#old cambay

[shaileshrathod]

ખંભાતની સુવર્ણ સાંસ્કૃતિક ધરોહર પ્રાચીન તસવીરો

◼️ખંભાત ની સુવર્ણ સાંસ્કૃતિક ધરોહર ….હું સેજલ પટેલ આજે તમને ભારત દેશના પશ્ચિમ ભાગમાં આવેલા ગુજરાત રાજ્યના ચરોતર પ્રદેશ ના આણંદ જિલ્લામાં આવેલ મારી જન્મ ભૂમિ ખંભાત ની અનોખી ઐતિહાસિક ગાથા ની ઝલક કરાવું. ◼️એક સમયે ખંભાતના બંદરની જાહોજલાલીથી વિશ્વના દેશો અંજાયા હતા, એ ખંભાતની ઐતિહાસિક ઈમારતોના વિખેરાઈને પડેલા કાળમીંઢ પથ્થરો મુક બની ને જાણે મારી સામે એમને વીતાવેલા સુવર્ણ વર્ષોના ઈતિહાસની સાક્ષી પુરી…

[hardcollectionzombie]

Indulge in the authentic taste of our Raw Mutton Paya, a culinary gem that promises to elevate your dining experience. Sourced from the finest cuts, our mutton paya, or trotters, offer a rich and hearty base for crafting traditional, flavorsome dishes. Revel in the robust taste and tenderness as you explore the versatility of this ingredient, perfect for creating soul-warming soups and stews that capture the essence of age-old culinary traditions.

[cavenewstimes]

New Species of Pseudoscorpion Found Preserved in 50-Million-Year-Old Amber

Paleontologists have described a new genus and species of fossil pseudoscorpion from the Eocene-period Cambay amber of Western India. Geogaranya valiyaensis. Image credit: Agnihotri et al., doi: 10.26879/1276. Pseudoscorpions are an order of the earliest arthropods that colonized the landmass of the Earth during the Early Devonian epoch. This diversified order occupies more than 3% of the total…

[vintageimageryx-blog]

Old Map of india 1851 Southern Old India Map Indian Wall Decor Bombay Madras Decorative Map Old World Style Map India Housewarming gift art by VintageImageryX

19.00 USD

Old Map of india 1851 Southern Old India Map Indian Wall Decor Bombay Madras Decorative Map Old World Style Map India Housewarming gift art This attractive and detailed map of India from CIRCA 1851 shows the mainland of India and the island of Ceylon. The region depicted stretches from present-day Pakistan and Afghanistan, called Sinde and Gujer, and shows the Gulf of Cutch and the Gulf of Cambay. Major cities such as Karachee (Karachi) and Bombay are located on the coasts. In the northeast, the map stretches across India to Gangam, Jaggurnant, and the Bay of Bengal. The map also includes seven decorative engraved scenes. This map would make a great addition to any home as a housewarming gift or a piece of travel decor. It would also make a unique engagement or wedding gift for those with a love of Indian culture. This India map print, with its old world style, would be a perfect addition to any collection of India art prints or posters. It would be a beautiful addition to any Hindostan-inspired home. ◆ NEED A CUSTOM SIZE ?!?! Send us a message and we can create you one! ◆ S I Z E 11" x 14" / 28 x 36cm 16" x 20" / 40 x 50 cm 18" x 24" / 45 x 61 cm 24" x 36"/ 61" x 91"cm 32" x 43" / 81x 109 cm 42" x 58" / 107 x 147 cm *You can choose Your preferred size in listing size menu ◆ P A P E R Archival quality Ultrasmooth fine art matte paper 250gsm ◆ I N K Giclee print with Epson Ultrachrome inks that will last up to 108 years indoors ◆ B O R D E R All our prints are without border. But if You need one for framing just drop us a message ◆FRAMING: NONE of our prints come framed, stretched or mounted. Frames can be purchased through a couple of on line wholesalers: PictureFrames.com framespec.com When ordering a frame make sure you order it UN-assembled otherwise you could get dinged with an over sized shipping charge depending on the size frame. Assembling a frame is very easy and takes no more than 5-10 minutes and some glue. We recommend purchasing glass or plexi from your local hardware store or at a frame shop. ◆ S H I P P I N G Print is shipped in a strong tube for secure shipping and it will be shipped as a priority mail for fast delivery. All International buyers are responsible for any duties & taxes that may be charged per country.

[templepurohit]

The Submerging temple of Mahadev in Kavi Kamboi, Gujarat Stambheshwar Mahadev Temple, also known as the Submerging temple is one of the most unusual Shiva shrines in India. Situated in Kavi Kamboi, Gujarat, this 150 year old Shiva Shrine is flanked by the Arabian Sea on one side and the Bay of Cambay on the other. According to Kumarika khand in Skand Purana, this Shivling was established by Bhagwan Kartik after he killed Tarkasur. What makes this Shivlingam unique is that it can be seen only during low-tide hours. At high tide, it totally disappears, thus earning the name 'disappearing temple of Mahadev'. https://ift.tt/SANhspq

[sanketh025]

Mystery of the Stambheshwar Mahadev Temple

Gujarat's Kavi Kamboi town is home to the Stambheshwar Mahadev Temple. This historic Shiva temple is nestled between the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Cambay. It is a 150-year-old Shiva temple that is well-known for its disappearance mysteries. If you judge the temple by its architecture, there isn't much remarkable about it, but this location is nevertheless a very unique must-visit temple of India. The temple's unique feature is that during high tide, it completely submerges into the sea, and when the tides begin to fall, it begins to surface from the water once more. Devotees can watch as the Shiva lingam which is 4 feet tall is unveiled inch by inch. People from all over the country come here solely to watch this wonderful sight as it submerges and re-emerges every day.

According to legend, Lord Kartikeya, the son of Lord Shiva, himself installed this Shiva lingam. There is a legend behind this that says that Lord Kartikeya felt humiliated and guilty after killing a demon by the name of Tarakasura who, on one hand was wreaking havoc but on the other hand was also a great devotee of his father Shiva. On seeing Kartikeya's condition and realising that he wanted to repent, Lord Vishnu advised him to install a Shiva Linga and pray to it for forgiveness. As the legend goes, this is the Shiva Linga that Lord Kartikeya installed.

[hinducosmos]

Stambheshwar Mahadev Temple, Kavi Kamboi, Gujarat

The Sanatan @Thesanatantimes wrote : The Temple is about 150 years old. The Temple is also known as the Submerging temple. The Temple is flanked by the Arabian Sea on one side and the Bay of Cambay on the other side.

Tarakasura troubled the sages and devas a lot. Hence, Kartikeya killed him, but later he felt guilty for killing a demon who was a great devotee of Shiva. He went to Vishnu and told about his guilty. Vishnu advised him to install a Shiva Linga to get relief from the sin. As advised, he installed the Shiva Linga in this place and prayed to Lord Shiva to forgive his sin.

(via Twitter: The Sanatan @Thesanatantimes)

[muslimobserver]

India’s Oldest Mosque

A few months back, a Muslim gathering of the Middle Eastern countries had invited me to speak on India’s current situation. They had heard about the atrocities against Muslims and about attempts to subjugate Muslims in India. The audience had heard, seen, and listened to these on social media.  They were also perplexed about the demonstrations in Shaheen Bagh in Delhi and across the country against India’s draconian CAA law.

To better understand the current situation, it was necessary to educate the audience about Islam’s history in India, from Muslims’ arrival in the early 7th century to the current status. And that Muslims have made outstanding contributions in religious, social, political, and science to the world. The audience gasped when I mentioned the Muslim population of over 120 million, the second-largest globally and is larger than the population of most Arab Countries combined.

Islam arrived in India in the early 7th century through maritime traders. This maritime trade between the Arabian Peninsula and India existed in the pre-Christian era. Islam was born in Hejaz (modern-day Saudi Arabia) in the late 6th century. Islam came to India in the early 7th century through maritime traders.

If one looks at the map, it becomes evident that the distance between the East Coast of the Arabian Peninsula and India’s West Coast on the Arabian sea is not an impassable space. The shortest distance between these two countries is the West Coast of Gujarat than India’s other coastline.

These traders in Dhows and Proas made it a dynamic interaction zone between peoples, cultures, and civilizations between these two countries.

During the research, I was astounded to find that the oldest and the first Masjid built in India was in Ghoga – Kathiawar-Gujarat (623-624 A. D.). And not the Cheraman Juma Masjid in Kerala (629 A. D.) as widely and commonly believed.

Ghoga was an essential historic port and a thriving trading center on the Arabian sea from the 5th Century C.E. until the development of Bhavnagar in the 19th century.

Ghoga is a census town with a population of 12208, according to 2011 India’s census. It is strategically located on the bay of Khambhat (Cambay) in the Kathiawar/Saurashtra region on Gujarat. It is about 122 Miles (196KM) from Ahmedabad-Gujarat. 

Some Muslim Arab traders who landed at Ghoga around the early 7th century built a mosque around 624-625 A.D. It was the time when Qibla faced Masjid-E-Aqsa or Baitul Muqaddus-Jerusalem-instead of Kaaba Sharif in Mecca. Prophet Muhammed (PBUH) received “Wahi,” commanding him to change the Qibla from Jerusalem (in the North) to Mecca-(in the South) in around 624-625 A.D. This ancient Masjid, in Ghoga, locally known as the Barwada Masjid or the Juni (old) Masjid, still has its original Qibla facing Jerusalem.

Thus, this Masjid, therefore, predates the previously believed oldest Masjid, the Cheraman Juma Masjid in Kerala, built-in 628 -629A.D.with its Qibla facing Mecca as mandated at that time. It is further collaborated by its inscriptions in Old Arabic on its Mihrab.

Since the Qibla is facing Jerusalem, later, the Muslims abandoned the Masjid, and thus the Masjid remains dilapidated. What is surprising is the unawareness, neglect, and abandonment of such a significant Islamic monument, especially by those interested in early Islamic history.

Even before recognizing this oldest-first built Ghoga Masjid in India, the American Federation of Muslims of Indian Origin (AFMI) was concerned about the documentation and preservation of these Islamic heritages. About a year ago, they formed a committee to evaluate and preserve all Islamic heritages in India to be kept in the digital format. AFMI also approved payment of fees, stipends, miscellaneous, and other expenses of these students interested in doing Ph. D. They will work under the guidance and direction of an Islamic AFMI scholar. I also request India’s intellectuals, especially archeologists and those interested in preserving such a significant Islamic monument, reflecting early Islamic history in India.

Preserving and restoring old buildings is also essential because those ancient monuments reflect our history. They help us to understand and respect people who lived in different eras with different habits and traditions.

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 -  BY A.S. NAKADAR

[sukhadiafoods]

Sweets in india

Sukhadia Sweets & Snacks is a famous sweet shop based in Vadodara, Gujarat, India. We have been rated as the leading manufacturer of mouthwatering Indian sweets, snacks and namkeen.

Our main focus is to provide customers with the best quality sweets and eatables for the price they pay. We never compromise on the quality of ingredients being used in our products and keep a regular check on hygiene and cleanliness issues.

The journey started in the Gulf of Cambay Khambhat located in Anand district Gujarat. Later, we shifted to Vadodara in 1996 and grew our business with the history of our family running this business for the last six generations. Our brand uses premium ingredients and preservative free recipes to maintain our brand quality and offer exclusive products to our community

Why Parrot symbolises Sukhadia ?

Our Great-Grandfather Jamnadas was gifted with a parrot by his saint friend. That parrot remained with the Sukhadia family for more than 30 years. He was a smart and handsome parrot who won the hearts and minds of the entire family, friends and neighbours who lived in the Gulf of Cambay (Khambhat), India. Upon the death of our beloved parrot, the family decided to use parrot’s image as the logo for the family business. Today Parrot’s logo is recognized as a symbol of family tradition and values, high-quality ingredients and pride known throughout India and the United States.

Sukhdia Foods. With a legacy of over 2 decades Sukhadia Foods has served the taste buds of citizens of Gujarat. Originally from the famous city of Khambhat, Sukhadia Foods have carried on the tradition not only of quality but also taste. Their old recipes which made them what they are today, are still very much intact and important part of their process. They have always relied heavily on quality be it the ingredients or the process of making.

WHY PEOPLE CHOOSE US

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We prepare fresh sweets and snacks every few days and sometimes daily, during the busy season to ensure freshness and pure quality.

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Email Us at sukhadiasweetsbaroda@gmail.com

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Darpan Apartment, 4, RC Dutt Rd,

Near Express Hotel,

Alkapuri,

Vadodara,

Gujarat - 390007,

India Inquire us at https://sukhadiafoods.com/contact-us/

Website - https://sukhadiafoods.com/

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[phgq]

Reg'l police chief wants cop trainee axed for physical abuse

#PHnews: Reg'l police chief wants cop trainee axed for physical abuse

ZAMBOANGA CITY -- The Police Regional Office (PRO) 9 (Zamboanga Peninsula) has already begun the termination proceeding against a police trainee accused of mauling his 16-year-old girlfriend, its top official said Monday. Police trainee Joed Carba was immediately placed under administrative leave following his arrest after he allegedly mauled his 16-year -old girlfriend at the latter's apartment in Dipolog City, Zamboanga del Norte last July 22, PRO-9 Director, Brig. Gen. Jesus Cambay Jr., said. Carba was undergoing on-the-job training or field training exercise (OJT/FTX) at the Zamboanga del Norte Police Provincial Office at the time of his arrest. A complaint lodged by the victim at the Women and Children Protection Desk (WCPD) of the Dipolog City Police Station accused Carba of physical abuse in relation to Republic Act 9262 or the Anti-Violence Against Women and their Children Act of 2004. Cambay said he has directed Lt. Col. Antonio Duruin, training manager of the Regional Special Training Unit 9, to terminate the OJT/FTX training of Carba and subject him for termination procedure under the Philippine National Police (PNP) training manual. Cambay noted that police professionalism is one of his core programs, in which the imposition of discipline among the officers and ranks is a priority. He also condemned "any act inimical to public service, which tends to degrade the prestige of the PNP organization." Cambay said the PNP upholds the highest standard of discipline as an "implementer and not violators of the law to gain the trust and confidence of every citizen." (PNA)

***

References:

* Philippine News Agency. "Reg'l police chief wants cop trainee axed for physical abuse." Philippine News Agency. https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1110198 (accessed July 28, 2020 at 03:16AM UTC+14).

* Philippine News Agency. "Reg'l police chief wants cop trainee axed for physical abuse." Archive Today. https://archive.ph/?run=1&url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1110198 (archived).

[monosko]

A pair of racehorces. By Shaikh Muhammad Amir of Karraya (1830-1850). Courtesy: Christie

PRELUDE Not until the British revamped army to recapture Calcutta in 1757, horses in India had the leading role in wars, and in everyday public and private life as well. Gradually the other two robust animals, camels and elephants, were being withdrawn from military and public services. The demands for suitable horses grew manifolds, and so was the prospect of horsetrading in India that attracted horse dealers from around the world to come and stay in Bombay, Madras and Calcutta engaging themselves in all kinds of horse-related enterprises, including horse auctions, livary stable services, saddlery, fodder supply, coach building, veterinary services, equestrian schools.

HORSE IN INDIA

India had an indigenous supply of excellent elephants, but not many good horses. Yet the horse of ‘Ashwamedha’ fame served as a symbol of power and glory in Indian tradition. There are evidences of horse riding in the era of Rikveda. [Coomaraswamy] The earliest known work on veterinary science  India’s Shalihotra-sanghita, proves how seriously the fitness of horses was taken care of. Even so, India had to depend much on imported war horses since the indigenous horses were found inadequate for battlefront and their high war mortality rate. The good horses were imported to the Mughal state from Arabia, Iran, Turan, Turkey,Turkestan, Badakhshan, Shirwan, Qirghiz, Tibbet, Kashmir and other countries. Kabul and Qandhar were the major entrepots on the land-routes for the horse traders. While horses from Central Asia came to India by the overland route, Persian and Arabian horses were largely brought by the sea. [Khan] The ports of Surat, Cambay, Kutch, Thatta, Lahori Bandar and Sonargoan in Bengal were the major entrepots for the bahri horses brought for breeding. In order to establish control over the horse trade, the Mughal Emperors established friendly and diplomatic relations with the neighbouring countries. [Choudhary]

COUNTRY-BREEDS The Indian Country-bred, generally plain heads, long necks, narrow chests, strong hooves and low-set tails, archaically known as tattoo, vary from good-quality riding horses to small and poorly-conformed animals used for pack and draught work. They derive from many diverse horse breeds and types, including the small horses of the Himalayas of northern India, and the strong horses of the Punjab. Outside influences include Arab horses imported to Bombay and Veraval from the Persian Gulf, and the Australian Walers imported in very large numbers in the nineteenth century to Calcutta via Madras. The Indian Half-bred is a cross-breed between Thoroughbred stallions and local and imported mares of various types, raised mainly by the Indian Army as a cavalry mount. Apart from the regulars, the Militia Cavalry also required to be equipped with horses as well. It is also used by the Indian Police Service, as a polo pony, and for recreational and competitive riding. The most distinguished Indian high-breeds are:

Bhutia –       Like Mongolian and Tibbetian horses,

Kathiawari – Western India breed intended to be a desert war horse,

Manupuri –  Famous for their unruffled demeanour and learning ability,

Marwari –    As an ambling gait and a superior level of hardiness ,

Spiti –          A mountain-based breed,

Zaniskari –  In many respect similar to Spiti, Chmmarti – A well-muscled, can easily survive cold temperatures, and

Deccani –   Arabian and Turkic crossbreeds with local ponies; “a perfect compendium of all the qualities required in a campaigner. ”He doubted if even the war-born Arabian Badoo can be deemed the superior of the ponies bred on the banks of the Bhima and Tapti”. [Burckhardt]

  HORSES IN CALCUTTA Bengal never had any better horses than the Bhutia and the Manipuri breeds of local origin. So long the Sonargaon river port was in operation, Bengal not only received regular supplies of imported horses, but also witnessed the transportation of some of these war machines to the Deccan and China. [Chakrabarti]. The other centre was the Sonepur Cattle Fair for one month long trading of animals – the largest in Asia.

Esplanade . Artist: William Daniell (1769-1837)James Baillie Fraser.1814

Horse Bathing in Ganges near Prinsep Ghat. near

Horsemen near Old Fort (Tank Square) (now CliveStreet)_Charles D’Oyly1842. Courtesy:_BL

The emergence of Bengal as a regional political entity during the early medieval times must have increased the demand for war horses, but it was never so desperately pressing as the English felt after they lost the 1756 Battle of Calcutta. “The question of our horse supply, though primarily a military one, is far from exclusively so.” [Burckhardt] Burckhardt was right. Life in Calcutta literally depended much on horse power, otherwise Calcutta would have remained stand still even though there had been elephants, camels and bullocks roaming on roads carrying passengers and goods. None of those animals were as agile and sportive as the horses in battlefields, roads and lanes, racing grounds, or ambling for a promenade.

Since the city was rebuilt on the ashes of 1756 Battle horses were being imported in huge quantities particularly from Arabia, Britain and Australia.

A Horse and His Trader, circa 1800 Painting; Watercolor, Opaque / Artist: Bagta. Los Angeles County Museum of Art

ARAB HORSE The oldest pure breed in the world, Arab horse is actually the horse of the  the wandering Arab – the true Bedouin. The animal possesses incomparable virtue as reverend of hardship and master of abstinence. Its strength and stamina apart a particular form of elegance has made it an enviable sire to breed superior horses everywhere in the world. Either directly or indirectly, the Arabian contributed to the formation of virtually all the modern breeds of light horse. As found in some critical studies, the qualities of the Arabian horses in foreign lands considerably vary. The characteristics of the Arabian horses in India differ from those bred in Syria, Mesopotamia and Persia. [Curr]

The Arabian is a symmetrical saddle-horse, not a racer – with a bright, alert outlook and great pride of bearing. Men who look only at their stop-watches may be disappointed; but not they who love to look on horses racing. [Daumas] As the people of Persia and Arabia didn’t like mares to go out of their countries, the horses traded were invariably stallions. Over centuries of similar trading – the earlier influx was in the Mughal era – it’s thought the native horses and ponies of India thus gained a lot of Persian and Arabian horse genes. In Bombay during the British era, Arab horse dealers set up stables for selling – most held 1,000 to 1,500 horses. [Lane]

  ENGLISH HORSE The East India Company in an endeavour to improve the native breeds of horses established a special department, called ‘Stud Department’ in 1794. Both for political and economic reasons, the Company desired India should produce the horses necessary to mount both British and native cavalry, and to horse the artillery. Colonel Hallen gave a list of thirteen country-breeds of Indian horses described as ” possessing good powers of endurance, and showing thereby blood, but generally wanting in size, and many too small for the work of the Indian Army, constituted as it now is ; though some of purely local breeds can be found fit for native cavalry.” [Gilbey}

European man with a horse in India by Bourne & Shepherd, 1882. Source: Commons

Militia Cavalry of the East India Company

After four decades the British raj abandoned the project, and set up the ‘Army Remount and Horse-Breeding Departments’ in 1876 to introduce the ‘Diffused System’ , which used the Thoroughbred sires and India mares treating the thirteen different Indian breeds of horse as one, all mares being classed as ‘country-bred mares’.  The animal got by the English thoroughbred “is, as a rule, handsome in top and outlines of back, hind quarters, and carriage of head and tail, but is often shallow in girth and back rib, light in barrel, and from 70 to 8o per cent, are leggy and deficient in bone of limb. Diseases of legs are more common among thoroughbred stock. It provided no means nor machinery whereby the result of using any given stallion on any given mare can he ascertained. Sir John Watson’s gravest objection is that because of the ‘Diffused System’ there does not now exist in India even an experimental stud in which the results of different crosses can be observed. [Glibey]

AUSTRALIAN HORSE Horses first arrived in Australia in 1788, with the First Fleet of prisoners. Like the Arab and the Deccan pony, Waler owes his qualities to the conditions of life amid which he is bred and not on their stud-farms managed on English principles, but chiefly on the grasses which he can pick up for himself on Nature’s own bountiful bosom. Australian horse traders chiefly sold horses to India – where the Waler got its name picked from “New South Waler” – a horse from Australia. In India many famous men and regiments rode Walers – from the Viceroys and Rajah’s down, but pricey for common civilians, like Rudyard Kipling’s father John Kipling who always adored a Waler but could never afford to buy one. [Lane]

European man with a horse in India by Bourne & Shepherd, 1882. Source: Commons

New Mode of Shipping Horses to India.. Wood engraging. 1880. Courtesy: Waler portal

Lumsden Horse on parade.Calcutta_Bourneand shepherd_18xx. Source:AngloBoerWarMedal c 1875-6

In 1836, the first Governor of Perth city, Admiral Sir James Stirling, received an anonymous letter from Calcutta enquiring about a spot in Albany that can combine good climate and port facility for the purpose of breeding and exporting quality horses for catering the needs of the British India cavalry. A decade after The Hobart Town Courier of 30 January 1845 reported export of horses from Australia to India for the first time. The ‘Waler’ horses were exported from Sydney to the Indian Presidencies. Australia was chosen as an alternative source not only for being the closest supplier but also because of its breed of healthy horse. Horse buyers from India representing the Remount service would attend horse sales in Adelaide. Kidman’s annual horse sales held at Kapunda attracted local and Indian Army horse buyers. In turn, there were South Australians who bought horses from overseas to breed their own stock with and so improve their horses’ speed. Some horse dealers like the Pathan tribesmen from the Quetta, in Pishin district, took their horses down the Ganges Valley, most likely as far as Calcutta, where they sold some horses to Australians.’

In the end, Australia became the principal supplier to the 39 regiments of Indian Cavalry and about 7 more of the British Cavalry, each consisting of 1000 horses. The over all demand was pretty high, indeed, even without taking into account the fact that ‘people did play polo, apart from just hacks’, and horse racing became popular recreation around 1810. [Westrip]

A pair of racehorces.By Shaikh Muhammad Amir of Karraya (1830-1850). Courtesy: Christie

HORSE MARKETING IN CALCUTTA In Calcutta horse business initially started in Loll Bazaar- Cossaitollah locality then moved toward Dhurrumtollah where several horse liveries and stables grew to provide all round professional services. In Burraha Bazaar there is still having a locus called Pageya Patty, which might have been earlier a market sector for horse trading, as because the rare and homonymous Bengali word ‘pageya’ (পগেয়া) is used for a ‘breed of horse’ from a particular province’. [চৌধুরী]

The earliest livery stables, as recorded, were established adjacent to the celebrated 18th century tavern, Harmonica, by certain Mr. Meredith. The erstwhile Meredith’s Lane, which connected Bentinck Street with Chandney Choke Lane, derived its name from this Mr. Meredith’s Livery Stables. In Cossaitollah also was the shop of Mr. Oliphant ‘Coach-maker’, the rival of Messrs Steuart and Co., at Old Court House Corner. On Chitpore Road there existed a horse mart, few stables and coach-factories. With the southward expansion of the Calcutta township across Govindapore a number of new horse establishments clustered on Dhurrumtollah Street, to cater all kinds of horse related services and facilities to private and corporate clientele. The most known horse sellers and livary stable keepers among them were: TF Brown & Co. (Partner: Thomas Flitcher Brown), Cook & Co. (Partner: T. Greenhill), Hunter & Co (Partner: John Sherriff). Martin & Co. (Partner: J.P. Martin), and T. Smith & Co.  The Grand Hotel in Calcutta had a “Waler Corner” where Australian horse traders met; often after the horses were sold at the Army Remount Depot at Alipore. Some traders such as Jim Robb also stayed in Calcutta.

HORSE CULTURE IN CALCUTTA Horse induces a sense of freedom from monotony – a sportive spirit to win the best at work and leisure. In Colonial Calcutta leisure and recreation became indispensable parts of the social and cultural life of Europeans and native aristocrats. [Mukherjee] Horses have had the primary role to play in the new form of recreation culture, such as hunting, playing polo, horse racing, fencing and pleasure riding.All these were being played in India since long. Yet it was the British who brought some characteristic changes into the games by introducing new sets of rules acceptable worldwide as standards. These reinvented games, however, were meant to be played exclusively by the ‘whites’. For long, natives were not allowed to approach playgrounds, the Respondentia Walk or the King’s Bench Walk on the riverside, the Eden Gardens, and select parts of the Maidan. Mountain Police patrolled the areas to protect the white people’s privilege, besides their regular duty of escorting shipments from river-ports to the safe location. In a changed environment of collaborative Anglo-Indian enterprise, native aristocrats started taking part in all masculine brands of outdoor games.

MOUNTED GAMES

Driving tiger out of a jungle; colored sketch by Thomas Williamson. Source: East India Vade Mecum. 1810

Hunting Hunting wild beasts on horseback is an ancient frantic game that the Europeans much loved to play while in India. The practice of chasing and killing wild animals, what the food-gathering humans commonly did for their survival and defence, turned into a trigger-happy recreation for power loving civilized people. The oriental princes, British and European civilians and dignitaries were the ones most interested in the game locally known as shikar. There were wild habitats all over the country in every province. One of the most tiger-infested jungles, Sundarban was stretched up to Govindapore before the Fort William II constructed. They say, Warren Hastings had a luck to shoot a Royal Bengal tiger on the spot where the St. Paul Cathedral stands today. [Cotton] Chitah hunting at Barrackpore Park was a favourite sport for the Governors-Genral and Viceroys since Wellesley ’s time. King George V had shot no less than 39 tigers and 4 bears when he visited Nepal in 1911. After half a century, his granddaughter Queen Elizabeth when visited India, wished she had a live calf as bait in her tiger hunting expedition. The wish remained unfulfilled due to Mr. Nehru’s interference. An estimated 80,000 of tigers were killed from 1875–1925 and probably more till 1971 when hunting tigers was totally banned. In modern world the hunting has been redefined in terms of fishing, wildlife photography, birdwatching and the like sport items that do not threaten worldlife. [Dasgupta]

  Polo Polo, often referred to as ‘the game of kings’, was invented and played by the commoners of Manipore, where the world’s oldest polo-ground, Mapal Kangjeibung, still exists. From obscure beginnings in Manipore, the modern version of polo was developed and soon being played in the Maidan by two British soldiers, Captain Robert Stewart and Major General Joe Sherer.

A polo game: the dervish and the shah on the polo field from a Guy u Chawgan by Arifi (d.1449). Courtesy: Smithsonian Nat.MuseumAsian Art

Calcutta Polo Club of 1862 Drawing by unidentified artst. Source: justGo

Manipore Polo Team’s first visit to the Calcutta Polo Club in 1884. Courtesy: HindusthanTimes. Possibility photographer: Bourne. 1864

They  established the Calcutta Polo Club in 1861, and later spread the game to their peers in England. The club runs the oldest and first ever Polo Trophy, the Ezra Cup (1880). The modern Polo has been necessarily a sport meant exclusively for wealthy people capable of meeting its fabulous expenses and extensive leisure time that the heads of the princely states, high ranked British military and administrative personnel. Prominent teams of the period included the chiefs of the princely states of Alwar, Bhopal, Bikaner, Jaipur, Hyderabad, Patiala, Jodhpur, Kishengarh and Kashmir. The majority of the Cavalry regiments of the British Army and the British Indian Army also fielded teams. The civil service bureaucrats to whom the sports and pastimes peculiar to the country are accessible ‘upon a scale of magnificence and affluence unknown to the English sportsman, who ranges the fields with his gun and a brace of pointers, and seeks no nobler game than the partridge or the hare’. [Cotton] The gorgeous game of polo attracted the fanciful young minds, irrespective of financial constraints, if any. Winston Churchill loved polo and played the game vigorously. Aga Khan the celebrated racehorse owner and equestrian found in young Churchill, then an officers of the Fourth Hussars stationed at Bangalore, an irrepressible, and promising polo player. In November 1896 Churchill’s team won a silver cup worth £60. [Langworth ] “Polo became a game that in many ways, did more than ambassadors to promote goodwill in the days a man was judged by his horse…” . [Lane]

  Horse Racing Horse racing, one of the oldest of all sports, developed from a primitive contest of speed or stamina between two horses. In the modern era, horse racing developed from a diversion of the leisure class into a huge public-entertainment business.

Calcutta being the first centre of British power in India commanding large cavalry regiments, all mounted sports such as hunting, polo and racing were encouraged to be played. Organized horse races were first held in India on 16 January 1769 at Akra, near Calcutta, where they were held on a rough, narrow, temporary course for the next three decades. Lord Wellesley, as soon he arrived India in 1798, stopped horse racing and all sorts of gambling. After a lull the Calcutta Races again commenced under the patronage of Lord Moira. In 1812 the Bengal Jockey Club laid out a new course in the southwest part of the Maidan. A viewing stand was built in 1820 to watch racing horses in the  cool of mornings just after sunrise.  The Calcutta Derby Stakes began in 1842, where maiden Arabs ran over 2.5 miles. Five years after the Calcutta Turf Club was founded on 20 February 1847.  In 1856 the Calcutta Derby was replaced by the Viceroy’s Cup. In 1880 public interest in racing grew when races started to be held in the afternoons, and new stands were built.

A Grey Racehorse and a Groom. Pencil and watercolour by Sheikh Muhammad Amir. Courtesy: Christies

Race Cource Calcutta. Undated/ photographer unknown. Source: Hippostcard (New Market)

Racing becomes Calcutta’s biggest wintertime attraction, except during a Royal visit —”and then the Turf Club contrives to work the two things very much together. For months women have studied pictured lists from Piccadilly, searching for something to wear at the Races. New milliners’ signs adorn the city’s streets, as short lived as the flies, just for the Racing season. The Indian has unpacked his shawls of many colours only to sport it on the crowded course where the patterned shoulders work a mosaic that is hardly ever seen in a human picture.” Minney who visited Calcutta in early 1920s left a spectacular description of the city in sunny winter. “Gay and busy, it is a season that attracts a multitude from the world’s four comers. They come for the racing,, they come for frivolity, but they come primarily for the climate. … Calcutta would become the most coveted place in this sad globe, more cursed than blessed with climate.” [Minney]

Horse Riding The horse is a partner and friend of humans for more than 5,000 years, and the art of horseback riding, or equestrianism, took most of it to be evolved, of necessity, with maximum understanding and a minimum of interference with the horse. In Colonial Calcutta, as the contemporary narratives reveal, riding was not a monopoly of the cavalry and the rich who rode for sport, as it was the case elsewhere till the 20th century. After Plassey, in the revived Calcutta society, horse riding was regarded as a valued social asset and symbol of prestige.

Portrait of a lady rider with her horse and indian groomsman. Like the photograph taken by Thomas Alfred Rust. Courtesy: Cabinet Card Gallery

The Course at Calcutta. Drawing by ADA Claxton.c1859 Source: Alamy

Girls on horseback on Calcutta Road. Date unknown. Photographer unknown. Courtesy: Open Magazine.

The opening of many new riding clubs and stables has made riding and horsemanship accessible to a much larger segment. Calcutta then was different in too many counts, but “nothing in which we differ more remarkably from them than in the distribution of our time”. In the early days of Calcutta, the midday dinner and the afternoon siesta were recognized institutions.  “The dinner hour here is two,” wrote Mrs Fay. In the days of Warren Hastings “reposing, if not of sleeping, after dinner is so general that the streets of Calcutta are, from four to five in the afternoon, almost as empty for Europeans as if it were midnight. Next come to the evening airings on the course, where everyone goes, though sure of being half-suffocated with dust.” [Cotton] The scene here in the evening was very lively ; soldiers exercising in the square; officers riding on horseback, or driving in gigs ; the band playing on the esplanade; groups promenading. [Bellow] About this garden, as well as the Maidan and Strand Road and to the south of the Eden Garden are the places to see and to be seen, because all the grand folks of Calcutta of an evening go on foot, or riding, or in beautiful barouches, broughams, phaetons, buggies, etc., drawn by beautiful horses. [Cesry]

Good riding and driving horses may be had from 400 to 600 rupees each, Arabs for a bit more.  On setting up housekeeping in Calcutta, or in the provinces, a new recruit in civil service earning Rupees 400 a month, must provide himself with bed, tables, chairs, cooking utensils, china, plate, table linen, a buggy, and buggy horse, and a riding-horse.  The buggy being kept then principally for business, visits, and day trips, the riding-horse is requisite for morning and evening exercise. [Roberts] During the days of Cornwallis, they used to get on horseback just as the dawn of day begins to appear, ride on the same road and the same distance, pass the whole forenoon. [Bagchi] The Eden sisters, particularly Emily, was extremely fond of riding horse wherever they go.  She found riding a foot’s pace cooler than the carriage. The air she felt coming more round one on horseback than in the carriage. She had a little pony-carriage with no head to it, and wicker sides, and extremely light, and that was much the coolest conveyance they had; besides that, she says “it will go in roads which will not admit of our carriage” [Eden] After nearly four decades, in a more liberal colonial climate we find Jyotindranath Tagore along with his young wife Kadambari Devi riding on their horses down Chitpore Road to the Eden Garden for an evening prom. [Sen]

The pleasure of horse riding has been an added attraction for the European settlers in Calcutta. Except the army horsemanship, ambling or easy walking on horseback was the most popular mode of riding – a slow, four-beat, rhythmic pace of distinct successive hoof beats in an order. Alternately it may be extended walk of long, unhurried strides. One needed to undergo a systematic training to execute precisely any of a wide range of maneuvers, from the simplest riding gaits to the most intricate and difficult airs. This was true for the British and Indian soldiers as well as the civilian men and women. The first Riding school was established in Calcutta as early as in 1790s followed by more in the next century to teach whoever interested irrespective of sex and age. The untold stories behind those early Riding Schools will be posted next.

  REFERENCE

Bagchi, P. C. (1938). The Second city of the Empire. Calcutta: Indian Science Congress Assoc. Calcutta: Indian Science Congress.

Bellow, F. J. (1880). Memoirs of a griffin; or, A cadet’s first year in India. London: Allen. Retrieved from https://archive.org/details/memoirsagriffin00bellgoog/page/n5/mode/2up

Burckhardt, J. L. (1831). Notes of the Bedouine and Wahabees collected during his travel in the East;vol; vol.1(2). London: Bentley. Retrieved from https://archive.org/details/notesonbedouins00burcgoog/page/n6/mode/2up

Cesry, R. (1818). Indian Gods, sages and cities. Calcutta: Catholic Orphan Press. Retrieved from https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.128152

Chakravart, R. (1999). Early Medieval Bengal and the trade in horses: a note. No Title. Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient., 42(2). Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/stable/3632335

Coomaraswamy, A. K. (1942). Horse-Riding in the Rgveda and Atharvaveda.No Title. Journal of the American Oriental Society. Vol. 62, No. 2 (Jun., 1942), Pp. 139-140. Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/stable/594467

Cotton, E. (1909). Calcutta old and new: a historical and descriptive handbook of the city. Calcutta: Newman.

Curr, E. M. (1863). Pure saddle-horses, and how to breed them in Australia. Melbourne: Wilson and Mackinnon. Retrieved from https://archive.org/details/puresaddlehorses01curr/page/n6/mode/2up

Dasgupta, R. R. (n.d.). Killing for sport: To live, we Indians need to let live too. Retrieved from https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/blogs/SilkStalkings/killing-for-sport-to-live-we-indians-need-to-let-live-too/

Daumas, E. (1863). Horses of the Sahara, and the manners of the desert. London: Allen. Retrieved from https://archive.org/details/horsesofsahara00daum/page/n7/mode/2up

Eden, E. (1872). Letters from India; vol.1. London: Bentley. Retrieved from https://digital.library.upenn.edu/women/eden/letters/letters.html

Gilbey, W. (1906). Horse breeding in England and India and army horses abroad. London: Vinton.

Jaccob, J. (1858). The Views and opinions of Brigadier-General John Jaccob. CB; (C. L. Pelly, Ed.). London: Smith & Elder. Retrieved from https://books.google.co.ao/books?id=mn9CAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&hl=pt-PT&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false

Khan., I. A. (1984). The Import of Persian horses in India 13-17th centuries. In Proceedings of the Indian History Congress. (pp. 346–351). Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/stable/i40173319

Lane, J. (2016). Buying Walers. Retrieved from https://walers.blogspot.com/2016/07/buying-walers-australian-horse-traders.html

Langworth, B. F. (n.d.). Churchill and Polo: The Hot Pursuit of His Favorite Team Sport, Part 1. Retrieved from https://winstonchurchill.hillsdale.edu/polo-churchills-favorite-team-sport/

Minney, R. (1922). Round about Calcutta. Calcutta: OUP. Retrieved from http://archive.org/details/roundaboutcalcut00minnrich

Mukherjee, S. (2011). Leisure and recreation in colonial Bengal: A sociocultural study. In IHC: Proceedings, 71st Session, 2010-11. Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/stable/44147545?seq=1

Roberts, E. (1839). The East India voyager, or, Ten minutes advice to the outward boun. London: Madden. Retrieved from https://trove.nla.gov.au/work/193246575?q&versionId=211570278

Sen, A. P. (1993). Hindu Revivalism in Bengal, 1872–1905: Some Essays in Interpretation. New Delhi: OUP. Retrieved from https://books.google.com.au/books?id=ZCwpDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT47&lpg=PT47&dq=jyotirindranath+maidan+horse&source=bl&ots=mpVG5W2xkS&sig=ACfU3U30J0X-sa2ToOMLn1AjgzWARWVcaA&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjwkJOUrajoAhVaeX0KHYMGCRsQ6AEwAHoECAkQAQ#v=onepage&q=jyotirindranath m

Westrip, Joyce P, and P. H. (2010). Colonial Cousins: A Surprising History of Connections Between India and Australia. Kent Town: Wakefield. Retrieved from https://books.google.co.in/books?id=ALbaCwe6VHkC&pg=PR4&lpg=PR4&dq=A+surprising+history+of+connections+between+India+and+Australia+by+Joyce+Westrip+and+Peggy+Holroyde&source=bl&ots=zzor8RrxQ1&sig=ACfU3U1NylPfKTO2iTXbYFNByhjgvS-0zQ&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjspeP3yILnAhXs73MBHUpTCMw4ChDoATAFegQICBAB#v=onepage&q=horse&f=false

চৌধুরী, প্রমথ. (1914). চুটকি। প্রবন্ধ সংগ্রহ

https://bn.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE:%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A7_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%B9_-_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A5_%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%8C%E0%A6%A7%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%80.pdf/%E0%A7%A7%E0%A7%A6%E0%A7%AA

              HORSES AND MOUNTED GAMES IN COLONIAL CALCUTTA

PRELUDE Not until the British revamped army to recapture Calcutta in 1757, horses in India had the leading role in wars, and in everyday public and private life as well.

HORSES AND MOUNTED GAMES IN COLONIAL CALCUTTA PRELUDE Not until the British revamped army to recapture Calcutta in 1757, horses in India had the leading role in wars, and in everyday public and private life as well.

[hardcollectionzombie]

Ah, good old shellfish. They can be everyday meals or special delicacies. Whatever form they’re in, one thing is guaranteed - they are yummy. So, what exactly are shellfish? Shellfish are a category of aquatic animals that encompass a variety of molluscs and crustaceans. Molluscs aren’t something you’d typically find in daily cuisine - they include clams, oysters and the like. However, you’d be more familiar with crustaceans. They comprise everyone’s favourite prawns, shrimps and also delicacies like crabs and lobsters.

[habkorea]

Foreign Tourists Looking Beyond just K-pop

Foreign Tourists Looking Beyond just K-pop

The participants are ready to have bibimbap, rice mixed with vegetables, for lunch, Tuesday, at K-Style Hub, a hallyu-themed promotion center. / Courtesy of Korea Tourism Organization

[kkstarratings]Ophelie Cambay, an 18-year-old French tourist, looked absolutely thrilled as her long-cherished dream of attending a K-pop concert in Korea was about to come true.

The girl, from Aix-en-Provence,…

[vintageimageryx-blog]

Old Map of india 1851 Southern Old India Map Indian Wall Decor Bombay Madras Decorative Map Old World Style Map India Housewarming gift art by VintageImageryX

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[justwravel-blog]

Historical places in Gujarat The state of Gujarat has played a significant role in history. The lands of Gujarat witnessed some brave kings and their rich heritage. Gujarat is also the birthplace of Mahatma Gandhi, the father of the nation, who initiated out various movements for India’s independence from here. The city of Ahmedabad, which is the heart of Gujarat has been recently titled as ‘World Heritage City’ by the UNESCO. Here are some of the places of historical importance and which one must visit and which would give you the feel of the rich ancient heritage and the struggle of Gujarat. Somnath: The Somnath temple is believed to be the first among the 12 Jyotirlingas of Lord Shiva. The shivling at the temple is believed to be ‘swayambhu’ or self-born, manifested in the temple. This temple was destroyed six times and rebuilt every time. The current structure of the temple, seventh reconstruction, is a magnificent edifice built in the Chalukya style of architecture by the master masons of Gujarat, known as Sompuras. Soma, the Moon god, is believed to have lost his luster due to a curse, and he bathed in the Sarasvati River at this site to regain it. The name of the town Prabhas, meaning luster, as well as the alternative names Someshvar and Somnath ("The lord of the moon" or "the moon god") arise from this tradition. You can also visit the beach, and the museum, close to the temple, which exhibits 1638 pieces from 7th to 15th century. Palitana: Located atop the Shetrunjai Hill, Palitana temple is one of the most sacred Jain temples in India and is known for its 3000 brilliantly carved temples. According to the records, there are approximately 108 large temples and 872 small shrines with about 7000 images total that have been built over 900 years from the 11th century by the Jain community. To reach the temple, one will have to climb 3800 steps. For the elder, palanquin (palki) service is easily available. The panoramic view of Palitana unfolds itself as one progresses to the temple. From the top of the temple, you can see the panoramic view of the Gulf of Cambay and countryside. Note: Devotees usually start their climb early in the morning and make their descent by evening as staying at night is not permitted. Dholavira: 250 km from the Bhuj district of Gujarat nestles an ancient town, Dholavira; that throws the light on the Harappan culture and its magnificent civilization. Second largest in India and fifth largest in the Indian sub-continent, this Harappan site the only place that marks the presence of Harappan culture from 2900 BC to 1500 BC. On a trip to Dolavira, you walk can pass through the sun-dried buildings, 5,000-year-old stepwell, ancient reservoirs. To reach Dolavira, you will have to drive for six kilometers from Ahmedabad. Accommodation options are very limited in Dolavira so; you can stay in Ahmedabad or head to Bhuj for the great Rann of Kutch. Laxmi villas palace: Built in 1890 as the private residence of Maharaja Sayajirao Gaekwad III, Laxmi Vilas Palace is indeed one of the grandest structures in India. Sprawling over an area of 700 acres, the palace is believed to be nearly four times the size of Buckingham Palace and features many buildings like Moti Baug Palace, Makarpura Palace, Pratap Vilas Palace and Maharaja Fateh Singh Museum building. It took Robert Fellows Chisholm, the head architect, twelve years to build this grand building. The property also has a Navlakhi stepwell, Maharaja Fatehgarh museum, and a small zoo, which was resting ground crocodiles. Ahmedabad: Finest creations or should I say the major tourists attractions in Gujarat are not only the efforts of years year rulers but also there is a little bit contribution of the citizenry as well. Pols are distinct residential areas that are unique only to Gujarat, and one can find their significant numbers in Ahmedabad. Ahmedabad has been titled the first “Heritage city” in whole India by UNESCO. There are nearly 174 pols in Ahmedabad, each featuring finest lovely wooden windows, brackets, magical balconies, khidkis, and chowks. Earlier pols were the preferred residence across the different sections of Gujarat society for the feeling of society and identity they evoke. Time has bestowed beauty to pol architecture of Gujarat, making them an ornament of world building. Gandhi ashram: Located on the banks of Sabarmati River, this abode of Gandhi is also known as Sabarmati Ashram. This Ashram, originally called Satyagraha Ashram, holds a special mention in the archives of India as a number of freedom movements were planned here between 1917 to 1930. Mahatma Gandhi also trained activists here to join his movements like Swadeshi movements, non-violence and civil disobedience. Gandhi’s poignant, Spartan living quarters are preserved in Sabarmati Ashram, and there’s an open-air museum that presents an informative and moving record of his life and teachings. The Sabarmati Ashram was also the starting point of the very famous and important movement of history, The Salt March to Dandi which played a significant role in leading India towards independence. Sun temple: Built in 1027 AD, Sun temple is one of the surviving Indian shrines dedicated to God Sun and stands as an epitome of the exquisite Hindu temple of Solanki dynasty. The temple is divided into three parts, which are perfectly aligned from east to west, in accordance with the deity passage of the sun. Inside the temple complex, you can see a suryakand or stepwell, prayer hall (also known as Sabhamandapa) supported on 52 pillars and another room (Gudhamandara) that leads to inner sanctum called Garbhagrah. The temple is a sight to behold during the Modhera Dance Festival. Sun temple is located in the Mehsana district of Gujarat, and one can reach by car or bus ride from Ahmedabad. Polo forest: The temples of Polo, located near Vijaynagar, were built between 10th and 15th centuries under the Gurjara-Pratiharas and later the Rathores as a hiding place from enemies, citizens, angry wives, and even from the sun. While there are number of medieval temples in the polo region of this period, the most notable ones are Sarneshwar temple (still in use), Lakha Dera Jain temple and Shiv Shakti Mandir. Structure and design of the temples reveal Islamic traces in the use of domes and lattice screens; it also follows the layout of Traditional Hindu temples. To reach the temples, you can take a bus or private taxi from Ahmedabad, which is hardly 160 kilometers away. Jeeps are also available from Idar, a town in Sabarkantha, which is 56 km from Vijaynagar. Jeeps would take you till the Polo campsite only; thereupon you will have to trek in the forest to explore the temple. There is only one homestay available at the Vijaynagar. Lothal: Somewhere like Dholavira, Lothal is also a significant site of the Indus Valley civilization excavated in India. Here, you can see a tank, which is believed to be a dry dockyard and is connected by the channel to the old course of the Sabarmati River. To know the place better you can also visit the museum, which showcases 5089 products unearthed from the evacuation like terracotta ornaments, shell and ivory objects, replicas of seal and sealings, tools and potteries yielded from excavations, copper and bronze objects animal and human figurines, weights, etc. To reach Lothal, you can hire a taxi from Ahmedabad and go for a long day trip or travel by train till Gandhigram and thereupon take a bus. Champaner: The deserted city of Champaner, a UNESCO world heritage site, is located in the foothills of Pavagadh. With some area perched on a rocky hilltop and bristling with forts, mosques, temples and palaces, Champaner-Pavagadh Archaeological Park looks like something out of a children’s storybook when it’s seen from afar. A major part of Champaner lies in ruins today, with the remains of many old mosques and palaces reflecting a blend of Islamic and Jain tradition. Also here you can find many Chalcolithic Indian Sites from the Stone Age era. Here one can find eleven different types of heritage monuments belonging to 16th century like tombs, gateways, mosques, temples, fortresses and walls, palaces, and pavilions, helical wells, custom houses. Kevda Masjid and Cenotaph, Jami Masjid, Lila Gumbaj Ki Masjid, Pavagadh fort, Lakulisa temple, and Helica Step-well, are some of the famous places to visit in Champaner-Pavagadh Archaeological Park. The Champaner complex is hardly 50 km away from Vadodara, thus, can be a good option for a weekend gateway. Rani ki vav: Rani ki Vav- as the name says this step well was built by Queen (Rani) of Bhimdeva, Udayamanti. Constructed in the 11th century to preserve ground water, Rani ki Vav came into limelight in 1972 when the area was fully earthed. The main highlight of the stepwell is that its walls that are profusely ornamented with figurative motifs and showcases images of various god and goddesses and their consorts from the Hindu Pantheon. The central part of each storey contains the primary sculpture. Winter is the best season to visit Rani ki Vav as you can enjoy the light shows, cultural events and exhibition at the Rani ki Vav Festival. Dwarkadhish temple: One of the four Dhams (divine abodes of India) and Sapata Turis (seven sacred cities), Dwarkadeesh Jagat Mandir doesn’t need any introduction. The word ‘Dwarka; is made of two words- ‘dwara’ meaning road, and ‘ka’ implying eternal significance. Going by the mythological records, Dwarka was the kingdom of Lord Krishna, and he stayed there for quite an extended period. This five storey temple stands on 72 pillars, which according to the science of archeo-astronomy, is some immense significance. The sandstone plinth and walls of the temples are embellished with panels depicting dancers, elephants, musicians and celestial beings. Along with Jagat Mandir, you can also visit the nearby temples like Bet Dwarka, Okha, and shrines dedicated to Rukmini (Lord Krishna’s Wife), Mirabai, Narsinh Mehta and Shank Narayan. Contact justwravel to plan your itinerary for your trip into history. "Kuch din to gujaro Gujarat mein"

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Interesting Facts about Tamil Nadu

Tamilnadu General Knowledge (GK) Questions and Answers 2018

  Brief Introduction about Tamil Nadu: About Tamil Nadu – The State of Tamil Nadu lies in the southern most part of India. Its official and widely spoken language is Tamil. There are 32 districts present in Tamil Nadu. Chennai formerly known as Madras is the Capital City of Tamil Nadu. Also, Chennai is the largest city of the state. Motto of the State is ‘Truth alone Triumph’. Agriculture is the main occupation of the people. This state is the largest producer of banana , turmeric , tapioca and second largest producer of Mango , Coconut and ground nut.

Interesting Facts about Tamil Nadu

  Government of Tamil Nadu: Governor          – Banwari Lal Purohit Chief Minister – Edappadi K. Palaniswami High Court       – Madras High Court

12 Interesting, Unknown, and Fun Facts About Tamil Nadu

  State Symbols : Dance   – Bharathanatiyam Animal – Niligiri Tahr Bird      – Emerald Dove Tree      – Palm Tree Flower  – Gloriosa Lily Sport    – Kabbadi

6 Interesting Facts You Should Know About Tamil

  Wildlife sanctuaries: Grizzled Squirrel Wildlife Sanctuary Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary Kalakaadu Mudanthurai Wildlife Sanctuary Mudumalai Wildlife Sanctuary Kanyakumari Wildlife Sanctuary Sathyamangalam Wildlife Sanctuary   National Parks: Indira Gandhi National Park Mudumalai National Park Mukurthi National Park Gulf of Mannar Marine National Park Guindy National Park Kodaikanal Wildlife Sanctuary   Biosphere Reserves: The Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve Agasthiyamalai Biosphere Reserve   World Heritage Sites in Tamil Nadu: Brihdeeswarar Temple at Thanjavur Gangaikonda Cholapuram Temple at Jayakondam Airavateswara Temple at Darasuram Monuments of Mahabalipuram at Chennai   Rivers and Dams: Aliyar Dam                                  –  Aliyar River Amaravathi Dam                        –  Amaravati River Bhavanisagar Dam                     –  Bhavani River Grand Anicut Dam (Kallanai)  – Cauvery River Mettur Dam                                  – Cauvery River Sathanur Dam                              – Pennaiyaru River Pechiparai Dam                           – Kodayar River Mukkadal Dam                            – Vambaru River Vaigai Dam                                   – Vaigai River   Famous Places in Tamil Nadu: Marina Beach, world’s second largest beach is located in Chennai the capital of Tamil Nadu. Meenakshi Amman Temple is a Hindu temple located on the southern bank of the Vaigai River in the temple city of Madurai. It was on the list of top 30 nominees for the “New Seven Wonders of the World”. Kanyakumari beach has its own importance were Bay of Bengal, Arabian sea and Indian ocean meets. Vivekananda Rock Memorial, Gandhi Museum, Thanjavur Temple are other famous places.   Famous Dances: Bharat Natyan is the popular traditional dance of the state. Kolattam, Karagam, and Mayilattam are famous folk dances.   Famous Personalities in Tamil Nadu: Dr. APJ. Abdul Kalam, 11th President of India was born and raised in Tamil Nadu. Sir C.V Raman was a known Indian Physicist, won Nobel prize in Physics. The Great Indian Mathematician Srinivasa Ramanujan who made significant contributions to mathematical analysis, number theory, and continued fractions was born in Erode,Tamil Nadu. M.S. Subbulakshmi was a famous carnatic vocalist belongs to Tamil Nadu. She was the first musician to be awarded the Bharat Ratna, India’s highest civilian honour. Viswanathan Anand origin of Tamil Nadu, is an Indian chess Grandmaster and former World Chess Champion. Venkatraman Ramakrishnan is an Indian structural biologist, who won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry MS Swaminathan, Father of Green Revolution in India, belonged to Tamil Nadu. AR Rahman or the Mozart of Madras, the Academy Award Winner, is also from Tamil Nadu.   Nuclear Power Stations: Madras Atomic Power Station, Kalpakkam. Kudankulam Nuclear Power Plant, Kudankulam   Thermal Power Stations: Neyveli Thermal Power Station, Cuddalore. Mettur Thermal Power Station, Salem. Ennore Thermal Power Station, Chennai.   Other Facts Major Ports – Madras & Tuticorin Tirukkural, which was written nearly two millennia ago portrays a universal outlook. Tamil is the first Indian Language to attain Classical Language Status Tamil Nadu is often referred to as ‘a land of temples’ and Tamils are proud of the religious traditions and follow them strictly. The World’s First Granite Temple is the Brihadeswara temple at Tanjavur in Tamil Nadu. The M. A. Chidambaram Stadium or Chepauk Stadium is a cricket stadium in Chennai. The stadium was established in 1916 and it the oldest continuously used cricket stadium in the country.  

TamilNadu General Knowledge Questions and Answers

We have compiled some important frequently asked questions related to Tamilnadu GK with Answers 1. Which Chief minister have been appointed maximum number of times ? (A) M Karunanidhi (B) M G Ramachandran (C) J Jayalalithaa (D) C Raja gopalachari (Ans : A) 2. Tamilnadu Capital City Chennai is formerly known as ? (A) Madras (B) Chennapur (C) Chennapatti (D) None of these (Ans : A) 3. What is the area of Tamil Nadu? (A) 50,215 sq. mi. (B) 77,857 sq. mi. (C) 36,523 sq. mi. (D) 28,412 sq. mi. (Ans : A) 4. Total Number of Districts of Tamilnadu state ? (A) 34 (B) 32 (C) 28 (D) 30 (Ans : B) 5. Number of International Airports in Tamilnadu ? (A) 3 (B) 5 (C) 4 (D) 2 (Ans : C) 6. Which water body is to the east of Tamil Nadu? (A) Gulf of Kutch (B) Bay of Bengal (C) Gulf of Cambay (D) Arabian Sea (Ans : B) 7. Which state is to the west of Tamil Nadu? (A) Orissa (B) Kerala (C) Maharashtra (D) Nagaland (Ans : B) 8. Which ocean is to the south of Tamil Nadu? (A) Atlantic (B) Pacific (C) Indian (D) Antarctic (Ans : C) 9. Which strait separates Tamil Nadu from Sri Lanka? (A) Cook (B) Torres (C) Davis (D) Palk (Ans : D)

Tamilnadu General Knowledge (GK) Questions and Answers 2018

  10. How was Tamil Nadu formerly known? (A) Madras (B) Ootacamund (C) Golconda (D) Vanga (Ans : A) 11. Which is the southernmost point of Tamil Nadu? (A) Blair Point (B) Cape Horn (C) Castle Point (D) Cape Comorin (Ans : D) 12. Which is the highest point in Tamil Nadu? (A) Kudremukh (B) Pachmarhi (C) Doda Betta (D) Guru Peak (Ans : C) 13. Which party came to power in Tamil Nadu in 1967? (A) CPI (B) TDP (C) PWP (D) DMK (Ans : D) 14. Who was Tamil Nadu’s first non-Congress chief minister? (A) C. Rajagopalachari (B) M. Karunanidhi (C) C. Annadurai (D) K. Kamaraj (Ans : C) 15. What is the state fruit of Tamilnadu ? (A) Banana (B) Mango (C) Guava (D) jackfruit (Ans : D)

TNPSC - General Knowledge Today

  16. Mid day meal scheme in Tamilnadu was Introduced by Which former Chief minister ? (A) K Kamraj (B) M G Ramachandran (C) M Karunanidhi (D) None of these (Ans : A) 17. The DANIDA-TNAHCP initiative of Tamil nadu is related to which among the following sectors? (A) Infrastructure (B) Health (C) Education (D) Industry (Ans : B) 18. Total number of Loksabha Constituencies in Tamilnadu ? (A) 42 (B) 25 (C) 36 (D) 39 (Ans : D) 19. In how many zones, the Greater Chennai Police Commissionerate has been divided in Tamil Nadu? (A) Three (B) Four (C) Five (D) Six (Ans : B) 20. In which of the following district Indira Gandhi wild life sanctuary & national park is located ? (A) Dharmapuri district (B) Coimbatore district (C) Karur (D) Theni (Ans : B) 21. From the following Which Public sector bank headquarters is located in Tamilnadu state ? (A) Bank of Baroda (B) Canara bank (C) Union bank of India (D) Indian Overseas bank (Ans : B) 22. In which year, name Chennai from Madras was officially changed ? (A) 1993 (B) 1995 (C) 1997 (D) 1998 (Ans : B) 23. In which year, Madras State was renamed as Tamilnadu? (A) 1960 (B) 1963 (C) 1969 (D) 1972 (Ans : C) 24. What is the name of seat of Corporation of Chennai? (A) Chelmsford Building (B) Ripon Building (C) Cornwallis Building (D) Dalhousie Building (Ans : B) 25. Vijayalaya Chola established Which of the following as new capital ? (A) Madurai (B) Thanjavur (C) Krishnagiri (D) Tiruchi (Ans : B) 26. Koodal is old name of Which city ? (A) Tiruppur (B) Tirunelveli (C) Madurai (D) None of these (Ans : C)

Tamilnadu General Knowledge-Current Affairs-Tamil Nadu State GK

  27. Which City is largest Knitwear exporter ? (A) Salem (B) Coimbatore (C) Andipatti (D) Tirupur (Ans : C) 28. From the following Which city is called “Manchestar of South India ” ? (A) Coimbatore (B) Chennai (C) Tirunelveli (D) Namakkal (Ans : A) 29. Which of the following state is North to Tamilnadu ? (A) Kerala (B) Karnataka (C) Andhra pradesh (D) None of these (Ans : C) 30. What is the Rank of Tamilnadu among Indian states by area ? (A) 14 (B) 3 (C) 9 (D) 11 (Ans : D) 31. Yercaud hill station is located in Which district ? (A) Tiruchirappalli (B) Salem (C) Erode (D) Tirunelveli (Ans : B) 32. Theni distict is split from Which district in 1997 ? (A) Madurai (B) Coimbatore (C) Tiruchirappalli (D) None of these (Ans : A) 33. In 1956 there are...................number of districts in Tamilnadu ? (A) 19 (B) 20 (C) 24 (D) 13 (Ans : D) 34. Whose nickname is “Mango of Salem” ? (A) K Kamaraj (B) PT Rajan (C) C Raja gopalachari (D) M Karunanidhi (Ans : C) 35. In which year Madras state was renamed as Tamilnadu ? (A) 1952 (B) 1962 (C) 1966 (D) 1969 (Ans : D) 36. “Amma Unavagam” scheme provides? (A) Subsidized fertilizers at low prices (B) Free Purified Water for families (C) Subsidized food at low prices (D) Free meals for pilgrims at Temples (Ans : C) 37. Who amongst the following is acknowledged as “king Maker” ? (A) M Karunanidhi (B) K Kamraj (C) C Rajagopalachari (D) None of these (Ans : B) 38. In Which year AIADMK party is founded ? (A) 1967 (B) 1974 (C) 1971 (D) 1972 (Ans : D) 39. Who is the founder of AIADMK ? (A) C Annadurai (B) M G Ramachandran (C) J Jayalalithaa (D) None of these (Ans : B)

Tamilnadu GK Quiz & Current Affairs 2018

40.Which of the following dam is built on Kaveri river ? (A) Mettur dam (B) Dudhawa dam (C) Almatti dam (D) Mullaperiyar dam (Ans : A)   Read the full article