#opengi

[geone-ws]

FOSS4G2023: The worlds largest global conference on open-source geospatial technology is coming to Prizren Kosovo

FOSS4G Press Release FOSS4G 2023: The world's largest global conference on open-source geospatial technology is coming to Prizren, Kosovo. From June 26th to July 2nd, 2023, Prizren will be the epicenter of geospatial technology worldwide. FOSS4G 2023 is expected to bring together over 1000 participants from around the globe, providing a unique opportunity to exchange experiences, knowledge, and collaboration in the field of geospatial technology. The conference will feature a rich program with over 40 workshops, 200 presentations and panels, 11 side events, and exhibitions from various organizations and companies contributing to the development of geospatial technology. Over 50 global and local businesses have supported the conference so far, including global companies like Re:Earth, GEOCAT, META, Geo Solutions, GISKOS, QGIS.JP, OPENGIS, SparkGEO, OpenGeoGroep, OSGeo.JP. For more information about our partners and sponsors visit https://2023.foss4g.org/sponsors/. FOSS4G brings together developers, users, decision-makers, and observers from a wide range of organizations and operating fields. Through seven days of workshops, presentations, discussions, and collaboration, FOSS4G participants create effective and relevant geospatial products, standards, and protocols. FOSS4G 2023 is the annual event organized by the Open Source Geospatial Foundation (OSGeo) since 2006 and is one of the largest global gatherings for geospatial software of the year. FOSS4G 2023 will be organized by FLOSSK, a Kosovo-based NGO promoting open-source software since 2009. For more information about FOSS4G 2023, visit the official website https://2023.foss4g.org/ or follow the official Twitter account @foss4g2023.

[writing--references]

Map of documented migrant deaths in southern Arizona, courtesy of Humane Borders.

[lmbauthor]

TRYING to work, but Mable Moo has other ideas... 🤦🏻 #saturdaymorning #workingfromhome #insurance #opengi #privateclients #mablemoo #dumpling #furbaby #puppydog #mongrel #mysterypup #dogs #puppies #dontmindmemom #notevenhere (at Hoddesdon)

[lotterynahas]

Free minecraft server maps

#Free minecraft server maps how to#

#Free minecraft server maps download#

No, you can only play EarthMC with a genuine Minecraft account. Can I play the server with a "cracked" account? Sorry, the map is not available for download. What is the EarthMC discord link?Ĭlick here to the discord server: discord.gg/TFVYpWQ What is EarthMC Classic?ĮarthMC Classic is the old server no longer in use. On the server, players must navigate and traverse through a 3000x3000 block gargantuan. The native server version is 1.16 but both newer and older Minecraft clients can join. The Labyrinth of Sordrin is the perfect adventure map server for any curious and inquisitive Minecrafters. You are not able to teleport directly to a player. Use commands /t spawn townname or /n spawn nationname. You will be then be able to teleport to your own town, nation and other allied nation capitals. Sorry, EarthMC does only support Minecraft Java edition.

#Free minecraft server maps how to#

There are many tutorials online that will teach you how to set up and manage this tools problematic aspects. A Minecraft Server List can refer to one of two things Either a website where players can find high quality servers for Minecraft, or the multiplayer menu inside the Minecraft game client, where a list of known servers is saved for later use. The utility is only compatible with Minecraft: Java Edition and won’t work for Minecraft: Bedrock Edition.

#Free minecraft server maps download#

Can I join EarthMC with Minecraft PE or Bedrock? The Minecraft Server download is a free tool for MC players that lets you host a server through your computer. Try XGamingServer’s dedicated Minecraft server hosting to explore blocky terrain, extract raw materials, craft items, tools, and build structures. The fastest way to make gold is to create a shop and start selling items players want to buy. They offer a two-day free trial, followed by 12 per month for a 2GB Minecraft server. Voting will give you a random reward of gold, up to 128. You can vote twice per day with the command /vote. Claim has to be adjacent to another claim. Stand in the chunk you want to claim and run command /t claim. KIDS (Key Indicator Database Systems) KIDS (Key Indicator Database Systems) is an opensource, thematic mapping and. It supports CGI, Fast CGI and stand-alone map generation modes, and comes with samples of GIS data and setup files. Multiplayer maps start in under 20 seconds, youll get an IP address and a control panel. Make sure the town has enough gold in its bank, deposit with command /t deposit. The free Community Edition of the GLG Map Server is a fully functional and OpenGIS-compliant web-based map server. Play On-demand Minecraft Hosting Server Trials, first choose a Minecraft Map or Minigame to play, then click 'Start Map Now'. How do I claim land?Īsk for permission to do so by your mayor. The town needs residents, invite your friends! How do I join a town?Īsk a mayor in chat to invite you, new residents are always wanted! Once invited, run command /accept. Once you have 64 gold ingots you can create a town with /t new townnamehere. Most people recommend finding a good place to build a base. Visit the discord server at discord.gg/TFVYpWQ.įrequently Asked Questions What should I do after joining?.

[easinalif]

Applications of SVG in industry

Mobile

In 2001 the cell phone industry picked SVG as the reason for its design stage. Many driving organizations joined the SVG exertion to deliver the SVG Tiny and SVG Basic profiles, all in all, called SVG Mobile and targetted asset restricted gadgets like versatile handsets and PDAs. 

The SVG Mobile determination was embraced by 3GPP as the design of the necessary design for cutting edge telephones and interactive media informing (MMS). As of now, SVG-empowered handsets are transporting around the world. 

SVG Mobile is principally utilized for informing in applications like hello cards, outlines, and liveliness. For additional subtleties allude to the SVG Mobile detail, written by a subgroup of the SVG Working Group including Nokia, Ericsson, and Motorola. Read this article about What is a vector image, why, and how can you use it?

Print 

The blend of rich graphical highlights, extensive content help, and goal freedom in SVG produce a configuration fit for printing. Driving print equipment organizations are at present building up the SVG Print detail: an adaptation of SVG explicitly fit printed copy yield. 

Use instances of SVG incorporate an XML-based page portrayal language like Postscript and PDF, a last structure filing configuration, and variable information printing, where the data is given by a data set and yield utilizing a graphical SVG layout. SVG gives indistinguishable on the web and printed version shows. 

Being founded on XML, SVG Print fits flawlessly into existing XML work processes. That is associations that have an information preparing pipeline that upholds XML can embed SVG Print capacities effectively into their distributing work process, empowering dynamic archive age. SVG Print likewise incorporates with a basic expected set of responsibilities organizations like PODi's PPML and CIP4's JDF. 

More subtleties allude to the SVG Print Specification, wrote by a subgroup of the SVG WG including Canon, HP, Adobe, and Corel. Know more about What is a vector image, why, and how can you use it?

Web Applications 

Online applications are expanding in notoriety. Designers are frequently restricted by program inconsistencies and missing usefulness. With incredible scripting and occasion support, SVG can be utilized as a stage whereupon to construct graphically rich applications and UIs. 

With SVG, the application designer will utilize an assortment of open guidelines. They are not attached to one specific execution, seller, or creating apparatus. 

Design and Interchange

SVG is appropriate to the very good quality graphical plan market regular in the Aerospace, Transportation, Automotive, and Telecommunication enterprises. The extensibility of XML permits SVG charts to have inserted metadata in restrictive organizations without influencing the introduction. 

For instance, a CAD program could fare to SVG for online presentation, however, install information inside the document that encourages future altering or roundtripping. 

Additionally, since many plan instruments support the import and fare of SVG, it very well may be utilized as an exchange design between applications. Read this article about What is a vector image, why, and how can you use it?

GIS and Mapping 

Geographic Information Systems have unmistakable necessities: rich design highlights, support for vector and raster content, and the capacity to deal with a lot of information. SVG is appropriate to this market and numerous GIS frameworks give SVG send out. 

Like the plan case referenced over, the capacity to broaden SVG and insert metadata is helpful to the planning local area. For instance, graphical components can be recognized as their local articles (like a lake), permitting applications to associate with the items graphically. 

SVG is an ideal supplement to the OpenGIS consortium's GML design. GML, likewise XML-based, depicts topographical components like streams and streets. It tends to be changed over into SVG utilizing an XML pipeline for the online showcase. 

Embedded Systems

Most inserted frameworks have extreme asset constraints, including more modest screens, restricted memory, and decreased handling ability contrasted with a run-of-the-millwork area framework. The SVG Mobile detail was intended for such gadgets and considers the improvement of graphical UIs for implanted frameworks. In its help for input occasions and scripting, gadgets can utilize an SVG frontend for control and observing, for example, a control framework for mechanical gadgets. Read this article about What is a vector image, why, and how can you use it?

Technical Details

SVG is a language for portraying two-dimensional designs in XML. SVG considers three kinds of realistic articles: vector realistic shapes (e.g., ways comprising of straight lines and bends), pictures, and text. Graphical items can be gathered, styled, changed, and composited into recently delivered objects. Text can be in any XML namespace reasonable to the application, which improves the accessibility and availability of the SVG designs. The list of capabilities incorporates settled changes, cutting ways, alpha veils, channel impacts, layout articles, and extensibility. 

SVG drawings can be dynamic and intelligent. The Document Object Model (DOM) for SVG, which incorporates the full XML DOM, considers clear and effective vector design movement through scripting. A rich arrangement of occasion controllers, for example, onmouseover and onclick can be relegated to any SVG graphical item. Due to its similarity and utilizing of other Web guidelines, highlights like scripting should be possible on SVG components and other XML components from various namespaces all the while inside a similar Web page. 

W3CSVG Home Page • Specifications: SVG 1.2 (draft) • SVG 1.1 • SVG Mobile • SVG Print • Requirements • Reference: Test Suite • SVG Implementations • Admin: Roadmap • Charter

Know more about What is a vector image, why, and how can you use it?

[girlwomb]

GIS Experts?

We provide GIS students with professional GIS assignment help and ArcGIS homework assignment assistance at affordable prices. Just present the topic and the pros will be on their way to adding a part of vigour to your GIS assignment, ArcGIS, OpenGIS, or remote sensing, overlay e.t.c Get Online Geomatics Assignment Help

[ungdungmoi]

[Thực hành phần mềm QGIS #0] – hướng dẫn tổng quan về qgis

Phần mềm QGIS (tên trước đây là Quantum GIS) là phần mềm hệ thống thông tin địa lý (GIS) miễn phí mã nguồn mở cung cấp khả năng xem, xử lý và phân tích các dữ liệu. Có thể thay thế các phần mềm GIS khác như MapInfo, ArcGIS,…

Hướng dẫn tải và cài đặt phần mềm QGIS

Một số hướng dẫn tổng quan về phần mềm Qgis cũng như các giới thiệu về bộ công cụ trong phần mềm QGIS.

1. Các thanh công cụ chính

Việc thiết lập các thực đơn, công cụ chính có thể làm bằng cách: Từ thực đơn chính, chọn Xem>Các Panel (hoặc Các thanh công cụ)

File (Tập tin): thanh công cụ về quản lý tập tin, cho phép mở, lưu các dự án, và nút lệnh in (Print) để trình bày bản đồ.

Edit (Chỉnh sửa): Cho phép chỉnh sủa các dữ liệu

View (Xem): cho phép các thu phóng, cho phép di chuyển xem bản đồ, đo khoảng cách trên bản đồ, truy vấn các tính chất trong bảng thuộc tính của các đối tượng trên bản đồ, đánh dấu các vị trí địa lý mà bạn quan tâm trên một bản đồ, đặt tên cho các đánh dấu đó và có thể quay lại vùng bản đồ bạn đã đánh dấu bằng cách chọn tên của chúng, thiết lập về của sổ màn hình và các biểu tượng.

Layer (lớp): cho phép thêm, bớt, trình bày màu sắc, hình ảnh các lớp bản đồ từ các dữ liệu dạng File khác nhau của các phần mềm GIS như MapInfo, Arcview v.v; QGIS đọc hiểu được hầu hết các format này thông qua thư viện OGR. QGIS cũng cho đọc các dữ liệu từ CSDL PostGIS hoặc WMS file.

Setting (Thiết lập): cho phép cài đặt các thông số hệ thống của phần mềm Plugin (Phần mở rộng): chứa các nút lệnh tương ứng với các chức năng mở rộng của QGIS mà bạn đã khởi động (xem chi tiết phần plugin phía sau).

GRASS (Vector): nếu khi cài đặt có cài đặt QGIS hỗ trợ cho GRASS và đã khởi động plugin hỗ trợ GRASS, bạn có thể mở thanh công cụ gồm các nút lệnh liên quan đến những dữ liệu của GRASS.

2. Các plugin chính

Khi cài đặt QGIS, các plugin (phần mở rộng) của QGIS c�� sẵn gồm:

 Add WFS layer: mở các dữ liệu dạng WFS từ CSDL đang kết nối mạng (CSDL WebGIS)

 Coordinate capture: Cho phép đánh dấu vị trí và lưu trạng thái đang làm việc, khi đánh dấu vị trí ta phải vào “New bookmark” để lưu tên trạng thái này. Khi nào muốn quay lại vị trí đó thì ta vào “Show bookmark” và tìm đúng tên trạng thái đã lưu để tìm về đúng vị trí đã lưu trước đây.

 Decorations: cho phép bạn chèn nhãn bản quyền QGIS, thước tỷ lệ, mũi tên chỉ hướng vào bản đồ.

 Add delimited text: cho phép mở một lớp văn bản có phân tách cột, trong đó có hai cột chứa dữ liệu tọa độ (X,Y) và hiển thị chúng thành một lớp bản đồ các điểm.

 Dxf2Saph conveter:chuyển đổi DXF file về Shap File

 Georeferencer: cho phép đăng ký tọa độ cho ảnh raster và lưu đăng ký tọa độ này dưới định dạng tập tin world, nhờ đó một ảnh quét (ví dụ như một bản đồ giấy quét vào máy tính chẳng hạn) có thể hiển thị trong QGIS đúng vị trí địa lý của nó.

GPS Tools: cho phép bạn tải xuống/lên các dữ liệu từ các máy định vị (hiện thời plugin này chỉ hỗ trợ format GPX (GPS eXchange).

 GRASS: nếu lúc cài đặt QGIS, bạn có cài đặt hỗ trợ cho GRASS thì bạn cũng có thể khởi động plugin này.

 Graticules: tạo một lưới tọa độ cho bản đồ và lưu nó thành một lớp bản đồ ở định dạng shape.

 Intepolation: Cho phép nội suy TIN

 MapServer Export:cho phép xuất bản đồ đang trình bày sang Mapfile

 Quick Print:cho phép xuấtbản đồ đang trình bày sang PDF file

 Spit: chuyển đổi Shap file vào PosrgreSQL

 OGR converter: cho phép chuyển đổi định dạng dữ liệu theo chuẩn OGR

3. Các cửa sổ làm việc chính

QGIS cung cấp nhiều cửa sổ làm việc, tiện lợi cho người dùng. Các cửa sổ chính trong QGIS:

Cửa sổ hiển thị, quản lý dữ liệu. Trong cửa sổ này có các cửa sổ con:

Cửa sổ quản lý các lớp dữ liệu (Các lớp)

Cửa sổ duyệt dữ liệu (Trình duyệt)

Cửa sổ hiển thị thuộc tính (Attribute Table)

[caption id="attachment_1767" align="aligncenter" width="556"] Cửa sổ quản lý dữ liệu[/caption]

Cửa sổ trang in

[caption id="attachment_1768" align="aligncenter" width="543"] Cửa sổ trang in[/caption]

4. Thiết lập tham số hệ thống

Tùy biến giao diện cho phép người dùng tạo ra một môi trường làm việc thân thiện, thuận lợi với mỗi cá nhân. Thông thường, nhà sản xuất bao giờ cũng tạo một môi trường, giao diện tối ưu cho đa số người dung. Tuy nhiên, trong thực tế mỗi người có sở thích hoặc nhu cầu sử dụng và khai thác công cụ, chức năng của phần mềm khác nhau. Vì thế việc tùy biến các công cụ hay giao diện là cần thiết cho mỗi cá nhân.

Thiết lập thông số có ý nghĩa rất quan trọng đối với người dùng. Tùy theo khả năng, nhu cầu và thói quen sử dụng, người dùng có thể tự thiết lập các thông số cho phần mềm. Công việc này sẽ bắt đ��u từ thực đơn Thiết lập.

4.1. Thiết lập thông tin phép chiếu

Từ thực đơn Thiết lập, chọn Tùy chọn>HTĐ. Khi đó sẽ xuất hiện giao diện như sau:

[caption id="attachment_1769" align="aligncenter" width="428"] Thiết lập thông tin phép chiếu[/caption]

Giao diện này gồm các thiết lập: Default CRS for new projects, CRS for new layers, Default datum transformation

Default CRS for new projects: Chức năng này cho phép thiết lập phép chiếu mặc định khi tạo mới một dự án (project).

CRS for new layers: Chức năng này cho phép thiết lập phép chiếu khi tạo mới một lớp dữ liệu

Default datum transformation:Chức năng này cho phép thiết lập tham số phép chiếu nguồn và đích cần chuyển đổi

WMS Server: WMS Server là một dịch vụ cung cấp bản đồ số trên Web. Hiện nay, dịch vụ bản đồ theo chuẩn mở WMS của hiệp hội OpenGIS là một hướng nghiên cứu khá mới mẻ nhưng đầy tiềm năng tại Việt Nam. WMS bao gồm 2 thành phần chính là Web Map Server và Web Map Client.

Web Map Server: Web Map Server là phần dịch vụ bản đồ chạy trên Server, nó có nhiệm vụ cung cấp các chức năng chính như:

 Tạo bản đồ (dưới dạng đồ họa, ảnh, tập tin dữ liệu địa lý...).

 Trả lời các câu truy vấn của Web Map Client về nội dung bản đồ.

Web Map Client: Web Map Client (Web Browser hay 1 Application) có chức năng gửi các yêu cầu (Request) đến Web Map Server về các thuộc tính của Bản đồ hay yêu cầu hiển thị bản đồ dưới dạng 1 URL. Nội dung của  URL phụ thuộc rất nhiều vào dịch vụ do Web Map Server cung cấp:

 Yêu cầu tạo bản đồ, tham số URL chỉ ra phạm vi địa lý của bản đồ, hệ tọa độ, kiểu thông tin được sử dụng, dạng lưu trữ bản đồ, kích thước, kết quả...

Yêu cầu truy vấn nội dung bản đồ, tham số URL phải chỉ ra lớp thông tin bản đồ cần truy vấn, vị trí cần truy vấn.

 Yêu cầu cung cấp thông tin về khả năng phục vụ của WMS Server. Cơ chế hoạt động của WMS

Truyền thông giữa các máy tính: Ờ tầng dưới cùng của mô hình truyền thông, thông tin được truyền nhận bởi các tín hiệu điện tương ứng với cơ chế mã hóa nhị phân (0/1). Ở tầng tiếp theo là TCP/IP; tầng ứng dụng là giao thức HTTP, thông tin ở tầng này được mã hóa bởi ngôn ngữ HTML.

Các Yêu cầu: Trình duyệt gửi yêu cầu đến trang Web bằng 1  GetRequest,GetRequest được định dạng bởi 1 URL.

Trả lời: WebServer kiểm tra sự tồn tại của các trang Web, nếu tồn tại và người dùng có quyền truy cập thì sẽ trả về trang Web cho người dùng, nếu không sẽ báo thông điệp lỗi. Các trang Web được mã hóa HTML, ngôn ngữ này bao gồm các thẻ mô tả thành phần của một trang.

Hiển thị: Trình duyệt hiển trị trang Web, mỗi khi trình duyệt chuyển đổi các thẻ HTML thành các đối tượng đồ họa, nó sẽ vẽ lên màn hình và chờ người dùng thao tác.

4.2. Hệ tọa độ tự tạo

Giống như hầu hết các phần mềm GIS khác, QGIS cho phép người dùng tự tạo các hệ tọa độ với các thông số phù hợp với các thông số khi đo vẽ.

  [caption id="attachment_1770" align="aligncenter" width="330"] Định nghĩa hệ toạ độ tự tạo[/caption]

4.3. Trình quản lý kiểu

Chức năng này cho phép người dùng xây dựng 1 thư viện các kiểu hiển thị phù hợp với yêu cầu công việc tùy theo từng loại dữ liệu (điểm, đường, vùng). Mỗi loại biểu tượng được xác định bởi các yếu tố: tên, kiểu, màu, đường bao, kích thước, góc nghiêng...Trình quản lý kiểu cho phép người dùng thêm, chỉnh sửa, xóa, xuất, nhập các biểu tượng dưới định dạng XML.

[caption id="attachment_1772" align="aligncenter" width="412"] Trình quản lý kiểu[/caption]

Thêm kiểu: Cho phép tạo mới và lưu trữ kiểu cho các đối tượng điểm, đường, vùng. Để thực hiện lệnh này ta chọn thực đơn Thiết lập>Style Manager...>Thêm: Chọn Marker đối với dữ liệu dạng điểm; Đường với dữ liệu dạng đường; Fill cho dữ liệu dạng vùng; Color ramp là dải màu.

[caption id="attachment_1773" align="aligncenter" width="338"] Định nghĩa kiểu hiển thị điểm[/caption]

Biểu tượng dạng điểm: Mỗi đối tượng dạng điểm có thể được biểu diễn bởi 1 hoặc nhiều biểu tượng khác nhau nằm chồng lên nhau, lấy từ thư viện của QGIS hoặc của hệ điều hành.

Thiết lập biểu tượng từ thư viện của QGIS

Symbol layer type, chọn Single marker

Border color: Chọn màu cho đường bao quanh biểu tượng

Fill color: Tô màu cho biểu tượng

Kích thước: Đặt kích thước cho biểu tượng

Góc: Xoay biểu tượng 1 góc cho trước

Offset x,y: Dịch biểu tượng khỏi tâm theo chiều x,y

[caption id="attachment_1774" align="aligncenter" width="406"] Thiết lập thông số cho đối tượng điểm[/caption]

Trong cửa sổ Symbol layer, ta có thể chọn thêm/bớt nhiều biểu tượng dùng để biểu diễn cho 1 đối tượng nào đó bằng cách nhấp vào dấu cộng/trừ; sắp xếp các biểu tượng lên trên/xuống dưới bằng cách nhấp vào dấu lên/xuống

Sau khi thiết lập xong các thông số trên, nhấp chuột vào nút OK.

Khi đó xuất hiện hộp thoại yêu cầu đặt tên cho biểu tượng. Nhấp OK để kết thúc việc tạo mới 1 biểu tượng

[caption id="attachment_1775" align="aligncenter" width="413"] Kết thúc việc định nghĩa chế độ hiển thị[/caption]

Sau khi đã xây dựng xong bộ biểu tượng, ta có thể kết xuất thư viện này thành dạng file *.XML: Nhấp chuột vào nút Export, xuất hiện hộp thoại:

[caption id="attachment_1776" align="aligncenter" width="330"] Kết xuất style[/caption]

Chọn các biểu tượng cần kết xuất bằng cách dùng chuột và phím Ctrl, chọn Export:

[caption id="attachment_1777" align="aligncenter" width="473"] Lưu trữ kiểu hiển thị đã được định nghĩa[/caption]

Thiết lập biểu tượng từ thư viện của hệ điều hành:

Symbol layer type, chọn Font marker

Font family: Chọn kiểu biểu tượng

Màu: Chọn màu cho biểu tượng

Kích thước: Đặt kích thước cho biểu tượng

Góc: Xoay biểu tượng 1 góc cho trước

Offset x,y: Dịch biểu tượng khỏi tâm theo chiều x,y

[caption id="attachment_1778" align="aligncenter" width="406"] Lựa chọn biểu tượng có sẵn trên thư viện của máy[/caption]

Thiết lập biểu tượng dạng ảnh:

Symbol layer type, chọn SVG marker

Tính chất lớp biểu tượng:

Kích thước: Đặt kích thước cho biểu tượng

Góc: Xoay biểu tượng 1 góc cho trước

Offset x,y: Dịch biểu tượng khỏi tâm theo chiều x,y

[caption id="attachment_1779" align="aligncenter" width="409"] Lựa chọn kiểu hiển thị dạng hình ảnh có sẵn trên thư viện[/caption]

Biểu tượng dạng đường: Để quản lý biểu tượng dạng đường, chọn thẻ ĐƯỜNG. Quản lý dạng đường cũng gồm có chức năng Thêm, Chỉnh sửa, Loại bỏ, Xuất, Nhập các biểu tượng. Biểu tượng dạng đường có thể biểu dưỡng theo 3 nhóm: Biểu diễn đối tượng đường dưới dạng đường đơn (Simple line), dạng chuỗi các điểm (Marker line) và dạng trang trí hình mũi tên > (Line decoration)

Biểu tượng dạng vùng: Biểu tượng đơn: hiển thị tất cả các đối tượng theo cùng một kiểu. Phân theo loại: Hiển thị các đối tượng theo giá trị một trường thuộc tính (loại đất, loại rừng...) hay nhiều trường (tỷ lệ che phủ...)

[caption id="attachment_1780" align="aligncenter" width="326"] Định nghĩa kiểu hiển thị cho đối tượng vùng[/caption]

4.4. Cấu hình các phím tắt

Giống như các phần mềm khác, QGIS cũng có phần mô tả các phím tắt thay vì dùng chuột để lựa chọn các lệnh. Người dùng có thể sử dụng các phím tắt này để thực hiện các lệnh một cách nhanh chóng. Bên cạnh đó, người dùng có thể định nghĩa lại các phím tắt này bằng cách sửa, lưu lại hoặc nạp từ ngoài vào với dịnh dạng XML.

[caption id="attachment_1781" align="aligncenter" width="292"] Cấu hình phím tắt[/caption]

4.5. Tùy chọn

Thiết lập tùy chọn cho phép người dùng thay đổi một số các thiết lập mặc định ban đầu của phần mềm. Để tiện cho công việc, người dùng có thể thay đổi được các thông số này.

  [caption id="attachment_1782" align="aligncenter" width="421"] Các tuỳ chọn trong QGIS[/caption]

Tổng quát:

Thẻ này cho phép thiết lập các thông số tổng quát nhất của QGIS. Các thiết lập này bao gồm 4 nội dung: Các tập tin dự án, Diện mạo mặc định của bản đồ, Ứng dụng, Đường dẫn đến các chức năng mở rộng.

System

Thiết lập hệ thống đường dẫn, môi trường, thư viện...

Data Source

Thiết lập thông số cho dữ liệu

Đang kết xuất

Tính chất kết xuất: chế độ mặc định cho phép các lớp dữ liệu nhập vào được hiển thị. Nếu chọn số 0 thì đến khi tất cả các đối tượng được nhập vào thì mới hiển thị. Tích vào ô use... để lựa chọn chế độ tăng tốc độ hiển thị bằng việc sử dụng bộ đệm

Chất lượng vẽ lại: Nếu đánh dấu vào lựa chọn thứ nhất: làm cho đối tượng đường được hiển thị mượt hơn nhưng tốc độ hiển thị sẽ chậm.

Đánh dấu vào lựa chọn thứ hai: xóa khoảng trống giữa các đối tượng vùng.

Tính tương thích: Dùng bộ biểu tượng thế hệ mới để kết xuất.

  Canvas & Legend

Thiết lập các thông số mặc định hiển thị khi được chọn; thông số hiển thị tên lớp (layer), nhóm lớp (group)

Các công cụ bản đồ (Map Tools)

Thiết lập các thông số: nhận diện, định nghĩa các đơn vị đo lường, đặt tỷ lệ thu phóng...

Trình biên tập

Thiết lập các thông số: Phông chữ, kiểu lưới...trong Layout

Số hóa

Chức năng này cho phép người dung thiết lập các thông số hiển thị về tính chất đường đang được số hóa; chế độ bắt điểm...

GDAL

Chức năng GDAL (Geospatial Data Abstraction Library) thiết lập thư viện đọc và ghi các định dạng dữ liệu không gian Raster.

Hệ tọa độ (HTĐ)

Khai báo hệ tọa độ theo mặc định hoặc do người dùng lựa chọn

Bản địa

Lựa chọn ngôn ngữ hiển thị cho giao diện QGIS, đặc biệt là tiếng Việt.

Network

Thiết lập các thông số để truy cập vào dữ liệu trên máy chủ thông qua cơ chế proxy. Mục đích sử dụng Proxy:

Lướt web nhanh hơn (do proxy có sử dụng cache đệm)

Có thể lợi dụng proxy để vào 1 số web mà ISP của bạn không cho vào. (vượt tường lửa - Firewall)

Lướt web an toàn hơn. Ví dụ để mua hàng ở 1 website nào đó.

  Đọc nguyên bài viết tại : [Thực hành phần mềm QGIS #0] – hướng dẫn tổng quan về qgis

[elizabethspeciale-blog]

DBM 449 Laboratory Procedures Ilab 4 Answers

 Follow Below Link to Download Tutorial

https://homeworklance.com/downloads/dbm-449-laboratory-procedures-ilab-4-answers/

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 Laboratory Procedures DeVry University College of Engineering and Information Sciences

 I.                   OBJECTIVES

Understand and become familiar with current     capabilities and limitations of the OpenGIS implementation in MySQL.

Learn to create, update, and use spatial indices.

Explore practical approaches to calculating distances     between points on the Earth’s surface.

Understand fundamentals of geotagging.

Create stored procedures to determine real-world     distances, and to process spatial queries returning result sets of data     points within a bounding rectangle.

Explore visualization of GIS data.

 II.        PARTS LIST

EDUPE-APP Omnymbus MySQL Environment (https://devry.edupe.net:8300/) and/or:

MySQL (dev.mysql.com/downloads)

 III.       PROCEDURE

The argument could be made that Business Intelligence (BI) and Data Analytics revolutionized Online Analytical Processing (OLAP) by making it simple for users to traverse, examine, and visualize different aggregations of data over the dimension of time. Geographic Information Systems, once an arcane, rare, expensive, and highly specialized type of information system, have brought about a similar revolution using the spatial dimension. As these systems have become affordable and entered the mainstream—indeed, they are now ubiquitous—they have also become mainstream; or perhaps it would be more accurate to say that mainstream DBMS systems have come to commonly adopt and integrate the specialized data structures and algorithms required to implement spatially enabled, data-driven systems at will.

 In this laboratory exercise, you will create a GIS-enabled database by implementing a spatially indexed table, populating it with spatially encoded data, and creating stored procedures to provide augmented functionality to determine distances between points, and to process queries returning results containing points within spatially defined boundaries. Finally, you will learn to express and explore spatial data in its most natural and intuitive form: visually displayed as maps and plots.

 This lab may be completed using MySQL running on either your own computer, or the DeVry iLab. In either case, it is presumed that you will begin the initial lab step AFTER addressing any necessary routine housekeeping chores, such as creating an appropriate schema (e.g., DBM449LAB2), and creating any necessary user accounts, permissions, and so on.

 Note: At the time this lab was written, the full OPENGIS standard was not implemented in the current production release of MySQL, but new features were being added with each point release of MySQL. It is entirely possible—in fact, quite likely—that improved OPENGIS compliance, including functions for distance calculation for spherical projections (e.g., points on the Earth’s surface) and circular proximities (e.g., “within radius of”) will become built-in to the MySQL database. However, as the study of the underlying mathematical and topographical principles needed to implement non-planar distance calculations, and for determining envelope or bounding box point results are a very worthwhile study, you should implement your own stored procedures for these functions, rather than substituting any built-in capabilities that become available. You may, however, repeat steps using such features as available, in order to compare and study the similarities and differences between your calculation methods and those later implemented as part of the OPENGIS API.

 Important Further Note: At the time of this writing, spatial indices are supported ONLY in the MyISAM storage engine, and not in the InnoDB or other storage engines. BE SURE TO CREATE YOUR DATABASE TABLE FOR THIS LAB USING THE MyISAM STORAGE ENGINE!

 Designing a Spatially-enabled Table, and Creating a Spatial Index

  Create the table indicated in the following ERD.

Figure 1

Be sure you have first addressed the assigned research     for this week’s unit involving Spatial Indices, and then use the following     DDL to create a spatial index on the table just created:

 CREATE SPATIAL INDEX `location` ON `Points` (`location` ASC);

  Paste the complete SQL Data Definition Language (DDL)     you used to create this table and index into your lab report.

  Choose a point of interest (e.g., your house, your     local DeVry campus, etc.), and at least three additional points within 20     miles, and three additional points more than 40 miles from the first     point. For example, I chose my house, and three favorite restaurants in     town, and three favorite restaurants in a distant town where I used to     live. Using Google Maps or other service capable of converting street     addresses to geographical (longitude and latitude) coordinates with good     precision, note the geolocation of each point. Record this data in your     lab report.

  From your research, you should anticipate that you     cannot simply insert these values directly. Model your insert statements     for the data to be inserted into your Points table on the following     example.

 INSERT INTO Points (name, location) VALUES ( ‘point1’ , GeomFromText( ‘ POINT(31.5 42.2) ‘ ) )

CHECKPOINT QUESTION: Explain what the GeomFromText()     function does, and why it is necessary to use this? Paste your response     into your lab report.

Run your insert statement(s) to add the data to the     Points table. Paste a screen shot showing your SQL statement AND result     into your lab report.

 Displaying Spatial Data in Human-readable Form

  Attempt to retrieve all of the table’s contents using a     SELECT * statement. You should find that this does not produce readable     results. Your results may resemble the following.

 Figure 2

  CHECKPOINT QUESTION: Why does this query not produce     the results you might typically expect from a SELECT * statement? How can     the AsText() function be incorporated into a query returning every field     in the table in a readable format? Paste your response into the lab     report.

Execute the query you composed in the previous step,     and paste a screenshot of the results into your lab report. The results     should be similar to the following.

Figure 3

 Calculating Distances on Earth’s Surface (Spherical, or Nonplanar Distance Calculation)

  CHECKPOINT QUESTION:     Your assigned research and graded threaded discussion questions this week     should quickly lead you to discover that although the Pythagorean Theorem     is marvelously useful for calculating the distance between points on a     Cartesian planar surface, on a curved surface (such as the surface of the     Earth), the further apart two points reside from one another, the greater     is the error that results from misapplication of this formula to a curved     (in this case, roughly spheroidal) surface. Better (less imprecise)     results can be obtained by making use of the Great Circle Formula,     haversine formulas, and cosine transforms. You will need to select and     appropriate formula, and compose a stored procedure which can be used to calculate     the geographic distances between points in your table. You will also need     to use a coefficient or conversion factor so that the units of the results     are expressed appropriately (e.g., kilometers, meters, miles, yards, feet,     etc.), and with reasonable precision. Record your determination of the     formula you will use, the reason you believe this is a good approach, and     discuss both the degree of precision/error to be expected, and the units     you elected to use for your measurement, and why. Record your answer in     the lab report.

Compose and install your stored procedure or function     for calculating geographic distance, into the database. Take a screen shot     showing your SQL statement, and the result showing that the procedure was     successfully created. Paste this into the lab report.

 Spatial Queries: Retrieving Data Points Within a Bounding Polygon

  CHECKPOINT QUESTION:     Your assigned research and graded discussion questions this week will     inform your understanding of the use of a bounding box or bounding polygon     used to return all spatially indexed points stored in the database which     reside within the area defined by the boundary. Parameters for a bounding     rectangle can minimally be specified using the vertex points of either     diagonal. For example, the upper-left corner, and the lower-right corner.     In such case, all points with a horizontal value equal to or between the     x-axis elements of the bounding points, that also have vertical value     equal to or between the y-axis elements of the bounding points, reside     within the qualifying region. You will want to easily be able to center     this bounding rectangle on a point which you choose. How will you     accomplish this? Design and document the stored procedure or function you     will use to implement a bounding rectangle function, and paste your     analysis and design into the lab report.

Install the stored procedure or function you designed     in the previous step into the database. Create a screen shot showing the     SQL used to create the procedure, and the result of its successful     creation.

Write SQL to use your bounding box function, centered     on your original point of interest, and all of the surrounding points of     interests within 20 miles (horizontal and vertical distance) from that     point. The results should show that points outside the region are not     returned by this spatial query result. Paste a screen shot showing your     query and the result, into your lab report.

CHECKPOINT QUESTION:     It is possible for a point residing within 20 miles of your original point     to correctly be omitted by the bounding box query. Explain why this is the     case, and what improvements/refinements might be undertaken in order to     improve upon this.

 Visualization: Mapping and Displaying Spatial Data Graphically

  CHECKPOINT QUESTION:     Having created a stored procedure that can easily calculate the distance     between any two points in your table, it will occur to you that you could     easily create queries that would find “the point B, nearest a given point,     A, meeting some additional criteria”. However, consider carefully that you     would do this by using a calculated field (Distance). For how many points     in your database would the query need to calculate Distance? What are the     implications of this to performance and efficiency, if your table is quite     large (millions of rows)? What approach could you take that would result     in greater efficiency, perhaps allowing Distance to be calculated for a     relatively small subset? (Hint: Think about your bounding box function. It     returns a small set of points within a given proximity of a specified     point, and does so pretty efficiently if the proper indexes are available,     because it filters for latitude and longitude values within a bounded     numerical range. What if you calculated Distance for only this subset, and     further filtered for the minimum Distance?) Record your answers to these     questions in your lab report.

With your answers to the previous questions in mind,     formulate an EFFICIENT query that returns only the latitudes and     longitudes for two points: the original point, and its nearest neighbor,     in a single row (Hints: 1. A JOIN statement might be useful here; 2. It     may be convenient to use the X() function and Y() function on your point     data type columns, for example: “SELECT X(Points.location) as longitude1,     Y(Points.location) as latitude1 FROM Points;”).

Test your query, and when you are satisfied that it is     working correctly, paste a screen shot showing your query and its results     into your lab report.

Modify your query using concatenation and string     manipulation functions as needed so that the output of the results     resembles:

 https://www.google.com/maps/dir/34.297106,+-119.164864/34.279759,+-119.191578

  Notice that the highlighted elements in this output     should be string literals. Only the X() and Y() values from the first and     second points are values obtained from the database.

https://www.google.com/maps/dir/34.297106,+-119.164864/34.279759,+-119.191578

  Take a screenshot of your query, showing both the SQL     and the result, and paste it into your lab report.

Test the URL you have generated in the previous query,     by pasting it into the address bar of your internet browser. A route map     should be generated with characteristics similar to the figure below (your     map will, of course, reflect the unique points/locations you selected for     your database).

 Figure 4

  In your lab report, provide a description explaining     the route image, for example, “Closest Pizza Parlor to my home.”

CHECKPOINT QUESTION:     What are the benefits of displaying spatial data visually? What are some examples     of this sort of spatial visualization of GIS data OTHER than driving     directions for consumers? Record your response in your lab report.

  Laboratory Report DeVry University College of Engineering and Information Sciences

Course Number: DBM449

Laboratory Number: 4

Laboratory Title: Spatial Indices

 Note: There is no limit on how much information you will enter under the three topics below. It is important to be clear and complete with your comments. Like a scientist you are documenting your progress in this week’s lab experiment.

 Objectives: (In your own words what was this lab designed to accomplish? What was its purpose?)

        Results: (Discuss the steps you used to complete your lab. Were you successful? What did you learn? What were the results? Explain what you did to accomplish each step.  You can include screen shots, code listings, and so on. to clearly explain what you did. Be sure to record all results specifically directed by the lab procedure. Number all results to reflect the procedure number to which they correspond.)

   Conclusions: (After completing this lab, in your own words, what conclusions can you draw from this experience?)

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В базовую поставку GRASS GIS включено примерно 755 основных модулей, и более 655 модулей доступны на сайте GRASS GIS. Библиотеки GRASS GIS и основные модули написано на языке программирования C, другие модули написано на C, C++,  Python , UNIX shell, Tcl и других языках программирования. Модули GRASS GIS создавались согласно философии UNIX, и, поэтому, могут комбинироваться в скриптах для создания новых модулей, решающих специфические задачи пользователей. ## Развивающие задания тесты, игры, упражнения, 2 класс GRASS GIS разработан как среда, в которой выполняются различные инструменты, предназначенные для выполнения специфических для ГИС функций. В отличие от обычного прикладного программного обеспечения, после запуска GRASS GIS пользователю отображается модифицированный командный процессор UNIX для вызова команд GRASS GIS (также имеет название модулей). ### Скачать книги по HTML, книги по CSS, учебники Описание книги Изучаем HTML5 : Эта книга посвящена изучению нового стандарта веб-программирования HTML5 и использованию новых функциональных возможностей, предоставляемых веб-разработчикам. Написанная опытными программистами, давно использующими HTML5 в своей работе, книга расскажет, как приступить к освоению этого языка программирования и адаптации веб-проектов для того, чтобы в полной мере воспользоваться преимуществами нового стандарта. Авторы не заставляют вас читать избыточно подробные спецификации языка, а учат применять HTML5 на конкретных примерах. #### -бесплатные программы для Windows. Скачать Последний выпуск GRASS GIS 6 добавляет поддержку новых 7D/8D топологических данных и анализ векторных сетей. Атрибуты данных хранятся в. dbf файлах или в основанных на SQL СУБД как, например MySQL , PostgreSQL /PostGIS, и SQLite. Система может применяться для визуализации 8D векторной и воксельной графики. GRASS GIS поддерживает обширный диапазон растровых и векторных форматов через использование библиотеки GDAL. Среда содержит следующую информацию: географический регион, применены картографические проекции и тому подобное. Во время работы все модули GRASS GIS считывают эту информацию и получают специальные параметры (такие как входные и выходные карты, или значения параметров, используемых в вычислениях). Большинство модулей GRASS GIS и возможностей системы доступны через графический интерфейс пользователя (реализованный в модуле GRASS GIS). Выпущены версии, работающие под многими операционными системами Microsoft Windows, Apple Mac OS X, POSIX-совместимыми вообще и Linux в частности. GRASS GIS (англ. Geographic Resources Analysis Support System Система Поддержки Анализа Географических Ресурсов) бесплатная геоинформационная система (ГИС) с открытым ко��ом, с поддержкой обработки растровой, топологической векторной информации и компьютерной графики, которая действует на различных платформах через графический интерфейс пользователя и командный процессор в системе X Window. Распространяется на условиях лицензии GNU General Public License. Существует модуль поддержки взаимодействия с QGIS (Quantum GIS). Последние версии QGIS могут выполняться в среде GRASS GIS, превращая QGIS на дружественный графический интерфейс, более похож на графические интерфейсы типовых ГИС. GRASS GIS поддерживает обработку растровых и векторных данных в двух и трёх измерениях. Модель векторных данных основывается на топологии, что означает, что области определяются границами и центроидами (границы не могут перекрываться на одном слое). Такой подход противоположен стандарту Simple Features консорциума OpenGIS, который определяет векторы гораздо свободнее, подобно системам векторной графики общего назначения.

[our-stevencook-blog]

DBM 449 Laboratory Procedures Ilab 4 Answers

 Follow Below Link to Download Tutorial

https://homeworklance.com/downloads/dbm-449-laboratory-procedures-ilab-4-answers/

 For More Information Visit Our Website (   https://homeworklance.com/ )

 Email us At: Support@homeworklance.com  or lancehomework@gmail.com

 Laboratory Procedures DeVry University College of Engineering and Information Sciences

 I.                   OBJECTIVES

Understand and become familiar with current     capabilities and limitations of the OpenGIS implementation in MySQL.

Learn to create, update, and use spatial indices.

Explore practical approaches to calculating distances     between points on the Earth’s surface.

Understand fundamentals of geotagging.

Create stored procedures to determine real-world     distances, and to process spatial queries returning result sets of data     points within a bounding rectangle.

Explore visualization of GIS data.

 II.        PARTS LIST

EDUPE-APP Omnymbus MySQL Environment (https://devry.edupe.net:8300/) and/or:

MySQL (dev.mysql.com/downloads)

 III.       PROCEDURE

The argument could be made that Business Intelligence (BI) and Data Analytics revolutionized Online Analytical Processing (OLAP) by making it simple for users to traverse, examine, and visualize different aggregations of data over the dimension of time. Geographic Information Systems, once an arcane, rare, expensive, and highly specialized type of information system, have brought about a similar revolution using the spatial dimension. As these systems have become affordable and entered the mainstream—indeed, they are now ubiquitous—they have also become mainstream; or perhaps it would be more accurate to say that mainstream DBMS systems have come to commonly adopt and integrate the specialized data structures and algorithms required to implement spatially enabled, data-driven systems at will.

 In this laboratory exercise, you will create a GIS-enabled database by implementing a spatially indexed table, populating it with spatially encoded data, and creating stored procedures to provide augmented functionality to determine distances between points, and to process queries returning results containing points within spatially defined boundaries. Finally, you will learn to express and explore spatial data in its most natural and intuitive form: visually displayed as maps and plots.

 This lab may be completed using MySQL running on either your own computer, or the DeVry iLab. In either case, it is presumed that you will begin the initial lab step AFTER addressing any necessary routine housekeeping chores, such as creating an appropriate schema (e.g., DBM449LAB2), and creating any necessary user accounts, permissions, and so on.

 Note: At the time this lab was written, the full OPENGIS standard was not implemented in the current production release of MySQL, but new features were being added with each point release of MySQL. It is entirely possible—in fact, quite likely—that improved OPENGIS compliance, including functions for distance calculation for spherical projections (e.g., points on the Earth’s surface) and circular proximities (e.g., “within radius of”) will become built-in to the MySQL database. However, as the study of the underlying mathematical and topographical principles needed to implement non-planar distance calculations, and for determining envelope or bounding box point results are a very worthwhile study, you should implement your own stored procedures for these functions, rather than substituting any built-in capabilities that become available. You may, however, repeat steps using such features as available, in order to compare and study the similarities and differences between your calculation methods and those later implemented as part of the OPENGIS API.

 Important Further Note: At the time of this writing, spatial indices are supported ONLY in the MyISAM storage engine, and not in the InnoDB or other storage engines. BE SURE TO CREATE YOUR DATABASE TABLE FOR THIS LAB USING THE MyISAM STORAGE ENGINE!

 Designing a Spatially-enabled Table, and Creating a Spatial Index

  Create the table indicated in the following ERD.

Figure 1

Be sure you have first addressed the assigned research     for this week’s unit involving Spatial Indices, and then use the following     DDL to create a spatial index on the table just created:

 CREATE SPATIAL INDEX `location` ON `Points` (`location` ASC);

  Paste the complete SQL Data Definition Language (DDL)     you used to create this table and index into your lab report.

  Choose a point of interest (e.g., your house, your     local DeVry campus, etc.), and at least three additional points within 20     miles, and three additional points more than 40 miles from the first     point. For example, I chose my house, and three favorite restaurants in     town, and three favorite restaurants in a distant town where I used to     live. Using Google Maps or other service capable of converting street     addresses to geographical (longitude and latitude) coordinates with good     precision, note the geolocation of each point. Record this data in your     lab report.

  From your research, you should anticipate that you     cannot simply insert these values directly. Model your insert statements     for the data to be inserted into your Points table on the following     example.

 INSERT INTO Points (name, location) VALUES ( ‘point1’ , GeomFromText( ‘ POINT(31.5 42.2) ‘ ) )

CHECKPOINT QUESTION: Explain what the GeomFromText()     function does, and why it is necessary to use this? Paste your response     into your lab report.

Run your insert statement(s) to add the data to the     Points table. Paste a screen shot showing your SQL statement AND result     into your lab report.

 Displaying Spatial Data in Human-readable Form

  Attempt to retrieve all of the table’s contents using a     SELECT * statement. You should find that this does not produce readable     results. Your results may resemble the following.

 Figure 2

  CHECKPOINT QUESTION: Why does this query not produce     the results you might typically expect from a SELECT * statement? How can     the AsText() function be incorporated into a query returning every field     in the table in a readable format? Paste your response into the lab     report.

Execute the query you composed in the previous step,     and paste a screenshot of the results into your lab report. The results     should be similar to the following.

Figure 3

 Calculating Distances on Earth’s Surface (Spherical, or Nonplanar Distance Calculation)

  CHECKPOINT QUESTION:     Your assigned research and graded threaded discussion questions this week     should quickly lead you to discover that although the Pythagorean Theorem     is marvelously useful for calculating the distance between points on a     Cartesian planar surface, on a curved surface (such as the surface of the     Earth), the further apart two points reside from one another, the greater     is the error that results from misapplication of this formula to a curved     (in this case, roughly spheroidal) surface. Better (less imprecise)     results can be obtained by making use of the Great Circle Formula,     haversine formulas, and cosine transforms. You will need to select and     appropriate formula, and compose a stored procedure which can be used to calculate     the geographic distances between points in your table. You will also need     to use a coefficient or conversion factor so that the units of the results     are expressed appropriately (e.g., kilometers, meters, miles, yards, feet,     etc.), and with reasonable precision. Record your determination of the     formula you will use, the reason you believe this is a good approach, and     discuss both the degree of precision/error to be expected, and the units     you elected to use for your measurement, and why. Record your answer in     the lab report.

Compose and install your stored procedure or function     for calculating geographic distance, into the database. Take a screen shot     showing your SQL statement, and the result showing that the procedure was     successfully created. Paste this into the lab report.

 Spatial Queries: Retrieving Data Points Within a Bounding Polygon

  CHECKPOINT QUESTION:     Your assigned research and graded discussion questions this week will     inform your understanding of the use of a bounding box or bounding polygon     used to return all spatially indexed points stored in the database which     reside within the area defined by the boundary. Parameters for a bounding     rectangle can minimally be specified using the vertex points of either     diagonal. For example, the upper-left corner, and the lower-right corner.     In such case, all points with a horizontal value equal to or between the     x-axis elements of the bounding points, that also have vertical value     equal to or between the y-axis elements of the bounding points, reside     within the qualifying region. You will want to easily be able to center     this bounding rectangle on a point which you choose. How will you     accomplish this? Design and document the stored procedure or function you     will use to implement a bounding rectangle function, and paste your     analysis and design into the lab report.

Install the stored procedure or function you designed     in the previous step into the database. Create a screen shot showing the     SQL used to create the procedure, and the result of its successful     creation.

Write SQL to use your bounding box function, centered     on your original point of interest, and all of the surrounding points of     interests within 20 miles (horizontal and vertical distance) from that     point. The results should show that points outside the region are not     returned by this spatial query result. Paste a screen shot showing your     query and the result, into your lab report.

CHECKPOINT QUESTION:     It is possible for a point residing within 20 miles of your original point     to correctly be omitted by the bounding box query. Explain why this is the     case, and what improvements/refinements might be undertaken in order to     improve upon this.

 Visualization: Mapping and Displaying Spatial Data Graphically

  CHECKPOINT QUESTION:     Having created a stored procedure that can easily calculate the distance     between any two points in your table, it will occur to you that you could     easily create queries that would find “the point B, nearest a given point,     A, meeting some additional criteria”. However, consider carefully that you     would do this by using a calculated field (Distance). For how many points     in your database would the query need to calculate Distance? What are the     implications of this to performance and efficiency, if your table is quite     large (millions of rows)? What approach could you take that would result     in greater efficiency, perhaps allowing Distance to be calculated for a     relatively small subset? (Hint: Think about your bounding box function. It     returns a small set of points within a given proximity of a specified     point, and does so pretty efficiently if the proper indexes are available,     because it filters for latitude and longitude values within a bounded     numerical range. What if you calculated Distance for only this subset, and     further filtered for the minimum Distance?) Record your answers to these     questions in your lab report.

With your answers to the previous questions in mind,     formulate an EFFICIENT query that returns only the latitudes and     longitudes for two points: the original point, and its nearest neighbor,     in a single row (Hints: 1. A JOIN statement might be useful here; 2. It     may be convenient to use the X() function and Y() function on your point     data type columns, for example: “SELECT X(Points.location) as longitude1,     Y(Points.location) as latitude1 FROM Points;”).

Test your query, and when you are satisfied that it is     working correctly, paste a screen shot showing your query and its results     into your lab report.

Modify your query using concatenation and string     manipulation functions as needed so that the output of the results     resembles:

 https://www.google.com/maps/dir/34.297106,+-119.164864/34.279759,+-119.191578

  Notice that the highlighted elements in this output     should be string literals. Only the X() and Y() values from the first and     second points are values obtained from the database.

https://www.google.com/maps/dir/34.297106,+-119.164864/34.279759,+-119.191578

  Take a screenshot of your query, showing both the SQL     and the result, and paste it into your lab report.

Test the URL you have generated in the previous query,     by pasting it into the address bar of your internet browser. A route map     should be generated with characteristics similar to the figure below (your     map will, of course, reflect the unique points/locations you selected for     your database).

 Figure 4

  In your lab report, provide a description explaining     the route image, for example, “Closest Pizza Parlor to my home.”

CHECKPOINT QUESTION:     What are the benefits of displaying spatial data visually? What are some examples     of this sort of spatial visualization of GIS data OTHER than driving     directions for consumers? Record your response in your lab report.

  Laboratory Report DeVry University College of Engineering and Information Sciences

Course Number: DBM449

Laboratory Number: 4

Laboratory Title: Spatial Indices

 Note: There is no limit on how much information you will enter under the three topics below. It is important to be clear and complete with your comments. Like a scientist you are documenting your progress in this week’s lab experiment.

 Objectives: (In your own words what was this lab designed to accomplish? What was its purpose?)

        Results: (Discuss the steps you used to complete your lab. Were you successful? What did you learn? What were the results? Explain what you did to accomplish each step.  You can include screen shots, code listings, and so on. to clearly explain what you did. Be sure to record all results specifically directed by the lab procedure. Number all results to reflect the procedure number to which they correspond.)

   Conclusions: (After completing this lab, in your own words, what conclusions can you draw from this experience?)

[cathyhammond-me-blog]

DBM 449 Laboratory Procedures Ilab 4 Answers

 Follow Below Link to Download Tutorial

https://homeworklance.com/downloads/dbm-449-laboratory-procedures-ilab-4-answers/

 For More Information Visit Our Website (   https://homeworklance.com/ )

 Email us At: Support@homeworklance.com  or lancehomework@gmail.com

 Laboratory Procedures DeVry University College of Engineering and Information Sciences

 I.                   OBJECTIVES

Understand and become familiar with current     capabilities and limitations of the OpenGIS implementation in MySQL.

Learn to create, update, and use spatial indices.

Explore practical approaches to calculating distances     between points on the Earth’s surface.

Understand fundamentals of geotagging.

Create stored procedures to determine real-world     distances, and to process spatial queries returning result sets of data     points within a bounding rectangle.

Explore visualization of GIS data.

 II.        PARTS LIST

EDUPE-APP Omnymbus MySQL Environment (https://devry.edupe.net:8300/) and/or:

MySQL (dev.mysql.com/downloads)

 III.       PROCEDURE

The argument could be made that Business Intelligence (BI) and Data Analytics revolutionized Online Analytical Processing (OLAP) by making it simple for users to traverse, examine, and visualize different aggregations of data over the dimension of time. Geographic Information Systems, once an arcane, rare, expensive, and highly specialized type of information system, have brought about a similar revolution using the spatial dimension. As these systems have become affordable and entered the mainstream—indeed, they are now ubiquitous—they have also become mainstream; or perhaps it would be more accurate to say that mainstream DBMS systems have come to commonly adopt and integrate the specialized data structures and algorithms required to implement spatially enabled, data-driven systems at will.

 In this laboratory exercise, you will create a GIS-enabled database by implementing a spatially indexed table, populating it with spatially encoded data, and creating stored procedures to provide augmented functionality to determine distances between points, and to process queries returning results containing points within spatially defined boundaries. Finally, you will learn to express and explore spatial data in its most natural and intuitive form: visually displayed as maps and plots.

 This lab may be completed using MySQL running on either your own computer, or the DeVry iLab. In either case, it is presumed that you will begin the initial lab step AFTER addressing any necessary routine housekeeping chores, such as creating an appropriate schema (e.g., DBM449LAB2), and creating any necessary user accounts, permissions, and so on.

 Note: At the time this lab was written, the full OPENGIS standard was not implemented in the current production release of MySQL, but new features were being added with each point release of MySQL. It is entirely possible—in fact, quite likely—that improved OPENGIS compliance, including functions for distance calculation for spherical projections (e.g., points on the Earth’s surface) and circular proximities (e.g., “within radius of”) will become built-in to the MySQL database. However, as the study of the underlying mathematical and topographical principles needed to implement non-planar distance calculations, and for determining envelope or bounding box point results are a very worthwhile study, you should implement your own stored procedures for these functions, rather than substituting any built-in capabilities that become available. You may, however, repeat steps using such features as available, in order to compare and study the similarities and differences between your calculation methods and those later implemented as part of the OPENGIS API.

 Important Further Note: At the time of this writing, spatial indices are supported ONLY in the MyISAM storage engine, and not in the InnoDB or other storage engines. BE SURE TO CREATE YOUR DATABASE TABLE FOR THIS LAB USING THE MyISAM STORAGE ENGINE!

 Designing a Spatially-enabled Table, and Creating a Spatial Index

  Create the table indicated in the following ERD.

Figure 1

Be sure you have first addressed the assigned research     for this week’s unit involving Spatial Indices, and then use the following     DDL to create a spatial index on the table just created:

 CREATE SPATIAL INDEX `location` ON `Points` (`location` ASC);

  Paste the complete SQL Data Definition Language (DDL)     you used to create this table and index into your lab report.

  Choose a point of interest (e.g., your house, your     local DeVry campus, etc.), and at least three additional points within 20     miles, and three additional points more than 40 miles from the first     point. For example, I chose my house, and three favorite restaurants in     town, and three favorite restaurants in a distant town where I used to     live. Using Google Maps or other service capable of converting street     addresses to geographical (longitude and latitude) coordinates with good     precision, note the geolocation of each point. Record this data in your     lab report.

  From your research, you should anticipate that you     cannot simply insert these values directly. Model your insert statements     for the data to be inserted into your Points table on the following     example.

 INSERT INTO Points (name, location) VALUES ( ‘point1’ , GeomFromText( ‘ POINT(31.5 42.2) ‘ ) )

CHECKPOINT QUESTION: Explain what the GeomFromText()     function does, and why it is necessary to use this? Paste your response     into your lab report.

Run your insert statement(s) to add the data to the     Points table. Paste a screen shot showing your SQL statement AND result     into your lab report.

 Displaying Spatial Data in Human-readable Form

  Attempt to retrieve all of the table’s contents using a     SELECT * statement. You should find that this does not produce readable     results. Your results may resemble the following.

 Figure 2

  CHECKPOINT QUESTION: Why does this query not produce     the results you might typically expect from a SELECT * statement? How can     the AsText() function be incorporated into a query returning every field     in the table in a readable format? Paste your response into the lab     report.

Execute the query you composed in the previous step,     and paste a screenshot of the results into your lab report. The results     should be similar to the following.

Figure 3

 Calculating Distances on Earth’s Surface (Spherical, or Nonplanar Distance Calculation)

  CHECKPOINT QUESTION:     Your assigned research and graded threaded discussion questions this week     should quickly lead you to discover that although the Pythagorean Theorem     is marvelously useful for calculating the distance between points on a     Cartesian planar surface, on a curved surface (such as the surface of the     Earth), the further apart two points reside from one another, the greater     is the error that results from misapplication of this formula to a curved     (in this case, roughly spheroidal) surface. Better (less imprecise)     results can be obtained by making use of the Great Circle Formula,     haversine formulas, and cosine transforms. You will need to select and     appropriate formula, and compose a stored procedure which can be used to calculate     the geographic distances between points in your table. You will also need     to use a coefficient or conversion factor so that the units of the results     are expressed appropriately (e.g., kilometers, meters, miles, yards, feet,     etc.), and with reasonable precision. Record your determination of the     formula you will use, the reason you believe this is a good approach, and     discuss both the degree of precision/error to be expected, and the units     you elected to use for your measurement, and why. Record your answer in     the lab report.

Compose and install your stored procedure or function     for calculating geographic distance, into the database. Take a screen shot     showing your SQL statement, and the result showing that the procedure was     successfully created. Paste this into the lab report.

 Spatial Queries: Retrieving Data Points Within a Bounding Polygon

  CHECKPOINT QUESTION:     Your assigned research and graded discussion questions this week will     inform your understanding of the use of a bounding box or bounding polygon     used to return all spatially indexed points stored in the database which     reside within the area defined by the boundary. Parameters for a bounding     rectangle can minimally be specified using the vertex points of either     diagonal. For example, the upper-left corner, and the lower-right corner.     In such case, all points with a horizontal value equal to or between the     x-axis elements of the bounding points, that also have vertical value     equal to or between the y-axis elements of the bounding points, reside     within the qualifying region. You will want to easily be able to center     this bounding rectangle on a point which you choose. How will you     accomplish this? Design and document the stored procedure or function you     will use to implement a bounding rectangle function, and paste your     analysis and design into the lab report.

Install the stored procedure or function you designed     in the previous step into the database. Create a screen shot showing the     SQL used to create the procedure, and the result of its successful     creation.

Write SQL to use your bounding box function, centered     on your original point of interest, and all of the surrounding points of     interests within 20 miles (horizontal and vertical distance) from that     point. The results should show that points outside the region are not     returned by this spatial query result. Paste a screen shot showing your     query and the result, into your lab report.

CHECKPOINT QUESTION:     It is possible for a point residing within 20 miles of your original point     to correctly be omitted by the bounding box query. Explain why this is the     case, and what improvements/refinements might be undertaken in order to     improve upon this.

 Visualization: Mapping and Displaying Spatial Data Graphically

  CHECKPOINT QUESTION:     Having created a stored procedure that can easily calculate the distance     between any two points in your table, it will occur to you that you could     easily create queries that would find “the point B, nearest a given point,     A, meeting some additional criteria”. However, consider carefully that you     would do this by using a calculated field (Distance). For how many points     in your database would the query need to calculate Distance? What are the     implications of this to performance and efficiency, if your table is quite     large (millions of rows)? What approach could you take that would result     in greater efficiency, perhaps allowing Distance to be calculated for a     relatively small subset? (Hint: Think about your bounding box function. It     returns a small set of points within a given proximity of a specified     point, and does so pretty efficiently if the proper indexes are available,     because it filters for latitude and longitude values within a bounded     numerical range. What if you calculated Distance for only this subset, and     further filtered for the minimum Distance?) Record your answers to these     questions in your lab report.

With your answers to the previous questions in mind,     formulate an EFFICIENT query that returns only the latitudes and     longitudes for two points: the original point, and its nearest neighbor,     in a single row (Hints: 1. A JOIN statement might be useful here; 2. It     may be convenient to use the X() function and Y() function on your point     data type columns, for example: “SELECT X(Points.location) as longitude1,     Y(Points.location) as latitude1 FROM Points;”).

Test your query, and when you are satisfied that it is     working correctly, paste a screen shot showing your query and its results     into your lab report.

Modify your query using concatenation and string     manipulation functions as needed so that the output of the results     resembles:

 https://www.google.com/maps/dir/34.297106,+-119.164864/34.279759,+-119.191578

  Notice that the highlighted elements in this output     should be string literals. Only the X() and Y() values from the first and     second points are values obtained from the database.

https://www.google.com/maps/dir/34.297106,+-119.164864/34.279759,+-119.191578

  Take a screenshot of your query, showing both the SQL     and the result, and paste it into your lab report.

Test the URL you have generated in the previous query,     by pasting it into the address bar of your internet browser. A route map     should be generated with characteristics similar to the figure below (your     map will, of course, reflect the unique points/locations you selected for     your database).

 Figure 4

  In your lab report, provide a description explaining     the route image, for example, “Closest Pizza Parlor to my home.”

CHECKPOINT QUESTION:     What are the benefits of displaying spatial data visually? What are some examples     of this sort of spatial visualization of GIS data OTHER than driving     directions for consumers? Record your response in your lab report.

  Laboratory Report DeVry University College of Engineering and Information Sciences

Course Number: DBM449

Laboratory Number: 4

Laboratory Title: Spatial Indices

 Note: There is no limit on how much information you will enter under the three topics below. It is important to be clear and complete with your comments. Like a scientist you are documenting your progress in this week’s lab experiment.

 Objectives: (In your own words what was this lab designed to accomplish? What was its purpose?)

        Results: (Discuss the steps you used to complete your lab. Were you successful? What did you learn? What were the results? Explain what you did to accomplish each step.  You can include screen shots, code listings, and so on. to clearly explain what you did. Be sure to record all results specifically directed by the lab procedure. Number all results to reflect the procedure number to which they correspond.)

   Conclusions: (After completing this lab, in your own words, what conclusions can you draw from this experience?)

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 Laboratory Procedures DeVry University College of Engineering and Information Sciences

 I.                   OBJECTIVES

Understand and become familiar with current     capabilities and limitations of the OpenGIS implementation in MySQL.

Learn to create, update, and use spatial indices.

Explore practical approaches to calculating distances     between points on the Earth’s surface.

Understand fundamentals of geotagging.

Create stored procedures to determine real-world     distances, and to process spatial queries returning result sets of data     points within a bounding rectangle.

Explore visualization of GIS data.

 II.        PARTS LIST

EDUPE-APP Omnymbus MySQL Environment (https://devry.edupe.net:8300/) and/or:

MySQL (dev.mysql.com/downloads)

 III.       PROCEDURE

The argument could be made that Business Intelligence (BI) and Data Analytics revolutionized Online Analytical Processing (OLAP) by making it simple for users to traverse, examine, and visualize different aggregations of data over the dimension of time. Geographic Information Systems, once an arcane, rare, expensive, and highly specialized type of information system, have brought about a similar revolution using the spatial dimension. As these systems have become affordable and entered the mainstream—indeed, they are now ubiquitous—they have also become mainstream; or perhaps it would be more accurate to say that mainstream DBMS systems have come to commonly adopt and integrate the specialized data structures and algorithms required to implement spatially enabled, data-driven systems at will.

 In this laboratory exercise, you will create a GIS-enabled database by implementing a spatially indexed table, populating it with spatially encoded data, and creating stored procedures to provide augmented functionality to determine distances between points, and to process queries returning results containing points within spatially defined boundaries. Finally, you will learn to express and explore spatial data in its most natural and intuitive form: visually displayed as maps and plots.

 This lab may be completed using MySQL running on either your own computer, or the DeVry iLab. In either case, it is presumed that you will begin the initial lab step AFTER addressing any necessary routine housekeeping chores, such as creating an appropriate schema (e.g., DBM449LAB2), and creating any necessary user accounts, permissions, and so on.

 Note: At the time this lab was written, the full OPENGIS standard was not implemented in the current production release of MySQL, but new features were being added with each point release of MySQL. It is entirely possible—in fact, quite likely—that improved OPENGIS compliance, including functions for distance calculation for spherical projections (e.g., points on the Earth’s surface) and circular proximities (e.g., “within radius of”) will become built-in to the MySQL database. However, as the study of the underlying mathematical and topographical principles needed to implement non-planar distance calculations, and for determining envelope or bounding box point results are a very worthwhile study, you should implement your own stored procedures for these functions, rather than substituting any built-in capabilities that become available. You may, however, repeat steps using such features as available, in order to compare and study the similarities and differences between your calculation methods and those later implemented as part of the OPENGIS API.

 Important Further Note: At the time of this writing, spatial indices are supported ONLY in the MyISAM storage engine, and not in the InnoDB or other storage engines. BE SURE TO CREATE YOUR DATABASE TABLE FOR THIS LAB USING THE MyISAM STORAGE ENGINE!

 Designing a Spatially-enabled Table, and Creating a Spatial Index

  Create the table indicated in the following ERD.

Figure 1

Be sure you have first addressed the assigned research     for this week’s unit involving Spatial Indices, and then use the following     DDL to create a spatial index on the table just created:

 CREATE SPATIAL INDEX `location` ON `Points` (`location` ASC);

  Paste the complete SQL Data Definition Language (DDL)     you used to create this table and index into your lab report.

  Choose a point of interest (e.g., your house, your     local DeVry campus, etc.), and at least three additional points within 20     miles, and three additional points more than 40 miles from the first     point. For example, I chose my house, and three favorite restaurants in     town, and three favorite restaurants in a distant town where I used to     live. Using Google Maps or other service capable of converting street     addresses to geographical (longitude and latitude) coordinates with good     precision, note the geolocation of each point. Record this data in your     lab report.

  From your research, you should anticipate that you     cannot simply insert these values directly. Model your insert statements     for the data to be inserted into your Points table on the following     example.

 INSERT INTO Points (name, location) VALUES ( ‘point1’ , GeomFromText( ‘ POINT(31.5 42.2) ‘ ) )

CHECKPOINT QUESTION: Explain what the GeomFromText()     function does, and why it is necessary to use this? Paste your response     into your lab report.

Run your insert statement(s) to add the data to the     Points table. Paste a screen shot showing your SQL statement AND result     into your lab report.

 Displaying Spatial Data in Human-readable Form

  Attempt to retrieve all of the table’s contents using a     SELECT * statement. You should find that this does not produce readable     results. Your results may resemble the following.

 Figure 2

  CHECKPOINT QUESTION: Why does this query not produce     the results you might typically expect from a SELECT * statement? How can     the AsText() function be incorporated into a query returning every field     in the table in a readable format? Paste your response into the lab     report.

Execute the query you composed in the previous step,     and paste a screenshot of the results into your lab report. The results     should be similar to the following.

Figure 3

 Calculating Distances on Earth’s Surface (Spherical, or Nonplanar Distance Calculation)

  CHECKPOINT QUESTION:     Your assigned research and graded threaded discussion questions this week     should quickly lead you to discover that although the Pythagorean Theorem     is marvelously useful for calculating the distance between points on a     Cartesian planar surface, on a curved surface (such as the surface of the     Earth), the further apart two points reside from one another, the greater     is the error that results from misapplication of this formula to a curved     (in this case, roughly spheroidal) surface. Better (less imprecise)     results can be obtained by making use of the Great Circle Formula,     haversine formulas, and cosine transforms. You will need to select and     appropriate formula, and compose a stored procedure which can be used to calculate     the geographic distances between points in your table. You will also need     to use a coefficient or conversion factor so that the units of the results     are expressed appropriately (e.g., kilometers, meters, miles, yards, feet,     etc.), and with reasonable precision. Record your determination of the     formula you will use, the reason you believe this is a good approach, and     discuss both the degree of precision/error to be expected, and the units     you elected to use for your measurement, and why. Record your answer in     the lab report.

Compose and install your stored procedure or function     for calculating geographic distance, into the database. Take a screen shot     showing your SQL statement, and the result showing that the procedure was     successfully created. Paste this into the lab report.

 Spatial Queries: Retrieving Data Points Within a Bounding Polygon

  CHECKPOINT QUESTION:     Your assigned research and graded discussion questions this week will     inform your understanding of the use of a bounding box or bounding polygon     used to return all spatially indexed points stored in the database which     reside within the area defined by the boundary. Parameters for a bounding     rectangle can minimally be specified using the vertex points of either     diagonal. For example, the upper-left corner, and the lower-right corner.     In such case, all points with a horizontal value equal to or between the     x-axis elements of the bounding points, that also have vertical value     equal to or between the y-axis elements of the bounding points, reside     within the qualifying region. You will want to easily be able to center     this bounding rectangle on a point which you choose. How will you     accomplish this? Design and document the stored procedure or function you     will use to implement a bounding rectangle function, and paste your     analysis and design into the lab report.

Install the stored procedure or function you designed     in the previous step into the database. Create a screen shot showing the     SQL used to create the procedure, and the result of its successful     creation.

Write SQL to use your bounding box function, centered     on your original point of interest, and all of the surrounding points of     interests within 20 miles (horizontal and vertical distance) from that     point. The results should show that points outside the region are not     returned by this spatial query result. Paste a screen shot showing your     query and the result, into your lab report.

CHECKPOINT QUESTION:     It is possible for a point residing within 20 miles of your original point     to correctly be omitted by the bounding box query. Explain why this is the     case, and what improvements/refinements might be undertaken in order to     improve upon this.

 Visualization: Mapping and Displaying Spatial Data Graphically

  CHECKPOINT QUESTION:     Having created a stored procedure that can easily calculate the distance     between any two points in your table, it will occur to you that you could     easily create queries that would find “the point B, nearest a given point,     A, meeting some additional criteria”. However, consider carefully that you     would do this by using a calculated field (Distance). For how many points     in your database would the query need to calculate Distance? What are the     implications of this to performance and efficiency, if your table is quite     large (millions of rows)? What approach could you take that would result     in greater efficiency, perhaps allowing Distance to be calculated for a     relatively small subset? (Hint: Think about your bounding box function. It     returns a small set of points within a given proximity of a specified     point, and does so pretty efficiently if the proper indexes are available,     because it filters for latitude and longitude values within a bounded     numerical range. What if you calculated Distance for only this subset, and     further filtered for the minimum Distance?) Record your answers to these     questions in your lab report.

With your answers to the previous questions in mind,     formulate an EFFICIENT query that returns only the latitudes and     longitudes for two points: the original point, and its nearest neighbor,     in a single row (Hints: 1. A JOIN statement might be useful here; 2. It     may be convenient to use the X() function and Y() function on your point     data type columns, for example: “SELECT X(Points.location) as longitude1,     Y(Points.location) as latitude1 FROM Points;”).

Test your query, and when you are satisfied that it is     working correctly, paste a screen shot showing your query and its results     into your lab report.

Modify your query using concatenation and string     manipulation functions as needed so that the output of the results     resembles:

 https://www.google.com/maps/dir/34.297106,+-119.164864/34.279759,+-119.191578

  Notice that the highlighted elements in this output     should be string literals. Only the X() and Y() values from the first and     second points are values obtained from the database.

https://www.google.com/maps/dir/34.297106,+-119.164864/34.279759,+-119.191578

  Take a screenshot of your query, showing both the SQL     and the result, and paste it into your lab report.

Test the URL you have generated in the previous query,     by pasting it into the address bar of your internet browser. A route map     should be generated with characteristics similar to the figure below (your     map will, of course, reflect the unique points/locations you selected for     your database).

 Figure 4

  In your lab report, provide a description explaining     the route image, for example, “Closest Pizza Parlor to my home.”

CHECKPOINT QUESTION:     What are the benefits of displaying spatial data visually? What are some examples     of this sort of spatial visualization of GIS data OTHER than driving     directions for consumers? Record your response in your lab report.

  Laboratory Report DeVry University College of Engineering and Information Sciences

Course Number: DBM449

Laboratory Number: 4

Laboratory Title: Spatial Indices

 Note: There is no limit on how much information you will enter under the three topics below. It is important to be clear and complete with your comments. Like a scientist you are documenting your progress in this week’s lab experiment.

 Objectives: (In your own words what was this lab designed to accomplish? What was its purpose?)

        Results: (Discuss the steps you used to complete your lab. Were you successful? What did you learn? What were the results? Explain what you did to accomplish each step.  You can include screen shots, code listings, and so on. to clearly explain what you did. Be sure to record all results specifically directed by the lab procedure. Number all results to reflect the procedure number to which they correspond.)

   Conclusions: (After completing this lab, in your own words, what conclusions can you draw from this experience?)

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