#micro and macro nutrients in plants

[ladystardustinblackjeans]

"Empty Calories"

I'm sure most people have heard of this term. It's most often used for carbohydrates, but I've also seen it applied to "sauces and oils" and almost all processed store bought food.

It has never made sense to me and i want everyone who reads this post to know that it is indeed a nonsensical term.

Now the first reaction to it from me is "Empty of what?" The answer to that is usually "nutrients". Nutrients being restricted to the nutrient group of choice of the person using the term, often vitamins and minerals.

Don't get me wrong, vitamins and minerals are great and many people don't get quite enough of them. But the people saying this type of thing tend to have overreacted and could usually benefit from some moderation, specifically the fact that you don't need to intake 3000% of your daily requirement of vitamins and minerals in every single meal. I am exaggerating that number for emphasis but only slightly. Plus most vitamins and minerals are water soluble so your body can't store them in large quantities. You just piss them out if you eat more than your body can use or store at the moment. And for the fat soluble ones: with the still widespread movement of a low or no fat diet people can't even absorb fat soluble vitamins properly so it doesn't matter how many they might eat.

Looking closer at the underlying logic that lies behind the usage of the term empty calories, it tends to be a fear of calories. Maybe they have progressed from trying not to eat anything at all but need a justification for what they allow themselves to eat, maybe they are trying to intensely maximise every single food intake for health benefits via vitamins or protein or whatever it is.

Whatever the specific logic is, the conclusion is usually that calories need a valid reason to be allowed inside their body.

So, what even is the point of calories? Do they need a justification for existence other than what they already bring to the table? (pun intended)

The point of calories is, of course, energy. And since taking in energy and building blocks for your body is sort of how we keep our bodies going to do the whole being alive thing, I don't see how "energy" by itself isn't already a valuable property for food to have.

To get into more specific examples: what is empty about carbohydrates? First of all, they often also contain a number of vitamins, minerals and protein as well. But secondly, they contain easily accessible energy. Which is of course a sin under the doctrine that energy is bad for you, but also makes this inaccurate on a definitional basis.

Food contains micro and macro nutrients. Micro nutrients we don't need a large quantity of, such as vitamins, minerals, etc. Macro nutrients are bigger quantity wise, and are carbs, fat and protein. And we do indeed need all three groups to keep up our body. Plus fibre but we usually can't absorb those nor are we supposed to, they're for the digestive tract.

When people say that carbs are "empty calories" it always confuses me. Empty of what? Empty of nutrients? They're literally one of the three macro nutrients. Empty of purpose? They have easily accessible energy. Empty of micro nutrients? Often not even, plus we don't need to consume our entire daily requirement of those with every meal. Side note, one of the purposes of food is enjoyment and the big bad scary sugar can certainly be useful for that.

One of the main applications of the term "empty calories" is processed food. Or specifically, (highly) processed store bought food (as opposed to the food processed at home i suppose).

And i agree that a lot of, especially highly processed, store bought food doesn't contain much micro nutrients and is maximised to be tasty (although that isn't bad, per se; pleasure isn't evil). But people also sometimes underestimate the nutritional contents of not instagram-photogenic store bought food (for example many frozen vegetables contain more vitamins and secondary plant substances than fresh vegetables who had a long way behind them). And while balance is important and yes, a lot of people don't could use some less highly processed food in that balance, one could, if one really cares about the topic, for example work to increase knowledge of home cooking skills and gardening. It is perfectly fine to get energy and macro nutrients from highly processed food. Because again, we won't wither like a petulant flower when we don't get all of our daily requirement of vitamins and minerals in every single meal. It is also completely normal to spread that intake not evenly over every day but in bursts, as we are evolved to. I am not a big fan of the current food industry, but demonising "empty" calories doesn't help change that industry or how it contributes to climate change and human rights violations and exploitation. Directly doing activism to reform the food industry might.

"But that is not how our ancestors lived and ate" first of all are you sure? Did you get that info from someone with cited credible sources and historical/archaeological research into diet and agriculture and common recipes 100 300 5000 years ago? Or from someone who sells a free pdf detailing how you can start your clean eating journey if you comment "course"? A lot of historical recipes were maximised to be tasty, to be high energy, or to use food that could be stored long term. They did have knowledge and skills about what they were doing but it wasn't some arcane mystical teachings that will bring us salvation cure you of all your issues.

Second of all yeah it's different. We are living in different times and we have a way higher population world wide that just can't be fed the same way anymore. Industrialisation has people in cities and a small number of people specialised in agriculture with big machines. This doesn't mean there aren't things that could do with some improvement in that system, but it's just different, not evil. Maybe learn about the fast food places and renter based apartment blocks in ancient rome 2000 years ago and realise that this is not some unprecedented thing, and you won't be easily influenced by people invoking a magical pure past to sell their stuff and get engagement on social media.

Im conclusion: what are empty calories? Usually all foods/food components that don't contain the specific group of nutrients, nutrients that the person making that claim has decided are valid as a justification for allowing calories into their body.

While actually, those calories aren't empty, they contain calories. And usually in high concentration, which is mighty helpful for taking in enough energy to keep staying alive, and the result of our ancestors working hard towards making food more nutrient and energy dense and hopefully also more tasty, so it may keep them alive with less effort. And isn't it marvellous that we now have such foods available to us?

I recommend anyone invested in the topic to get some available science education about the chemical base for what our food is made of, the biological processes in digestion, and what parts of the body all the various food components get used in. It's very helpful in learning to decipher what the health bloggers and "nutrition experts" are talking about and if they're just trying to sell you something.

Don't just believe my post either, google my claims. Read some more about the ones that interest or upset you the most.

[lamiafaae]

Ok so the original plan for my container garden was to completely empty most of it and start afresh in the new place, for a few reasons

The soil in these containers is several years old now, and I feel like must be low on nutrients; only a few low-feeding plants live in them anymore, and even those look pretty sickly

Most of the current plants have spider mites, which I want to avoid bringing to the new place

I have seeds saved of all the current annuals, so it's not like I'm completely getting rid of having them

I suspect diseases could have built up in the soil; there was some kind of infection spreading through all my sweet alyssum

UV light has degraded most of the plastic making it extremely brittle and flaking apart, with pieces falling into the soil. There's also plastic dropcloths on our roof which also degraded and have been snowing plastic flakes down onto my garden. Basically the soil is full of micro (and macro)plastics

It's highly impractical to carry full containers of soil down three flights of stairs, vs dumping all the soil in trash bags and dropping them down the garbage chute and just moving empty containers

Just the good vibes of a fresh start would be nice

However in emptying just one planter I've filled up like seven trash bags of garden soil and it feels like SUCH A WASTE. Part of me is considering moving it all to the new place and refilling the same planter with at least a base layer of the old soil, and maybe spreading new mix on top of it.

But that can't be a good idea right? It would be healthier for my plants to not reuse bad soil that could infect new soil with pests and pathogens? Right?

[rockbottomwithashovel]

What is Nutrition: Part 1: Carbs

First up, some quick notes: there are 2 main things spoken about in nutrition: macronutrients and micronutrients.

Micronutrients are minerals and vitamins (plant colours are linked to what micros are in them, like green = vitamin K and iron, orange = vitamin a, purpler = antioxidants, red = vitamin c). The kind of stuff you get in little gummy pills, but are way better naturally (still, take what you can get my dudes).

Macros are called this because while they're just as important as micros, they're needed in much higher doses. While there's heaps of micros, there are only 3 macros: carbs, fats and proteins.

What Are Carbohydrates:

Greatest energy source

Gives us glucose for energy, or stores as glycogen

Glucose is used for “strenuous exercise”and aids in concentration

Tryptophan (amino acid found in protein) gets turned into serotonin (mood stabilizing hormone) by carbs converting them. That’s why bread and carbs make you feel good

No research to say extra carbs and tryptophan gives higher than average/better mood, but there is research saying lower levels equals lower mood??

Serotonin then gets converted to melatonin (circadian rhythm)

If you're not eating carbs, and you feel like shit, this is why (bad sleep and lack of serotonin)

SIDE NOTE: if you feel too scared to have carbs like bread and potatoes, because of the calories, rasperberries are really low calorie, and high in carbs and fibre (15g carbs in 125g punnet, for only 66 calories)

Types of carbs and breakdown:

There are 2 types of carbs: complex or simple. Simple can be stuff like lollies--not the best, simple sugars. Complex is more fibre and nutrients, it takes longer to digest

Monosaccharides are single molecule sugars

Disaccharides are 2 monosaccharides put together. Both mono. and dis. are simple carbs

Polysaccharides are complex carbs (3x mono. or more)

There the starchy carbs (simple) and less starchy (complex).

Quick notes of digestion:

Complex carbs get broken into simple ones in the small intestine

Most carbs are full of fibre, which is any complex that can’t be broken down in the small intestines. It goes to the large intestine and makes “highly useful” short-chain fatty acids and lines/looks after the gut. (So, detoxing this shit can be bad. You need the lining)

Basically, yah need fibre. High fibre carbs are the most nutritious ones, and if you're constipated, chances are you need more fibre (still do not over-do it, look after yourselves <3)

Back to types of carbs:

Refined carbs (stuff like flour and white bread) are good for short term energy but less nutritious. Complex carbs like fruit and veg release energy more slowly but have more vitamins?

Simple carbs go to the bloodstream faster than complex (giving a fast boost in energy)

GI and GL:

GI = Glycaemic Index

GI is a measure of how fast the carbs make your blood sugar (glucose) rise

Higher GI, faster impact

GL = glycaemic load

GL is a measure of GI AND carbs in the food

So watermelon has a higher GI than pasta, but pasta has more carbs, so it has a higher GL.

Last but not least

✨it's graph time✨

taglist: @r41n7h1n @idkpleasekillme

[shamelesshologramdetective]

Chlorella Vulgaris Market, Global Outlook and Forecast 2025-2032

Chlorella Vulgaris is a green, single-cell microalgae known for its high nutritional value and rapid growth rate. It thrives in both fresh and salt water and has been utilized in various industries, including food, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics, due to its rich protein content, antioxidants, and essential nutrients.

Market Size

Download FREE Sample of this Report

The global Chlorella Vulgaris market was valued at US$ 251 million in 2024 and is projected to reach US$ 402.6 million by 2030, growing at a CAGR of 7.0%. The market's expansion is driven by increasing health awareness, rising veganism, and the demand for natural food additives.

Competitor Analysis

Key Players

Far East Microalgae Industries

Taiwan Chlorella

Sun Chlorella

Gong Bih

King Dnarmsa

Yaeyama Shokusan

Febico

Vedan Biotechnology

These companies focus on expanding production capabilities, improving product quality, and strengthening their distribution networks.

Global Chlorella Vulgaris: Market Segmentation Analysis

This report provides a deep insight into the global Chlorella Vulgaris market, covering essential aspects from a macro overview to micro details of market size, competitive landscape, development trends, niche markets, key market drivers, and challenges.

The analysis helps readers understand industry competition and strategies for enhancing profitability. Furthermore, it provides a structured framework for evaluating business positioning. The report details market share, performance, product trends, and operational insights of major players to help stakeholders make informed decisions.

Market Segmentation (by Application)

Food Industry

Pharmaceutical Industry

Cosmetic Industry

Others

Market Segmentation (by Type)

Powder

Tablet

Others

Key Company

Far East Microalgae Industries

Taiwan Chlorella

Sun Chlorella

Gong Bih

King Dnarmsa

Yaeyama Shokusan

Febico

Vedan Biotechnology

Geographic Segmentation

North America (United States, Canada, Mexico)

Europe (Germany, France, United Kingdom, Italy, Spain, Rest of Europe)

Asia-Pacific (China, India, Japan, South Korea, Australia, Rest of APAC)

Middle East & Africa (Middle East, Africa)

Get the Complete Report & TOC

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)

01. What is the current market size of the Chlorella Vulgaris market?

The market was valued at US$ 251 million in 2024 and is expected to reach US$ 402.6 million by 2030.

02. Which are the key companies operating in the Chlorella Vulgaris market?

Major players include Far East Microalgae Industries, Taiwan Chlorella, Sun Chlorella, Gong Bih, King Dnarmsa, Yaeyama Shokusan, Febico, and Vedan Biotechnology.

03. What are the key growth drivers in the Chlorella Vulgaris market?

Key growth factors include increasing demand for plant-based protein, rising health awareness, and expanding applications in pharmaceuticals and cosmetics.

[lkinvnp]

Primary Literature Reflection (3)

Nutrient Limitation to Plant Growth during Primary Succession in Hawaii Volcanoes National Park (Vitousek, Walker, Whiteaker, Matson 1993) 

One might say that the idea that nutrient limitation might have an effect on the rate of growth and longevity of plant life- especially in areas of primary succession (which is to say, first colonization of organic material post disaster such as Lava deposits). According to Vitosek, Walker, Whiteaker, and Matson in their 1993 paper, it is an idea that “has been discussed more often that it has been determined”, because of the difficulty analyzing the idea in practice. I thought this was a fairly humorous, if not true, way of starting a scientific paper. Nutrient limitation has a simple concept, it is a phenomenon that occurs when the addition of a nutrient has a measurably increased affect on plant growth. While researchers used patterns and ideas from previous similar studies on primary production and nutrient cycling in tropical forests, there largest success and inspiration were from previous fertilization experiments. For this paper, they used a series of factorial fertilization experiments in order to discover the nutrient limitation to plant growth within three tropical montane forests growing in volcanic ash soil located on the island of Hawaii. 

For these experiments, researchers chose three sites where the soils were different ages on Kilauea Volcano in Hawaii Volcanoes National Park and evaluated the nutrient limitation on plant growth at each. Starting with the youngest site from a 1959 eruption, this site is denoted the Puu Puai (PP), and at the start of the experiment this site was twenty six years old. This site is located at an elevation of 1120 m, with an annual precipitation level of 2200 m. Researchers noted that in 1985, vegetation was sparse. The next site was the intermediate aged site, dubbed Thurston Lava Tube (TH), at the site of a 1790 lava deposit. This location sat at an elevation of 1190 m with slightly more precipitation than the aforementioned at 2500 m per year. Researchers noted that this site now supports a forest of Metrosideros Polymorpha, or the ‘Ohi’a tree, with an average tree height of fourteen to sixteen meters, with a subcanopy comprised mostly of tree ferns. And lastly, the oldest site, called Ola’a (OL), different from the above because it’s constituted from multiple eruptions from the Kilauea volcano over the course of several thousand years. Though for the purpose of this paper, they consider the thickest deposit to be around 2000 years old.  Ola’a sits at an elevation of 1220 meters with an average of ~2900 annual precipitation. While researchers admit these sites do not create a “perfect chronosequence” (or a series of ecological sites that share similar environmental conditions but represent different ages), they believe that the substrate age is the most notable difference within these locations. 

For methodology at these sites, researches performed complete factorial fertilization experiments at the two younger sites: Puu Puai (1959) and Thurston (1790).  Complete factorial fertilization experiments included testing the limits of Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and T (an abbreviation of all other macro and micro plant nutrients). In the oldest site, Ola’a,  they only performed the Nitrogen treatment due to the face that little forest is still intact in that area, and they desired to decrease environmental impact on the area. Each site had different implementations to account for the difference in forest structure along the gradient of soil age. In PP, forty Metrosideros were selected in heights varying from fifty to one hundred cm in height, and “applied each treatment to a randomly selected set of five individuals”. Additionally, fertilizer was distributed to a two meter radius around each of the forty plants. To measure growth, two twigs on each tree were marked, as well as production and mortality of leaves, all of these factors measured and recorded bimonthly. Photosynthesis was also measured using a portable LICOR 600 system. At TH, researchers set up a grid system of forty ‘20x20 m’ sections, fertilizer was applied to the interior (15x15) of four of these plots, with dendrometer bands to applied to measure diameter increments of trees bimonthly. Litter traps wrecks also placed at random and litter fall was monitored monthly.  Lastly, at OL, researchers chose twelve individual Mestrosideros, and out of the twelve, six were chosen for treatment of only the Nitrogen, and banded to monitor diameter growth. This area also had litter traps. To measure these findings, researchers would assess nutrients in soil samples and foliar nutrient samples from Metrosideros and Cibotium. In addition to soil cores, canopy leaves were collected in each plot, and dried in an oven at seventy degrees celsius, ground up, and analyzed for nitrogen and phosphorus. 

The results, showing the reports of the second year to decrease the bias or effect of lags or transient effects that might have occurred at random in the wild. These results showed that at the PP site, when Nitrogen was added there was a notable increase in diameter grown in Metrosideros as well was height growth. Similarly, at the TH site, nitrogen addition the soil increased total plant growth. However, Phosphorus addition saw no increase in growth, but did see an increase in foliar production. In the OL site, the oldest, there was no noticeable effect of added nitrogen to the soil.

From the methodology and results provided, Researchers determined that the element of nitrogen, and the limits of, is a primary factor in plant growth in young mountainous tropical forests. They used this research to determine what kinds of amendments to soil nutrition has the most effect on primary succession, and it appeared to be Nitrogen, as it had the most effect on diameter growth. It also seemed to have more effect the younger the site, as it slowed progressively between the sites to the least significant in the OL site. Phosphorus added to the soil added more extractable phosphorus from plant tissue but didn’t seem to have a measurable effect on plant growth especially in the younger sites. Researchers note that these finding are consistent to a similar experiment done in 1976. 

[atplblog]

Price: [price_with_discount] (as of [price_update_date] - Details) [ad_1] Calling all fussy parents ! We all know that Protein is vital for a child’s growth, development & immunity. But did you know that for a growing child, they should consumer approx. 1 g protein / kg of body weight ? Sadly, 80% children don’t consume enough protein - which is not surprising, as most packaged foods are low in protein (including the so called “healthy” snacks), but high on junk, like sugars & chemicals (INS & E number ingredients). Worry not, for we have a great solution - introducing our 5g Protein Trail Mix, a fusion of NUTS, SEEDS & BERRIES, in a convenient 25g pouch that contains 5 grams of Protein (guaranteed) ! Let their taste buds revel in a mouthful of yummy Almonds, Raisins, Sunflower Seeds, Pumpkin Seeds, Cranberry & Cashewnuts, with a pinch of Rock Salt ! Since it is a 25g pack, it is easy to consume – at tiffin time, in the bus ride, play time, just about anytime !! Apart from having 5 grams of Protein, the Trail Mix is rich in fiber, has only healthy fats, and is treasure trove of micro nutrients like Iron, Calcium, Vitamin B&E, anti- oxidants, Magnesium, Copper, Folate & Omega-3, all of which are vital for your child’s growth, development & immunity. As fussy parents ourselves (and superheroes on a mission), we think Nutrition First, & worked with Pediatricians & Nutritionists to develop this 5g Protein Trail Mix. It is 100% Natural, free from any preservatives, additives or chemicals (no INS or E number ingredients) & has zero refined sugar (it only has the natural sweetness of raisins & cranberries). We believe that chemicals belong in laboratories, not in our foods ! So, fellow fussy parents, it’s time to say no to junk food villains & make the switch to our 5g Protein Trail Mix – a trail mix with NUTS, SEEDS & BERRIES, for your child’s growth, development & immunity ! Why wait, buy now ! 5g Protein in every pack : Tracking protein consumption is simplified with this pack of 5g Protein Trail Mix – every pack has 5 grams of Protein in it ! A Powerhouse of nutrition, in an easy to consume 25g pouch, it contains Almonds, Raisins, Sunflower Seeds, Pumpkin Seeds, Cranberries & Cashews. So Healthy & So Delicious - a pack a day keeps the doctor away ?! Yummy in my Tummy & Only Healthy Ingredients: Kids and adults alike relish the taste of this 5g Protein Trail Mix, made with NUTS, SEEDS, BERRIES & a pinch of Rock Salt – that’s it ! No refined sugar / preservatives / chemicals. Treat your child to a nourishing delight, savoring only the finest ingredients in every bite We Think “Nutrition First”: Developed by working with Pediatricians & Nutritionists, this 5g Protein Trail Mix is packed with both Macro-Nutrients (5 grams of Protein, Dietary Fiber, only Healthy Fats) & Micro-Nutrients (Iron, Calcium, Vitamin B&E, anti-oxidants, Folate, Magnesium, Copper) – an ideal, healthy snack for Growth, Development & Immunity 100% Genuinely Clean : Like all Jus Amazin products, this 5g Protein Trail Mix is 100% Clean – No Refined Sugar, No Chemicals / Preservatives / Additives (No E / INS number ingredients), because we believe that Chemicals belong in the Laboratory, not in our foods ! Suitable For All : Our commitment to Clean Nutrition means that our 5g Protein Trail Mix contains only essential & 100% natural ingredients. All our products are Vegetarian, Plant Based, Vegan & free from gluten, dairy, lactose & soya, making it suitable for most dietary preferences Multiple ways to consume : This delicious 5g Protein Trail Mix can be had as is, during a bus ride, at tiffin time, or playtime or even while studying ! It can also be sprinkled on cereals / muesli, for a perfect Nutrition boost. [ad_2]

[minnesota001]

Avoiding Nutrient Problems: Common Cannabis Growing Mistakes

Cannabis cultivation is an art and science that demands attention to detail. While the rewards of a successful harvest are satisfying, numerous pitfalls can derail your efforts, particularly when it comes to nutrient management. Addressing these issues and learning from others' experiences will keep your plants healthy and thriving. In this guide, we’ll highlight common cannabis growing mistakes and how to sidestep them for optimal results.

Understanding Cannabis Nutrition Basics

One of the most significant cannabis growing mistakes is neglecting to understand the nutritional needs of the plant. Cannabis requires a delicate balance of macro and micronutrients to flourish.

Key Nutrients for Cannabis Growth

Nitrogen (N): Essential for vegetative growth.

Phosphorus (P): Vital during flowering for root and bud development.

Potassium (K): Strengthens plants and supports overall health.

Failing to balance these nutrients can lead to stunted growth, yellowing leaves, and poor yields.

How to Avoid This Mistake

Research the life cycle of cannabis to understand its evolving nutrient needs.

Use fertilizers specifically designed for cannabis cultivation.

Mistake #1: Overfeeding Your Plants

Overfeeding is one of the most prevalent cannabis growing mistakes, especially for beginners who assume more nutrients equal faster growth. Excessive nutrients can cause nutrient burn, characterized by browning leaf tips and yellowing leaves.

Prevention Tips

Start with a lower nutrient dose than recommended and gradually increase based on plant response.

Observe your plants daily for signs of stress.

Mistake #2: Underestimating the Role of pH Levels

Another frequent cannabis growing mistake is ignoring the importance of pH. Cannabis absorbs nutrients efficiently only within a specific pH range:

Soil: 6.0 to 7.0

Hydroponics: 5.5 to 6.5

Incorrect pH can lead to nutrient lockout, where plants are unable to absorb nutrients despite their presence in the soil or solution.

How to Maintain pH

Use a digital pH meter to check water and nutrient solutions.

Adjust pH with professional products like pH up or pH down.

Mistake #3: Choosing the Wrong Growing Medium

Your choice of growing medium can significantly impact nutrient availability. Using the wrong medium or failing to adapt your nutrient plan to it is a common cannabis growing mistake.

Popular Cannabis Growing Mediums

Soil: Easy for beginners, but requires careful nutrient monitoring.

Coco Coir: Allows for excellent water retention and oxygenation but needs additional calcium and magnesium.

Hydroponics: High control over nutrients but requires meticulous pH and EC monitoring.

Avoiding the Mistake

Match your nutrient regimen to your growing medium.

Test your growing medium regularly for nutrient levels and adjust accordingly.

Mistake #4: Ignoring Water Quality

Water quality is a frequently overlooked factor that contributes to nutrient problems. Hard water, for instance, contains excessive minerals that may interfere with nutrient absorption, while soft water may lack essential elements like calcium and magnesium.

Solutions for Better Water Management

Use reverse osmosis (RO) water for a clean slate.

Add calcium-magnesium supplements if needed.

Test total dissolved solids (TDS) to ensure proper nutrient concentration.

Mistake #5: Overlooking Micronutrients

While macronutrients get the most attention, neglecting micronutrients like magnesium, calcium, and iron is a common cannabis growing mistake. Deficiencies in these can result in symptoms such as:

Magnesium Deficiency: Yellowing between leaf veins.

Calcium Deficiency: Weak stems and brown spots.

Iron Deficiency: Pale new growth.

Preventing Micronutrient Deficiencies

Use nutrient products with a full spectrum of micro and macronutrients.

Supplement as necessary, especially in hydroponic setups.

Mistake #6: Skipping the Flushing Process

Flushing is a crucial step in cannabis cultivation that many growers skip. Without flushing, nutrient buildup can lead to toxicity or unpleasant flavors in the final product.

Why Flushing Matters

Removes excess nutrients from the growing medium.

Improves the taste and aroma of the buds.

When and How to Flush

Flush during nutrient buildup or toxicity signs.

Perform a final flush 1-2 weeks before harvest to enhance bud quality.

Mistake #7: Blindly Following Nutrient Schedules

Generic nutrient schedules may not work for every setup, making this a common cannabis growing mistake. Factors like strain genetics, light intensity, and environmental conditions influence nutrient requirements.

Customizing Your Nutrient Plan

Adjust nutrient doses based on plant health and growth rate.

Keep a grow journal to track changes and plant responses.

Mistake #8: Mismanaging Light and Temperature

Environmental factors like light and temperature affect how cannabis plants absorb and utilize nutrients. Poor light placement or extreme temperatures can cause nutrient-related problems.

How to Optimize Environment

Use grow lights that mimic natural sunlight.

Maintain temperatures between 70–85°F with adequate air circulation.

Keep humidity levels between 40–60%, depending on the growth stage.

Mistake #9: Relying Solely on Synthetic Nutrients

While synthetic nutrients offer precision, over-reliance on them can harm the soil’s microbial life and lead to long-term nutrient imbalances.

Alternatives to Synthetic Nutrients

Incorporate organic nutrients like compost tea or fish emulsion.

Alternate between organic and synthetic feeding schedules for balanced growth.

Mistake #10: Overcomplicating Nutrient Regimens

With countless supplements and additives on the market, it’s easy to overcomplicate your feeding schedule. Overuse of bloom boosters, enzymes, or other products can lead to nutrient toxicity.

Keeping It Simple

Stick to a basic nutrient regimen tailored to your plants' growth stage.

Introduce supplements only when you notice deficiencies or specific needs.

Conclusion: On Avoiding Cannabis Growing Mistakes

Growing cannabis successfully requires a combination of knowledge, observation, and adaptability. Avoiding common cannabis growing mistakes like overfeeding, ignoring pH, and neglecting water quality will set you on the path to a healthy and productive harvest.

Stay vigilant, document your progress, and always strive to learn more about your plants’ needs. With the right approach, you can turn these potential pitfalls into stepping stones for cultivation success.

[weeswageningen]

Dear All,

We would like to invite you to attend November’s Wageningen Evolution and Ecology Seminar (WEES) and Workshop in-person!

The Seminar and workshop will take place on Tuesday 19th November, 16:00-17:00 in Orion B5015. This will be followed by drinks at The Spot and an opportunity to meet and have dinner with the Speaker (dinner is at your own cost, but sign-up with Spyros Kanellopoulos – spyros.kanellopoulos@wur.nl).

Seminar: How to maintain a healthy microbiome? (November 19th, 16:00-17:00 in Orion, B5015)

Dr. Bram van Dijk

University lecturer, Theoretical Biology Laboratory, Utrecht University, Netherlands

Microbes populate all plants and animals, helping with nutrient acquisition, detoxification, and other useful functions. However, due to rapid microbial evolution, these interactions can quickly shift from beneficial to harmful. Understanding these ally-to-pathogen transitions is important for agriculture and human health, and therefore requires unpacking of what happens at every scale (from nano, to micro, to macro). For example, while larger organisms like plants and animals are populated by microbes, the microbes are in turn populated by a “nanobiome”: the zoo of mobile and selfish genetic elements that replicate within them. During the seminar, I will discuss models that allow us to understand what makes the nanobiome tick, and then start zooming out to include what this means for larger organisms like ourselves. It will also be discussed how phylogenies may be a helpful read-out that enables us to test whether the model captures the right dynamics, and may even serve as a predictor of disease outbreaks. With these simulations the presenter hopes to discover more of these promising leads that will enable us to better understand the world around us, and even prevent future disease outbreaks.

The associated Workshop will be from 14:00-15:30 in Orion, B4015. We are pleased to invite you to an engaging workshop on microbial models, exploring the intricate dynamics between microbes and their hosts—be they plants or animals. In this session, we will delve into the selective pressures that influence microbial behavior, determining whether microbes remain beneficial to their hosts or deviate towards harmful interactions. This workshop will mainly focus on the inherent difficulties in sustaining beneficial microbes within host organisms. Through an in-depth discussion and hands on demonstration the speaker will guide the participants on how to replicate the work from the following publication https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31548380/.

About WEES

WEES is an initiative of PhD students and postdocs at Wageningen University to organize a continuing series of stimulating seminars on contemporary topics in evolution and ecology. For this series we invite researchers from all over the world who have leading roles in their field. We aim to bring together different groups at Wageningen University using a variety of systems, but with a common interest in evolutionary and ecological questions. WEES is funded by graduate schools PE&RC, WIMEK, EPS, and WIAS. 

Want to organise seminars yourself? Join WEES!

WEES is looking for new members! We aim for a broad and diverse range in topics and would like to welcome new members to help and include topics not represented yet. If you are curious, send an email to weeswageningen@gmail.com and join one of our meetings. 

For more information please visit www.weeswageningen.nl and follow us on X @weeswageningen

Kind Regards,

Spyros Kanellopoulos

Ph.D. Candidate 

[cmisayali]

Micronutrients Fertilizers: A Boon for Modern Sustainable Agriculture

Micronutrients are chemical elements or substances required in small amounts for plant growth, whereas macronutrients are required in relatively large amounts. These micronutrients include boron (B), chlorine (Cl), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), molybdenum (Mo), nickel (Ni) and zinc (Zn).

Micronutrients Fertilizers perform vital functions in plants like photosynthesis, respiration, enzyme activity and assist in growth and reproduction. Need for Micronutrients and Causes of Deficiency While micronutrients are essential in minute quantities, their deficiency can have devastating effects on crop yield and quality. Some major causes of micronutrient deficiency include nature of soil (some soils lack certain micronutrients), high soil pH, excessive use of nitrogen fertilizers over the years, flooding of soil and monocropping of same crops year after year. Continuous cropping without proper fertilization leads the soil to deplete certain micronutrients over time. This causes yellowing, mottling, dieback etc in plants which reduce their growth and productivity. Micronutrients Fertilizers - Benefits for Sustainable Agriculture

Use of balanced micronutrients fertilizers ensures adequate availability of all essential micronutrients to the crops. This helps in overcoming deficiencies and improves plant growth, yield and quality of produce. Some key benefits of micronutrients fertilizers include: - Increased yields - application of correct doses of micronutrients increases photosynthesis and metabolic activity in plants. This results in more biomass production and greater yields by 15-20% on an average. - Better quality produce - micronutrients improve nutritional quality of crops by promoting accumulation of protein, vitamins and minerals within. This makes the produce more nutrient-dense and beneficial for consumers. - Resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses - adequate micronutrients strengthen plant defenses against pests, diseases and environmental stress factors like drought. This reduces crop losses. - Soil health improvement - continuous use of micronutrient-rich fertilizers restores micronutrient balance in depleted soils over the long run, thus making the soil healthier and more productive. - Economical agricultural production - by overcoming hidden hunger in soils, micronutrients ensure optimal use of other inputs like macro fertilizers, thereby making cultivation economical for farmers. Judicious use of micronutrient mixtures for different crops and soil conditions maximizes their fertilizer value. This leads to more sustainable agricultural productivity to meet global food demands. Micronutrients Fertilizers Formulations Available In India A wide range of fertilizer formulations fortified with different micronutrient combinations suitable for various crops are available in the Indian market. Some of the commonly used types are: - Zinc Sulphate (ZnSO4) - used for zinc deficiency in rice, maize, wheat, cotton etc. - Borax (Na2B4O7.10H2O) - counters boron deficiency in oilseeds, pulses, vegetables. - Manganese Sulphate (MnSO4) - corrects manganese deficiency in fruits, vegetables. - Copper Sulphate (CuSO4) - manages copper deficiencies in rice, fruits. - Chelated mixtures - contain chelated micronutrients that are easily absorbed by plants. Environment-friendly. The Government promotes indigenous production and use of such fertilizers through subsidies and awareness programs. This would go a long way in boosting India's agricultural productivity and sustainability. Adoption of precision agriculture techniques along with balanced use of micro and macro fertilizers thus holds the key to enhanced resource use efficiency and nutrition-sensitive food production systems. It also paves way for prosperous farming and food security.

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About Author:

Money Singh is a seasoned content writer with over four years of experience in the market research sector. Her expertise spans various industries, including food and beverages, biotechnology, chemical and materials, defense and aerospace, consumer goods, etc. (https://www.linkedin.com/in/money-singh-590844163)

[kheti-buddy]

KhetiBuddy Remote Sensing Solutions: Transforming Decision-Making for Sustainable Food Production

In an era where sustainable food production is imperative for the survival of future generations, technological innovations are proving to be game-changers. One such innovation is the application of remote sensing solutions in agriculture, a domain in which KhetiBuddy is making significant strides. KhetiBuddy's remote sensing solutions are transforming the way farmers make decisions, ensuring more efficient, sustainable, and productive agricultural practices.

The Role of Remote Sensing in Agriculture

Remote sensing involves the use of satellite or aerial imagery to collect data about the Earth's surface. In agriculture, this technology enables the monitoring of crop health, soil conditions, weather patterns, and more. By providing real-time data and insights, remote sensing allows farmers to make informed decisions that enhance crop yield and reduce environmental impact.

KhetiBuddy's Approach to Remote Sensing

KhetiBuddy has harnessed the power of remote sensing in agriculture to develop a suite of solutions tailored to the needs of modern agriculture. Their approach integrates satellite imagery, drones, and advanced analytics to offer comprehensive insights into various aspects of farming. This combination of technologies allows KhetiBuddy to deliver precise and actionable data, transforming the traditional methods of farm management.

Satellite Imagery for Macro Insights

KhetiBuddy utilizes high-resolution satellite imagery to provide a macro view of large agricultural areas. This imagery helps in assessing crop conditions, identifying potential issues, and planning interventions. For example, satellite data can reveal patterns of pest infestations or water stress, enabling farmers to take timely actions to mitigate these problems. The use of satellite imagery also aids in monitoring crop growth stages and predicting yields, which is crucial for effective planning and resource allocation.

Drones for Micro-Level Analysis

While satellite imagery offers a broad perspective, drones provide detailed, high-resolution images at the micro level. KhetiBuddy employs drones to conduct closer inspections of crops, capturing data that might be missed by satellites. Drones can fly at lower altitudes, offering a detailed view of plant health, soil conditions, and irrigation needs. This level of detail allows for precise interventions, such as targeted pesticide application or specific nutrient adjustments, reducing waste and enhancing crop health.

Advanced Analytics for Informed Decision-Making

The data collected through satellite imagery and drones is vast and complex. KhetiBuddy leverages advanced analytics to process this data and extract meaningful insights. Machine learning algorithms analyze patterns and trends, providing predictive analytics that help farmers anticipate issues and plan accordingly. For instance, predictive models can forecast weather conditions, pest outbreaks, and crop diseases, allowing farmers to prepare and respond proactively.

Benefits of KhetiBuddy's Remote Sensing Solutions

Increased Efficiency and Productivity

By providing real-time data and predictive insights, KhetiBuddy's remote sensing solutions enable farmers to optimize their practices. This leads to increased efficiency and productivity, as resources such as water, fertilizers, and pesticides are used more judiciously. Precision agriculture, facilitated by remote sensing, ensures that interventions are targeted and effective, resulting in higher yields and better-quality produce.

Sustainable Farming Practices

Sustainability is at the core of KhetiBuddy's mission. Remote sensing helps in promoting sustainable farming practices by minimizing the environmental impact of agriculture. Accurate data on soil health and crop conditions reduces the need for excessive chemical inputs, preserving soil fertility and reducing pollution. Additionally, better water management through precise irrigation practices helps in conserving this vital resource, crucial in regions facing water scarcity.

Enhanced Decision-Making

The comprehensive insights provided by KhetiBuddy empower farmers to make better decisions. Whether it's choosing the right time for planting, identifying the optimal harvest period, or managing crop health throughout the growing season, farmers have access to the information they need to make informed choices. This enhanced decision-making capability reduces risks and uncertainties, contributing to more stable and predictable agricultural outcomes.

Real-World Applications and Success Stories

KhetiBuddy's remote sensing solutions have been successfully implemented in various agricultural projects, showcasing their transformative potential. In regions where traditional farming methods faced challenges, the adoption of remote sensing has led to remarkable improvements.

For instance, in a pilot project in India, KhetiBuddy's technology helped farmers in drought-prone areas optimize their irrigation practices. By analyzing soil moisture levels and weather forecasts, farmers were able to schedule irrigation more effectively, leading to significant water savings and improved crop yields.

In another case, KhetiBuddy's pest monitoring system, powered by drone and satellite data, enabled early detection of a pest outbreak in a large cotton farm. Timely intervention with targeted pesticide application prevented the spread of the pest, saving the crop and reducing the financial losses for the farmers.

The Future of Agriculture with Remote Sensing

As the global population continues to grow, the demand for food will increase, putting additional pressure on agricultural systems. Remote sensing will play a crucial role in meeting this demand sustainably. KhetiBuddy is at the forefront of this technological revolution, continuously innovating to provide better solutions for farmers.

The future of agriculture lies in the integration of advanced technologies like remote sensing, artificial intelligence, and the Internet of Things (IoT). By combining these technologies, KhetiBuddy aims to create a holistic approach to farm management, where every aspect of farming is interconnected and optimized for maximum efficiency and sustainability.

Conclusion

KhetiBuddy remote sensing solutions are transforming decision-making in agriculture, paving the way for sustainable food production. By leveraging satellite imagery, drones, and advanced analytics, KhetiBuddy provides farmers with the tools they need to optimize their practices, increase productivity, and promote sustainability. As agriculture continues to evolve, the adoption of remote sensing technologies will be essential in ensuring food security for future generations. KhetiBuddy's commitment to innovation and sustainability positions them as a leader in this transformative journey.

[chaya-mga2022mi6014]

Concept Idea #01 | Research - How Roots and Fungi Communicate with Each Other

In this case, the micro element would be Mycorrhizal Fungi (Tiny fungi that live in the soil and form symbiotic relationships with plant roots) and the Macro element would be tree roots.

Research:

Micro Level:

How Roots and Fungi Talk to Each Other:

Basically, there are fungi called Mycorrhizal fungi (Mycorrhizae) underground, that helps plants grow.

(figure 1 : Mycorrhizal fungi)

These fungi are basically tiny highways under the ground called common mycelial networks. They connect different plants together so they can share food and help each other. It’s like an underground internet for plants.

(Figure 2: common mycelial networks)

The plant's roots send out a special smell called Strigolactones, which gives the fungi the signal to come closer to that specific plant's roots. They send back their own signals called Myc factors, basically saying, "We’re here to help!"

Then, the fungi grow into the plant's roots, making tiny structures called arbuscules and long threads called hyphae. These help the plant get food (like phosphorus and nitrogen) from the soil. In return, the plant gives the fungi some of the sugar it makes from sunlight.

(Figure 3: Arbuscules)

These fungi also help protect the plant from getting sick by making the plant's immune system stronger. This is called induced resistance.

Macro Level:

How this helps the macro element:

(Figure 4: Mycorrhizal fungi in a forest)

When lots of plants and trees have fungi, the whole forest grows better. The fungi help all the plants share food and stay healthy.

The fungi break down old leaves and plants in the soil, turning them into food that plants can use. This process is called nutrient cycling, and it makes the soil rich and good for growing.

Farmers can use these friendly fungi to help their crops grow bigger and healthier. This means more food for everyone.

Plants with fungi can find water better, which helps them stay strong even when it doesn’t rain much. This is called drought resistance.

[internationalwaterlilycollection]

Discover the Magic: 5 Reasons to Visit the River fest of San Angelo

Choosing the right fertilizer is paramount as it can help you grow and nurture beautiful aquatic plants, such as water lilies. In Texas, where warm weather conditions favor aquatic gardens, Landon Aquatic Fertilizers are among the best choices for pond keepers.

Here are five reasons why Landon aquatic fertilizers TX is a better choice compared to others:

Tailored Formulations for Water Lilies: Landon Aquatic Fertilizer of TX is made with specialized formulations specifically designed to grow aquatic gems because they understand their unique nutritional requirements. Their water lily fertilizer tablets have been specially handcrafted. They contain necessary macro and micro-nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium in ideal quantities to encourage healthy foliage, abundant blooms, and sturdy growth. Hence, by choosing Landon Aquatic Fertilizers, Texas pond owners can be at peace knowing they offer the nutrients water lilies require to maintain optimal health and beauty.

Slow-Release Technology: Among the key features of Landon Aquatic Fertilizers, highly developed slow-release technology holds significant importance. This implies that unlike traditional fertilizers, which may release nutrients into the water at a faster rate or cause nutrient imbalances within the medium upon contact with it. Hence, over time, Landon’s slow-release water lily fertilizer tablets dissolve gradually, maintaining a constant nutrient supply to ensure proper growth and that nutrients are not wasted, leading to healthier plants and a more stable water system.

Improved Nutrient Absorption and Efficiency: Landon Aquatic Fertilizers of TX have a superior composition that aquatic plants can easily absorb, ensuring maximum use of nutrients. Texas pond owners can, therefore, obtain better outcomes using fewer fertilizers and reducing the chances of overdoing it. This also prevents the risk of harming fish or other aquatic organisms. Thus, Landon’s water lily fertilizer tablet allow pond lovers to have thriving plants while naturally maintaining good water quality and natural sustainability.

Lasting Effects: The other advantage of using Landon Aquatic Fertilizers of TX includes their long-term effects. In this regard, Landon’s fertilizer tablets are slow-acting because they continue to feed aquatic plants such as water lilies for extended periods, lasting weeks if not months. This allows Texas pond owners to apply fertilizers less frequently, saving them from worries associated with maintaining their nice-looking aquatic gardens throughout the year.

Proven Results and Customer Satisfaction: Landon Aquatic Fertilizers of TX have earned a reputation for delivering proven results and customer satisfaction. Numerous pond lovers all over Texas can attest to the fertilizers Landon sells that have transformed their water lilies’ buds into flourishing blooms. This is evident from their improved growth rate, enhanced blooming, more vibrant colors, and overall well-being of the plants, prompting one to choose Landon Aquatic fertilizers. Texas pond owners can rely on Landon to achieve their dreams of establishing a healthy and beautiful-looking aquatic garden.

Final Thoughts: 

To summarize, Texas pond owners who aim to nourish and enhance their water lilies and other aquatic plants must consider using Landon Aquatic Fertilizers, especially their water lily fertilizer tablets.

Their tailored formulations, slow-release mechanism, and increased nutrient absorption rates for long-lasting effects make this company stand out when choosing fertilizers for your aqua gardens. Hence, by choosing the products of Landon Aquatic Fertilizer, Texas, pond owners can have flourishing water lilies and a truly amazing aquatic oasis.

Source Link: https://fyberly.com/discussing-5-compelling-benefits-of-choosing-landon-aquatic-fertilizers-in-texas/

[elenasunshinemagazine]

3 recipes with delicious and healthy microgreens

Microgreens are a natural product. The composition of microgreens, along with vitamins and minerals, already includes natural, digestive enzymes that help to assimilate healthy elements completely.3 recipes with delicious and healthy microgreens.

Microgreens come in a variety of flavors - from spicy to nutty, lemon? And the list of nutrients contained in these little miracles is huge.

The healthiest microgreens

The range of microgreens available today is huge. Wash the greens immediately before eating, so after the plant is cut, it is sent to the refrigerator in this form for storage. It is not recommended to wash the microgreens under the tap: the stems are quite fragile and easily break under water pressure. Therefore, you can simply rinse it in a saucer with water and blot it with a napkin.

Pea shoots

Microgreen peas are sprouts grown from seeds and have at least 2-3 real leaves. At this stage of development, they contain the maximum amount of vitamin and mineral substances and amino acids. In terms of the number of healthy elements, microgreens are significantly superior to ripe peas.

Microgreens grown at home contain vitamins A, B, C, E, K, PP, phosphorus, potassium, manganese, iron, zinc, proteins, interchangeable, and essential amino acids.

Young, juicy pea sprouts are the healthiest in the winter season when the body suffers from a deficiency of healthy vitamins, and micro- and macroelements. Sprouted microgreens of peas have a powerful immunomodulatory, antioxidant, and rejuvenating effect.

Salad with spinach and microgreens

A very low-calorie and healthy salad that contains a lot of dietary fiber. You can eat at any time of the day, with a side dish or a meat dish. In the form of microgreens, you can use any sprouted greenery. Microgreen peas are a delicious, natural, and healthy product.

Its cultivation will not take much effort and time. The cut microgreen peas can be stored for 2-3 days by placing them in a tightly closed plastic container on the bottom shelf of the refrigerator. After this period, the seedlings lose their delicate taste and healthy properties.

Ingredients: Black sesame 1 teaspoon Tomato 1 piece Bulgarian pepper 1 piece Fennel (crushed) 2 tablespoons Spinach 2 tablespoons Micro-green peas 1 tablespoon Salt to taste

Instruction:

Cooking time 15 minutes Rinse vegetables and herbs in running water. Chop the bell pepper, tomato, fennel, and spinach. Add microgreens, sprinkle with sesame seeds and salt to taste. If desired, you can add a little olive oil. Mix all the ingredients.

Radish sprouts

Radish sprouts are rich in essential amino acids and chlorophyll, which has all the benefits, from anticancer properties to improved digestion. Radish is rich in fiber, essential oils, anthocyanins, vitamins, and macro- and microelements. One of the most popular varieties of microgreen plants. It looks beautiful because of its unusual purple-green color. It is widely used in cooking for making salads and decorating various dishes.

Salad with radish microgreens

We strengthen our immunity with greens, and seedlings of micro-green radish.

Ingredients: For salad: Radish micro-greens 1 cup Orange, peeled and diced 1 piece Avocado, peeled and diced 1 pc Chopped carrots or daikon 1/2 cup Walnuts 1/4 cup For refueling: Cold-pressed olive oil 1 tablespoon Lemon juice 1 tablespoon Finely chopped garlic 1 clove Salt and pepper to taste

Instruction:

Cooking time 15 minutes

Place the sprouted microgreens in a salad dish and add the remaining ingredients. Mix the ingredients of the dressing thoroughly in a separate container and pour the resulting liquid over the salad. The specified amount is enough for 1-2 servings. Arrange the salad in portioned salad bowls, and decorate the top with cheese petals, which we cut with a vegetable cutter. And you can serve it on the table.

Sunflower shoots

The taste of sunflower stalks crosses the border between nutty and lemon, with a more herbal taste. Sunflower shoots are best eaten in salads and sandwiches. Sunflower microgreens have an impressive nutritional composition. This is the best microgreen for a complete replacement for vegetable protein. Sunflower shoots contain all the essential amino acids, as well as iron, potassium, magnesium, calcium, copper, and phosphorus. They are especially rich in zinc, which has many benefits, including strengthening the immune system and improving digestion. Sunflower seedlings are ready for harvesting in about 10 days. By trying and combining different types of microgreens, you can create completely new flavor combinations.

Halva from sunflower seedlings

What is the difference between live halva and ordinary halva? The fact that it is really alive, with active enzymes and without sugar. Such a product cleanses the body well. Parchment provides additional enzymes for better absorption, as well as a set of vitamins and minerals. Cocoa enhances the taste and acts as a natural stimulant. In the complex of all ingredients, halva from sprouts is a high-energy food.

Ingredients: Sunflower seeds 10.58 oz Cocoa 2 tablespoons Honey 5.29 oz Parchment 3 tablespoons

Instruction:

Cooking time 20 minutes

Sunflower microgreens contain a very rich set of vitamins, minerals, proteins, and high-quality fats. Very dense food. You can eat just like that, with honey, and add it to salads. They taste neutral. As an independent dish, halva is probably the best.

Sunflower seeds (without shells) should be washed and filled with drinking water for 3 hours. Flip into a colander, cover with wet gauze in four layers and leave at room temperature for 2 days.

Scroll the microgreens on a meat grinder with a small or medium grate twice. Add honey, parchment, and cocoa, and stir everything. Halva is ready. You can add a handful of apricot pits or almonds for piquancy. Store in the refrigerator for no more than a week. Bon Appetit!

https://elenasunshinemagazine.com/cooking/3-recipes-with-delicious-and-healthy-microgreens/

[freeveggieporn]

HOUSEPLANT CONCENTRATE

Thank you for choosing Cabbage Hill Animal-Free Fertilizer. Why use animal byproducts when you can make a more sustainable choice, a more organic choice, a more ethical choice…and still get the best plant food available? Our fertilizers contain all-natural, organic, plant-based ingredients and minerals that provide both macro- and micro-nutrients as well as soil builders and mycorrhizae to…

[helthcareheven]

Aquatic Solutions: Addressing Global Challenges with Marine Biotechnology

Introduction to Marine Biotechnology Marine biotechnology utilizes living marine organisms and their derivatives for industrial, medical, environmental and other sustainable applications. It focuses on exploring the immense biodiversity and biological resources found in the marine environment. The oceans cover over 70% of the Earth's surface and contain a vast variety of lifeforms that have evolved unique biological properties and molecules. Marine biotechnology aims to unlock this untapped potential through research and innovations.

Marine Bioprospecting Marine bioprospecting involves searching oceans, coastal waters and marine life for bioactive compounds, genes and other materials that can be exploited commercially. Some key activities include monitoring biodiversity hotspots, collecting and screening biological samples for useful properties, isolating lead compounds and developing applications. Marine organisms like sponges, corals, microbes and algae have yielded molecules with diverse pharmaceutical applications. Compounds used in cancer treatments, anti-inflammatories and antimicrobials have been derived from marine sources through bioprospecting. Advances in genomics and metabolomics also aid the drug discovery process from marine natural products.

Biomedical Applications Marine-derived pharmaceuticals represent a promising area within marine biotechnology. Several drugs developed from marine sources are already in clinical use or under clinical trials. compounds obtained from marine sponges have led to antiviral and anticancer drugs. Ziconotide, an analgesic developed from a cone snail peptide, is used for severe chronic pain. Ecteinascidin 743, an anticancer compound from a marine tunicate is marketed for treating soft tissue sarcomas and other cancers. Fucoidan from brown algae shows anti-inflammatory and anticoagulant properties. Research continues to explore more marine organisms for bioactives against diseases like arthritis and Alzheimer’s. Marine enzymes also offer opportunities in areas like tissue engineering and wound healing.

Aquaculture and Mariculture Marine biotechnology helps improve aquaculture practices and marine farming techniques. Genetic improvements through selective breeding and biotechnology tools augment disease resistance in cultured species. Microalgae and feed supplements utilizing marine microbes aid larval and post-larval development. Bioflocs containing waste-digesting bacteria provide eco-friendly water treatment in recirculating aquaculture systems. Bioremediation using micro/macro algae assists effluent treatment from aquafarms. Marine bacterial extracts serve as immunostimulants and natural healthcare alternatives in shrimp and fish mariculture. Advances accelerate sustainable production and higher yield in mariculture to meet the global seafood demand.

Environmental Applications Biotechnological methods help address various environmental issues affecting the oceans. Bioremediation leverages metabolically versatile marine microbes like algae, fungi and bacteria to detoxify pollutants and rehabilitate contaminated coastal and offshore sites. Phytoremediation utilizes salt-tolerant plants to remove heavy metals and nutrient runoff from seawater. Genetic engineering modifies oil-degrading bacteria to ensure faster oil spill cleanup. Biosensors incorporating marine enzymes and whole-cell detection systems enable real-time coastal pollution monitoring. Bioluminescent bacteria offer scope in marine biomonitoring as indicators of toxicity and contamination levels. Such green technologies aid responsible utilization of marine resources and their conservation.

Energy from Oceans Marine biomass represents a renewable source of bioenergy. Micro/macroalgae can be converted to liquid biofuel through transesterification and fermentation. Seaweed cultivation coupled with pyrolysis or gasification produces biogas, while anaerobic digestion generates methane from marine biomass. Biotechnological research optimizes algal strains, development of efficient conversion processes and validation of techno-economic models to tap the ocean's energy potential viably. Microbial fuel cells leveraging exoelectrogenic marine bacteria directly convert biochemical energy to electricity. Osmotic power utilizes blue energy from salinity differences between seawater and rivers. Wave and tidal energies extracted through emerging marine hydrokinetic technologies add to the blue energy basket.

Challenges and Future Prospects While offering immense promise, marine biotechnology market still faces challenges in areas like cost-effective production, stability of marine compounds, regulatory approvals and public acceptance of ocean-based GM technologies. Adverse impacts of climate change on marine ecosystems and dwindling natural resources also demand mitigation. Integrated efforts towards exploration of deep-sea resources, metagenomic studies on uncultured microbes, synthesis of unique marine biomolecules and developing marine-derived industrial bioprocesses can significantly advance the sector. Public-private partnerships, internationally coordinated research initiatives and responsible scientific stewardship hold the key to realizing marine biotech’s full potential sustainably in the times ahead.

In conclusion, with over 70% of our planet covered by oceans, marine biotechnology market presents a vital avenue to harness the vast treasure of marine biodiversity alongside alleviating challenges on land and seas. A blending of marine sciences with industrial biotechnology promises to deliver innovative solutions across medicine, aquaculture, bioremediation and renewable energy. Sustained efforts to develop advanced techniques, unlock marine genome secrets and scale up

[jcmarchi]

Finding more sustainable ways to use plastics in agriculture - Technology Org

New Post has been published on https://thedigitalinsider.com/finding-more-sustainable-ways-to-use-plastics-in-agriculture-technology-org/

Finding more sustainable ways to use plastics in agriculture - Technology Org

Every year, according to the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization, some 12.5 million tonnes of plastic are used in agricultural production worldwide. Plastic is a boon to farmers but leads to large quantities of macro-, micro- and nanoplastics accumulating in soils and other receiving environments. The particles even seep into the food chain.

In this new study, researchers developed a first-of-its-kind knowledge-guided machine learning model for agroecosystem, called KGML-ag, which includes less apparent variables such as soil water content, oxygen level, and soil nitrate content to nitrous oxide production and emission. Image credit: Pixabay, free license

Recognizing that plastics pose a growing threat to soil function and the natural environment overall, in an article this fall in Nature Communications Earth & Environment an international group of scientists highlighted the urgent need for a more sustainable use of the materials in agricultural food production.

One of those scientists is Kevin Wilkinson, a professor in Université de Montréal’s Department of Chemistry. We asked him to explain the situation and what the article’s signatories propose as solutions.

How are plastics used in agricultural production?

Plastics are used in a number of different ways to boost crop production. Mulch film accounts for 50 per cent of the mass of all agricultural plastics, but the applications also include nets, storage bins and water-efficient irrigation systems.

In many ways, plastic helps improve yields while reducing the environmental impact of farming.

For example, without mulch film, China would need an additional 3.9 million hectares of arable land to produce the same amount of food. The plastic film increases soil temperature and improves nutrient absorption, which allows farmers to plant and harvest crops earlier.

Plastic mulch films are also used in organic agriculture because they help suppress weed and insect infestation without synthetic pesticides.

What are the risks associated with the use of plastic in agriculture?

Plastic is a generic term used to describe materials made primarily from one or more organic polymers. They also contain additives that give the materials specific sought-after properties. Conventional polymers such as polyethylene, polypropylene and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) are persistent in the environment.

Agricultural plastics composed of these conventional polymers can break down into micro- and nanoplastics, which can accumulate in soils over time, be absorbed by plants and wildlife, or make their way into adjacent environments, including waterways.

Plastic mulch films are usually made from low-density polyethylene, but they’re sometimes made from other polymers like PVC or ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymers.

If any mulch film gets left behind after use, persistent plastic residues accumulate in the soil and chemical additives can leach out. Repeated applications can therefore lead to a build-up of residues and additives that adversely affects soil productivity and health.

What’s more, tiny plastic particles can be absorbed by plants, while larger fragments can stick to the outside of roots and end up being ingested by people when they eat root vegetables.

Is that why you’re urging society take action and find sustainable solutions?

That’s right. With the global population expected to reach 10 billion by 2050, food security challenges will drive up the need for increased agricultural productivity—so we can expect the use of plastics to become more widespread.

But agriculture is already responsible for 29 per cent of greenhouse gas emissions, 30 per cent of energy consumption, 33 per cent of land use, 70 per cent of groundwater extraction and 75 per cent of deforestation. All these factors contribute to global warming, which negatively impacts crop yields.

What solutions and alternatives do you propose?

Plastics need to be used more sustainably in agricultural practices. This means recovering and reusing materials, selectively applying safe biodegradable plastics, and gradually phasing out toxic additives.

We’re already seeing certified biodegradable mulch films that can be buried in the soil after crops are harvested and that will fully decompose into carbon dioxide and microbial biomass.

We also need to increase reuse and recycling rates for agricultural plastic waste, as current levels are at less than 10 per cent.

Finally, governments and stakeholders must get on board with the UN Global Plastics Treaty, which aims to reduce plastic pollution across the board, including in the agricultural sector.

To make this possible, we need an international regulatory framework that considers the entire life cycle of agricultural plastics and establishes stringent and legally binding requirements for all member states of the UN Environment Assembly. This regulatory framework must be revised regularly to make sure it’s aligned with the latest research.

Source: University of Montreal

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