type of bees can pollinate those crops.

While you may spread a heaping tablespoon of honey on your morning toast without thinking, creating each drop is no small feat. To make one pound of honey, a colony must visit over two million flowers, flying over 55,000 miles, at up to 15 miles per hour to do so. During a bee’s lifetime, she will only make approximately one teaspoon of honey, which is essential to the hive for times when nectar is scarce, such as during winter. At times, there may be an excess in the hive, but this amount is difficult to determine and large-scale beekeepers often remove all or most of it and replace it with a sugar or corn syrup substitute. Can you imagine someone removing all the fruit juice from your house and replacing it with fruit-flavored soda? It may still give you energy, but eventually, it will probably make you sick.BEES DIE FOR YOUR HONEY

Another thing to think about while you sit by your beeswax candle and contemplate the lives of these little fellows is that bees must consume approximately eight pounds of honey to produce each pound of wax! And the more we take from them (bee pollen, royal jelly, propolis) the harder these creatures must work and the more bees are needed, which isn’t good news for a population that is dwindling.

When you see a jar of honey, you may think of the sweet cartoon hives depicted in childhood stories such as Winnie the Pooh. But most hives are now confined to large boxes (a completely foreign shape to bees) that are jostled and shipped around the country to pollinate crops and produce honey. This is stressful and confusing to the bees’ natural navigation systems. Along the way, bees are lost and killed, and may spread diseases from one infected hive to another. The practice of bee farming often limits the bees’ diet to monoculture crops, introduces large amounts of pesticides into their systems and causes the farmed bees to crowd out the native wild pollinators that may have been otherwise present. Beekeepers (even small-scale backyard beekeepers) will also kill the queens if they feel the hive is in danger of swarming (fleeing their file cabinet shaped homes) or drones* that they deem unnecessary to honey production. * The drones’ main function is to fertilize the queen when needed.

We have got to the point where we mass exploit honeybees as pollinators to fix a problem that should be fixed from the roots and not partially.

“At certain times of the year, three or four trucks carrying beehives rumble along Highway 20 every week. Their destination: California, where the bees are required for pollination services. During my time in California researching dairy farms, I learned about an extraordinary consequence of intensive farming taken to extremes: industrialized pollination - a business that is rapidly expanding as the natural bee population collapses. In certain parts of the world, as a result of industrial farming, there are no longer enough bees to pollinate the crops. Farmers are forced to hire or rent them in”— Farmagedon. The True Cost of Cheap Meat

The Case of the Disappearing Bees

The question of what will happen if bees disappear may not be far from being answered. Over the past couple of years, stories about bees disappearing and Colony Collapse Disorder (CCD) have been popping up in the The New York Times, Star Tribune, Huffington Post, PBS, Discovery News and more. If nothing else wakes us up, perhaps the fact that the disappearance of bees has become front page news will. Scientists are rushing to discover what’s causing this problem before it’s too late and before we lose the important environmental link created by bees.

Thus far, there are three main theories/contributing factors:

Pesticides

Pennsylvania State University published a study in 2010 that found “unprecedented levels” of pesticides in honeybees and hives in the United States. (If it’s in the bees and hives, what do you think is in your honey?) Some of these chemicals are killing bees, and guess what? The EPA knows about it.

“The EPA identifies two specific neonicotinoids, imidacloprid and clothianidin, as highly toxic to bees. Both chemicals cause symptoms in bees such as memory loss, navigation disruption, paralysis, and death.

Both chemicals have been linked to dramatic honeybee deaths and subsequent suspensions of their use in France and Germany. Several European countries have already suspended them. Last year Slovenia and Italy also suspended their use for what they consider a significant risk to honeybee populations.”

– Mother Earth News

This is old news; this story came out in 2009. But has anything changed here? Not as far as I can tell.

Mites and Viruses

With weakened immune systems (stress, inferior food sources, pesticides etc.) bees have become more susceptible to viruses, fungal infections, and mites. Many of these invasive bugs are spread as hives are moved around the country or transferred from country to country.

While there are a number of treatments on the market for the mites, viruses, fungus and other pests that are attacking our colonies, none have solved the problem completely. These treatments can also introduce antibiotics, pesticides and other chemicals into the hives in an attempt to prevent or heal the infection. If these chemicals (often on strips) are not removed from the hive after they lose potency, they can, in fact, help the viruses or mites become resistant to treatment in the future.

Cell phones

This is one of the newest theories on CCD and may need further testing.

“According to a Swiss researcher who recently published a paper on the subject, the electromagnetic waves from mobile phones have a significant impact on the behavior of honeybees and could potentially be harming honeybees around the world.”

“To test the relationship between honeybees and buzzing cell phones, he placed phones inside bee hives and then monitored the bees’ reaction. He found that in the presence of actively communicating cellphones (those not in standby mode), bees produced the sounds known as “worker piping,” which tends to indicate disturbance in a bee colony.”

– ABC News

Cell phones, pesticides and viruses aside, commercial bee farming – whether organic (where bee deaths are fewer, but still occur) or conventional – does not provide bees with the opportunity to live out their normal life cycle. No matter how small the animal, farming is farming. Whether you choose to buy backyard honey or a large brand, eating honey and using other bee products encourages using bees for profit.

If you truly want to save bees as a whole and not only honey bees because is much more convenient.. then support bee sanctuaries, boycott the agribusiness and its use of chemicals everywhere. Here I leave some ideas and ways to help bees.

Sanctuaries

Spikenard Farm Honeybee Sanctuary | • Virginia, USA •

New York Bee Sanctuary | • New York, USA •

Native Bee Sanctuary | • Australia •

Artemis Smiles - Honey Bee Sanctuary | • Hawaii, USA •

Urban Evergreen Bee Sanctuary | • Washington, USA •

The Honeybee Helpers | • North West, Ireland •

Bee Sanctuary - The Bee School | • North Carolina, USA •

Bellingen Bee Sanctuary | • Australia •

Morgan Freeman Converted His 124 Acre Ranch Into A Bee Sanctuary To Help Save The Bees

Plant your garden with bee-friendly plants

In areas of the country where there are few agricultural crops, honeybees rely upon garden flowers to ensure they have a diverse diet and to provide nectar and pollen. Encourage honeybees to visit your garden by planting single flowering plants and vegetables. Go for all the allium family, all the mints, all beans except French beans and flowering herbs. Bees like daisy-shaped flowers - asters and sunflowers, also tall plants like hollyhocks, larkspur and foxgloves. Bees need a lot of pollen and trees are a good source of food. Willows and lime trees are exceptionally good.

Encourage local authorities to use bee-friendly plants in public spaces

Some of the country’s best gardens and open spaces are managed by local authorities. Recently these authorities have recognised the value of planning gardens, roundabouts and other areas with flowers that attract bees. Encourage your authority to improve the area you live in by adventurous planting schemes. These can often be maintained by local residents if the authority feels they do not have sufficient resources.

Weeds can be a good thing

Contrary to popular belief, a lawn full of clover and dandelions is not just a good thing—it’s a great thing! A haven for honeybees (and other native pollinators too). Don’t be so nervous about letting your lawn live a little. Wildflowers, many of which we might classify as weeds, are some of the most important food sources for native North American bees. If some of these are “weeds” you chose to get rid of (say you want to pull out that blackberry bush that’s taking over), let it bloom first for the bees and then before it goes to seed, pull it out or trim it back!

Don’t use chemicals or pesticides to treat your lawn or garden

Yes, they make your lawn look pristine and pretty, but they’re actually doing the opposite to the life in your biosphere. The chemicals and pest treatments you put on your lawn and garden can cause damage to the honeybees systems. These treatments are especially damaging if applied while the flowers are in bloom as they will get into the pollen and nectar and be taken back to the bee hive where they also get into the honey—which in turn means they can get into us. Pesticides, specifically neo-nicotinoid varieties have been one of the major culprits in Colony Collapse Disorder.

Bees are thirsty. Put a small basin of fresh water outside your home

You may not have known this one—but it’s easy and it’s true! If you have a lot of bees starting to come to your new garden of native plants, wildflowers, and flowering herbs, put a little water basin out (a bird bath with some stones in it for them to crawl on does a nice trick). They will appreciate it!

Let dandelions and clover grow in your yard.

Dandelions and clover are two of the bees’ favorite foods – they provide tons of nourishment and pollen for our pollinators to make honey and to feed their young (look at this bee frolicking in a dandelion below – like a pig in shit!) And these flowers could not be any easier to grow – all you have to do is not do anything.

I highly recommend also taking a look at this article too as honey is tested on animals, yes, as it says and the article explains honey is tested on dogs, cats, goats, rabbits, mice, rats…

As you can see, there is much more than saying “let’s help the bees by eating honey, vegans are dumb, they need to eat honey because what they eat relies on it”... We can save the bees without taking away the honey they produce, that’s a fact.

Honey is meant as a health food; a healthy food for bees. The more we interfere with their natural processes, both by relying on farmed bees as pollinators (rather than other native wild bees, insects or animals) and to feed our desires for “sweets,” the close we’re coming to agricultural disaster.

Sources

1. Danforth BN, Sipes S, Fang J, Brady SG (October 2006). “The history of early bee diversification based on five genes plus morphology”. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 103 (41): 15118–23.2. Pollinators’ impact on crop production Research study in Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences of 25 October 2006.3. Pollination and Bee Plants, Excerpted from Beekeeper’s Handbook, Sammataro/Avitabile ©1998.4. Bryony, Bonning (11 November 2009). “Honey Bee Disease Overview” (PDF). Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 103: s2-s4. doi:10.1016/j.jip.2009.07.015. Retrieved 21 October 2014.5. “Bumblebee Specialist Group: 2011 Update” (PDF). IUCN. Retrieved7 October 2012.6. Yang, Sarah (25 October 2006). “Pollinators help one-third of world’s crop production, says new study”. UC Berkeley. Retrieved 29 June 2015.

#vegan #vegans #honey #pollinators #miel #pretty-love-ly #asks

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