#nms worlds ii

[nomansskye]

[corrupted-starcharts]

》 I think I have been sleeping for a long while. When I woke, I still felt as if I were dreaming.

[pictureamoebae]

Checking out the latest No Man's Sky update, Worlds II

[all my nms shots]

[synergysilhouette]

Guide to my Rewrites (and other content)

Upcoming hiatus

I post a lot of things, and some of those things are rewrites. As such, I thought this would be a nice guide for fans of my rewrites in particular. I'm still adding new things! Lemme know what you think. I've also added some overall ratings for the topics I cover for younger Tumblr users who happen upon this page.

Alternate Takes (Rated PG)

These are projects that have the same characters and settings (for the most part), but different plot points. These particular alternate takes suggest ideas that would've made me enjoy the movie more (or at all) and aren't a fanfic so much as bullet points with pictures.

Aida

Pocahontas

Hercules

The Princess and the Frog

Tangled

Frozen

Big Hero 6

Moana

Frozen 2

Raya and the Last Dragon

Encanto

Strange World

Wish (Note: working on a full-length rewrite unrelated to the ideas used here)

I also did rewrites for two Dreamworks movies:

The Road to El Dorado

Sinbad

Reimagining Disney Movies (Rated PG)

These are projects that take Disney's framework (ie a fairy tale) and create my own characters, plot, setting, and song titles for it.

The Snow Queen

Kingdom of the Sun

Rapunzel

Reimagining Disney eras (Rated PG)

These posts are designed based on what if Disney eras made different decisions (either based on my own ideas or rejected concepts) for their films. Note: I made the revival post before the renaissance and post-renaissance posts, so they kind of flow in different continuities. I also wanted to include future ideas for Disney's next era. These posts also work independent of my "Alternate Take" posts.

Reimagining the Renaissance

Reimagining the Post-renaissance

Reimagining the Revival era

Plotting out the Resurgence era

Plotting out the Resurgence Era (Part II)

Marvel (Rated PG-13)

Not quite as detailed as my other rewrites, but I thought I'd include them.

Dr. Strange: Multiverse of Madness

Thor: Love and Thunder

X-Men (Because they have more content than my other Marvel things) (Rated PG-13)

This pretty much just includes my rewrites.

X-Men: Evolution--New roster, Season 1, Season 2, Season 3, Roster (Timeskip), Season 4, and Season 5 (I did a poll months ago, and maybe I'll do a post brainstorming a Marauders spinoff).

Wolverine & the X-Men--New Roster, Season 1

Fox's X-Men films (I may remake this)--Part I (First 3 films) and Part II (Phoenix, NM, and Dark Phoenix)

Extensive rewrites (Rated PG)

TV shows that I've remade episode-for--episode, perhaps removing and adding some as I see fit.

Miraculous Ladybug--Season 1, Season 2, Season 3, Season 4 (No longer doing Season 5; really fell out of love with the series, tbh)

Anime as comic books (Rated PG-13)

Yes, this is a topic. I remember when I was in this headspace, and it was really fun. I basically reimagined what if popular anime had been created as superhero comic books that golden or silver age.

Dragon Ball

Naruto

Anime rewrites (Rated PG-13)

Black Butler

Naruto: Part I (Part II is not cancelled; I just put it on the backburner)

High Card: Season 1 (Season 2 is not cancelled; I just put it on the backburner)

Video Game Rewrites (Rated PG-13, overall)

These aren't quite as detailed as my usual rewrites.

Bayonetta

Fire Emblem: Awakening

Fire Emblem: Fates

Fire Emblem: 3 Houses

Kingdom Hearts

Hogwarts Mystery

My OCs (Rated PG-13)

This section covers my original characters for a few fandoms. Thinking of making OCs for books/anime/comics, but I do not have the confidence that I know the universe(s) well enough.

Fictif

The Arcana

Hogwarts Legacy

Baldur's Gate 3

Mood Boards (Rated PG)

Just something I've made for fun to inspire others! Not an expert on making them, but it was still something I wanted to do.

My Wish rewrite (temporary)

Disney's Swan Lake

Disney's Hansel & Gretel

Disney's Rumpelstiltskin

Disney's Red Riding Hood

Sub-Saharan Disney musical

Disney Superhero Film

Japanese Disney musical

Actors who could play Disney villains

Choices: Stories You Play (Rated PG-13)

REALLY into this game for a period--but it started to get awful when "Witness" came into play. Here's a list of reviews (which I've stopped doing) as well as concepts for new books (originally on Reddit before I got banned).

"Before I Say I Do"

"Celebrity Status"

"Summoned to Court"

"Arkikara"

"Fairy Godparent"

"Hierarchy: Scheming University"

"Willow Falls"

"Late at Night"

"Spellcaster"

"Four"

"America's Most Eligible" (Review)

"Desire & Decorum" (Review)

"High School Story" (Review)

"Rules of Engagement" (Review)

"The Freshman" (Review)

"Queen B" (Review)

Winx Club Content

Rewriting the Winx

Rewriting the Specialists

Rewriting the Villains

Monster High Content

Plotting out Gen 4

Comic Book Content

Remaking Major X

Rewriting Iceman coming out

Making changes to Tim Drake

[speci-society]

Love seeing all my nms mutuals reblogging a buncha nms posts we've definitely already all passed around between us all in a row yesterday and today cause of worlds pt ii. You n me both baby

[nerds-yearbook]

In 1958, Captain Russell Keys has been having alien abduction events since his first abduction during World War II. On his most recent abduction he has reason to believe his estranged teenage son maybe getting abducted too. He returned to the family he abandoned in hopes of convincing his son to run away with him. In Texas, Sally Clarke’s starchild son was now 10 and began to show strange powers. She worried for her son’s safety, especially after a visit from Lt Colonel Owen Crawford who was in charge of a program that started after the Roswell, NM crash. (“Jacob and Jesse” Taken, TV)

[jackhkeynes]

Science Quiz

from the 1930 book Prove your Knowledge!, a part of the series Games for Sorties and Excourses. This was a collection of casual party games compiled and published by Merch couple Anna and Ralph Highwater through the Royal Tommarth Castinghouse.

Theory X: Miscellanea (answers on sheet 256)

1. Which of the following children of Zeus does not give his name to any of the four greater jovial moons? (i) Minos, king of Crete (ii) Æacos, grandfather of Achilles (iii) Perseus, who slew the gorgon Medusa (iv) Zethos, one of the founding twins of Thebes

2. A span [wavelength] of five hundred scant-inches [127 nm] marks the legal limit of what sort of œculux [electromagnetic radiation]?

3. How many mora does an atom of the corporal [chemical element] 'killdark' [uranium] have? (i) 90 (ii) 92 (iii) 94 (iv) 96

4. What contemporary astronomical theory is instantiated by the sculpture I Meccanismi di Helio, carved by Lorenzo dell'Acchedia?

5. The Branwen Sanatory, the medical research facility where the painkiller zebdomaschal [ibuprofen] was first synthesised, is located in which polity? (i) Britain (ii) Hasiny (iii) Tavancy (iv) New Leudong

6. Elsebeth Sneider's 1795 work Through a Black Mirror sparked what literary craze with a theoretical bent?

7. Which celestial object did astronomer Coscatl bint Inám discover in the mid-nineteenth century? (i) Minerva [Uranus] (ii) Ixion [Ceres] (iii) Janus [Neptune] (iv) the cisjovial ring [asteroid belt]

8. Inspired by Rachel Desselut's work in early methodics [programming], the world's oldest self-describing book is kept in which university?

9. Gurjat theorist Manesh Camdar was the first person to observe the moment of fecundation [fertilisation]; which animal was he studying? (i) Sea hedgehogs (ii) Sea sponges (iii) Damsel flies (iv) Charon bugs

10. Which nineteenth-century Merch theorist wrote magnum opus Astraphor and Light, fully characterising plenty [charge] in a single equation?

[4zpakw]

Cliff Palace, Mesa Verde NM

The Ancestral Puebloans, also known as the Anasazi, were an ancient Native American culture that spanned the present-day Four Corners region of the United States, comprising southeastern Utah, northeastern Arizona, northwestern New Mexico, and southwestern Colorado.[1] They are believed to have developed, at least in part, from the Oshara tradition, which developed from the Picosa culture. The people and their archaeological culture are often referred to as Anasazi, meaning "ancient enemies", as they were called by Navajo. Contemporary Puebloans object to the use of this term, with some viewing it as derogatory.[2][3]

The Ancestral Puebloans lived in a range of structures that included small family pit houses, larger structures to house clans, grand pueblos, and cliff-sited dwellings for defense. They had a complex network linking hundreds of communities and population centers across the Colorado Plateau. They held a distinct knowledge of celestial sciences that found form in their architecture. The kiva, a congregational space that was used mostly for ceremonies, was an integral part of the community structure.

Archaeologists continue to debate when this distinct culture emerged. The current agreement, based on terminology defined by the Pecos Classification, suggests their emergence around the 12th century BC, during the archaeologically designated Early Basketmaker II Era. Beginning with the earliest explorations and excavations, researchers identified Ancestral Puebloans as the forerunners of contemporary Pueblo peoples.[1][3] Three UNESCO World Heritage Sites located in the United States are credited to the Pueblos: Mesa Verde National Park, Chaco Culture National Historical Park and Taos Pueblo.

[antimony-ore]

Oh I figure out NMS worlds II was, I'm slow, they give the updates names and I knew that. They changed the all the lighting and water is responsive and reflective now. AND THEY ADDED GAS GIANTS AND THEY'RE YUGE! (I'm told, haven't found one yet. IDK if you know this but the universe is also pretty yuge)

[caitlinphleb]

Open Your Future: Top Phlebotomy Jobs in Albuquerque You Can't Miss!

Unlock Your Future: ‌Top Phlebotomy Jobs in⁣ Albuquerque‌ You Can’t Miss!

Are you considering a career in healthcare? ⁣Phlebotomy offers an⁣ excellent entry point into the medical field,‌ combining patient interaction with clinical skills. ⁣In Albuquerque, the⁤ demand for skilled phlebotomists is on the ⁢rise, making it a great time too jump​ into this rewarding profession. This article will highlight the top phlebotomy jobs available in Albuquerque, along with insights into the benefits of this career and practical tips for ⁢success.

Why Choose phlebotomy as a Career?

Phlebotomy is a vital role in healthcare,⁢ responsible for drawing ‌blood‍ for tests, transfusions, and ‍donations. The career appeal⁤ lies in various factors:

High Demand: With‌ the ongoing​ growth ​of the healthcare ⁢sector, the need for certified phlebotomists‍ continues‍ to increase.

short training Programs: Training programs typically last a few months,⁤ allowing you to enter the workforce quickly.

Flexible Hours: Many ⁣phlebotomy jobs offer ⁣shifts that accommodate ⁢various ⁣schedules, making it suitable⁢ for individuals with other responsibilities.

Career advancement: Phlebotomy can ‍serve as a stepping stone ‍to advanced healthcare roles, such as nursing or laboratory technician positions.

Top Phlebotomy ⁢Jobs in Albuquerque

Here’s a selection ​of some of the most sought-after phlebotomy positions in Albuquerque:

Job Title

Employer

Location

Salary range

Phlebotomist ⁣II

UNM Hospital

Albuquerque, NM

$35,000 – $45,000

Certified Phlebotomist

LabCorp

Albuquerque, NM

$32,000 – ⁤$40,000

Phlebotomy technician

Quest Diagnostics

Albuquerque, NM

$30,000 – $38,000

Blood ‍Collection Specialist

Sandia Laboratory Federal​ Credit Union

Albuquerque,‍ NM

$33,000 – $42,000

Patient Care Tech / Phlebotomist

Presbyterian Healthcare Services

Albuquerque, NM

$36,000 – $44,000

Benefits of Becoming a Phlebotomist in ⁣Albuquerque

A‌ career in phlebotomy offers numerous benefits:

Job Security: ‍ The healthcare industry consistently demonstrates resilience, ensuring phlebotomists are in demand.

Work Environment: ⁤Work alongside diverse healthcare professionals, enhancing your learning ​experience.

Patient Interaction: Engage with individuals from all walks of life,‍ providing meaningful contributions to their health care.

Practical Tips for Aspiring Phlebotomists

To ​excel in phlebotomy, consider these ⁣practical tips:

1. Get Certified

While ⁢not⁢ always⁣ required, acquiring certification from⁢ a recognized body like the National Center ⁢for Competency Testing (NCCT) or⁤ the American Society⁣ for Clinical pathology (ASCP) can enhance your job prospects significantly.

2. Gain Hands-on Experience

Participate in internships ​or volunteer opportunities during your training to ​gain valuable real-world experience.

3. ⁤Develop Interaction Skills

Strong communication skills ‍are ‍crucial for⁣ comforting ⁤patients and explaining​ procedures ‍clearly.

4. Stay Updated

Stay informed about advances⁢ in ‌techniques ⁣and equipment in phlebotomy through⁣ continuous education courses.

First-hand Experience: A Day in ‌the Life of a ⁢Phlebotomist

Let’s‌ take a look ⁣at the experience of Jamie, a certified phlebotomist working at‍ UNM hospital:

“My day starts early, with preparing the lab for morning⁢ draws. I greet each patient warmly, which helps ease their nerves.the best part of my job is seeing how ⁢my role directly ⁣impacts their ⁢healthcare journey. Despite the challenges, knowing that I play a critical part in identifying ‍health concerns makes it all worthwhile.”⁢ – Jamie, ⁣phlebotomist at UNM Hospital

Conclusion

if ‍you are passionate about helping others and interested in ⁣a career that offers stability⁣ and growth, phlebotomy could be ‌the perfect fit​ for you. ‍With numerous job⁣ opportunities ⁢available in Albuquerque, now is an ideal time to pursue this‌ path. Whether your‍ just starting or looking to advance your skills, the rewarding⁣ world of phlebotomy awaits.⁢ Take the ‌first step towards unlocking your future today!

https://phlebotomytechnicianschools.net/open-your-future-top-phlebotomy-jobs-in-albuquerque-you-cant-miss/

[news365timesindia]

[ad_1] Indian Naval Sailing Vessel (INSV) Tarini, undertaking a global circumnavigation expedition, reached the Lyttelton Harbour on Sunday after covering approximately 6,500km from Fremantle in Australia in 28 days, as per a statement by the Indian Navy. #NavikaSagarParikrama_II#INSVTarini reached Lyttelton Harbour, New Zealand, today #22Dec 24, covering 3550 nm (approx 6500 km) from Fremantle, Australia in 28 Days The leg was challenging with strong winds and waves. The crew was received by the representatives from the… https://t.co/BNDZRF9TlH pic.twitter.com/6F0C2hHxyP — SpokespersonNavy (@indiannavy) December 22, 2024 The Indian crew was received by the representatives from the HCI Wellington, the Defence Attache, Royal New Zealand Navy & members of the Maori Community, the statement said.   #HCIWellington welcomes arrival of #INSVTarini in Lyttelton today, marking another milestone in India’s maritime journey. Proud to have Lt Cdr Roopa A and Lt Cdr Dilna K onboard as they continue to inspire with their remarkable journey to circumnavigate the globe on a sailboat pic.twitter.com/CVqjpNOGZN — India in New Zealand (@IndiainNZ) December 21, 2024 In a post on X, the Navy Spokesperson said, “INSV Tarini reached Lyttelton Harbour, New Zealand, today, 22 December 2024, covering 3,550 nm (approx 6,500 km) from Fremantle, Australia in 28 Days. The leg was challenging with strong winds and waves. The crew was received by the representatives from the HCI Wellington, the Defence Attache, Royal New Zealand Navy & members of the Maori Community.” #NavikaSagarParikrama_II#NSPIIUpdates#INSVTarini sighted Little Solander and Solander Islands, part of New Zealand’s southern island chain. The crew is now heading to Lyttelton, where they are expected to arrive in a couple of days.@IndiainNZ https://t.co/l7vO6YWGWj pic.twitter.com/b2B7rtZaqo — SpokespersonNavy (@indiannavy) December 20, 2024 Earlier on Friday, INSV Tarini sighted Little Solander and Solander Islands, part of New Zealand’s southern island chain. On November 29, the INSV Tarini crossed the Cape Leeuwin, the Gateway to the Southern Ocean, often called the Edge of the World. #INSVTarini was received by #IndianNavy officers Capt Akhilesh Menon, Defence Advisor at HCI, Canbeerra, Capt PC Menon and ace navigator Cdr Abhilash Tomy (retd). RNZNavy also sent an officer to receive the boat at the harbour. @MEAIndia @PMOIndia @indiannavy #IndiainNZ pic.twitter.com/WYsjXp4pLk — India in New Zealand (@IndiainNZ) December 21, 2024 The Navy spokesperson said in a post on X, “At 1445 hours IST on 29 Nov 24, Lt Cdr Dilna K & Lt Cdr Roopa A achieved a significant milestone in their historic expedition by crossing Cape Leeuwin, which is the Gateway to the Southern Ocean & often referred to as the Edge of the World! This marks a crucial step in their journey as they prepare to face even more challenging conditions in the days ahead. Their determination & resilience continue to inspire as they chart their course through one of the most demanding stretches of their voyage.” The INSV Tarini sailed from Fremantle, Australia, on November 24 for the second leg of the NSP-II expedition to Lyttelton, New Zealand. According to a Ministry of Defence statement, Tarini and her intrepid crew were seen off by an enthusiastic crowd cheering for the safe passage to Lyttelton. Finally Arriving!! Lt Cdr Roopa A & Lt Cdr Dilna K of #IndianNavy on board #INSVTarini, on a mission to circumnavigate the globe, is arriving at Lyttelton ChCh on Dec 22/900 hrs. Extremely challenging and tough sea weather delayed their arrival from its earlier schedule of Dec 14 pic.twitter.com/pIgPIFs5Pl — India in New Zealand (@IndiainNZ) December 21, 2024 Navika Sagar Parikrama-II (NSP-II), which was flagged off by Chief of Naval Staff Admiral Dinesh K Tripathi on October 2, is an Indian Navy expedition. Two women officers of the Navy are undertaking a dual-handed circumnavigation of the earth onboard the 56-foot INSV Tarini.

[nomansskye]

First Gas Giant encounter

[news365times]

[ad_1] Indian Naval Sailing Vessel (INSV) Tarini, undertaking a global circumnavigation expedition, reached the Lyttelton Harbour on Sunday after covering approximately 6,500km from Fremantle in Australia in 28 days, as per a statement by the Indian Navy. #NavikaSagarParikrama_II#INSVTarini reached Lyttelton Harbour, New Zealand, today #22Dec 24, covering 3550 nm (approx 6500 km) from Fremantle, Australia in 28 Days The leg was challenging with strong winds and waves. The crew was received by the representatives from the… https://t.co/BNDZRF9TlH pic.twitter.com/6F0C2hHxyP — SpokespersonNavy (@indiannavy) December 22, 2024 The Indian crew was received by the representatives from the HCI Wellington, the Defence Attache, Royal New Zealand Navy & members of the Maori Community, the statement said.   #HCIWellington welcomes arrival of #INSVTarini in Lyttelton today, marking another milestone in India’s maritime journey. Proud to have Lt Cdr Roopa A and Lt Cdr Dilna K onboard as they continue to inspire with their remarkable journey to circumnavigate the globe on a sailboat pic.twitter.com/CVqjpNOGZN — India in New Zealand (@IndiainNZ) December 21, 2024 In a post on X, the Navy Spokesperson said, “INSV Tarini reached Lyttelton Harbour, New Zealand, today, 22 December 2024, covering 3,550 nm (approx 6,500 km) from Fremantle, Australia in 28 Days. The leg was challenging with strong winds and waves. The crew was received by the representatives from the HCI Wellington, the Defence Attache, Royal New Zealand Navy & members of the Maori Community.” #NavikaSagarParikrama_II#NSPIIUpdates#INSVTarini sighted Little Solander and Solander Islands, part of New Zealand’s southern island chain. The crew is now heading to Lyttelton, where they are expected to arrive in a couple of days.@IndiainNZ https://t.co/l7vO6YWGWj pic.twitter.com/b2B7rtZaqo — SpokespersonNavy (@indiannavy) December 20, 2024 Earlier on Friday, INSV Tarini sighted Little Solander and Solander Islands, part of New Zealand’s southern island chain. On November 29, the INSV Tarini crossed the Cape Leeuwin, the Gateway to the Southern Ocean, often called the Edge of the World. #INSVTarini was received by #IndianNavy officers Capt Akhilesh Menon, Defence Advisor at HCI, Canbeerra, Capt PC Menon and ace navigator Cdr Abhilash Tomy (retd). RNZNavy also sent an officer to receive the boat at the harbour. @MEAIndia @PMOIndia @indiannavy #IndiainNZ pic.twitter.com/WYsjXp4pLk — India in New Zealand (@IndiainNZ) December 21, 2024 The Navy spokesperson said in a post on X, “At 1445 hours IST on 29 Nov 24, Lt Cdr Dilna K & Lt Cdr Roopa A achieved a significant milestone in their historic expedition by crossing Cape Leeuwin, which is the Gateway to the Southern Ocean & often referred to as the Edge of the World! This marks a crucial step in their journey as they prepare to face even more challenging conditions in the days ahead. Their determination & resilience continue to inspire as they chart their course through one of the most demanding stretches of their voyage.” The INSV Tarini sailed from Fremantle, Australia, on November 24 for the second leg of the NSP-II expedition to Lyttelton, New Zealand. According to a Ministry of Defence statement, Tarini and her intrepid crew were seen off by an enthusiastic crowd cheering for the safe passage to Lyttelton. Finally Arriving!! Lt Cdr Roopa A & Lt Cdr Dilna K of #IndianNavy on board #INSVTarini, on a mission to circumnavigate the globe, is arriving at Lyttelton ChCh on Dec 22/900 hrs. Extremely challenging and tough sea weather delayed their arrival from its earlier schedule of Dec 14 pic.twitter.com/pIgPIFs5Pl — India in New Zealand (@IndiainNZ) December 21, 2024 Navika Sagar Parikrama-II (NSP-II), which was flagged off by Chief of Naval Staff Admiral Dinesh K Tripathi on October 2, is an Indian Navy expedition. Two women officers of the Navy are undertaking a dual-handed circumnavigation of the earth onboard the 56-foot INSV Tarini.

[helen0086]

Progress in the Study of the Photosensitizing Effect of Spirulina Phycocyanin

Abstract: Spirulina is a widely cultivated filamentous cyanobacterium. The phycocyanin extracted from Spirulina has a variety of biological functions such as anti-tumor and immune enhancement, and as a photosensitizer, phycocyanin can be applied to tumor therapy. This paper describes the structure of phycocyanin, the principle of photodynamic therapy and the research progress of phycocyanin photosensitization, and introduces the current situation and prospect of the application of phycocyanin in photodynamic therapy.

Spirulina is a filamentous multicellular spiral-shaped prokaryotic algae belonging to the family of Cyanobacteria, Candida. It has a history of 3.5 billion years on earth and is one of the oldest existing plants. It is characterized by high protein content and rapid reproduction, and has been widely cultivated all over the world, especially in our country, with abundant sources. The high content of phycocyanin (PC) in Spirulina is an important natural pigment for photosynthesis in the cells of Spirulina, and it can preferentially transfer light energy to photosystem II with nearly 100% efficiency in photosynthesis. PC can improve human immunity, promote the regeneration of animal blood cells and inhibit certain cancer cells. At the same time, PC is an ideal photosensitizer without toxic side effects [1, 2].

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is to realize the therapeutic purpose through the biological effects induced by the combination of photosensitizers, light and molecular oxygen in the focal area, which involves a wide range of clinical applications, including the diagnosis and treatment of tumors and many other non-oncological diseases, such as atherosclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, etc.[4] . It has a wide range of clinical applications, including the diagnosis and treatment of tumors and many other non-tumor diseases, such as atherosclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, etc.[4] The core issue of PDT is the photosensitizing agent, which is non-toxic, a good nutrient, and has a fast metabolism in the body, and thus can be a new type of photosensitizing agent.

1 Structural and physicochemical properties of algal blue protein

The relative molecular mass of PC is generally around 30 k. It consists of two equimolar α and β subunits of different relative molecular masses, both of which have a relative molecular mass of around 15 k. Under natural conditions, the two subunits usually form (αβ)3 or (αβ)6 polymers [4,5]. Each subunit consists of an apoprotein and an open-chain tetrapyrrole chromophore, which is crosslinked to the cysteine residue of the apoprotein via a thioether bond. pc contains only one chromophore, phycocyanobilin (PCB). pcB is a cholestrellene compound, which has two major peaks of absorption, one in the ultraviolet (UV) region and one in the visible region. One is in the UV region and the other is in the visible region. The natural PC is covalently bound to PCB at positions α-84, β- 84, and β- 155[5-7] . The photosensitive properties of PC may be related to the molecular structure of PC, which is similar to that of porphyrin in its open-chain tetrapyrrole structure shown in Fig. 1[8] .

The isolated and purified water-soluble PCs showed blue color in solution and developed purple fluorescence. Yin Gang et al.[9] showed that the UV-Vis spectrum of Spirulina blunt-topped algal cyanobacteria had characteristic absorption peaks at wavelengths of 278 nm, 360 nm and 620 nm. Peng Weimin et al.[10] measured the maximum visible absorption peak of Spirulina obtususifera at 620 nm by UV-visible spectrophotometer, and the fluorescence emission peak was measured at 645 at room temperature by fluorescence spectrophotometer.

2 Photodynamic therapy

2.1 The principle of photodynamic action The basis of photodynamic therapy is biological photodynamic sensitization. After the organism accepts photosensitizer for a certain period of time, the tumor tissue takes in and retains more photosensitizer, and when irradiated by light of specific wavelength, the photosensitizer absorbs light and transfers the absorbed light energy to the surrounding oxygen molecules to make it become reactive oxygen species (ROS), destroying many kinds of biomolecules in the tissues and cells, and ultimately causing the death of the tumor cells to achieve the therapeutic purpose. to achieve the therapeutic purpose.

The mechanism of ROS generation is: when there is no light, the photosensitizer molecule is in the ground state S 0, the ground state photosensitizer absorbs the energy of photon, and then it jumps to the triple state T through the single state S 1 (the life time is very short, only 10-9 to 10-6 seconds), and the triple state sensitizer which is stimulated by the light can carry out the following two forms of reaction[11,12]: the first form is to react with the substrate or solvent directly through the transfer of the hydrogen atoms or electrons, forming radicals or radical ions, and the latter can produce oxidation products with oxygen, and this type of reaction is called Type I reaction. The first form is through the transfer of hydrogen atoms or electrons, directly reacting with the substrate or solvent to form free radicals or radical ions, which can produce oxidation products with oxygen, and this type of reaction is called Type I reaction; the second form is to transfer the energy to molecular oxygen to form a single linear state of oxygen (1O2), which is a highly active oxidant and can cause the substrate to be oxidized, and this type of reaction is called Type Ⅱ reaction. Sometimes there is an electron transfer from the sensitizer to the oxygen, giving the oxidized sensitizer and O2- -, a process that belongs to a Type II reaction, which was often defined as a Type I reaction in the past. This process is a type II reaction, often defined as a type I reaction in the past. Type I and type II reactions can occur simultaneously, and the ratio of the two is affected by the sensitizer, the substrate, the oxygen concentration, and the degree of binding of the sensitizer to the substrate. The photosensitization reaction is illustrated in Figure 2.

Fig. 2 Schematic representation of photosensitized type I and type II reactions [12]

The mechanism of action of PDT in the treatment of tumors is very complicated, and there are three main mechanisms of action in general [13,14]: firstly, the ROS generated by PDT, especially monolinear oxygen, can directly kill tumor cells (induce cell apoptosis or necrosis); secondly, PDT can activate the body's anti-tumor immune response; and thirdly, PDT can also damage the vascular system associated with tumors and destroy microvessels within the tumor, resulting in ischemic death of the tumor cells. Third, PDT can also damage the vascular system associated with the tumor, destroying the microvessels within the tumor and causing ischemic death of tumor cells due to hypoxia. Tumor cell death is the result of a combination of effects. All of these mechanisms are necessary for long-term tumor control and treatment.

Compared with traditional chemotherapy, surgery and radiation therapy, PDT has the following advantages [11 , 15]: relatively non-invasive treatment, can accurately locate the target tumor tissue, more thorough and painless treatment; synergistic, low recurrence rate, and can achieve the goal of eradicating most of the early-stage cancers; no limit on the total dose of the drug can be given repeatedly; the whole process of treatment does not cause, or brings very little scarring; relatively easy to operate and has few side effects. The whole treatment process will not or only bring small scars; the operation is relatively convenient and the side effects are small, etc. In the past 20 years, the research of PDT therapy for cancer treatment has made remarkable achievements [14], but the current problem to be solved is to find a photosensitizer with high affinity for tumor tissue, convenient administration, and low toxicity and side effects on the skin.

2.2 Photosensitizers  

Photodynamic therapy has been introduced, developed, and refined with the development of related photosensitizers. Commonly used photosensitizers in this field are porphyrin-like molecules with a tetrapyrrole structure that absorb and re-emit light at specific wavelengths. Photosensitizers are selectively enriched in specific tissues and can produce a photodynamic effect that destroys target cells when excited by ultraviolet or visible light.

Ideal photosensitizers must meet the following conditions[16,17]: (1) they have a stronger affinity for tumor cells than normal cells, and thus are mainly enriched at the focal site; (2) they can efficiently generate free radicals or reactive oxygen species after absorbing light, thus killing tumor cells; (3) they can be rapidly cleared from normal tissues, with little or no toxic side effects; (4) they can maximize penetration into deeper layers of tissues in the required wavelength range; and (5) they have high purity. (4) the desired wavelength range of light can maximize the penetration of the tissue to the deep layer; (5) high purity.

Currently, the clinical application of hemocyanin derivatives can only be used for superficial tumors, with limited selectivity for tumor targets and serious photosensitivity side effects due to slow metabolism. In 1989, the U.S. Patent introduced the application of C-PC as a photosensitizer for the treatment of atherosclerosis in in vitro experiments and animal experiments on transplanted tumors, and it was reported that C-PC had a significant effect on removing sclerotic plaques in blood vessels, and had a significant killing effect on transplanted cancer cells. It was reported that C-PC had a significant removal effect on sclerotic plaques in blood vessels and a significant killing effect on transplanted cancer cells. The formation of O2- and - OH in oxygen-saturated aqueous solution of CP was clearly observed by ESR-spin trapping using DMPO as a spin trapping agent [18,19]. PC is less photosensitized to sunlight and causes less skin phototoxicity. It is also strongly absorbed at therapeutic wavelengths, while it is weakly absorbed or not absorbed at other wavelengths. Experiments have proved that it has a strong effect on killing tumor cells by photosensitivity. Therefore, it is more suitable to be developed into a new type of photosensitive drug for tumor photodynamic therapy.

3 Photosensitization of alginate

3.1 Experimental study of PC photosensitization

As early as 1988, Morcos[20] treated mouse bone marrow cultured cells with 0.25 mg/mL PC, and found that the cell survival rate was only 15% after 514 nm laser irradiation of 300 J/cm2 , while the cell survival rate of laser irradiation or PC treatment alone was 69% or 71%.

In 1995, Cai Xinhan et al.[21] treated colorectal cancer cell line HR-8348 with PC1640 culture solution at concentrations of 100 μg/mL, 50 μg/mL and 25 μg/mL, respectively, and irradiated the cells with pulsed copper laser at a wavelength of 630 nm. The cell survival rates were 22.1%, 37.6% and 89.7% as measured by MTT method after 24 h of incubation, and the P values of different concentrations were <0.001, with a good linear relationship. This proves that PC does have photosensitizing effect. In 1995, Cai Xinhan et al.[2 2] used S18 0 transplanted mice, injected with PC (2 mg) and orally (20 mg), and then irradiated the tumor with copper laser for 15 d. The effective rates were 50% and 53%, respectively, which were significantly different from those of the control groups of laser/no PC and no PC, while there was no difference between the injected and orally irradiated groups. Comparison of tumor weight before and after irradiation showed that the growth rate of the tumor was significantly slowed down compared with that of the blank control group.

3.2 Experimental study of the photosensitizing effect of PC pigment peptides  

Huang Bei et al. [23] isolated three kinds of pigment peptides from Spiroplasma by extracting PCs with trypsin, and detected the effects of pigment peptides on the in vitro cultured mouse sarcoma cells S180 and the PDT of tumor-bearing mice by MTT and acridine orange staining: (1) The results of the effect on the survival rate of S180 cells: the three fragments of pigment peptides CCP1-CCP3 had better PDT effects, which were stronger than the C-PC aggregated state on the tumor cell killing. The effect of PDT on the survival rate of S180 cells is as follows: all three fragments of CCP1 - CCP3 have better effect of PDT, which is significantly stronger than the killing effect of C-PC aggregation on tumor cells.

From the comparison between CCP1-CCP3 digested fragments, it seems that the killing effect of PDT of CCP1 and CCP3 is dominant: at a concentration of 100 μg/mL, the effect on the survival rate of S180 cells is 19.8% - 23%, while CCP2 is weaker; at a concentration of 100 μg/mL, the effect on the survival rate of tumor cells is 54.6%. In terms of direct cell damage, CCP3 was the most potent, with a killing effect on S180 cells of 41%-31.8% at a concentration range of 25-100 μg/mL, while that of CCP1 was only 98.2%-60.8% at the same concentration range. (2) Inhibition of transplanted tumors: At the irradiation dose of 120J/cm2 , the injection volume of photosensitizer next to the tumor was 50μg/tumor, and the tumor size was in the range of 0.5-0.7cm, the tumor inhibition rates of CCP1 and CCP3 were 46% and 81%, respectively, at 7d after irradiation. CCP3 had the strongest killing effect because of its small molecular weight PCB pigment peptide, and the tumor inhibition rate of CCP1 was less than 50%.

3.3 Comparative experiments on the photosensitizing properties of PC and other algal bile proteins  

Li Guanwu et al. [24] compared the phototoxicity of three algal bile proteins, phycocephalin (PE), PC and allophycocyanin (APC), with that of hematoporphyrin derivatives. The cell-killing ability of each photosensitizer molecule was positively correlated with the total light absorption of each photosensitizer under irradiation with a tungsten iodine lamp and sunlight. The differences between the photosensitizers hematoporphyrin derivatives (HPD), Photofrin II, and phaeophytin were not as large as theoretically possible, but the experiments basically showed that the phototoxicity of phaeophytin was much less than that of HPD and Photofrin II. The results and theoretical analyses demonstrated that PE was more photosensitized to sunlight than the other two phycobilins, but much less so than the hematoporphyrin derivatives. Among the three phycobilins, APC was the least solar phototoxic. In addition, the experimental results were much less different than those obtained from theoretical analyses, which may be related to the respective microenvironments in solution, including unidentified factors such as solubility in oxygen, the degree of aggregation of photosensitizer molecules, and the nature of the heat generated by the light.

4 Outlook

Since the mid-1970s, Mexico, the United States, Japan, Israel and China have successively established spirulina production plants. According to statistics, the annual production of spirulina in the world was 1,000t in 1983, but it doubled to about 2,000t in 1994, and the production has gradually increased in recent years. Spirulina is extremely rich in nutrients and is recommended by FAO as "the most ideal food for mankind tomorrow". Its protein content is as high as 50%-70%, which is an excellent protein source, and the content of PC can reach 25%-28% of the dry weight of the cells. - PC is an important active substance in Spirulina, and studies at home and abroad have shown that Spirulina and its active ingredients have a broad application prospect in the research and development of functional foods and drugs [25]. The use of PC as a photosensitizer for tumor photodynamic therapy is abundant and inexpensive. Therefore, the use of PC as a photosensitizer in photodynamic therapy will show good application prospects.

[References]

[1] Zeng Fanjie, Lin Qishan, Zhu Liping. Separation and characterization of R-alginin from the red alga Brassica napus. Journal of Biochemistry and Biophysics, 1992, 24(6): 545-55

[2] Glazer AN. A macromolecular complex optimized for light energy transfer. Biochim Biophys Acta, 1984, 768:29-51

[3] Tian Yuanyuan. Application of photodynamic therapy in the treatment of tumors. International Academic News, 2005, 1: 19

[4] YI Guo-Liang, JIANG Li-Jin. Modeling reactions for the biosynthesis of cyanobacterial proteins. Journal of Chemistry, 1991, (49): 94-7

[5] WANG Guangze, DANG Tian, ZENG Chengkui.  An overview of algal bile proteins (Ⅰ) - Types and composition of algal bile proteins. Marine Science, 2000, 24(2): 22-5.

[6] Wang Guangze, Deng Tian, Zeng Chengkui.  Research on algal bile proteins (II) - Structure and spectral properties of algal bile proteins. Marine Science, 2000, 24(3): 19-21

[7] AnilK, Padyana S. Ramakumar.Lateral energy transfer model for adjacent light-harvesting antennae rods of C-phycocyanins.Biochim Biophys Acta,. 2006, 1757: 161-5

[8] Zhang WX, Liang H, Qin HC, et al. Extraction of phycocyanin from Spirulina. Fine Chemical Industry, 1999, 6: 40-2

[9] Yin G, Li F, He Q, et al. Separation and purification of algal bile proteins and polysaccharides from Spirulina and product characterization. Fine Chemistry, 1999, 2: 10-3.

[10] PENG Wei-min, SHANG Shu-tian, FU You-lan, et al. Studies on the properties of bile proteins in Spirulina obtususus. Journal of China Agricultural University, 1999, 4(Suppl.): 35-8.

[11] Ackroyd R, Kelty C, Brown N, et.al. The history of photodetection and photodynamic therapy.Photochem Photobiol, 2001, 74: 656-69

[12] Foote CS. Definition of type Ⅰ and type Ⅱ photosensiti-zeoxidation. Photochem Photobiol, 1991, 54: 659

[13] ZHANG Shen-Feng, GONG Xing-Guo. Mechanism of photodynamic therapy on tumors and its effects. Journal of Cell Biology, 2005, 27: 395-9

[14] Zhai Y, Han GF.  Progress of photosensitizers for cancer treatment by photodynamic therapy. Chinese Journal of Laser Medicine, 2006, 1: 48-55

[15] Nyman ES, Hynninen PH. Research advances in the use of tetrapyrrolic photosensitizers for photodynamic therapy. Photochem Photobiol B: Biology , 2004, 73: 1-28

[16] Anstey A. Photodynamic therapy. Medicine, 2004, 12(32): 24-5

[17] Ji Zhenyu, Yu Lina, Yang Guanrui, et al. Mechanisms of tumor photodynamic therapy. World Journal of Chinese Gastroenterology, 2005, 13(15): 1879-84.

[18] He JA, Hu YZ, Jiang LJ .  Photodynamic action of phycobiliproteins: in situ generation of reactive oxygen species. Biochim Biophys Acta, 1997, 1230: 165-74

[19] Zhang SP, Xie J, Zhang JP, et.al. Electron spin resonance studies on photosensitized formation of hydroxylradical by C-phycocyanin from Spirulina platensis. Biochim Biophys Acta, 1999, 1426: 205-11

[20] Morcos NC. Phycocyanin: laseractivation, cytotoxic effects, and uptake in human atherosclerotic plaque.LaserSurgMed, 1988, 8(1): 10-7

[21] Cai, X. Han, He, L. M., Zheng, S., et al. Killing effect of Phycocyanin-Cu laser on colorectal cancer cell line HR-8348. Tumor Control Research, 1995, 22(1): 19-21

[22] Cai, X. Han, Zheng, S., He, L. M., et al. Research on the use of phycocyanin in laser cancer treatment. Chinese Journal of Experimental Surgery, 1995, 12(5): 290-1

[23] Huang Bei, Wang Guangze, Li Zhengang. Experimental study on the photodynamic anti-tumor effects of phycocyanin pigment peptides. Journal of Laser Biology, 2002, 11(3): 194-8

[24] Li Guanwu, Wu Jianyi, Chen Aiyun, et al. Comparison of phototoxicity between alginin and porphyrin derivative photosensitizers. Comparison of phototoxicity between algal bile proteins and porphyrin-derived photosensitizers. Shantou University Medical Journal, 2005, 18(4): 193-9

[25] Hao Wei, Pan Ling. Advances in the physiological activity of cyanobacterial proteins from Spirulina.  Medical Review, 2006, 12(2): 111-3

#phycocyanin #phycocyaninpowder #spirulina #phycocyaninspirulina

[eternal-learner]

October 2024

Book

👻 Bear by Marian Engel

Movies

🦇 Salem's Lot (2024) 🦇 Scary Movie (2000) 🦇 Evil Dead Rise (2023) 🦇 Brain Damage (1988) 🦇 The Relic (1997) 🦇 Evil Dead (2013) 🦇 Basket Case (1982) 🦇 Chasing Cain (2001) 🦇 The Substance (2024) 🦇 Smile (2002)

Other

Design Your Career with a Whiteboard

Human Behavioral Biology 4. Molecular Genetics I / 5. Molecular Genetics II / 6. Behavioral Genetics

Podcasts

🎃 Anatomy and Physiology - Bit by Bit 1. Body Organization / 2. Homeostasis / 3. Cells and the Plasma Membrane

🎃 And Colossally That's History! Imola '94: F1's blackest weekend (Part 1, 2, 3)

🎃 Aria Code Puccini's Madama Butterfly: When My Ship Comes In

🎃 Articles of Interest Clergy

🎃 Automotive Repair Tips Automotive Brake Systems, Lines and Components Explained

🎃 Bean to Bar World Melanie with 20Nord20Sud of France

🎃 Canada: A Yearly Journey 1894 / 1895 / 1896 / 1897 / 1898 / 1899 / 1900

🎃 Canadian History Ehx One Long Terrible Journey: The March West / Bringing the Bard to Life: The Stratford Festival / Canada's Titanic: The Empress of Ireland / When Germans Invaded Winnipeg: If Day / The SS Viking Disaster / The Story and Tragedy of Henry Hudson / Exploring the Christmas Stories and Traditions of Canada / The History Behind 24 Sussex Drive

🎃 The Chess Angle 123. The Most Confusing Chess Concepts for Developing Players / 127. Chess Study Plans & Formulas

🎃 Completely Arbortrary The Phantom Fir (Douglas-fir) / Squirrel Talk (Oregon White Oak) / Terrible, Horrible, No Good, Very Bad Tree (Arborvitae)

🎃 Draftsmen Karl Kopinski on Discipline, Sketching, and Making it as a Freelance Illustrator / Creativity Insights Artists can Pull from Writers / Developing an Illustration / Reinventing Yourself / How to Study Masters

🎃 The Evolution of Horror What is Horror? / Slashers Pt 1: An Introduction / Slashers Pt. 2: Psycho & Peeping Tom (1960)

🎃 F1 Explains Guenther Steiner on his hardest decision / Bernie Collins + Ruth Buscombe on strategy secrets / Liam Lawson answers your questions / Inside the safety car / How F1 helmets are made / Mika Hakkinen on high-speed tracks / Meet the mechanics in an F1 garage / Damon Hill on F1 title fights / How Formula 1 plans its races / Coaching F1 drivers / DRS: how the Drag Reduction System has changed F1 racing / What we learned in 2023 / Overtaking, breaking, and qualifying / Mick Schumacher + Bernie Collins explain the F1 race start / F1 race suits, boots + gloves: what F1 drivers wear / Pedro de la Rosa explains F1 car set-up / Downforce + why F1 cars have wings

🎃 Formula Once Upon A Time Senna, the Hills and Monaco / "Niki was the first real professional driver" - Daniel Audetto / Lauda "You're gonna have to shoot me down." / Show me the Money - what people get paid in F1 / The $10m Handshake

🎃 How To Chess 1. GM Eugene Perelshteyn on How to Limit Blunders / 2. How to Choose an Opening / 3. How to Get Past a Rating Plateau / 5. The Right Way to Read Chess Books / 7. How to Choose Your Opening Repertoire / 9. How to Review Grandmaster Games / 12. How to Improve Your Chess Away From the Board / 15. How to Choose a Chess Coach / NM Han Schut on Getting to the Root of Your Chess Mistakes / GM Sahaj Grover - How to Approach Studying the Endgame / GM Johan Hellsten - How to Analyze Your Own Chess Games / NM Bryan Tillis - How to Remember Opening Sequences / IM Alex Astaneh on How His Coach Accidentally Taught Him Board Visualization

🎃 Learn to Paint Dean Mitchell

🎃 The Listening Service What's the point of Listening? / Rachmaninov's Second Piano Concerto / Transcendence / Chasing a Fugue / How do you describe a teaspoon in music? / How Do You Make a National Anthem?

🎃 The Nations of Canada The Basques / An Alchemist Matter / Mystery on the St. Lawrence / False Starts

🎃 Psychoanalysis: A Horror Therapy Podcast Sibling Rivalry: Basket Case (1982)

🎃 The Race F1 Tech Show The pros and cons of Renault ending its F1 engine programme / Lifting the lid on F1 helmet technology / Unpicking the strengths and weaknesses of F1's "Big 4" teams / The secrets of F1 simulators / Secrets of F1 suspension

🎃 The Science of Birds Bird Songs - Part 2 / Vision in Birds / Hummingbirds / The Biggest Global Threats to Birds

🎃 Shop Talk Live - Fine Woodworking 318 - Back to School / 324 - Bridging creativity and technicality

🎃 Song Exploder Crowded House - Don't Dream It's Over / New Order - Blue Monday / MUNA - What I Want / Franz Ferdinand - Take Me Out / AURORA - Runaway

🎃 Stella Culinary School Flavor Structure Part 1 and 2 / S is for Sauce Part 1 and 2

🎃 The Tucker Carlson Show JD Vance: The Immigration Crisis, How Polls Are Used to Fool You, and the Left's Plan to Stop Trump

[brookstonalmanac]

Events 10.3 (before 1950)

2457 BC – Gaecheonjeol, Hwanung (환웅) purportedly descended from heaven. South Korea's National Foundation Day. 52 BC – Gallic Wars: Vercingetorix, leader of the Gauls, surrenders to the Romans under Julius Caesar, ending the siege and battle of Alesia. 42 BC – Liberators' civil war: Triumvirs Mark Antony and Octavian fight to a draw Caesar's assassins Brutus and Cassius in the first part of the Battle of Philippi, where Cassius commits suicide believing the battle is lost. 382 – Roman Emperor Theodosius I concludes a peace treaty with the Goths and settles them in the Balkans. 1392 – Muhammed VII becomes the twelfth sultan of the Emirate of Granada. 1574 – The Siege of Leiden is lifted by the Watergeuzen. 1683 – Qing dynasty naval commander Shi Lang receives the surrender of the Tungning kingdom on Taiwan after the Battle of Penghu. 1712 – The Duke of Montrose issues a warrant for the arrest of Rob Roy MacGregor. 1739 – The Treaty of Niš is signed by the Ottoman Empire and Russia ending the Russian–Turkish War. 1789 – George Washington proclaims Thursday November 26, 1789 a Thanksgiving Day. 1792 – A militia departs from the Spanish stronghold of Valdivia to quell a Huilliche uprising in southern Chile. 1863 – The last Thursday in November is declared as Thanksgiving Day by U.S. President Abraham Lincoln. 1873 – Chief Kintpuash and companions are hanged for their part in the Modoc War of northern California. 1912 – U.S. forces defeat Nicaraguan rebels at the Battle of Coyotepe Hill. 1918 – Tsar Boris III of Bulgaria accedes to the throne. 1919 – Cincinnati Reds pitcher Adolfo Luque becomes the first Latin American player to appear in a World Series. 1929 – The Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes is renamed to Yugoslavia by King Alexander I. 1932 – The Kingdom of Iraq gains independence from the United Kingdom. 1935 – Second Italo-Abyssinian War: Italy invades Ethiopia. 1942 – A German V-2 rocket reaches a record 85 km (46 nm) in altitude. 1943 – World War II: German forces murder 92 civilians in Lingiades, Greece. 1946 – An American Overseas Airlines Douglas DC-4 crashes near Ernest Harmon Air Force Base in Stephenville, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada, killing 39. 1949 – WERD, the first black-owned radio station in the United States, opens in Atlanta.