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love-skincareroutine · 4 years ago

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How To Test Skin Ph

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How To Test Skin Ph

A. What Is Skin pH? How to Tell if Yours Is Healthy, and Why It Matters

Products that claim to balance the skin’s pH are in vogue today. Here is an introduction to what they do and whether they are worth it.

It’s official: pH is the new black. From the dermatologist’s offices to the Sephora corridors, “pH balance” is the expression on the well-moistened lips of all Beauty Maven. The market started to flood with detergents, toners, moisturizers, pH strips and even high-tech portable pH sensors. When it comes to beauty treatments and products that aim to restore the skin’s pH balance, today’s market is a bit like the Wild West: there is a rush to make some important statements and certainly some snake oil is being sold.

Although beauticians, dermatologists and wellness gurus have different philosophies, everyone agrees that pH is important for the overall health of the skin. So we thought it would be a good time to take a step back and ask some basic questions, such as: What is pH balance anyway? And why should you worry about that in your quest for amazing skin?

1. What is the pH, anyway? A short science class for beginners

Let’s go back to science class for a moment. PH is a numerical scale that shows how acidic or alkaline something is. On the pH scale from 1 to 14, 7 is neutral, below 7 is acidic and above 7 is alkaline. What does this have to do with your skin?

PH is not the only trend word – beauty experts are also increasingly talking about how the pH value can affect the so-called “acid mantle”, a thin barrier on the skin’s surface that helps maintain the acidity of light. Dr. Youn explains that if you disturb your acid mantle with very aggressive products, you will suffer the consequences and they will not look good. Although recently reintroduced into the dictionary, the term “acid mantle” actually dates back to 1928, when it was coined during one of the first studies on the pH of the skin’s surface. This is evident in an article published in Current Problems in Dermatology in August 2018.

2. How pH has become one of the most recent trends in skin care

“Its acid mantle is made up of amino acids and lactic acids, in addition to tallow, also known as fat-free acids,” says Tiffany Masterson, founder of the Drunk Elephant skin care line in Houston, Texas, which ensures that its products have balanced pH. Masterson is a pH-trained freelance and has become a leading voice in the field, thanks in large part to her brand success. “The acid mantle accidentally protects the skin from environmental influences that lead to aging and general irritation,” she says. The brand’s Slaai Melting Butter Cleanser debuted in April and immediately impressed beauty experts with its pH-balancing powers.

Other products, such as Tula Pro-Glycolic 10% pH Resurfacing Gel, are so popular that they are often completely sold out, both online and in department stores. The excitement is so great that retailers, including Sephora and Dermstore, have dedicated areas on their websites for pH balanced products. La Roche-Posay launched My Skin Track in 2019, a wearable sensor prototype that detects traces of sweat from your pores and promises an accurate measurement of skin pH in just 15 minutes.

3. Why pH balance products are less important for healthy skin

As far as the pH and the acidic matter of the mantle are concerned, there is no one-size-fits-all solution. Much depends on the natural condition of your skin. Karcher explains that healthy skin is more than just pH. “PH is the flavor of the month, but it has to be part of the big picture,” she says. “Yes, you need to have acid pH to have healthy skin. However, if your skin is healthy and you use an alkaline cleanser, your skin will be back in a few minutes.”

Karcher believes that pH is one of several components that keep skin healthy, but it is not the only one, nor is it necessarily the main one. “There are so many factors that contribute to the overall health of the skin that if you focus only on pH, you will lose many others that are as or more important than pH,” they say.

4. How a growing understanding of intestinal bacteria sparked interest in pH imbalance

As a plastic surgeon who specializes in holistic beauty, Youn believes that one of the reasons why pH is so popular in skin care may be the growing research on the microbiome that protects us from germs, food breaks down to release energy and affect the skin. “Now there is something called the gut-skin axis, where we found that gut health also affects the trillions of bacteria that live on our skin, and if its pH is unbalanced, it can affect that,” Youn cited a review published in July 2018 in Frontiers in Microbiology.

Youn says that while many in the world of holistic beauty are obsessed with pH, the acid mantle and the microbiome, they are not yet in the medical world. “The real question is how strong and how long the pH of a skin product affects the skin. I don’t think we know. If you ask 10 plastic surgeons who recommend skin care products about skin pH and mantle acid levels, they probably won’t have a clue what you’re talking about. ”

5. The best way to find out if your skin products have low pH

You may not have to worry too much about the pH of your products if you have healthy skin. However, if you already have inflammatory skin conditions like acne or eczema, use cleansers, serums, and moisturizers in the 4.6-5.5 range to prevent skin peeling, says Cates.

Since most skincare products in the U.S. don’t write the pH of the formula on the label like many K-Beauty products, you can find out the pH of a product on the brand’s website or call the company and ask. If you want to be sure, you can also buy pH strips and test a product yourself. “If you live in a place where tap water is hard, your skin’s pH may become more alkaline,” says Cates. (If you see white spots on your glasses or calcification in your showers, you probably have hard tap water, according to Sciencing.com.) One solution is to try to clean with micellar water, which French women have been announcing as a big secret. skin for decades.

And when all else fails, it is sometimes better to remember that less is more. “There is something I call a ‘hospital phenomenon’,” says Masterson. “Each time I gave birth to my babies, I spent several days in the hospital and then in bed at home to recover. I really didn’t pay much attention to my skin at that time and guess what? My skin has never been happier. That’s because I let it work on my own and left the acid mantle alone to do its job, which it did very well. When you’re struggling with skin problems and don’t know what else to do, the answer is often “do less”.

B. Easy Ways to Test Your Skin pH Level

The pH of the skin plays an important role in the overall health of the skin. Our skin works and looks better in the middle of the pH range. 5.5 is ideal. But what exactly is “skin pH” and how do you determine your skin’s pH value? We will answer that today!

1. What is the pH?

pH means “potential hydrogen”. This term describes the acid-base ratio of a substance. The pH scale works in a range from 1 to 14. A pH of 1 would be the most acidic. A pH of 14 would be the most alkaline (basic).

2. pH and your skin

Your skin is protected by a thin layer known as an acid mantle. It is a film of amino acids and lactic acids responsible for the absorption of lipids and moisture, blocking germs, pollution, toxins and bacteria. Science has shown that the acid mantle should be slightly acidic at a pH of 5.5. If it is too alkaline, the skin is dry and sensitive. You can suffer from dry, sensitive skin and even have eczema. When your skin is alkaline, it inhibits your ability to fight matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). These enzymes destroy collagen and cause wrinkles and sagging.

In a study recently published in the British Journal of Dermatology, women were followed for 8 years. Those with alkaline stratum (the outermost layer of the skin) developed thinner lines and crow’s feet and were more prone to sun damage than those with acidic skin. It is very common for the skin to be excessively acidic. The result of acidic skin usually manifests itself in rashes and acne. If the skin becomes too acidic below 4.5, it can become red and inflamed.

3. How do I test your skin’s pH?

It is not easy to test the pH of the skin. For a perfect answer, you would need to consult a doctor or dermatologist who uses a pH meter to determine your skin’s pH. This simple eight-question test will help you determine where your skin fits on the pH scale.

4. How was your skin score?

a. If your main answer was B, then your skin’s pH is too high

You have alkaline skin. The skin’s acid mantle is released from its protective lipids and is a victim of bacteria, ultraviolet rays and aggressive ingredients. Take a look at the products that are used to wash, exfoliate and moisturize your face. Try Nayelle’s gentle CLEANING for a pH-balanced facial cleanser. Our HYDRATE Probiotic Moisturizing Cream and REJUVENATE Anti-Aging Night Cream are also formulated with a neutral pH so that your skin reaches the perfect pH value.

b. If you answered A most of the time, then your skin’s pH is perfect

This is your skin’s happy place. Having such good skin is no coincidence for you. We know that you are washing and exfoliating with the right products.

c. If your main response was C, your skin’s pH is too low (acidic)

You have oily skin, rashes and tenderness. You may be overdoing your exfoliating products (think of acids) to absorb excess fat. Although this type of exfoliation can keep your complexion healthy, your skin suffers very well. You may have relied heavily on facial cleansers and scrubs.

5. Other ways to test your skin’s pH

As mentioned earlier, testing your skin directly is difficult. You would need to consult a doctor or dermatologist who uses a pH meter. Many dermatologists agree that observing your skin’s behavior is the best way to know your skin’s pH level.

6. Test your salivary pH

Your body’s pH is a good indicator of your skin’s pH. An easy way is to test your saliva. You can try the pH ion balance strips. Simply dip a strip in your saliva and get an instant reading of your internal pH in 0.25 increments.

C. Discover How to Balance Your Skin pH – Naturally

Dry or oily skin leaving you down? Find out why skin pH is important – and how Puracy products can help balance skin pH. If you suffer from skin problems, balancing your skin’s pH may be the key to beautiful, healthy skin. If your skin is dry, oily or prone to acne, the expert tips in this article should help you restore your skin’s pH balance naturally.

1. What is the normal pH of the skin?

By measuring the pH (meaning “hydrogen potential”), you can determine how acidic or alkaline a particular substance is. On a scale of 0 to 14, water has pH 7. Therefore, it is considered “neutral”. Anything below 7 has a higher acidity. Anything over 7 is considered alkaline. The general assumption is that the skin’s pH is slightly acidic and ranges from 5 to 6 on the pH scale. Some recent studies have suggested that the ideal pH level for the skin may even be slightly below 5.

2. Why is the balanced pH of the skin so important?

When the skin has an ideal pH value, it has an improved barrier function, better moisture retention and less flaking. A slightly acidic pH value of the skin helps normal (healthy) bacterial flora to adhere to the epidermis. When the pH of the skin is more alkaline, it can potentially be related to, and even cause, the following dermatological conditions: eczema, irritant contact dermatitis, diaper rash, acne and fungal, fungal and bacterial infections.

3. Water quality has a big impact on your skin’s pH

Your daily bathing routine will have a dramatic impact on your skin, and one of the biggest culprits for unbalanced skin is the quality of the water in your home. Puracy makes cleaning and hygiene products that work very well. Our passion for natural cleaning services is our profession and we are here to share it with you.

If your scalp and skin feel dry, regardless of the type of shampoo and liquid soap you use, the water may be hard. Owners should consider investing in a water softener. In the meantime, a shower filter is an excellent and affordable option – especially for renters.

Professional tip: your community should be able to tell how hard the water is.

4. The best water for skin pH

During the bath, the best water for skin pH is soft, non-alkaline and low in minerals. Since hot water dries out the skin, it is best to use warm water whenever possible.

5. Find the best products to help balance skin pH

Cleansing and moisturizing creams understandably affect your skin’s pH. The ideal range for skin care products with a balanced pH value is between 4 and 6. Unfortunately, typical bar soaps can have a pH value of up to 12 and are particularly hard on the skin of the face.

To keep your skin healthy, use a pH balanced soap such as Puracy Natural Body Wash with a pH between 5 and 6. This formulation is a gentle blend of natural coconut cleansers, clinical grade moisturizers and pink Himalayan sea salt. Hypoallergenic soap with a balanced pH value is free of chemicals that can remove the natural oil from the skin.

Professional tip: With simple pH test strips, you can quickly determine if your skin care products have a balanced pH value.

a. Why toner is important for the skin

Immediately after cleaning your skin, apply toner that will help to calibrate your pH. Read the list of ingredients before applying any product to the skin. If alcohol is at the top of your ingredient list, it is likely that you are dehydrating (rather than nourishing) your skin.

b. Also, look for a shampoo with a balanced pH level

Also, check the list of ingredients for your hair products. Many cosmetic companies consider sulfates (such as sodium lauryl sulfate) to be perfectly suitable for use in “natural” shampoos. Since sulfates are alkaline, they can dry out and alter the skin’s natural pH.

Puracy Natural Shampoo uses natural botanicals and coconut-based cleansers to gently cleanse the scalp and hair follicles. Be sure to follow our natural conditioner to block out moisture.

Professional tip: Depending on your hair type and the health of your scalp, it may be best to wash it every few days.

c. Don’t forget to make lotion

Within minutes of getting out of the shower, ensure vital hydration by applying a nourishing moisturizer with a balanced pH.

6. Restore your skin’s pH with Puracy products

Puracy Body Wash, Natural Shampoo and Natural Conditioner range from 5 to 6 on the pH scale, while Puracy lotions range from 6 to 7. Our products are scientifically designed to work with the skin’s natural pH – all without harsh or irritating chemicals .

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somethingheresomethingthere · 5 years ago

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Skincare Journey

March 20, 2020

I’ve decided to start documenting the things I try because actually what the hell is going on with my face.

I didn’t have this much acne when I was at my peak of puberty, and there’s nothing in my life to explain it. No change in diet, water consumption, birth control, stress or routine. For a few years, I was using Rodan + Fields Unblemish. My skin was generally clear, but I often had dry skin, a breakout here and there, and was unsatisfied with how many harsh chemicals are in the product.

Cleanser

March 20, 2020

Figuring I had generally good skin, should switch to a product that didn’t directly target acne, and wouldn’t be as harsh, I switched to Rodan + Fields Reverse. I used Reverse for about three months before the breakouts came. The product felt way to harsh, and I was swinging between oily and dry skin. Always looking irritated after wash. I realize now, this was dumb cause it is extra harsh, aimed at combatting aging skin. I just went with it, because that’s what my mom uses. Should have tried Redefine if I was going to stay in the Rodan + Fields family.

I am going for a natural, more hands-off wash. Amber recommends only washing your face at night, but I still want some kind of refresher in the morning. I maintain that moisture must be important-right? Per Ashlin’s recommendation, I ordered Philosophy’s Purity Made Simple One-Step Facial Cleanser; I will only cleanse at night or after a workout.

April 1, 2020

Started Philosophy’s Purity Made Simple One-Step Facial Cleanser about a week ago and things are starting to clear up. Focusing on washing more intentionally.

April 6, 2020

Okay, so I know it’s only been two weeks, but things are looking bad. Went online to find some dermatologist solutions.

Sulfur is good in cleansers because its anti-inflamatory and targets acne, but is sensitive. Unblemish and Purity both have sulfur as a main ingredient, so this is good.

April 13, 2020

Actually read up on Purity and learned it contains parabans, sulfates, and other irritating ingredients. Parabens are preservatives associated with cancer that are banned in the EU. Sulfates are cleaning agents that are too strong for the human body because they strip away natural oils.

Ordered Derma E Vitamin C Brightening Gentle Daily Cleansing Paste and it should be here next week. Should help with a more thorough evening cleanse.

May 8, 2020

Started Derma E Vitamin C Cleansing Paste.

Recommendations

Pure One-Step Camellia Cleansing Oil from Tatcha. Cleansing Oil helps to remove makeup and other oils. Should use gel cleanser after oil cleanser.

Toner

March 20, 2020

I’ve used witch hazel before as a quick cleanse or refresher in temporary place of a cleanse, but I found it dries my skin and could do without the fragrance for the clean score.

Per recommendation and curiosity, I ordered Garnier Micellar Water for morning and post-cleansing use to get all makeup/dirt really out.

April 6, 2020

Dermatologist research confirms micellar water is a good. Gentle exfoliant, also takes off remaining makeup. Don’t need to moisturize after micellar if freshening up after workout.

April 13, 2020

Bought fragrance free witch hazel today. It has additional soothing properties over micellar.

Recomendations

Derma E Micellar Cleansing Water with Vitmain C

Moisturizer

March 20, 2020

I am using Kiehl's Ultra Facial Cream right now, and I feel like it almost over-moisturizes. I’ve used Kiehl’s Ultra Facial Oil-Free Gel-Cream before and liked it better, but no better than the cheaper Neutrogena version.

I’m also going back to Neutrogena’s Hydro Boost Moisturizer, to be used morning and night.

April 1, 2020

Been using Neutrogena’s Hydro Boost Moisturizer for about a week and feels much cleaner. Rebuy would switch to extra SPF with Neutrogena Hydro Boost with SPF. Might need more hydration at night tho.

April 6, 2020

Dermatologist research confirms light, water and gel based moisturizer good, but needs to be a sunscreen.

May 13, 2020

Started using CeraVe Moisturizing Cream. It’s a decent price, non-comedogenic, and fragrance free. It is light and water based. More moisturizing then Neutrogena.

Sunscreen

March 20, 2020

The R+F sunscreen was way too thick and oily to be daily.

April 13, 2020

Neutrogena water gel with SPF 50 came today. I thought it was same thing I’ve been using but with SPF, but it’s more of a cream then a gel. Light enough and I’m liking it so far.

Recommendations:

Tatcha’s sunscreen as a moisturizer.

Acne Treatment

March 20, 2020

Proactiv’s Refining Mask as a spot treatment is really helping - and yes, it does smell like middle school.

April 6, 2020

Dermatologist research says to use Benzoyl peroxide to treat white-heads and hormonal acne. This is in the step three of Unblemish, so that’s probably what my skin is missing. Hoping my Curology I ordered today will have some in it. Known to stain clothing. Use over entire affected area not just the pimple. Salicylic acid is an alternative that is less harsh.

The proactive refining mask is a sulfur treatment, like the cleansers. maybe I need a stronger spot treatment?

April 13, 2020

Started Curology today. My formula is 1% Clindamycin 4% Azelaic Acid and .25% Zinc Pyrithione.

I’m supposed to stop using these ingredients while my skin adjusts to Curology: Benzoyl Peroxide, Salicylic Acid, AHA (e.g., glycolic acid, lactic acid), Topical Vitamin C, and Retinol - so basically everything that’s supposed to help? I’m guessing the recommendation is to not overload during transition.

May 3, 2020

Curology is working okay. The hormonal breakouts aren’t nearly as angry. I’m not wowed by the results tho. I plan to keep using and work on my other products before I give up.

June 3, 2020

Switched my birth control back. Started Skinfood Peach Sake Pore Serum.

Recommendations

Serums for acne should include Retinol, Vitamin C, Zinc, and/or Salicylic Acid.

Always moisturize after serums.

Texture may be a result of lack of exfoliation.

The Ordinary Niacinamid 10% + Zinc 1% Serum for Acne

Pixi Overnight Glow Serum for overnight exfoliation

Naturally G4U Beauty Has No Age - Retinol Anti-Wrinkle Serum

111Skin 3 Phase Anti Blemish Booster

Caudalie Vinopure Skin Perfecting Serum

Bioderma Sebium Pore Refiner

TOTAL

$13.95 Derma E Vitamin C Brightening Gentle Daily Cleansing Paste

$4.69 Dickinson's Original Witch Hazel Pore Perfecting Toner

$16 Skinfood Peach Sake Pore Serum

$19.95 Curology

$13.49 CeraVe Moisturizing Cream

$24 Clear Proof® Deep-Cleansing Charcoal Mask

$65 Tatcha Rice Polish: Deep Foaming Enzyme Powder

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poutypngs · 5 years ago

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SKINCARE PRODUCTS AND TIPS I THIS IS SUPER LONG, GET READY! *Disclaimer: I do not claim to know everything about skincare nor do I know what will be right for you. If I’ve learned anything about skincare, it’s that it is trial and error. These products I will mention are products that I love/have loved and have worked for me. A persons skin may change. Ask a doctor/dermatologist for advice if needed. 1. Up & Up (Target) Makeup Wipes - I sometimes use these in the morning before makeup application and I also use them to take my makeup off BEFORE washing my face. These are also awesome for after exercise use or if you have oily skin and do not wear makeup but need to freshen up. These are affordable and useful and come in various sizes. I feel so refreshed with these. If they ever are out of stock, I will use the Burt’s Bees Micellar Water Wipes (also available at Target). These are both gentle options. 2. Curology for Acne / Hyper pigmentation / etc. - Curology is a company that will assign you an online dermatologist who will look at 3 photos you upload. Along with the photos you will be asked to send some background information about your skin/skincare and any medications you are on. You will then be made a customized formula bottle of ingredients to help whichever skin concern you need help with. You will start off with a cleanser, the bottle and a moisturizer. You are not obligated to buy all 3 after your first trial kit (which is $5). I personally use Curology currently and I’m so pleased with my skin texture. 3. Clinique Acne Solutions - ACNE VICTIMS, LISTEN UP! This was my very first holy grail when I was about 14 years old suffering with acne, crying on the daily. Not even proactiv worked for me nor did anything on the shelves at the stores. This three step system consists of a foaming wash, a salicylic acid toner and the third step a benzoyl peroxide based moisturizer BUT, UNFORTUNATELY, they have been taken the third step off the shelves and have been working on a new formula for about a year or so now. My face and my confidence was saved with this. If you still want to try this out, replace the item taken off the shelf with the Clinique jelly moisturizer instead. Macy's or ulta. 4. Clinique Dramatically Different jelly - As mentioned previously, this stuff is amazing. You will buy the jelly base and insert a cartridge of your choice - that’s what the green thing is inside the photo above! The green one is great for people with redness, irritation or acne. They also have other color inserts for different problem areas. It’s so soothing and light. Apply after washing your face 1-2 times a day or you can mix it with your foundation if you use it. 5. CeraVe Cleansers - These are dermatologist recommended and safe for sensitive skin. They can be found online and at more retailers as well as Ulta. The Hydrating Cleanser is heavenly and gives you a gentle clean. The Foaming Cleanser is great for those with acne. 6. Tarte Amazonian Clay Foundation - This foundation has been my go to for YEARS. It has pretty good coverage even if I get breakouts and has SPF in it which is SO important for skin health and aging! It’s a liquid form foundation so you may use a brush or beauty blender. It’s able to be mixed with moisturizers as well. My updated skincare routine: Cleanse face, moisturize face, apply makeup. When coming home, I take my makeup off right away with an eye makeup remover and a cotton round and then the up & up wipes. I go about the rest of my afternoon, have dinner, exercise, shower and wash my face OUT of the shower with warm water, rinsing with cold. I sometimes use Thayer’s Witch Hazel toner, use the curology bottle, then moisturize. Cotton rounds are way more effective for me when it comes to toners/makeup removers. Change your pillowcase often. Do not take Biotin unless directed by a doctor, it may cause breakouts. Ask a doctor about hormonal changes, especially women if you have acne. DRINK WATER, up to a gallon a day. Do not over exfoliate with toners or benzoyl peroxide/acid products. Keep it simple, stay positive! I hope these products will help you and you love them as much as I have!

#monthly favorites #skincare request #skincare

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biodermaindia · 5 years ago

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How to Use Bioderma Micellar Water

Micellar water is an increasingly popular skin care tool that acts as a cleanser, moisturizer, and makeup remover.

Peek inside the trousseau of models, celebrities, and makeup artists – you will always see a bottle of micellar cleansing water. This beauty elixir looks and feels just like regular water. It is already popular in France & is now finally picking up in almost every part of the globe knowing the ability to remove makeup, cleanse, and tone with just a few light swipes of a cotton ball.

Though the market is already flooded with many brands, Bioderma's Sensibio Micellar Water is a global cult favorite. (Don’t believe us? Google yourself!)

The product is wonderfully gentle on any skin. It gives you noticeably silkier derma. It manages to keep up the skin’s natural moisture barrier while still eliminating the dirt, debris, and grimeout of your pores.

Who is it for?

Sensibio H2O is designed for sensitive skin, so should be a good choice for most skin types.

Bioderma also has a Hydrabio for dry skin, and a Sébium for oily skin.

The Sensibio Bioderma Micellar water is the most adored choice for all skin types. Even the toughest waterproof makeup can be removed off skin with zero irritation.

Further you can clean the dirt without the need to wash your face. It is also good for those who live in hard-water areas.

How do you use it?

Below are few easy-peasy steps to have a clear skin -

1. Dab some amount of Bioderma micellar water into a cotton pad and gently sweep over the face and eyelids.

2. Repeat until the cotton pad comes away clean

3. Pat the face with a clean towel to dry.

4. Sensibio H2O can be used alone – it removes waterproof mascara more effectively

5. For double cleansing, you can follow a balm or oil cleanser (optional)

More than a Cleanser

Here are 5 ways to maximize the power of this beauty solution

1. Use it as a makeup corrector & remover

2. Sebsibio acts as a marvelous daily cleanser

3. It works great as a balancing toner too

4. Use it as a Calming Face Mask to minimize redness, hydrate, and increase your skin’s natural barrier

Now, all you have to do is ask Alexa to get a bottle of Bioderma delivered right to your door.

#bioderma micellar water #Micellar Water #makeup remover #bioderma india #water based cleanser #how to use micellar water

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biomedgrid · 5 years ago

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Biomed Grid | Polymeric Nanoencapsulation of Indocyanine green for Photodynamic Therapy Technique

Introduction

As mentioned earlier, the encapsulation of ICG in the polymeric construct enhances its physicochemical attributes such as half-life, bioavailability, stability and pharmacokinetic characteristics, and reduces the ease of degradation. Moreover, these versatile ICG-encapsulated NIR theranostic nanoparticles also offer numerous other advantages such as significant targeting ability and sensitivity in tumor imaging, which facilitate them in exploring other innovative therapeutic applications. Herein, we elaborate on the discussion of ICG encapsulation and its delivery using various ground-breaking polymer nanocomposites with a set of examples. Among various approaches of breast cancer treatment, near-infrared (NIR)-mediated phototherapy is one of the most promising strategies for serving as a supplement to traditional cancer therapies since it can provide

i. Enhanced tissue penetration efficacy as compared with that operated by visible light

ii. Moderate toxicity to normal cells/tissues through use of targeted photosensitive agents and/or spatially controlled light irradiation [1].

Generally speaking, phototherapy is carried out by hyperthermia and/or reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated from the photosensitizers under light illumination in the presence of oxygen that the former may cause thermal ablation of cancer cells (i.e., photothermal therapy; PTT), while the latter may seriously interfere cellular metabolism and thus trigger programed cell death (i.e., photodynamic therapy; PDT) [2,3]. No matter which mechanism is utilized, the photosensitizer plays a key role in the effectiveness of phototherapy. Indocyanine green (ICG) is an U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved tricarbocyanine dye which enables to absorb and fluoresce in the region of 650±850 nm. Currently, in addition to serving as a fluorophoric agent for use in diagnostic purposes such as NIR image-guided oncologic surgery [4], fluorescence angiography [5], and lymph node detection of cancer [6], ICG has been exploited as a photosensitizer for use in cancerous phototherapy including breast, brain, and skin tumors [7-4] since it enables to produce heat and ROS (i.e., singlet oxygen) upon NIR irradiation. Although ICG is of particular advantage for use in cancer phototherapy, it adversely tends to disintegrate in aqueous medium and such degradation can be markedly accelerated by light irradiation (photodegradation) and/or heating (thermal degradation) [10].

Furthermore, ICG after administered intravenously will be readily bound with blood proteins and hence leads to only 2±4 min of plasmatic half-life [11,12]. These circumstances seriously hinder the applicability of ICG in the clinic and thus a strategy that enables to enhance the aqueous stability and target efficiency of ICG is certainly needed for ICG-mediated therapy. Nanomedicine may offer a feasible means for usage of ICG without aforementioned defects since it may provide merits of enhanced bioavailability, improved stability, and security for the payload [13]. In terms of the materials used for making drug carrier, polymer is often considered as the preferred candidate since it can be manipulated to tailor the properties and/or functionalities required by the product [14]. Among various pharmaceutical polymers, poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) is the copolymer of poly(lactic acid) and poly(glycolic acid) and is one of the best defined biomaterials with FDA approval for drug encapsulation due to its biocompatibility, biodegradability, and controllability for drug release [15]. Polyethylene glycol (PEG), another FDA-approved polymer with characteristics of nontoxicity and less immunogenicity, is frequently used for surface modification of drug carrier since the retention time of the PEG-coated particle in the blood circulation can be markedly increased [16].

Taken all together, we aim to develop an anti-HER2 ICG-encapsulated PEG-coated PLGA nanoparticles (HIPPNPs) for targeted phototherapy of HER2-expressing breast cancer cells. The use of ICG by implantation of HIPPNPs instead of naked molecules is advantageous because the polymeric carrier (i.e., HIPPNP) may

a. Potentially protect the entrapped ICG from degradation caused by external stimuli such as light, heat, and/or extreme pH [17]

b. Preciously localize the therapeutic region to reduce off-target toxicity

c. Provide accurate estimation for the efficacy of ICG-mediated phototherapy.

There are many of reports that ICG encapsulators, such as (poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles (diameter ~360nm) and silica-polymer composite microcapsules (diameter ~0.6 to 2μm) improve the molecular instability of ICG and prolong its plasma half-life [18,19]. However, both of these nanoparticles are limited in size for in vivo tumor imaging depending on their EPR effects. Recently, several publications have reported promising results using smaller nanoparticles to encapsulate ICG for in vivo imaging. For example, Zheng et al. [20] developed ICG encapsulated PLGA-lipid nanoparticles conjugated with folic acid (FA) and demonsstrated their use as NIR contrast agents for tumor diagnosis and targeted imaging. Altinoglu et al. [21] also synthesized biodegradable calcium phosphosilicate nanoparticles (CPNPs) and demonstrated that small size (16nm) ICG-encapsulating CPNPs have significantly better contrast agent optical properties than free fluorophores for tumor imaging [21]. Other inorganic delivery systems using silica nanoparticles have been developed to encapsulate ICG, and the ICG–SiO2 nanoparticles have the potential to be used as contrast agents for optical NIR imaging as well [22].

Among these nanocarriers, micelles are one of the successful types of drug delivery systems for in vivo applications due to their small size (approximately 10-100nm), which reduce clearance by the reticuloendothelial system (RES) and allow for an enhanced EPR effect [23,24]. Therefore, the encapsulation and stabilization of ICG dye as a contrast agent in micellar systems is of particular interest. For example, Pluronic F-127 (PF-127) polymeric micelles are approved by the FDA and have been successfully demonstrated to encapsulate and stabilize ICG as an NIR contrast agent for optical imaging [25,26]. Encapsulation of ICG within various micellar systems was also investigated by Kirchherr and co-workers, and they found many micellar systems improved the optical properties and stability of the ICG [27]. More interestingly, Zheng et al. [28] have recently reported a dual-functional ICG-PL-PEG agent with several unique features for optical imaging and photo-therapy [28]. This may emerge as a new strategy for combining tumor treatment and diagnosis together, using nanovectors with ICG. In summary, this editorial discussed recent developments in nanocarrier ICG contrast agents for NIR optical imaging.

Here just some of the areas are collected in terms of subjects and interests but it is hoped that every reader will find something of interest to them. Manchanda et al. [29] have recently reported the fabrication of a novel polymer nanoparticle delivery system with simultaneously entrapped indocyanine green (ICG) and doxorubicin (DOX). This system has potential applications for combined chemotherapy and hyperthermia. Research in our group showed that simultaneous use of ICG and DOX with localized hyperthermia can produce the same effect as that achieved by larger doses of chemotherapy alone. In this study, we explored the potential of dual-agent PLGA nanoparticles (ICG-DOXPLGANPs) to overcome multidrug resistance (MDR) mechanisms in cancer cells by increasing intracellular drug concentrations via nanoparticle uptake. ICG-DOX-PLGANPs were prepared by the O/W emulsion solvent evaporation method. The dominant processing parameters that control particle size and drug entrapment efficiencies of ICG and DOX were PLGA concentration, PVA concentration and initial drug content. We optimized our previous formulation based on those parameters.

Entrapment efficiency of the optimized ICG-DOX-PLGANPs was measured by fluorescence measurements using the DMSO burst release procedure. The internalization of ICG–DOX– PLGANPs by three cancer cell lines was visualized by confocal laser microscopy and fluorescence microscopy. Cytotoxicity was assessed using the SRB assay. The nanoparticles produced by optimal formulation had sizes of 135±2nm, (n=3) with a low poly-dispersity index (0.149±0.014, n=3) and a zeta potential of -11.67±1.8mV. Drug loading was approximately 3% w/w for ICG and 4% w/w for DOX (n=3). Cellular uptake of ICG and DOX from ICG–DOX–PLGANPs in DOX-resistant MESSA/Dx5 cancer cells was higher compared to free ICG and free DOX treatment. However, the same phenomenon was not observed in MES-SA and SKOV-3 cancer cell lines. The SRB cytotoxicity results show that ICG–DOX–PLGANPs are more toxic than free DOX in DOX-resistant cell lines. In the development of drugs for intra-articular administration, sustained-release formulations are desirable because it is difficult to maintain the effect of conventional injections due to immediate drug leakage from the joint cavity.

In this study, a sustained-release poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) microsphere formulation for intra-articular administration containing indocyanine green (ICG) as a model drug was prepared to follow its fate after intra-articular administration in rats with a real-time in-vivo imaging system. ICG administered as an aqueous solution leaked from the joint cavity in a short time and was excreted outside the body within 1–3 d. However, ICG in the sustained-release formulation was retained in the joint cavity and released for 2 weeks. Next, a sustained-release formulation containing PLGA microspheres in a hyaluronic acid (HA) gel formulation was prepared [30] (Figure 1).

Figure 1: Observation of PGLA microspheres by SEM.

Ronak et al. [31] have been developed and characterized multifunctional biodegradable and biocompatible poly lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) nanoparticles loaded with indocyanine green (ICG) as an optical-imaging contrast agent for cancer imaging and as a photothermal therapy agent for cancer treatment. PLGA-ICG nanoparticles (PIN) were synthesized with a particle diameter of 246 ± 11nm, a polydispersity index of 0.10 ± 0.03, and ICG loading efficiency of 48.75 ± 5.48%. PIN were optically characterized with peak excitation and emission at 765 and 810 ± 5nm, a fluorescence lifetime of 0.30 ± 0.01ns, and peak absorbance at 780nm. The cytocompatibility study of PIN showed 85% cell viability till 1-mg∕ml concentration of PIN. Successful cellular uptake of ligand conjugated PIN by prostate cancer cells (PC3) was also obtained. Both phantom- based and in vitro cell culture results demonstrated that PIN

a) Have the great potential to induce local hyperthermia (i.e., temperature increase of 8 to 10°C) in tissue within 5mm both in radius and in depth;

b) Result in improved optical stability, excellent biocompatibility with healthy cells, and a great targeting capability;

Figure 2: TEM image of presenting of morphology of PIN.

c) Have the ability to serve as an image contrast agent for deep-tissue imaging in diffuse optical tomography (Figure 2).

Nowadays, a new technique such as photodynamic therapy (PDT) is used to achieve effective root canal disinfection and eliminate Enterococcus faecalis as the most prevalent species associated with secondary endodontic infections and treatment failures. Employment of an optimized nontoxic photosensitizer (PS) such as indocyanine green (ICG) is a crucial part of this technique; the current study aimed at improving ICG photodynamic properties through conjugation of ICG into nano-graphene oxide (nGO) as a new PS, to evaluate the antimicrobial effects of nGO/ICG against E. faecalis. The PDT based on ICG, at the concentration loaded in nGO, showed a significant reduction in the number of E. faecalis at a lower concentration of ICG. In conclusion, the application of nGO as a new drug delivery system, in addition to the anti-bacterial property, offers other benefits such as cost beneficial outcomes due to using the lower dye concentration (less toxicity), and less tooth discoloration. The nGO/ICG-PDT could be proposed as a new approach to treat endodontic infections, alone or in combination with conventional root canal treatments [32] (Figure 1).

Figure 3: The SEM image of the nGO.

Figure 4:The TEM images of (A) Nanorod-Bundled WO, (B) Granulated.

Zheng et al. [33] had successfully constructed the fluorescence image guided photothermal therapy reagents based on (WO+ICG) @PLGA) nanoparticles. In our design, to improve their tumor targeting, the macrophages as cell-based biocarriers were employed for delivery the (WO+ICG) @PLGA nanoparticles. The macrophages carried these nanoparticles still had phagocytosis to tumor cells and could also secret plenty of anti-tumor cytokines for immunotherapy of carcinoma. They also further elucidated the superior solid tumor suppression efficiency of the (WO+ICG) @PLGA nanoparticles loaded macrophages targeting biocarriers delivery system in vivo. The system achieved a significant antitumor effect by activating immunotherapy and photothermal therapy in vivo. Hence, such kind of (WO+ICG) @PLGA nanoparticles loaded macrophages delivery system has great potential applications as targeting biocarriers loading drugs and imaging agents for visual-guided synergistic therapy in vivo (Figure 4).

The photothermal heating and release properties of biocompatible organic nanoparticles, doped with a near infrared croconaine (Croc) dye, were compared with analogous nanoparticles doped with the common near-infrared dyes ICG and IR780. Separate formulations of lipid−polymer hybrid nanoparticles and liposomes, each containing Croc dye, absorbed strongly at 808 nm and generated clean laser-induced heating (no production of 1O2 and no photobleaching of the dye). In contrast, laser-induced heating of nanoparticles containing ICG or IR780 produced reactive 1O2, leading to bleaching of the dye and also decomposition of coencapsulated payload such as the drug doxorubicin. Croc dye was especially useful as a photothermal agent for laser-controlled release of chemically sensitive payload from nanoparticles. Solution state experiments demonstrated repetitive fractional release of water-soluble fluorescent dye from the interior of thermosensitive liposomes. Additional experiments used a focused laser beam to control leakage from immobilized liposomes with very high spatial and temporal precision. The results indicate that fractional photothermal leakage from nanoparticles doped with Croc dye is a promising method for a range of controlled release applications [34] (Figure 5).

Figure 5:TEM image of Croc/LP-hybrid-NP.

Figure 6: (a,b) SEM images of Fe3O4/ICG@PLGA/PFP NPs (a) 10000×; scale bar, 2μm; (b) 70000×; scale bar, 200 nm); (c) TEM image of Fe3O4/ICG@PLGA/PFP NPs with a large amount of black Fe3O4 NPs embedded in the spherical shell (70000×; scale bar, 200 nm); (d) size distribution of Fe3O4/ICG@PLGA/PFP NPs with the average diameter of 289.6±67.4nm; (e) UV-Vis-NIR absorption spectra of Fe3O4/ICG@PLGA/PFP NPs, free ICG and Fe3O4 NPs.

Near-infrared (NIR) laser-induced photothermal therapy (PTT) uses a photothermal agent to convert optical energy into thermal energy and has great potential as an effective local, minimally invasive treatment modality for killing cancer cells. To improve the efficacy of PTT, Chengcheng Niu et al. [35] developed poly (lactide co-glycolide) (PLGA) nanoparticles (NPs) encapsulating superparamagnetic iron oxide (Fe3O4), indocyanine green (ICG), and perfluoropentane (PFP) as synergistic agents for NIR laser-induced PTT. They fabricated a novel type of phase-shifting fluorescent magnetic NPs, Fe3O4/ICG@PLGA/PFP NPs, that effectively produce heat in response to NIR laser irradiation for an enhanced thermal ablation effect and a phase-shift thermoelastic expansion effect, and thus, can be used as a photothermal agent (Figure 6).

After in vitro treatment of MCF-7 breast cancer cells with Fe3O4/ICG@PLGA/PFP NPs and NIR laser irradiation, histology and electron microscopy confirmed severe damage to the cells and the formation of many microbubbles with iron particles at the edge or outside of the microbubbles. In vivo experiments in mice with MCF-7 tumors demonstrated that Fe3O4/ICG@PLGA/PFP NPs could achieve tumor ablation upon NIR laser irradiation with minimal toxicity to non-irradiated tissues. Together, their results indicate that Fe3O4/ICG@PLGA/PFP NPs can be used as effective nanotheranostic agents for tumor ablation. Hrebesh M. Subhash, et al. [36] have been described a functional imaging paradigm that uses photothermal optical coherence tomography (PT-OCT) to detect indocyanine green (ICG)-encapsulated biocompatible poly(lactic- co-glycolic) acid (PLGA) nanoparticles embedded in highly scattering tissue phantoms with high resolution and sensitivity. The ICG-loaded PLGA nanoparticles were fabricated using a modified emulsification solvent diffusion method.

With a 20kHz axial scan rate, PT-OCT based on spectral-domain interferometric configuration at 1310nm was used to detect phase changes induced by an 808nm photothermal excitation of ICG-encapsulated PLGA nanoparticles. An algorithm based on Fourier transform analysis of differential phase of the spectral interferogram was developed for detecting the depth resolved localized photothermal signal. Excellent contrast difference was observed with PT-OCT between phantoms containing different concentrations of ICG-encapsulated PLGA nanoparticles. This technique has the potential to provide simultaneous structural and molecular-targeted imaging with excellent signal-to-noise for various clinical applications. Photoacoustic imaging (PAI) is an emerging biomedical imaging technique that is now coming to the clinic. It has a penetration depth of a few centimeters and generates useful endogenous contrast, particularly from melanin and oxy-/deoxyhemoglobin. Indocyanine green (ICG) is a Food and Drug Administration-approved contrast agents for human applications, which can be also used in PAI.

It is a small molecule dye with limited applications due to its fast clearance, rapid protein binding, and bleaching effect. Edyta Swider et al. [37] showed that they can label primary human dendritic cells with the nanoparticles and image them in vitro and in vivo, in a multimodal manner. This work demonstrates the potential of combining PAI and 19F MRI for cell imaging and lymph node detection using nanoparticles that are currently produced at GMPgrade for clinical use. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is emerging as a noninvasive modality for a variety of cancer treatments [38,39]. In typical PDT, a photosensitizer is activated by external light to produce reactive oxygen species (ROS), which can damage cancer cells [40-42]. For deep-seated tumors, the efficiency of PDT is decreased due to the limited penetration depth of external light in biological tissue. This problem has hindered further development of PDT in widespread clinical applications. In addition, skin photosensitivity and photothermal injury are also common concerns from the patients receiving PDT treatment [43-45].

For the light penetration issue to be overcome, considerable research has focused on the development of photosensitizers in the near infrared (NIR) range [46. Up-conversion nanoparticles combined with photosensitizers have been explored because they can absorb NIR photons and emit visible light to activate the photosensitizer for PDT [47,48]. Researchers have explored new approaches, for example, using Cerenkov radiation to activate a photosensitizer for effective PDT [49,50]. Alternatively, X-ray is currently widely used in clinical treatment, and X-ray-activated photodynamic therapy is another way to overcome the light penetration limitation in deep-seated tumors [51-53]. The use of an internal light source is an intriguing solution for the light-penetration problem. For example, implanting fiber-optic light sources and emitting diodes could be a viable approach, but it still requires invasive operation [54-56]. Alternatively, bioluminescence offers an attractive strategy because of the minimally invasive delivery of enzymes and substrates.

Bioluminescence is a natural phenomenon that occurs in various organisms, such as marine organisms and some insects, in which visible light is produced via chemical reactions in vivo [57,58]. Bioluminescence has been widely used in biological detection and optical imaging [59-61]. Recently, researchers have recognized the therapeutic potential of bioluminescence. Bioluminescence is endogenous fluorescence that can be used to activate the photosensitizer inside the tumors. This process is not affected by the light penetration depth of tissue. Wang et al. [62 reported that luminol has anticancer and antifungal activities through bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET) [62. Moreover, quantum dots have also been combined with the BRET system for in vivo imaging and PDT in recent reports [63-65]. Despite these progresses, the BRET-activated ROS generation and photodynamic effect is largely unexplored. They show effective photodynamic therapy mediated by the firefly luciferase bioluminescence system. Biodegradable poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles were doped with the photosensitizer Rose Bengal (RB).

Figure 7: (a) Schematic illustration of the preparation of PLGA-RB nanoparticles. (b) Firetly luciferase catalyzing the oxidation reaction of the native substrate D-luciferin for photon emission.

The PLGA-RB nanoparticles were then conjugated with luciferase, which produced a fluorescent signal in the presence of the luciferin substrate. The endogenous bioluminescence served as a light source to activate the photosensitizer for ROS generation. They evaluated cell toxicity, cellular fluorescence imaging, and therapeutic effect in cellular assays, which indicated that cancer cells were destroyed effectively. The antitumor effect of BRET-PDT was further investigated in tumor-bearing ICR mice, which showed that tumor growth was significantly inhibited. This study provides a promising approach for phototherapy of deep-seated tumors in the absence of external excitation (Figure 7).

Nanoparticles present great potential in drug delivery applications, yet there are some issues regarding their stability. In this study was conducted to define the conditions to stabilize polysaccharide (chitosan/dextran sulfate, CS/DS) nanoparticles by a process of freeze-drying, assessing the cryoprotectant capacity of two sugars (sucrose and glucose). Additionally, it was also intended to find if the solubilisation of chitosan in different acids affected nanoparticle preparation and characteristics. Chitosan is obtained by the N-deacetylation of chitin, a polymer that can be extracted from various sources (crustacean’s shells, exoskeletons of certain invertebrates – ladybugs – and the cell walls of fungi, for example). It is considered the second most abundant polymer on Earth [66, after cellulose [67. However, chitin is not very versatile due to its structure and poor solubility in many solvents. Chitin plays a role in the protection of certain animals in nature, being organized in semi-crystalline microfibrils to provide the said protection [68. The deacetylated form of chitin is chitosan, which structure can be seen on (Figure 8).

Figure 8: Chemical structure of Chitin and Chitosan.

Chitosan (MW ~30-190kDa) is the polymer obtained when deacetylation surpasses 50% and is comprised of β (1-4)-links of D-glucosamine and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine monomers that are distributed randomly throughout the chain. This is the only natural polymer exhibiting a cationic character [69. Due to the fact that the amine groups are present throughout the structure of chitosan, the more deacetylated the polymer is, the more susceptible it is to protonation because nitrogen has an unused pair of electrons that can easily interact with electrophilic groups. When chitosan undergoes protonation, which occurs at low pH levels, it acquires a positive charge, thus providing the possibility to interact with negatively charged groups. This ability has been widely explored in drug delivery, with the preparation of nanoparticles by electrostatic interaction, as reported using carrageenan [70, tripolyphosphate (TPP) or dextran sulfate [71 as counterions. Chitosan is not soluble in water. Instead, and because the amine groups have a logarithmic acidity constant (pKa) of ~6.5, chitosan dissolves easily in acidic media. The most usual solvent for its dissolution is 1% (v/v) acetic acid.

Due to the fact that the polymer is easily protonated, it can also be dissolved in formic and lactic acids and in hydrochloric acid solutions [72. In a pH of 7 or higher, as the pH is higher than the pKa of amine groups, chitosan becomes insoluble, rendering its biologically applications are scarce or non-existent. As mentioned earlier, chitosan presents adequate characteristics regarding biological applications [73, including biocompatibility, biodegradability and low toxicity. Its biodegradability is due to a metabolism by lysozyme [74. Moreover, due to its protonation in acidic media, it presents a favourable interaction with mucus [75], which is particularly relevant in the intestine, where there is a high amount of mucus. This is actually one of the reasons justifying its application in specific disease conditions, such as colonic inflammation. Nevertheless, the description of chitosan applications in literature is endless, including pulmonary and oral insulin delivery as well as the delivery of antibiotics and small genetic fragments [76-78], just to mention some examples. Finally, chitosan can also be found in a variety of dietary supplements (Lipoforte® and EasySlim® Blocker, just to name a few) for weight loss.

However, the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) considers that there is not enough evidence that supports this indication. There are other studies that report its beneficial use on lowering LDL-cholesterol [79,0], a claim that EFSA found to have enough evidence that supports it. However, some problems have also been described for supplements, reporting chitosan interference with certain treatments, for example, anticoagulation therapy with warfarin [81 and anti-epilepsy therapy with valproate [82. Dextran sulfate was the other polymer used in this experimental work. It is also a natural polymer, obtained from bacteria of the Leuconostoc genus. It is comprised of a branched anhydroglucose backbone with attached sulphur groups, the latter believed to be 17% of the total mass of the polymer. This means that, 2.3 sulphur groups are present for each glucosyl residue, thus the polymer being expected to be negatively charged. Its chemical structure can be seen in Figure 2. Dextran sulfate (MW ~5-500kDa [83-85] is also reported as biocompatible and biodegradable [86, thus theoretically complying with mandatory requisites for biomedical applications.

Studies regarding the use of dextran sulfate as a component of DDS are scarce, even though it was widely studied in the eighties for its anti-HIV activity, against HIV-1. Its mechanism of action, in this context, involves inhibiting the reverse transcriptase, a viral enzyme responsible for turning the viral RNA in viral DNA that will, ultimately, be part of the host cell DNA resulting in the production of viral particles [87. Additionally, dextran sulfate has also been shown to activate macrophages by establishing an interaction with the scavenger receptor present in these cells [88 Moreover, regarding the immune system, it is believed that dextran sulfate induces activation of B lymphocytes even though that mechanism is mediated by macrophages [89. Another aspect that is widely mentioned in studies is an anticoagulant capacity similar to heparin, even though it wasn’t studied further [90. Finally, dextran sulfate is used, nowadays, to induce colitis in mouse models [91,92]. Approved formulations containing this polymer include two EMA-approved orphan medicines:

a) a medicine for the prevention of graft rejection and its further damage on pancreatic transplantation by inhibiting the activation of complement system and clotting [93

b) a medicine to promote mobilisation of progenitor cells, prior to stem cell transplantation, through a cytokine released by bone marrow that can guide these important cells through blood stream [94.

Dextran sulfate is a very interesting polymer with many characteristics that can be used in drug delivery. However, there is still much work to do and, more importantly, study possible associations with other polymers to produce nanocarriers with a potential use in therapeutics [95,97]. Chitosan extracted from Metacarcinus magister shells using demineralization with 1.5M and 2M HCl showed the characteristic functional groups of CS. The CS-CMC nanoparticle were chelated with five different concentrations of TPP and BaCl2 (0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3%, 0.4% and 0.5%) and embodied with CUR. The SEM analysis indicated the size of the nanoparticles to below 500 nm which was also confirmed by AFM. The encapsulation efficiency was absolutely time dependent. The drug release was found to be best with higher concentration of chelating agents used and the drug release was prolonging to 80th minute for all the samples. In vitro drug release showed antibacterial activity when ethanol and acetic acid was used as solvent system [98. A new granule hydrogel composites of natural biocompatible polymeric chitosan and gelatin (C-G) have prepared. The gelatin side groups (hydroxyl and carboxyl) can attach with amine groups of chitosan, which improve the interlink crosslinking in the final nanocomposites.

The diameter of the granuls is around 3mm to 6 mm. Furthermore, in order to reinforce the mechanical properties of granules, for the first time, octa (ammonium chloride) substituted Polyhedral Oligomeric Silsesquioxane C-G/POSS-(NH3+ Cl-)8 has been used as a nanofiller in the structure of this nanocomposite. The effect of C-G/POSS-(NH3+ Cl-)8 on mechanical stability and swelling behavior of hydrogels has been investigated in three pH of 1.2, 7.4 and 9.5, respectively. Results demonstrate that the C-G/POSS- (NH3+ Cl-)8 granules in acidic pH has the maximum swelling percent. The encapsulation efficiency (EE) values for C-G granules in three pH of 1.2, 7.4 and 9.5 are obtained 65%, 58% and 53% and for C-G/POSS-(NH3+ Cl-)8 sample are 59%, 52% and 48%, respectively, which conform with the swelling behavior of these hydrogels. According to the obtained results from Metronidazole (MTZ) release, the as-synthesized hydrogels may have intrinsic ability in the controlled release of drugs. The as-prepared hydrogels are characterized via FT-IR, SEM, TGA and XRD analysis [99]. Chitosan nanoparticles (CS NPs) exhibit good physicochemical properties as drug delivery systems. Haliza Katas et al. [100] have determined the modulation of preparative parameters on the physical characteristics and colloidal stability of CS NPs. CS NPs were fabricated by ionic interaction with dextran sulphate (DS) prior to determination of their storage stability.

The smallest CS NPs of 353 ± 23nm with a surface charge of +56.2 ± 1.5mV were produced when CS and DS were mixed at pH 4 and with a DS : CS mass ratio of 0.5 : 1. An entrapment efficiency of 98% was achieved when BSA/siRNA was loaded into the nanoparticles. The results also showed that particle size and surface charge of CS NPs were slightly changed up to 2 weeks when stored at 40C. Greater particle size and surface charge were obtained with increasing the concentration of DS. In conclusion, NPs were sufficiently stable when kept at 4∘C and able to carry and protect protein. Ji Woon Suh et al. [101] have formulated buccal mucoadhesive nanoparticles (NPs) using the natural mucoadhesive polymers. The natural mucoadhesive polymers chitosan (CS) and dextran sulfate sodium salt (DS) were used to prepare mucoadhesive NPs using the ionic gelation method. As the molecular weight of DS decreased, the amount of mucin and the number of buccal cells adsorbed on DS increased. The CS/DS NPs ranged from 100 to 200nm in diameter.

The adhesive interactions of CS/DS NPs with mucin were not significantly different from those of CS/sodium triphosphate pentabasic (TPP) NPs; however, CS/DS NPs exhibited 5 times greater mucoadhesive activity to buccal cells compared to control CS/TPP NPs in ex vivo adhesion tests. These results indicate that the buccal mucoadhesive properties of NPs can be improved using natural mucoadhesive polymers. A novel nanoparticle delivery system has been developed by employing the oppositely charged polymers chitosan (CS) and dextran sulfate (DS), and a simple coacervation process. Under the conditions investigated, the weight ratio of the two polymers is identified as a determining factor controlling particle size, surface charge, entrapment efficiency and release characteristics of the nanoparticles produced. Particles of 223 nm mean diameter were produced under optimal conditions with a zeta potential of approximately -32.6mV. A maximum of 75% anti-angiogenesis peptide entrapment efficiency was achieved with a CS:DS weight ratio of 0.59:1. The same nanoparticle formulation also showed slow and sustained peptide release over a period of 6 days.

In contrast, the formulation containing a lower ratio of CS:DS (0.5:1) was found to have reduced entrapment efficiency and more rapid peptide release characteristics. The results suggest that physicochemical and release characteristics of the CS–DS nanoparticles can be modulated by changing ratios of two ionic polymers. The novel CS–DS nanoparticles prepared by the coacervation process have potential as a carrier for small peptides [102]. Fwu-Long Mi [40] have prepared chitosan-based nanoparticles containing indocyanine green (ICG) for hyperthermia therapy and imaging. ICG was incorporated into chitosan and poly-gamma-glutamic acid self-assembled nanoparticles using the polyelectrolyte complex method. The ICG encapsulation efficiency of the nanoparticles were higher than 95% and the ICG-loaded nanoparticles showed effective temperature elevation upon NIR laser irradiation (808nm, 1.5 W/cm2). The cytotoxicity results from NIR laser-induced hyperthermia effect showed an enhanced toxicity in overcoming doxorubicin (Dox) resistance of MCF-7/ADR cells.

Pei-Ru Wei et al. [103] have designed a study for photodynamic therapy (PDT) using chitosan coated Mg–Al layered double hydroxide (LDH) nanoparticles as the delivery system. A Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved near-infrared (NIR) fluorescent dye, indocyanine green (ICG) with photoactive properties was intercalated into amine modified LDH interlayers by ion-exchange. The efficient positively charged polymer (chitosan (CS)) coating was achieved by the cross linkage using surface amine groups modified on the LDH nanoparticle surface with glutaraldehyde as a spacer. The unique hybridization of organic-inorganic nanocomposites rendered more effective and successful photodynamic therapy due to the photosensitizer stabilization in the interlayer of LDH, which prevents the leaching and metabolization of the photosensitizer in the physiological conditions. The results indicated that the polymer coating and the number of polymer coats have a significant impact on the photo-toxicity of the nano-composites [104-106]. The double layer chitosan coated LDH–NH2–ICG nanoparticles exhibited enhanced photo therapeutic effect compared with uncoated LDH–NH2–ICG and single layer chitosan-coated LDH–NH2–ICG due to the enhanced protection to photosensitizers against photo and thermal degradations.

This new class of organic-inorganic hybrid nanocomposites can potentially serve as a platform for future non-invasive cancer diagnosis and therapy. Nanoparticles (NPs) are synthetic materials with dimensions from one to hundreds of nanometers, and remarkable applications in biomedicine due to the unique way in which they interact with matter [107,108]. There are currently more than 35 US FDA-approved NPs often incorporating polyethylene glycol (PEG), with a larger number in preclinical studies for both imaging and therapy (Figure 9A) [109-115]. NPs have large payloads, stability, avidity, signal enhancement and the capacity for multiple, simultaneous applications owing to their unique size and high surface area: volume ratio [1161]. While they are bigger than molecules and many proteins, yet smaller than cells, they behave differently to other therapies and imaging agents, affecting their in vivo applications. For example, in cancer tissue, NPs not only extrava-sate from the leaky tumor vasculature to a higher degree than healthy tissue, but also remain in the area by the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect [118].

NPs lodged in the tumor can then perform signaling and/or therapy [117]. Despite these advantages, some fundamental challenges hamper NP deployment to the clinic. These include uptake by the reticuloendothelial system (RES), in which NPs are rapidly shuttled out of circulation to the liver, spleen or bone marrow, and nonspecific binding of NPs to nontargeted or nondiseased areas. Concerns about NP toxicity often arise because of this RES accumulation. Aggregation can lead to NP entrapment in the liver, lungs or elsewhere due to capillary occlusion [1191]. The addition of PEG to the NP surface (PEGylation) can reduce many of these challenges (Figure 1B). PEG is a coiled polymer of repeating ethylene ether units with dynamic conformations (Figure 1C). In both drug-delivery and imaging applications, the addition of PEG to NPs reduces RES uptake and increases circulation time versus uncoated counterparts [120]. Aggregation decreases owing to passivated surfaces, and association with nontargeted serum and tissue proteins is diminished, resulting in so-called ‘stealth’ behavior.

The PEG chains reduce the charge-based contact typical of proteins and small-molecule interactions. Solubility in buffer and serum increases due to the hydrophilic ethylene glycol repeats and the EPR effect is modulated due to NP size changes via addition of a PEG coat [121,122]. Due to these attributes, PEGylated NPs generally accumulate in the liver a half to a third of the amount of non-PEGylated NPs and demonstrate higher tumor accumulation versus background [123]. PEG is inexpensive, versatile and FDA approved for many applications [124]. All NPs contain at least two fundamental spatial components: the core and the corona that interact with the environment or solvent. While core/shell, core/ multishell systems add further complexity, for example [125], all still possess an area in which NP interfaces with the solvent (Figure 9B). PEG chains modify this interface layer and increase circulation time. Circulation half-time (t½) describes blood pool residence and is the period over which the concentration of circulating NPs remains above 50% of the injected dose, analogous to a drug’s halflife [126].

Figure 9:Nanoparticle applications of Polyethylene glycol.

NP efficacy requires sufficient t½ to not only reach the target, but also remain in the affected area (at concentrations sufficiently above background tissue) long enough for image capture or drug delivery. The RES system prevents site-specific accumulation because it removes the NPs from circulation, acting as a competitor to the intended target site [127]. In addition, the NPs must clear from the nontargeted area to produce imaging contrast or dosing efficiency. The ideal t½ is dependent on application. In imaging, 2–6 h is optimal for injection, accumulation at targeted site, clearance from nontargeted areas and data collection. The ideal circulation time for therapeutic NPs is longer (days) to allow repeated exposure to affected area. Unfortunately, this can also expose healthy organ systems to the drug and is the motivation for targeted NPs, as such systems preferentially accumulate in the diseased area. Approaches to measuring t½ vary with NP type. When labeled with radionuclides, g counting of either specific organ systems or blood aliquots determines NP circulation time. One limitation is dissociation of radionuclide from NPs; however, radioactivity measurements may always be carried out noninvasively [128] (Figure 9).

Measurement of t½ via fluorescence, Raman, inductively coupled plasma or chromatography/mass spectrometry is very specific to the NP, but requires sequential sampling of the blood pool. The RES is an immune system component, utilizing circulating macrophages and monocytes, liver Kupffer cells and spleen and other lymphatic vessels to remove foreign material, such as bacteria and viruses, from the body [127]. (Figure 10) illustrates how opsonin proteins associate with foreign bodies and coat its surface [128]. As bacteria and viruses have the same negative surface charge as phagocytic cells, opsonins are critical to reducing the charge repulsion between the two systems. Next, phagocytic cells engulf the material and transport it to the liver or spleen for degradation and excretion (Figure 10A3–A4). Additional phagocytic macrophages are permanently located in the liver. Known as Kupffer cells, these cells serve as a major filter for many types of NPs and are a major interference with long t½ [129]. The PEG polymer on a NP surface increases t½ by reducing this opsonization process (Figure 10B2), thus preventing recognition by monocytes and macrophages, allowing the NPs to remain in the blood pool.

Hydrophobic particles are also more vulnerable to the RES and hydrophilic PEG reduces these complications. In addition to NP– RES interactions, poor t½ can also result from NP–NP interactions (i.e., aggregation). NPs aggregate primarily because the attraction between particles is stronger than the attraction for solvent [130]. NPs with a high surface energy have a greater tendency to aggregate as described by the Derjaguin-Landau- Verwey-Overbeek (DLVO) theory [131,132]. For spherical NPs, the interaction potential is related to the electrostatic repulsive potential and the van der Waals attraction potential [133]. PEG decreases the surface energy of NPs and minimizes van der Waals attraction [134,135]. Aggregation can be induced by solvents of high (>100mM) ionic strength (shielding of sol¬vent from NP), highly concentrated solutions of NPs (less distance between the NPs), time from synthesis, or NP preparations with a very neutral (~±5mV) zeta potential [136]. PEG decreases the amount of attraction between NPs by increasing the steric distance between them and increasing hydrophilicity via ether repeats forming hydrogen bonds with solvent. Other benefits to PEGylation include modifying the size of the particle. The reduced renal filtration of particles larger than 10 nm increases t½; however, at too large a size (>100nm), liver uptake increases and EPR extravasation may decrease [137]. PEG modifies the NP flexibility and the NP can become ‘softer’ after PEGylation than the underlying material, influencing extravasation.

Prior to NP applications, PEG was used as a nontoxic, water-soluble dispersant/stabilizer. Also known as Carboxwax®, it is present in health and beauty aids, including laxatives, toothpastes and eye drops, and is an excipient in tablet formulations [138]. PEG stabilizes organ and blood donations. Early work with PEGylated NPs stemmed mostly from drug delivery [139]. One of the first reports on PEGylation was described by Davis and Abuchowski [140,141], where they covalently attached methoxy-PEGs (mPEGs) of 1900 and 5000 Da to bovine serum albumin and to liver catalase. Later, acrylic microspheres functionalized with PEG-modified human serum albumin increased t½ in vivo [142]. Li and colleagues found that 75-nm latex particles remained in rat circulation 40-times longer (half-life 20min vs 13h) when coated than uncoated with PEG larger than 5000 kDa [143]. Klibanov and Huang found that incorporation of dioleoyl N-(monomethoxy polyethyleneglycol succinyl) phosphotidylethanolamine (PEG-PE) into posphatidylcholine: cholesterol liposomes (1:1) increased t½ from 30 min to 5 h without increasing leakage of the liposome interior. In the mid-1990s, Doxil® (liposomal delivery vehicle for doxorubicin) and oncospar (PEG-l-asparaginase) became the first FDA-approved NP therapeutics [143]. Doxil increases doxorubicin bioavailability nearly 90- fold at 1 week from injection of PEGylated liposomes versus free drug [144].

The use of PEG on the doxorubicin carrier yields a drug half-life of 72 h with circulation half-life of 36h [145,146]. Later, Abraxane® was introduced as an albumin-functionalized NP for delivery of taxane without cremphor to enhance drug efficiency. Thadakapally et al. [151] developed a novel serum stable long circulating polymeric nanoparticles for curcumin with a modification to the well-known and novel nanoparticle albumin bound technology. polyethylene glycolalbumin-curcumin nanoparticles were prepared using serum albumin and poly ethylene glycol using desolvation technique. Nanoparticles were characterized for encapsulation efficiency, particle size and surface morphology. Drug excipient compatibility was determined using fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Physical state of the drug in the formulations was known by differential scanning colorimetry. In vitro release and solubility of the drug from nanoparticles were determined. In vivo Drug release, tissue uptake and kupffer cell uptake was determined with optimized nano formulation in rats after intravenous administration. Cell viability assay was determined using breast cancer cell line MD-MB-231.

Entrapment efficiency for prepared nanoparticle was above 95%. The polyethylene glycol-albumin-curcumin nanoparticles exhibited an interesting release profile with small initial burst followed by slower and controlled release. Solubility of the drug from the formulation was increased. A sustained release of drug from nanoparticles was observed for 35 days in both in vitro and in vivo studies with the optimized formulation. Polyethylene glycol-albumin- curcumin nanoparticles showed lesser liver and kupffer cell uptake as compared to that of curcumin-albumin nanoparticles suggesting the bestowment of stealthness to nanoparticles with pegylation. Also, the antiproliferative activity of polyethylene glycol- albumin-curcumin nanoparticle formulation was more as compared to native curcumin. Polyethylene glycol-albumin-curcumin nanoparticles thus developed can be conveniently used in breast cancer with improved efficacy compared to conventional therapies and as an alternate to nanoparticle albumin bound technology which is used in producing Abraxane, albumin based breast cancer targeting nanoparticles of paclitaxel [147].

Photothermal therapy (PTT) and photodynamic therapy (PDT) are emerging physical tumor treatments utilizing near infrared (NIR) light-absorbing agents which lead to thermal ablation of cancer cells or generate highly reactive oxygen species (ROS) via photosensitizer to ablate tumors [148,149]. PTT and PDT possess several advantages, such as minimal invasion, high therapeutic efficacy, limited side-effects, selective localized treatment and reproducible properties [150,151], and hence have received much attention in recent years [152,153]. Until now, a variety of materials has been explored as PTT or PDT agents due to their high absorption in the tissue-transparent NIR wavelength range, including organic fluorescent dyes [154], gold nanorods [155], CuS nanoparticles (NPs) [156], polymer NPs [157], carbon nanomaterials [158], etc. [159,160]. However, fluorescent dyes may be removed rapidly from the systemic circulation and lack specificity to a tumor, and inorganic photothermal agents have potential long-term toxicity due to the difficulty of degrading in the body [161].

Therefore, exploiting biocompatible and targeted therapeutic nanoagents with enhanced photothermal conversion capability and ROS generation ability to amplify PTT and PDT treatments remains challenging. Indocyanine green (ICG) is a clinical infrared imaging agent approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), and has been applied in optical imaging of human vasculature, tissue and cells due to its biocompatibility and unique optical properties [162]. Due to strong absorption at 780nm, ICG can effectively convert absorbed NIR optical energy into heat for PTT [163] and produce ROS for PDT [164] under NIR laser irradiation [165]. Nevertheless, the application of ICG in tumor phototherapy is limited by its tendency to aggregate, rapid degradation in aqueous solution [64], poor photo-stability and non-specific binding to proteins [166]. To overcome those limitations, various nanoparticle delivery systems have been developed to encapsulate ICG [167]. Lv et al. [168] used a mesoporous silica (mSiO2) matrix to load ICG molecules and demonstrated that loaded ICG displayed a more enhanced photothermal effect than pure ICG [168]. ICG-loaded mesoporous silica NPs also could not only limit the degradation of ICG but reach and stay at a tumor for a long period of time due to an enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect [169]. Hence, loading of ICG within targeting nanocarriers with high efficiency is shown to be an effective way to promote the application of ICG in PTT and PDT treatment.

Conclusion

Multifunctional biodegradable and biocompatible polymeric nanoparticles loaded with indocyanine green (ICG) as an optical- imaging contrast agent for cancer imaging and as a photothermal therapy agent for cancer treatment. To improve the efficacy of PTT, polymeric nanoparticles (NPs) encapsulating superparamagnetic iron oxide (Fe3O4), indocyanine green (ICG), and perfluoropentane (PFP) as synergistic agents for NIR laser-induced PTT.

Read More About this Article: https://biomedgrid.com/fulltext/volume3/polymeric-nanoencapsulation-of-indocyanine-green-for-photodynamic-therapy-technique.000630.php

For more about: Journals on Biomedical Science :Biomed Grid

#biomedgrid #List of open access medical journal #Open access clinical and medical journal #Journals on Biomedical Science #Journals on Biomedical Imaging #Journals on Medical drug and theraputics

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danhgiacuatui · 4 years ago

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So sánh nước tẩy trang Bioderma và La roche posay, L’oreal, Simple, Byphasse, Garnier

Hiện nay một tín hiệu tốt là các chị em đã dần quan tâm đến việc tẩy trang cũng như hiểu được tầm quan trọng của nó. Điểm mạnh của dầu tẩy trang là khả năng làm sạch vượt trội, thế nhưng nước tẩy trang là sản phẩm được phái đẹp dành nhiều tình cảm hơn, bởi dễ sử dụng, nhanh gọn và tiện lợi.

Đặc biệt là các chị em có thời gian biểu bận rộn thì chỉ cần cho dung dịch tẩy trang ra bông rồi nhẹ nhàng lau mặt thì đã có thể loại bỏ được lớp trang điểm, bụi bẩn rồi.

Cũng chính vì lẽ đó mà các nhãn hàng đua nhau cho ra mắt dòng sản phẩm nước tẩy trang. Tuy nhiên, 5 cái tên được nhiều chị em ưa chuộng nhất có thể kể đến như: Bioderma, L’oreal, Simple, Byphasse và Garnier. Trong bài viết ngày hôm nay, chúng tôi sẽ review và so sánh 5 loại nước tẩy trang này để các chị em có được cái nhìn tổng quan nhất.

Nước tẩy trang Bioderma

Nước tẩy trang Bioderma rất phù hợp đối với các cô nàng trang điểm đơn giản, nhẹ nhàng. Sản phẩm này thích hợp với nhiều loại da, kể cả là da mẫn cảm và làn da mụn.

Nếu chị em nào thường xuyên trang điểm đậm thì có thể sử dụng sản phẩm tẩy trang thuộc dạng dầu. Tuy nhiên, các bạn nên chuẩn bị cho mình 1 chai nhỏ để khi không có điều kiện rửa mặt hoặc muốn make lại thì có thể sử dụng.

Lúc này, bạn chỉ cần dùng Bioderma lau vài lần là có thể tự tin trang điểm một lần nữa. Sau khi tẩy trang xong, mình thấy da khá dịu nhẹ, không có cảm giác nhờn dính.

Có những hôm lười quá mình chỉ sử dụng em nó và xịt khoáng, lấy bông tẩy trang lau sạch lên giường ngủ. Vậy mà da mình không hề xảy ra vấn đề gì như kích ứng, nổi mụn.

Hiện nay, Bioderma có 3 dòng cho từng loại da mà các chị em có thể lựa chọn:

Bioderma Sébium H20 xanh lá – dành cho da dầu nhạy cảm

Bioderma Hydrabio H20 xanh dương – dành cho da khô nhạy cảm

Bioderma Sensibio H20 hồng – dành cho da mụn nhạy cảm

Ưu điểm

Dịu nhẹ

Không làm da bị khô

Tẩy trang tốt

Nhược điểm

Không “đánh bay” được mascara không trôi, son lì.

Mắt sẽ bị cay khi sử dụng cho vùng da mắt, lỡ dính vào miệng có cảm giác đắng.

Nước tẩy trang La Roche Posay

Hiện nay La Roche Posay đã cho ra mắt 2 dòng sản phẩm Micellar water Effaclar Oily và Sensitive. Đây là thương hiệu nước tẩy trang được giới chuyên gia đánh giá cao và có các thành phần lành tính, thích hợp cho các cô nàng có làn da nhạy cảm.

2 dòng sản phẩm này đều được sử dụng công nghệ Glyco Micellar mới nhất có thành phần chính là glycerin và micelle. Glycerin có khả năng làm dịu da, dưỡng ẩm, trong khi đó Micelle lại có khả năng làm sạch sâu.

Bên cạnh khả năng làm sạch hiệu quả, Micellar water còn có khả năng chống viêm, làm dịu, chống oxy hóa cho làn da. Khi sử dụng 2 dòng sản phẩm này mình thấy khả năng làm sạch tốt mà không làm cho da bị khô rát, khó chịu.

Khi makeup nhẹ mình chỉ dùng nước tẩy trang Micellar water, còn khi makeup đậm thì mình sử dụng thêm dầu tẩy trang nữa.

Tuy nhiên, điểm trừ nho nhỏ của em nước tẩy trang này là có chứa chất tạo mùi. Tuy nhiên mùi cũng khá nhẹ nhàng và dễ chịu, không ảnh hưởng đến làn da. Nếu bạn là tuýp người không thích các sản phẩm chăm sóc da có mùi, thì nên cân nhắc với dòng nước tẩy trang này nhé.

Ưu điểm

Khả năng làm sạch tốt

Không làm da bị khô

Có thành phần chống viêm, làm dịu da, rất thích hợp đối với làn da mụn.

Nhược điểm

Không tẩy được mascara không trôi, son lì.

Có Fragrance ở cuối bảng thành phần.

Nước tẩy trang L’Oreal

L’Oreal là một trong những dòng nước tẩy trang được nhiều chị em tin tưởng lựa chọn. Với nhiều chiến thuật quảng bá hấp dẫn, dễ hiểu khi L’Oreal có vị thế khá vững chắc trong lòng người tiêu dùng.

Hiện nay có 3 phiên bản nước tẩy trang L’Oreal như sau:

Nước tẩy trang l’Oreal Paris Micellar Water (màu xanh nhạt). Thích hợp cho da dầu

Nước tẩy trang l’Oreal Paris Micellar Water (màu hồng). Dành cho da khô đến da nhạy cảm

Nước tẩy trang l’Oreal Paris Micellar Water 3-in-1 Deep Cleansing (màu xanh đậm). Dành cho mọi loại da, đặc biệt là các nàng trang điểm đậm

Để so sánh nước tẩy trang Bioderma và L’Oreal thì cá nhân mình đánh giá L’Oreal là dòng nước tẩy trang khá an toàn, nhưng xét về độ làm sạch sâu hiệu quả thì chắc chắn không thể bằng Bioderma.

Ưu điểm

Giá thành rẻ

Thành phần an toàn, dịu nhẹ

Phù hợp với nhiều loại da

Nhược điểm

Sau khi sử dụng da bị khô

Khả năng làm sạch sâu và loại bỏ bụi bẩn không cao

Nước tẩy trang Simple Cleansing Micellar Water

Nước tẩy trang Simple Cleansing Micellar Water cũng giống với dòng micellar water nói chung rất dịu nhẹ, không gây tình trạng khô da. Đây cũng chính là điểm mà mình ưng ý nhất ở em này. Bởi da mình thiên khô nên mình cực kỳ ghét các sản phẩm làm mất nước trên da, khi sử dụng làm cho da có cảm giác bị căng.

Giá thành của em nó tương đối phải chăng, trong khi đó các thành phần lại khá an toàn, lành tính nên chị em nào cũng có thể sử dụng. Chất lượng sản phẩm này mình thấy khá OK. Đối với những cô nàng ít trang điểm thì không nên bỏ qua em nó.

Đặc biệt các chị em sở hữu làn da thiên khô, mất nước, nhạy cảm thì nên quan tâm đến các sản phẩm của Simple.

Nếu so sánh nước tẩy trang Bioderma và Simple Cleansing Micellar Water thì các nhân mình đánh giá Simple mang lại cảm giác mềm mại cho làn da, da ít bị khô hơn. Tuy nhiên, khả năng làm sạch của Simple Cleansing Micellar Water lại kém hơn, trong khi đó giá không chênh lệch nhiều.

Ưu điểm

Dịu nhẹ với làn da

Thành phần an toàn, lành tính

Không làm da bị khô

Phù hợp với da nhạy cảm, thiên khô, mất nước

Nhược điểm

Không tẩy được mascara không trôi, son lì.

Khả năng làm sạch của em nó không bằng sản phẩm Bioderma.

Nước tẩy trang Byphasse Solution Micellaire Makeup Remover

Nước tẩy trang Byphasse có xuất xứ từ Tây Ban Nha, dòng nước tẩy trang này được biết đến là “ngon, bổ, rẻ” mà chất lượng khá OK. Byphasse còn được biết đến là phiên bản hoàn hảo của dòng sản phẩm Bioderma.

Sản phẩm thích hợp với mọi loại da, không gây nhờn rít, đau rát khi tẩy trang các vùng da quanh mắt. Nếu nói về hiệu quả làm sạch sâu thì các chị em không phải bàn cãi gì thêm, Byphasse với bản thành phần cực kỳ an toàn, cam kết không chứa xà phòng, cồn, hương liệu, paraben hay phẩm màu.

Ưu điểm

Dịu nhẹ với làn da

Không làm da bị khô

Giá thành phải chăng

Nhược điểm

Không tẩy được mascara không trôi, son lì.

Khả năng làm sạch của em nó không bằng sản phẩm Bioderma.

Nước tẩy trang Garnier Micellar Cleansing Water

Garnier Micellar Cleansing Water là dòng tẩy trang nhận được “cơn mưa” lời khen từ người dùng. Thành phần của em nó khá ổn, không có chất tạo mùi, tạo màu. Các thành phần không làm cho da bị kích ứng.

Đây là dòng sản phẩm best seller huyền thoại của một hãng mỹ phẩm đến từ Pháp. Garnier nổi bật với khả năng làm sạch bụi bẩn và lớp make-up cực đỉnh, chất lượng tốt “trọn vẹn đôi đường” với giá cả phải chăng.

Xét về thành phần, dòng nước tẩy trang Garnier có khả nhiều điểm tương đồng với nước tẩy trang Bioderma tuy nhiên lại ít hơn về số lượng. Đặc biệt, điểm cộng lớn của em nước tẩy trang Garnier là sử dụng công nghệ Mixen “thần thánh” khi sản xuất. Vì thế, chúng có khả năng làm sạch tuyệt vời cùng mức độ lành tính, không chất tạo màu, không cồn, chất tạo mùi, dầu khoáng, paraben, nên cực kỳ an toàn cho sức khỏe của làn da.

Hiện nay có tới 4 phiên bản nước tẩy trang Garnier Micellar Cleansing Water dành cho từng loại da nhạy cảm khác nhau để các chị em có thể lựa chọn:

Garnier Micellar Cleansing Water Sensitive Skin (nắp hồng) cho da nhạy cảm.

Garnier Micellar Cleansing Water Combination To Oily and Sensitive Skin (nắp trắng, vỏ xanh) cho da hỗn hợp thiên dầu nhạy cảm.

Garnier Micellar Oily – Infused Cleansing Water Dry and Sensitive Skin (nắp trắng, lớp dầu màu vàng phía trên) cho da khô nhạy cảm.

Garnier Micellar Cleansing Water Combination and Sensitive Skin (nắp xanh lá) cho da hỗn hợp nhạy cảm.

Khi sử dụng nước tẩy trang Garnier mình không cần phải rửa lại với nước mà làn da vẫn thoải mái, nhẹ nhàng, sạch sẽ. Từ ngày sử dụng Garnier mình thấy da mình ít mụn đi hẳn. Bởi mỗi khi thấy mặt bẩn mình lại lôi em nó ra dùng, cho nên da luôn trong tình trạng khô thoáng, sạch sẽ.

Ưu điểm

Giá thành rẻ

Dịu nhẹ với làn da

Không làm khô da

Nhược điểm

Không tẩy được mascara không trôi, son lì.

Khả năng làm sạch của em nó không bằng sản phẩm Bioderma.

Khi so sánh nước tẩy trang Bioderma và La Roche Posay, cùng các dòng tẩy trang khác, mình thấy điểm chung của các sản phẩm này là dịu nhẹ, không gây kích ứng và ảnh hưởng đến sức khỏe của làn da.

Sau một thời gian sử dụng cả 5 em mình thấy dòng tẩy trang Bioderma vẫn giữ ngôi vị quán quân về khả năng làm sạch da, loại bỏ lớp trang điểm, bụi bẩn, mặc dù giá thành của em nó có cao hơn các em khác.

Tuy nhiên, Simple lại làm cho làn da thoải mái, mềm mịn mà ít bị khô hơn so với Bioderma. Như vậy, mỗi sản phẩm đều có những tính năng riêng, do đó các chị em có thể cân nhắc để lựa chọn được sản phẩm phù hợp nhất nhé!

Như vậy, bài viết trên mình đã cùng các bạn so sánh nước tẩy trang Bioderma và La Roche Posay cùng một số dòng tẩy trang khác như: Simple, Garnier,…. Những chia sẻ của mình chỉ mang tính chất tham khảo, hy vọng rằng có thể giúp các bạn “bỏ túi” được sản phẩm tẩy trang tốt nhất cho bản thân!

Tham khảo bài nguyên mẫu tại đây : So sánh nước tẩy trang Bioderma và La roche posay, L’oreal, Simple, Byphasse, Garnier

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eversuccess1me-blog · 5 years ago

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10 ผลิตภัณฑ์ทำความสะอาดผิวหน้าที่ดีที่สุดในปี 2020

คลีนซิ่ง Senka Perfect Water Cleansing

คลีนซิ่ง Faith in Face Truly Waterly Cleansing Water

คลีนซิ่ง NIVEA White Oil Control Make up Clear Micellar Water

คลีนซิ่ง Bifesta Cleansing Water Sebum

คลีนซิ่ง Collection Makeup Remover Cleansing Water

คลีนซิ่ง Bioderma Sensibio H2O Solution Micellaire

คลีนซิ่ง Purevivi Cleansing Lotion Sensitive Skins

คลีนซิ่ง Dove Wipe-off Cleansing Cleansing Micellar Water

คลีนซิ่ง DHC Deep Cleansing Oil

คลีนซิ่ง THREE Balancing Cleansing Oil

แสงแดดและมลภาวะในปัจจุบันส่งผลต่อผิวหน้าอย่างจริงจัง เราจึงควรต้องมีผลิตภัณฑ์ทำความสะอาดผิวหน้า คลีนซิ่ง Cleansing หรือ คลีนเซอร์ Cleanser ที่ดี เพื่อช่วยในการทำความสะอาดผิวหน้าอย่างลึกล้ำ ขจัดสิ่งสกปรกออกไปจากผิวหน้าก่อนที่จะล้างหน้าอีกครั้ง เพื่อป้องกันไม่ให้เกิดสิว แต่คลีนเซอร์ ยี่ห้อไหนดี ล่ะที่จะตอบโจทย์และดูแลผิวของเราได้ดีที่สุด คลีนซิ่ง ผลิตภัณฑ์ทำความสะอาดผิวหน้า คลีนซิ่ง Cleansing หรือ คลีนเซอร์ Cleanser ได้มีการพัฒนาสูตรทั้งแบบน้ำมันเพื่อช่วยในการดึงความมันและสิ่งสกปรกบนใบหน้าออก และแบบน้ำสำหรับผู้ที่ไม่ชอบแบบมันๆ และกลัวว่าจะทำให้ผิวยิ่งอุดตันเข้าไปอีก และแบบแผ่นสำหรับผู้ที่ชอบความพกพาสะดวก แต่ละสูตรก็จะช่วยลบเลือนสิ่งสกปรกและเครื่องสำอางค์ออกไปจากหน้าได้เป็นอย่างดี เรามาดูกันว่าการเลือกผลิตภัณฑ์ทำความสะอาดผิวหน้า คลีนซิ่ง Cleansing หรือ คลีนเซอร์ Cleanser ที่เหมาะกับผิวหน้าเราต้องพิจารณาอะไรบ้าง

1. สภาพผิวของผู้ใช้ อย่างที่บอกไปว่าผลิตภัณฑ์ทำความสะอาดผิวหน้า คลีนซิ่ง Cleansing หรือ คลีนเซอร์ Cleanser ในปัจจุบันมีการคิดค้นสูตรออกมาเพื่อตอบโจทย์สภาพผิวของผู้ใช้ได้เป็นอย่างดี ดังนั้นเราจึงควรคำนึงถึงสภาพผิวของผู้ใช้ ว่าเป็นผิวแห้ง ผิวมันหรือผิวผสม แล้วค่อยเลือกผลิตภัณฑ์ท��่เหมาะกับผิวตัวเองต่อไป 2. แต่งหน้าเยอะหรือไม่ ผลิตภัณฑ์ทำความสะอาดผิวหน้า คลีนซิ่ง Cleansing หรือ คลีนเซอร์ Cleanser นั้นถูกออกแบบมาให้ลบสิ่งสกปรกที่ติดบนใบหน้า อีกทั้งยังช่วยลบเครื่องสำอางค์ออกอีกด้วย หากผู้ใช้ชื่นชอบการแต่งหน้าหนักๆ เขียนตาเน้นๆ มาสคาร่าฟรุ้งฟริ้งแบบกันน้ำ อาจจะต้องเลือกผลิตภัณฑ์ทำความสะอาดผิวหน้า คลีนซิ่ง Cleansing หรือ คลีนเซอร์ Cleanser ที่มีลักษณะเป็นน้ำมันหรือแบบครีมที่สามารถลบเครื่องสำอางค์กันน้ำได้อย่างหมดจดแทนแบบน้ำ 3. เลือกผลิตภัณฑ์ที่ตอบโจทย์การใช้ชีวิต ผลิตภัณฑ์ทำความสะอาดผิวหน้า คลีนซิ่ง Cleansing หรือ คลีนเซอร์ Cleanser มีทั้งแบบครีม แบบน้ำหรือกระทั่งแบบทิชชู่ใช้แล้วทิ้งเพื่อความสะดวกสะบายของผู้ใช้ ดังนั้นหากเราเป็นคนที่ชอบเดินทางอยู่เสมอ ก็อาจจะเลือกใช้แบบทิชชู่ที่สามารถใช้แล้วทิ้งได้เลย หรือเลือกแบบครีมหรือน้ำนมที่สามารถถูกับใบหน้าแล้วล้างออกเลยก็ได้ 4. อาการแพ้��องผิวหน้า บางคนมีผิวหน้าที่บอบบาง แพ้แอลกอฮอล์หรือน้ำหอม ดังนั้นควรจะอ่านส่วนประกอบและฉลากของผลิตภัณฑ์ก่อนที่จะซื้ออยู่เสมอ เพื่อหลีกเลี่ยงอาการแพ้ 5. ทดสอบผลิตภัณฑ์ก่อนซื้อทุกครั้ง นอกจากจะต้องอ่านส่วนประกอบและฉลากของผลิตภัณฑ์แล้ว ควรต้องทดลองใช้กับผิวตัวเองในบริเวณแขนหรือคอ หรือจุดที่ไม่มีใครสังเกต หากไม่พบอาการแพ้ก็ค่อยตัดสินใจซื้อและควรจะต้องทดลองกับเครื่องสำอางค์ที่เราใช้เพื่อทดสอบประสิทธิภาพในการล้างเครื่องสำอางค์ก่อนจะดีกว่า 6. ไม่ควรเลือกผลิตภัณฑ์ที่ทำให้ผิวแห้ง ผลิตภัณฑ์ที่ใช้แล้วทำให้ผิวแห้งจะทำให้ผิวหน้าผลิตน้ำมันมาเพิ่มขึ้นและทำให้หน้ามันมากกว่าเดิม เป็นสาเหตุของสิ่งสกปกที่จะติดและอุดดันบนผิวหน้า 7. ตรวจสอบโปรโมชั่นและราคา โปรโมชั่นและราคาของผลิตภัณฑ์ทำความสะอาดผิวหน้า คลีนซิ่ง Cleansing หรือ คลีนเซอร์ Cleanser นั่นมีอยู่ตลอดทั้งตามเว็บไซด์และร้านค้า ดังนั้นควรตรวจสอบและเปรียบเทียบราคาก่อนทุกครั้งเพื่อให้การซื้อผลิตภัณฑ์เป็นไปได้อย่างคุ้มค่าที่สุด 8. อ่านรีวิวก่อนการตัดสินใจ การอ่านรีวิวก่อนการตัดสินใจซื้อก็ช่วยได้มากทีเดียว เพราะนอกจากจะช่วยย่นระยะเวลาในการเลือกซื้อแล้ว ยังทำให้ได้มุมมองใหม่ๆ และกลเม็ดเคล็ดลับในการใช้คลีนซิ่ง Cleansing หรือ คลีนเซอร์ Cleanser ที่เรายังไม่รู้อีกด้วย 9. ศึกษาวิธีการใช้ ด้วยความหลากหลายของคลีนซิ่ง Cleansing หรือ คลีนเซอร์ Cleanser ทำให้มีวีธีการใช้ที่อาจจะแตกต่างกันไปของแต่ละผลิตภัณฑ์ เราจึงควรอ่านและศึกษาวิธีการใช้จากฉลากหรือสอบถามผู้ขายอย่างละเอียดทุกครั้งเมื่อทำการตัดสินใจซื้อสินค้า 10. ควรหลีกเลี่ยงสารกันเสียชนิดพาราเบน เนื่องจากปัจจุบันมีงานวิจัยว่าสารพาราเบนอาจจะทำให้เกิดสารก่อมะเร็งในร่างกายของผู้ใช้ได้ ดังนั้นจนกว่าจะมีผลงานวิจัยอะไรมาค้าน เราจึงควรหลีกเลี่ยงผลิตภัณฑ์ทำความสะอาดผิวหน้า คลีนซิ่ง Cleansing หรือ คลีนเซอร์ Cleanser ที่ประกอบด้วยพาราเบนซึ่งเป็นสารกันเสีย

หลักการเลือกผลิตภัณฑ์ทำความสะอาดผิวหน้า คลีนซิ่ง Cleansing หรือ คลีนเซอร์ Cleanser นั้นอาจจะมีมากไปซักหน่อย เพราะผิวหน้าของเราเป็นจุดที่บอบบาง เราจึงควรจะต้องคัดเลือกผลิตภัณฑ์ที่จะใช้บนผิวหน้าอย่างละเอียด เรามาดูกันว่า10 ผลิตภัณฑ์ทำความสะอาดผิวหน้าที่ดีที่สุดในปี 2020 นั้นมีอะไรให้เราเลือกสรรบ้าง

คลีนซิ่ง Senka Perfect Water Cleansing

คลีนซิ่งที่เป็นสูตรน้ำ มีประสิทธิภาพในการทำความสะอาดเครื่องสำอางค์ได้อย่างสะอาดหมดจด และกำจัดสิ่งสกปรกออกไปได้อย่างมีประสิทธิภาพ ชะล้างความมันส่วนเกินที่อุดตันในรูขุมขน ทำให้ผิวสะอาดสดชื่น คงความชุ่มชื้นเอาไว้ให้ผิวด้วย ดับเบิ้ล ไฮยาลูรอนิค แอซิด และ ไวท์โคคูน

Website: www.konvy.com

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คลีนซิ่ง Faith in Face Truly Waterly Cleansing Water

คลีนซิ่งแบบน้ำสูตรอ่อนโยนต่อผิว เหมาะกับทุกสภาพผิว ไม่ว่าจะเป็นผิวที่แพ้ง่ายหรือเป็นสิวก็สามารถใช้ได้ เพราะปราศจากแอลกอฮอล์ พาราเบน สี น้ำหอมและน้ำมันแร่ อีกทั้งยังประกอบด้วยสารที่บำรุงผิวสกัดจากธรรมชาติอีก 14 ชนิด โดยผ่านการทดสอบจาก Hypoallergenic และ Dermatologically Tested

Website: shopee.co.th

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คลีนซิ่ง NIVEA White Oil Control Make up Clear Micellar Water

ผลิตภัณฑ์ที่นำเอาพลังอนุภาพของไมเซล่า ออกซิเจนบูสท์ เข้ามาใช้งาน ให้เนื้อของผลิตภัณฑ์สามารถทำความสะอาดลงลึกถึงชั้นผิว จับเมคอัพที่ติดคงทนและเอาออกมาจากผิวหน้าได้อย่างง่ายดาย พร้อมเติมออกซิเจนเข้าสู่ผิวให้ผิวสวยและสดชื่น ขจัดความมันและเซลล์ผิวที่ตายแล้ว พร้อมด้วยคุณประโยชน์จาก Acerola Cherry ที่เต็มไปด้วยวิตามินซี แต่มีค่า pH เท่าน้ำเปล่า ไม่ระคายเคือง

Website: www.watsons.co.th

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คลีนซิ่ง Bifesta Cleansing Water Sebum

คลีนซิ่งรูปแบบโลชั่นสูตรน้ำ เหมาะสำหรับทั้งผิวผสมและผิวมัน มีประสิทธิภาพในการทำความสะอาดเครื่องสำอางค์และความมัน สิ่งสกปรกออกจากผิวหน้าอย่างหมดจด โดยไม่เหนอะหนะผิว ทำใหผิวสบายและสดชื่น ให้ผิวได้หายใจอีกครั้ง อีกทั้งยังช่วยกระชับรูขุมขนอีกด้วย Website: www.konvy.com

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คลีนซิ่ง Collection Makeup Remover Cleansing Water

เมคอัพรีมูฟเวอร์ หรือคลีนเซอร์สูตรน้ำที่จะช่วยทำความสะอาดเครื่องสำอางค์บนใบหน้าได้อย่างมีประสิทธิภาพ รวมถึงผิวบริเวณริมฝีปากและผิวรอบดวงตา ได้อย่าอ่อนโยนไม่ระคายเคือง และไม่จำเป็นต้องใช้น้ำล้างซ้ำ โดยน้ำเป็นสูตรไมเซลล่า ประกอบด้วยสารบำรุง กรดอะมิโน 11 ชนิดและวิตามินอี ไม่มีแอลกอฮอล์ฉละน้ำหอม พร้อมด้วยค่า PH ที่เป็นกลาง

Website: shopee.co.th

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คลีนซิ่ง Bioderma Sensibio H2O Solution Micellaire

ผลิตภัณฑ์ทำความสะอาดสิ่งสกปรกและเครื่องสำอางค์สำหรับผิวบอบบางแพ้ง่ายตัวดังจากฝรั่งเศส โดดเด่นด้วยเทคโนโลยี Micellar Water ที่เป็นตัวช่วยในการขจัดสิ่งสกปรกหมดจดทั้งเมคอัพและสิ่งสกปรก โดยไม่ต้องล้างน้ำซ้ำ มีความเป็นกรดอ่อนๆ ทำให้ผิวไม่เสียความเป็นกรดด่างตามธรรมชาติ อ่อนโยนกับดวงตาและเติมความชุ่มชื่นให้กับใบหน้า ปราศจากน้ำหอม สารกันเสียพาราเบน และแอลกอฮอล์

Website: www.konvy.com

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คลีนซิ่ง Purevivi Cleansing Lotion Sensitive Skins

ผลิตภัณฑ์ทำความสะอาดสิ่งสกปรกและเครื่องสำอางค์ที่จะทำให้ผิวหน้าของคุณสะอาดและไม่มีสิ่งสกปรกตกค้าง เหมาะกับผิวที่บอบบางแพ้ง่ายเพราะมีความอ่อนโยน ปราศจาก น้ำหอม,สารแต่งสี,พาราเบน,แอลกอฮอลล์ และ น้ำมันซึมซาบเร็ว มีสารสกัดจากผลไม้นานาชนิดไม่ว่าจะเป็น ส้ม แอปเปิ้ลและมะนาวเป็นต้น จึงมีส่วนช่วยทำให้ผิวดูขาวและกระจ่างใส และเพิ่มความชุ่มชื่นด้วย ว่านหางจระเข้และไฮยารูรอน

Website: shopee.co.th

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คลีนซิ่ง Dove Wipe-off Cleansing Cleansing Micellar Water

คลีนซิ่งสูตรน้ำที่จะช่วยทำความสะอาดเครื่องสำอางค์และสิ่งสกปรกบนผิวหน้าได้อย่างลึกล้ำ โดยใช้เทคโนโลยีล่าสุดของทางแบรนด์อย่างทริปเปิ้ล-เพียวริฟายด์ วอเตอร์ ผสมผสานกับ Nutrium Moisture ทำให้ผิวนุ่มชุ่มชื้น อีกทั้งยังปราศจากพาราเบนและแอลกอฮอล์ ผ่านการทดสอบจากผู้เชี่ยวชาญทางด้านผิวหนังแล้วว่าอ่อนโยนและไม่ระคายเคืองผิว

Website: www.konvy.com

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คลีนซิ่ง DHC Deep Cleansing Oil

คลีนซิ่งทำความสะอาดผิวหน้าในรูปแบบของออยล์หรือน้ำมัน ที่ได้รับความนิยมจากผู้ใช้งาน โดยมีส่วนประกอบจากน้ำมันบริสุทธิ์ อ่อนโยน ช่วยกำจัดสิ่งสกปรกที่ทำร้ายผิวได้ลึกจนถึงรูขุมขน ไม่เว้นแม่กระทั่งเมคอัพกันน้ำที่คงทน อีกทั้งยังไม่ทำให้หน้ามันเพิ่มและยังลดความมันบนใบหน้าได้ดีมาก��ีกด้วย Website: www.konvy.com

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คลีนซิ่ง THREE Balancing Cleansing Oil

คลีนซิ่งทำความสะอาดผิวหน้าในรูปแบบของน้ำมันหรือคลีนซิ่งออกที่อ่อนโยนและบริสุทธิ์ ผสมพื้นฐานประกอบด้วย Extra Virgin Olive Oil 80 % อีกทั้งยังเปี่ยมไปด้วยประทิสธิภาพ มอบสัมผัสที่อ่อนโยนให้กับผิวหน้า ทำความสะอาดผลิตภัณฑ์ที่ใช้บนผิวหน้าได้หลากหลายชนิดไม่ว่าจะเป็นเมคอัพหรือครีมกันแดด มีกลิ่นอโรม่าจากที่สกัดจากเปลือกส้มและพืชธรรมชาติ ให้คุณทั้งทำความสะอาดและปรนนิบัติผิวในเวลาเดียวกัน

Website: www.lazada.co.th

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