#kigali amendment

[exhuastedpigeon]

Sometimes I think about how the hole in the ozone layer was such a huge deal when I was a kid. I remember hearing about it all the time in the 90s and early aughts, but today we don't hear much about it.

We don't hear less about it now because people don't care - we hear less about it because governments around the world stopped being cautious, decided to listen to scientists, and took collective action.

The action taken was staggering and eliminated production and consumption of the chemicals that were causing the hole. They just... eliminated them over the course of 20ish years.

It's possible to make that kind of impact, the governments of the world are just cowards and are in the pockets of big oil.

I was thinking about it today and reread a great BBC article by Kira Walker from 2022. I've linked it below and copied a part of it that ai find really interesting and important to understanding how change is possible, it just needs to be big changes without compromise.

In 1987, the Montreal Protocol was adopted to protect the ozone layer by phasing out the chemicals which deplete it. To support compliance, the treaty recognised "common but differentiated responsibilities", staggering phase-out schedules for developed and developing countries and establishing a multilateral fund to provide financial and technical assistance to help developing countries meet their obligations. During the 1990s and early-2000s, the production and consumption of CFCs was brought to a halt. By 2009, 98% of the chemicals agreed to in the treaty had been phased out. Six amendments — which the treaty allows when scientific evidence shows further action is needed — have led to ever-tightening restrictions on substances introduced to replace CFCs, such as hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) and hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs). While good for the ozone layer, these replacements turned out to be bad for the climate. The global warming potential of the most commonly used HCFC, for example, is almost 2,000 times stronger than carbon dioxide. The treaty's climate benefits have been a positive side effect. In 2010, emissions reductions due to the Montreal Protocol were between 9.7 to 12.5 gigatons of CO2 equivalent, approximately five to six times more than the target of the Kyoto Protocol, an international treaty adopted in 1997 that aimed to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. The 2016 adoption of the Kigali Amendment, which will limit the use of HFCs, will help avoid up to 0.5 C of global warming by 2100. '"You could argue [the Montreal Protocol] is a much more successful bit of climate protection legislation than any of the other [climate] agreements we've had to date," says Revell.' - What happened to the world's ozone hole? by Kira Walker

[industrialrefrigerationexperts]

Industrial Refrigeration Engineers: Ensuring Safety and Compliance in Cooling Systems

Maintaining the efficiency, safety, and compliance of a heavy-duty cooling system requires professional industrial refrigeration engineers. From food processing factories and cold storage warehouses to pharmaceutical facilities, reputable refrigeration companies have a team of engineers ensuring refrigeration systems meet regulatory standards. The engineers can handle the most complex nature of industrial refrigeration, preventing accidents, improving system performance, and minimizing downtime.

Expert Knowledge of Safety Standards

By understanding the responsibilities of industrial refrigeration, engineers ensure that all systems meet high standards of safety and regulations. It includes reviewing industry-required guidelines, such as the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) regulations, Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) standards, and the International Institute of Ammonia Refrigeration (IIAR) codes. These contractors are highly trained in manufacturing, installing, and maintaining systems that meet industry standards.

Regular Maintenance and Inspections

Engineers focus on routine maintenance and inspection to ensure the safe functions of industrial refrigeration. A professional industrial refrigeration contractor is responsible for managing equipment repairs and part replacements. With early detection of problems, contractors can prevent refrigeration breakdowns that lead to costly downtime or safety incidents.

Furthermore, engineers conduct routine inspections to detect major issues before they turn into serious problems.Monitoring pressure levels, detecting leaks, and assessing the integrity of valves and pipes are the main inspections that improve the functionality of refrigeration.

Energy Efficiency and Environment Compliance

Industrial refrigeration systems require energy efficiency to perform well. That’s why engineers minimize energy consumption to maintain optimal cooling performance based on energy costs and regulations. The activities are implementing energy-saving technologies, upgrading outdated equipment, and improving insulation in the system.

Modern refrigeration systems are introduced in the industries to ensure sustainable refrigerants that reduce the carbon footprint. Engineers follow environmental laws, including the phase-out of hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) under international agreements such as the Kigali Amendment. These guidelines help engineers to eliminate greenhouse gas emissions and produce eco-friendly industrial refrigeration.

By using industrial refrigeration designed by engineers, businesses can operate their cooling systems confidently. These systems are not only reliable but also meet the highest standards of safety and compliance.

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Original Source: https://bit.ly/4f3iNEF

[trendingreportz]

Refrigerant Oil Market - Forecast(2024 - 2030)

Overview

The Refrigerant Oil Market size is forecast to reach USD $1.6 billion by 2030, after growing at a CAGR of 4.3% during the forecast period 2024-2030.  Refrigerant Oil is a high-temperature formulation of a mixture of oil and additives devised for usage in cooling systems. It acts as a lubricant in refrigeration compressors, derived from both mineral and synthetic oil in order to lubricate or reduce friction of metal parts and wear on the compressor. The product flows under high pressure to turn from liquid to vapor state to generate a cooling effect due to its special characteristics such as better chemical and thermal stability, low contamination, low pour point, high dielectric strength and viscosity. Global environmental regulations, such as the Montreal Protocol and subsequent amendments like the Kigali Amendment, are driving the phase-out of high-GWP refrigerants like hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs). This shift is propelled by the need to curb greenhouse gas emissions and combat climate change. Low-GWP refrigerants, including hydrocarbons, natural refrigerants (like ammonia and CO2), and hydrofluoroolefins (HFOs), are gaining prominence due to their significantly reduced impact on global warming compared to their predecessors. The HVACR (Heating, Ventilation, Air Conditioning, and Refrigeration) sector is witnessing consistent growth globally, driven by urbanization, industrialization, and an increasing focus on indoor comfort and air quality. HVACR systems, including air conditioning units, heat pumps, and refrigeration equipment, rely on Refrigerant Oils for effective operation and lubrication of components like compressors, motors, and heat exchangers. Commercial buildings, industries, hospitals, and data centers require sophisticated HVACR systems for temperature control, preservation of goods, and maintaining optimal working environments.

Report Coverage

The report “Refrigerant Oil Market– Forecast (2024-2030)”, by IndustryARC, covers an in-depth analysis of the following segments of the Refrigerant Oil Market. By Type of Oil: Mineral Oil, Synthetic Oil and Others. By Refrigerant Type: Chlorofluorocarbon (CFC), Hydro-chlorofluorocarbon (HCFC), Hydrofluorocarbon (HFC), Ammonia, HFO, Butane and Iso Butane, Propane and Others By Application: Refrigerator & Freezer, Air conditioners, Automotive AC System, Aftermarket and Others  By Geography:  North America, South America, Europe, APAC, and RoW.

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Key Takeaways

Asia Pacific region is expected to maintain its dominance during the forecast period.

The key factor driving the growth of the global Refrigerant Oil market is the increasing consumption of frozen and packaged food products.

Refrigerant Oil exhibits high viscosity, low pour point, and is contamination-free due to which the market is expected to grow during the forecast period.

By Type of Oil - Segment Analysis

Synthetic Oil segment held a significant share in Refrigerant Oil market in 2023. This dominance is attributed to its high performance in extreme conditions, superior viscosity index, high shear stability, and enhanced chemical resistance in comparison to mineral oil. Additionally, synthetic oil lasts longer and is compatible with low GWP and modern refrigerants such as NH3, HFO, and CO2. The growth is attributed to the increasing demand for POE and PGA in ammonia and CO2 refrigeration systems. On the other hand, the mineral oil offers more benefits over the synthetic oil, which leads to its use as a thermal fluid in mechanical and industrial applications.

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By Application - Segment Analysis

Building Refrigerator & Freezer segment held a significant share in Refrigerant Oil market in 2023 growing at a CAGR of 4.5% during the forecast period. This growth is attributed to the growing demand for perishable food products due to the changing lifestyle of people in developed and developing regions and growth in trade of food products. The rising sales of refrigerators & freezers are anticipated to drive the growth of the market over the forecast period. Compressor Oil is designed to provide long service life in most compressor applications. Moreover, air conditioners segment is expected to have a significant growth during the forecast period due to installation of air conditioners in vehicles, residences, centralized systems in offices and in industries. However, consumer electronics companies plan to increase prices of refrigerators, air-conditioners, microwave ovens and washing machines due to higher component prices amid short supplies from coronavirus-hit China.

By Geography - Segment Analysis

Asia Pacific dominated the Refrigerant Oil market with a share of more than 32%, followed by North America and Europe. The increasing population in the region and the rising demand for refrigerators, freezers, air conditioners, and automobiles in the emerging markets of APAC, such as China and India, are some of the major factors projected to drive the demand for Refrigerant Oil in the region. Furthermore, the improving lifestyle, increasing employment rate, rising disposable income of the people, and mounting foreign investments in various sectors of the economy are some of the other factors that make APAC an attractive market for Refrigerant Oil manufacturers. 

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Drivers – Refrigerant Oil Market

Growing Demand for Environmentally Friendly Oils

Stringent EU Consumer and industry preferences are increasingly inclined towards sustainable and eco-friendly products. This extends to refrigeration systems where there's a growing preference for oils derived from renewable sources or with minimal environmental impact. Manufacturers are responding to this demand by developing Refrigerant Oils derived from bio-based or synthetic sources that offer lower GWP, reduced toxicity, and improved biodegradability. Many industries are incorporating sustainability into their operational strategies. This includes using Refrigerant Oils that align with their sustainability commitments and promote environmentally responsible practices.

Cold chain logistics have sparked an interest in refrigeration equipment and in turn Refrigerant Oil 

Changing food habits coupled with spending capacity have resulted in a number of licensed and franchised stores of limited services restaurants such as McDonald’s and Subway, KFC and local services and is driving demand for frozen and chilled food products. Moreover, storage of medical products (such as vaccines, other medical products, etc.) is expected to increase demand for refrigeration systems. Hence, it is expected to increase installation of refrigeration equipment in warehouses as well as in vehicles for distribution. 

Challenges – Refrigerant Oil Market 

Inadequate Source: Expert Insights & IndustryARC Analysis

Stringent regulations Various government organizations are trying to enforce amendments over the industries to reduce the use of HCFCs and CFCs in refrigeration system until 2030 by A5 countries in order to identify such refrigerants as obsolete. Thus, stringent government regulations are expected to hinder the Refrigerant Oil market. Moreover, ammonia is not compatible with copper, so it cannot be used in any system with copper pipes. Release of ammonia due to excess water within the system freezing, causes broken pipes and equipment.

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Market Landscape

Technology launches, acquisitions, and R&D activities are key strategies adopted by players in the Refrigerant Oil market. in 2023, The major players in the Refrigerant Oil market are Exxon Mobil Corporation, Shell PLC, FUCHS, Idemitsu Kosan Co. Ltd, Petronas International Limited, BP p.l.c., Sinopec Group, Johnson Controls, Japan Sun Oil Company, Ltd., Isel Inc. and Others.

Developments:

In August 2023, The Japanese lubricating oil manufacturer Sun Oil Co. launched a mineral Refrigerant Oil that works with most refrigerants. 

In September 2022, Tata Motors announced the launch of the 5W30 synthetic engine oil, which is specifically intended to enhance the performance of the BS6 diesel engines.

[environmentaltreaties]

Seventy-third session Agenda item 14 Integrated and coordinated implementation of and follow-up to the outcomes of the major United Nations conferences and summits in the economic, social and related fields Gaps in international environmental law and environment-related instruments: towards a global pact for the environment Report of the Secretary-Genera

k1803829.pdf (un.org)

Stratospheric ozone layer Gaps in international environmental law and environment-related instruments: towards a global pact for the environment. Report of the Secretary-General (UN Doc. A/73/419, 30 November 2018), paras. 30-32.

Para.30

The international legal framework for the protection of the stratospheric ozone layer consists of the Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer of 1985 (91) and the Montreal Protocol to the Vienna Convention of 1987 (92) and its subsequent amendments. The most recent amendment, adopted in Kigali in 2016, expanded the scope of the Montreal Protocol to cover the phase-down of hydrofluorocarbons, (93) which closed a gap between the climate and the ozone regimes. (94) The amendment ensures the implementation of the two regimes in a mutually supportive manner. Though the international ozone regime has been largely successful, some important substantive gaps exist. The Montreal Protocol addresses only the production and consumption of controlled substances. Some ozone -depleting substances are not controlled under the Montreal Protocol, including some short-lived chemical pollutants and nitrous oxide (N2O); some specific uses of controlled substances are not subject to any controls, such as uses in feedstock and for quarantine and pre-shipment; and the Protocol does not regulate the disposal of controlled substances that are in banks, such as insulation foams or equipment. With respect to monitoring and verification, all parties are required by the Protocol to report their production and consumption of all controlled substances on an annual basis, even if the substances have been completely phased out. While the Vienna Convention and the Montreal Protocol both provide for ongoing scientific monitoring of the ozone layer, there is no explicit requirement for periodic verification at the national level to ensure that substances that have been phased out remain so. Parties operating under paragraph 1 of Article 5, that is, developing countries that have levels of consumption below the limits defined by the Protocol and receive funding under the Multilateral Fund for the Implementation of the Montreal Protocol for the conversion of manufacturing industries that are based on the use of controlled substances, are required to destroy the replaced equipment that used the controlled substances. Countries receiving funding are also required to report additional data annually to demonstrate their compliance with their phase-out agreements. Periodic independent verification is undertaken to confirm this compliance, although in general verification ceases after a project has been completed.

The Montreal Protocol has a non-compliance procedure based on a cooperative and consultative approach to addressing cases of non-compliance. Parties are directly responsible for the enforcement of the Protocol’s restrictions on controlled substances, and report annually to the secretariat of the Montreal Protocol on their production and consumption of controlled substances and related matters. These reports inform the discussions of the Implementation Committee under the Non-Compliance Procedure for the Montreal Protocol, which reviews compliance issues and makes recommendations to the Meeting of the Parties to the Montreal Protocol with respect to decisions to be adopted. The reported data is accepted at face value; there is no mandate for the secretariat or the Implementation Committee to undertake verification of any reported data, except at the invitation of the party concerned. However, in situations where the secretariat, in reviewing the data reports, becomes aware of possible non-compliance by any party, it may request further information and, if the matter remains unresolved, refer the matter to the Implementation Committee for its consideration.

Illegal trade in ozone-depleting substances controlled under the Protocol is dealt with at the country level through a system of export and import licenses enforced by relevant national authorities. (95) The secretariat has a limited role to play by sharing data on imports and exports with concerned exporting and importing countries, respectively, and disseminating any information on illegal trade that parties may provide.96 Beyond this, there is no specific mandate for any institution of the Protocol to investigate or undertake any verification with respect to illegal trade.

Thoughts

This isn't even a "get-out" clause or clauses or clauses. As set out, there was never anything to "get-out" of. International law here / treaty regime, reminds me of a group of children with a broken toy. No one wants to admit the toy is theirs as it needs fixed and is expensive, but some kids have dirty hands as they pass it around. No one wants to take responsibility for the broken toy, and the dirty hands... well, eventually everyone has dirty hands. (taken from common law - hiding dirty hands in equity). 1) Data is taken at face value 2) Data has no obligatory fact check. 3) Secretariat can only fact check on invitation by ANOTHER State party of the treaty. 4) If breached, it is given to another committee. 5) To be "considered."

"Consider," is the worst and dirtiest term in political and legal existence.

[industryinsightsandanalysis]

Refrigerant Market: Trends, Growth Drivers, and Future Prospects

The refrigerant market, essential for cooling and refrigeration applications, is undergoing significant transformation. Refrigerants are substances used in air conditioning and refrigeration systems to absorb heat and provide cooling. The market's dynamics are influenced by technological advancements, environmental regulations, and the growing demand for energy-efficient cooling solutions. This article explores the current trends, key drivers, challenges, and future outlook of the refrigerant market.

Market Overview

The refrigerant market encompasses various types of refrigerants, including hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs), hydrocarbons (HCs), ammonia, and carbon dioxide (CO2). Each type has specific properties, applications, and environmental impacts. The market is evolving as manufacturers and consumers seek alternatives that balance performance with environmental sustainability.

Key Trends

1. Shift to Low-GWP Refrigerants: One of the most significant trends in the refrigerant market is the shift towards low-global warming potential (GWP) refrigerants. Traditional refrigerants like HFCs and HCFCs, while effective, have high GWPs and contribute to climate change. As a result, there is a growing emphasis on adopting low-GWP alternatives such as HCs, CO2, and hydrofluoroolefins (HFOs). These refrigerants offer similar performance with a reduced environmental footprint.

2. Stringent Environmental Regulations: Environmental regulations are a major driver of change in the refrigerant market. International agreements like the Montreal Protocol and its Kigali Amendment aim to phase out substances that deplete the ozone layer and have high GWPs. These regulations are prompting industries to transition to more sustainable refrigerants. For example, the European Union's F-Gas Regulation mandates a gradual reduction in the use of high-GWP refrigerants, accelerating the adoption of eco-friendly alternatives.

3. Technological Advancements: Technological advancements in refrigeration and air conditioning systems are also influencing the market. Innovations such as variable refrigerant flow (VRF) systems, inverter technology, and advanced heat exchangers enhance the efficiency and performance of cooling systems. These technologies are compatible with new-generation refrigerants, further driving their adoption.

Market Drivers

1. Growing Demand for Cooling Solutions: The global demand for cooling solutions, driven by rising temperatures, urbanization, and increasing living standards, is a significant driver of the refrigerant market. The residential, commercial, and industrial sectors all require efficient cooling and refrigeration systems, boosting the demand for refrigerants.

2. Energy Efficiency: Energy efficiency is a critical consideration in the design and operation of cooling systems. Refrigerants that enhance the energy efficiency of these systems are in high demand. Energy-efficient refrigerants not only reduce operating costs but also contribute to environmental sustainability by lowering greenhouse gas emissions.

3. Industrial and Commercial Applications: The industrial and commercial sectors, including food processing, pharmaceuticals, and data centers, rely heavily on refrigeration systems. These sectors require reliable and effective cooling solutions to maintain product quality, safety, and operational efficiency. The growing need for refrigeration in these applications is driving the demand for high-performance refrigerants.

Challenges

1. High Costs of Alternative Refrigerants: The transition to low-GWP refrigerants involves higher costs, both in terms of the refrigerants themselves and the necessary modifications to existing systems. These costs can be a barrier for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) and limit the widespread adoption of sustainable refrigerants.

2. Safety Concerns: Some low-GWP refrigerants, such as hydrocarbons and ammonia, are flammable or toxic, posing safety risks. Ensuring the safe handling, storage, and use of these refrigerants requires stringent safety measures and training, which can be challenging to implement across all sectors.

3. Infrastructure and Technology Compatibility: The existing infrastructure and cooling systems are often designed for traditional refrigerants. Transitioning to alternative refrigerants may require significant retrofitting or replacement of equipment, leading to operational disruptions and additional costs.

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Future Outlook

The future of the refrigerant market is shaped by the ongoing efforts to balance performance, environmental impact, and cost. The following trends are expected to influence the market's trajectory:

1. Innovation and Research: Continued innovation and research in refrigerant chemistry and cooling technologies will drive the development of new refrigerants with improved properties. The focus will be on creating refrigerants that offer high energy efficiency, low GWP, and safety.

2. Regulatory Support: Governments and international bodies are likely to introduce more stringent regulations and incentives to promote the adoption of eco-friendly refrigerants. Supportive policies and financial incentives can accelerate the transition to sustainable refrigerants.

3. Market Expansion in Emerging Economies: Emerging economies, particularly in Asia-Pacific and Latin America, are experiencing rapid urbanization and industrialization. The growing demand for cooling solutions in these regions presents significant opportunities for the refrigerant market. The adoption of sustainable refrigerants in these markets will be crucial for global environmental goals.

In conclusion, the refrigerant market is poised for significant growth and transformation, driven by the increasing demand for cooling solutions, technological advancements, and environmental regulations. While challenges exist, the focus on sustainability and energy efficiency presents opportunities for innovation and market expansion. As the world continues to prioritize environmental conservation, the refrigerant market will play a critical role in shaping the future of cooling and refrigeration technologies.

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[jcmarchi]

Q&A: What past environmental success can teach us about solving the climate crisis

New Post has been published on https://thedigitalinsider.com/qa-what-past-environmental-success-can-teach-us-about-solving-the-climate-crisis/

Q&A: What past environmental success can teach us about solving the climate crisis

Susan Solomon, MIT professor of Earth, atmospheric, and planetary sciences (EAPS) and of chemistry, played a critical role in understanding how a class of chemicals known as chlorofluorocarbons were creating a hole in the ozone layer. Her research was foundational to the creation of the Montreal Protocol, an international agreement established in the 1980s that phased out products releasing chlorofluorocarbons. Since then, scientists have documented signs that the ozone hole is recovering thanks to these measures.

Having witnessed this historical process first-hand, Solomon, the Lee and Geraldine Martin Professor of Environmental Studies, is aware of how people can come together to make successful environmental policy happen. Using her story, as well as other examples of success — including combating smog, getting rid of DDT, and more — Solomon draws parallels from then to now as the climate crisis comes into focus in her new book, “Solvable: How we Healed the Earth and How we can do it Again.”

Solomon took a moment to talk about why she picked the stories in her book, the students who inspired her, and why we need hope and optimism now more than ever.

Q: You have first-hand experience seeing how we’ve altered the Earth, as well as the process of creating international environmental policy. What prompted you to write a book about your experiences?

A: Lots of things, but one of the main ones is the things that I see in teaching. I have taught a class called Science, Politics and Environmental Policy for many years here at MIT. Because my emphasis is always on how we’ve actually fixed problems, students come away from that class feeling hopeful, like they really want to stay engaged with the problem.

It strikes me that students today have grown up in a very contentious and difficult era in which they feel like nothing ever gets done. But stuff does get done, even now. Looking at how we did things so far really helps you to see how we can do things in the future.

Q: In the book, you use five different stories as examples of successful environmental policy, and then end talking about how we can apply these lessons to climate change. Why did you pick these five stories?

A: I picked some of them because I’m closer to those problems in my own professional experience, like ozone depletion and smog. I did other issues partly because I wanted to show that even in the 21st century, we’ve actually got some stuff done — that’s the story of the Kigali Amendment to the Montreal Protocol, which is a binding international agreement on some greenhouse gases.

Another chapter is on DDT. One of the reasons I included that is because it had an enormous effect on the birth of the environmental movement in the United States. Plus, that story allows you to see how important the environmental groups can be.

Lead in gasoline and paint is the other one. I find it a very moving story because the idea that we were poisoning millions of children and not even realizing it is so very, very sad. But it’s so uplifting that we did figure out the problem, and it happened partly because of the civil rights movement, that made us aware that the problem was striking minority communities much more than non-minority communities.

Q: What surprised you the most during your research for the book?

A: One of the things that that I didn’t realize and should have, was the outsized role played by one single senator, Ed Muskie of Maine. He made pollution control his big issue and devoted incredible energy to it. He clearly had the passion and wanted to do it for many years, but until other factors helped him, he couldn’t. That’s where I began to understand the role of public opinion and the way in which policy is only possible when public opinion demands change.

Another thing about Muskie was the way in which his engagement with these issues demanded that science be strong. When I read what he put into congressional testimony I realized how highly he valued the science. Science alone is never enough, but it’s always necessary. Over the years, science got a lot stronger, and we developed ways of evaluating what the scientific wisdom across many different studies and many different views actually is. That’s what scientific assessment is all about, and it’s crucial to environmental progress.

Q: Throughout the book you argue that for environmental action to succeed, three things must be met which you call the three Ps: a threat much be personal, perceptible, and practical. Where did this idea come from?

A: My observations. You have to perceive the threat: In the case of the ozone hole, you could perceive it because those false-color images of the ozone loss were so easy to understand, and it was personal because few things are scarier than cancer, and a reduced ozone layer leads to too much sun, increasing skin cancers. Science plays a role in communicating what can be readily understood by the public, and that’s important to them perceiving it as a serious problem.

Nowadays, we certainly perceive the reality of climate change. We also see that it’s personal. People are dying because of heat waves in much larger numbers than they used to; there are horrible problems in the Boston area, for example, with flooding and sea level rise. People perceive the reality of the problem and they feel personally threatened.

The third P is practical: People have to believe that there are practical solutions. It’s interesting to watch how the battle for hearts and minds has shifted. There was a time when the skeptics would just attack the whole idea that the climate was changing. Eventually, they decided ‘we better accept that because people perceive it, so let’s tell them that it’s not caused by human activity.’ But it’s clear enough now that human activity does play a role. So they’ve moved on to attacking that third P, that somehow it’s not practical to have any kind of solutions. This is progress! So what about that third P?

What I tried to do in the book is to point out some of the ways in which the problem has also become eminently practical to deal with in the last 10 years, and will continue to move in that direction. We’re right on the cusp of success, and we just have to keep going. People should not give in to eco despair; that’s the worst thing you could do, because then nothing will happen. If we continue to move at the rate we have, we will certainly get to where we need to be.

Q: That ties in very nicely with my next question. The book is very optimistic; what gives you hope?

A: I’m optimistic because I’ve seen so many examples of where we have succeeded, and because I see so many signs of movement right now that are going to push us in the same direction.

If we had kept conducting business as usual as we had been in the year 2000, we’d be looking at 4 degrees of future warming. Right now, I think we’re looking at 3 degrees. I think we can get to 2 degrees. We have to really work on it, and we have to get going seriously in the next decade, but globally right now over 30 percent of our energy is from renewables. That’s fantastic! Let’s just keep going.

Q: Throughout the book, you show that environmental problems won’t be solved by individual actions alone, but requires policy and technology driving. What individual actions can people take to help push for those bigger changes?

A: A big one is choose to eat more sustainably; choose alternative transportation methods like public transportation or reducing the amount of trips that you make. Older people usually have retirement investments, you can shift them over to a social choice funds and away from index funds that end up funding companies that you might not be interested in. You can use your money to put pressure: Amazon has been under a huge amount of pressure to cut down on their plastic packaging, mainly coming from consumers. They’ve just announced they’re not going to use those plastic pillows anymore. I think you can see lots of ways in which people really do matter, and we can matter more.

Q: What do you hope people take away from the book?

A: Hope for their future and resolve to do the best they can getting engaged with it.

[smrutiiyerreportprime]

HFC Refrigerant Market: Balancing Environmental Concerns and Cooling Demands

Introduction:

Refrigerants play a vital role in cooling systems, ensuring comfortable living conditions and preserving perishable goods. Among these, Hydrofluorocarbon (HFC) refrigerants have been widely used in air conditioning, refrigeration, and heat pump applications. However, the environmental impact of HFCs has become a significant concern, prompting the industry to seek alternatives. As the world strives to strike a balance between cooling demands and environmental sustainability, the global HFC refrigerant market is expected to face challenges and opportunities.

HFC Refrigerant Market Size:

The HFC refrigerant market has witnessed substantial growth in recent years, driven by the demand for cooling solutions in residential, commercial, and industrial sectors. As of 2022, the market was valued at USD 3.60 billion, but it is projected to decline to USD 2.40 billion by 2030. This decline is forecasted at a CAGR of -5.46% during the forecast period.

HFC Refrigerant Market Challenges:

Despite its significant market size, the HFC refrigerant industry faces several critical challenges:

Environmental Impact: HFC refrigerants are known for their high global warming potential (GWP). When released into the atmosphere, HFCs contribute to climate change and the depletion of the ozone layer. As environmental awareness grows, stricter regulations on the use and production of HFCs are being imposed globally.

Phasing Out of High-GWP Refrigerants: International agreements like the Kigali Amendment to the Montreal Protocol call for the phasedown and eventual phase-out of high-GWP HFC refrigerants. This transition creates challenges for manufacturers and industries heavily reliant on HFC-based cooling systems.

Growing Demand for Alternatives: The shift towards eco-friendly and energy-efficient refrigerants, such as hydrocarbons (HCs) and hydrofluoroolefins (HFOs), has intensified, resulting in reduced demand for HFC refrigerants.

HFC Refrigerant Market Opportunities:

Despite the challenges, the HFC refrigerant market offers opportunities for growth and transformation:

Adoption of Low-GWP Refrigerants: The push to replace HFC refrigerants with low-GWP alternatives presents an opportunity for manufacturers and suppliers to invest in the development and distribution of more environmentally friendly refrigerants.

Retrofitting and Conversion: The existing installed base of HFC-based cooling systems provides an opportunity for retrofitting and conversion to low-GWP alternatives. Companies specializing in refrigerant conversion services can capitalize on this demand.

Technological Advancements: Ongoing research and development in refrigeration technology continue to lead to new, innovative, and efficient cooling solutions. Manufacturers can focus on producing advanced systems that use low-GWP refrigerants to meet evolving market demands.

HFC Refrigerant Market Growth and Drivers:

Several factors contribute to the growth and decline of the HFC refrigerant market:

Demand for Air Conditioning and Refrigeration: The rising global population, urbanization, and disposable income have led to an increased demand for air conditioning and refrigeration in residential and commercial buildings. This drives the demand for HFC refrigerants in these applications.

Stringent Environmental Regulations: Government regulations aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions have put pressure on industries to transition from high-GWP refrigerants to more environmentally friendly alternatives. This shift is a significant driver for the decline of the HFC refrigerant market.

Regional Variations: The growth and decline of the HFC refrigerant market may vary from region to region due to differences in regulatory policies, climate conditions, and industrial activities.

Technological Innovation: The adoption of advanced refrigeration and cooling technologies can impact the demand for HFC refrigerants. Companies investing in research and development can influence the market dynamics.

HFC Refrigerant Market: A Comprehensive Analysis of Key Players

The global HFC refrigerant market has witnessed significant growth in recent years, driven by the increasing demand for refrigeration and air conditioning solutions in various industries. Key players in this competitive market have been instrumental in providing high-quality, environmentally-friendly refrigerants to meet stringent regulations and consumer preferences. In this article, we explore the profiles of major players in the HFC refrigerant market, examining their historical backgrounds, growth rates, market size, and other relevant information, including actual figures of market sales revenue and Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) over the past few years.

Chemours:

Chemours, a leading chemical company, has been a key player in the HFC refrigerant market. The company's commitment to innovation and sustainability has resulted in a remarkable CAGR of 7.5% over the past five years. Chemours' market sales revenue for HFC refrigerants reached USD 2.1 billion in 2022, making it one of the largest players in the market.

Honeywell:

Honeywell, a global technology and manufacturing company, specializes in a wide range of products, including HFC refrigerants. The company's focus on research and development has contributed to a significant CAGR of 6.8%, with HFC refrigerant sales revenue standing at USD 1.9 billion in 2022.

Mexichem:

Mexichem, a chemical and petrochemical company, has a strong presence in the HFC refrigerant market. The company's commitment to product diversification and expansion has led to a notable CAGR of 6.2%, with market sales revenue of HFC refrigerants amounting to USD 1.7 billion in 2022.

Daikin:

Daikin, a Japanese multinational air conditioning manufacturer, has been actively involved in the HFC refrigerant market. The company's dedication to environmental sustainability and energy efficiency has resulted in a steady CAGR of 5.9%, with HFC refrigerant sales revenue reaching USD 1.5 billion in 2022.

Arkema:

Arkema, a global specialty chemicals company, has been a major player in the HFC refrigerant market. With a strong focus on innovation and customer-centric solutions, the company has achieved a notable CAGR of 5.5%, with sales revenue of HFC refrigerants standing at USD 1.4 billion in 2022.

Linde:

Linde, a multinational industrial gases and engineering company, has a strong presence in the HFC refrigerant market. The company's commitment to sustainability and technological advancements has contributed to a steady CAGR of 5.1%, with HFC refrigerant sales revenue amounting to USD 1.2 billion in 2022.

Navin Fluorine International:

Navin Fluorine International, an Indian chemical company, specializes in fluorine-based products, including HFC refrigerants. The company's focus on research and development has resulted in a significant CAGR of 4.8%, with market sales revenue of HFC refrigerants standing at USD 1.1 billion in 2022.

GFL:

GFL, a leading producer of fluorochemicals, has been actively contributing to the HFC refrigerant market. With a strong emphasis on sustainability and product quality, the company has achieved a steady CAGR of 4.5%, with HFC refrigerant sales revenue reaching USD 900 million in 2022.

Dongyue Group:

Dongyue Group, a Chinese chemical manufacturer, has been a prominent player in the HFC refrigerant market. The company's dedication to product diversification and expansion has led to a notable CAGR of 4.2%, with sales revenue of HFC refrigerants amounting to USD 800 million in 2022.

Zhejiang Juhua:

Zhejiang Juhua, a Chinese chemical company, has been actively involved in the HFC refrigerant market. With a focus on technological advancements and customer satisfaction, the company has achieved a steady CAGR of 3.9%, with HFC refrigerant sales revenue standing at USD 750 million in 2022.

Meilan Chemical:

Meilan Chemical, a chemical manufacturer in China, has been a major player in the HFC refrigerant market. The company's dedication to product innovation has contributed to a significant CAGR of 3.6%, with market sales revenue of HFC refrigerants amounting to USD 700 million in 2022.

Sanmei:

Sanmei, a chemical company in China, specializes in refrigerants, including HFCs. The company's focus on sustainability and product quality has resulted in a steady CAGR of 3.3%, with HFC refrigerant sales revenue reaching USD 650 million in 2022.

3F:

3F, a major producer of fluorine-based products, has been actively contributing to the HFC refrigerant market. With a strong emphasis on research and development, the company has achieved a notable CAGR of 3.0%, with sales revenue of HFC refrigerants standing at USD 620 million in 2022.

Yuean Chemical:

Yuean Chemical, a chemical manufacturer in China, has been a prominent player in the HFC refrigerant market. The company's dedication to sustainability and technological advancements has led to a significant CAGR of 2.8%, with HFC refrigerant sales revenue amounting to USD 580 million in 2022.

Ying Peng Chemical:

Ying Peng Chemical, a Chinese chemical company, has been actively involved in the HFC refrigerant market. With a focus on product diversification and expansion, the company has achieved a steady CAGR of 2.5%, with market sales revenue of HFC refrigerants reaching USD 540 million in 2022.

Conclusion:

The HFC refrigerant market faces significant challenges due to its environmental impact and the global transition towards more sustainable cooling solutions. While the market size is expected to decline during the forecast period, it presents opportunities for companies to embrace eco-friendly alternatives, invest in low-GWP refrigerant technologies, and participate in retrofitting and conversion projects.

The drive to strike a balance between cooling demands and environmental concerns calls for continued collaboration between governments, industries, and consumers. As the market evolves, the adoption of low-GWP refrigerants and advancements in cooling technologies will pave the way for a more sustainable future, ensuring comfortable living conditions while preserving the health of our planet.

[thxnews]

Global Summit: Methane Reduction Sparks Change

  A Pivotal Call to Action

In a groundbreaking move, the United States, the People’s Republic of China, and the United Arab Emirates joined forces in a Summit aimed at accelerating global efforts to combat climate change. Furthermore, the focus on methane and non-CO2 greenhouse gases is recognized as the swiftest means to curb near-term warming and achieve the crucial goal of limiting the global average temperature increase to 1.5 degrees Celsius.   Ambitious Commitments and Unprecedented Funding At the heart of the Summit, the United Arab Emirates issued a resounding call to all Paris Agreement signatories. Urging them to submit comprehensive 2035 nationally determined contributions encompassing all greenhouse gases, this bold move aligns with the G20 Leaders Statement and resonates with commitments made by the U.S. and PRC in the Sunnylands Statement Governments, philanthropies, and the private sector united to announce an extraordinary $1 billion in new grant funding for methane reduction. This groundbreaking initiative, mobilized since COP27 triples the current annual grant funding and is set to leverage billions in project investment. Additionally, governments reaffirmed their commitment to the largest-ever replenishment of the Montreal Multilateral Fund, injecting $965 million to support the Kigali Amendment implementation and energy efficiency.  

The Urgency of Non-CO2 Greenhouse Gases

Methane and other non-CO2 greenhouse gases, often overshadowed, are responsible for over 50% of current warming. Despite this, they receive less than half of the global climate attention. These potent gases, including methane, hydrofluorocarbons, nitrous oxide, and tropospheric ozone, are significantly more impactful than carbon dioxide.   Immediate Action Required To maintain the 1.5-degree goal and mitigate near-term risks, urgent action on non-CO2 greenhouse gases is imperative. They play a pivotal role in the energy transition and the fight against deforestation. While CO2 shapes our long-term climate, non-CO2 gases exert a disproportionate impact on short-term temperatures. Accelerated cuts to methane and non-CO2 gases could prevent up to 0.5 degrees of warming by 2050, offering a triple solution—advancing global climate, health, and food security objectives simultaneously.  

Major Announcements to Combat Greenhouse Gases

The Summit unveiled major announcements targeting methane, hydrofluorocarbons, and cooling. Methane, the Swift Solution: Responsible for 30% of current warming, reducing methane emissions by at least 30% by 2030, in line with the Global Methane Pledge, could cool global temperatures by over 0.2 degrees Celsius by 2050. The U.S. finalized standards for a nearly 80% reduction in methane emissions from the oil and gas sector, a move expected to prevent 1.5 gigatons of CO2 emissions over the next 15 years. Kazakhstan Joins the Pledge: Turkmenistan, Kazakhstan, Angola, Kenya, and Romania joined the Global Methane Pledge, signaling a global commitment to tackle methane emissions. Kazakhstan further announced a collaboration with the United States to develop national standards, accelerating methane mitigation. Brazil's Commitment: Brazil announced plans for guidelines on methane reduction in the oil and gas sector by the end of 2024, with regulations to be finalized by 2025. Nigeria, a Global Methane Pledge Champion, showcased projects estimated to capture over half of all gas flaring volumes.  

Addressing Hydrofluorocarbons and Cooling

The HFC Challenge: Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), used in cooling, cause hundreds to thousands of times more warming than CO2. Action to reduce HFCs and enhance cooling efficiency could mitigate 0.1 degrees of warming by 2050 and avoid up to 0.5 degrees Celsius of global temperature rise by 2100. UAE's Pledge on HFCs: The United Arab Emirates announced its intention to ratify the Kigali Amendment to the Montreal Protocol, addressing HFCs. Global Cooling Pledge: Governments welcomed the imminent launch of the Global Cooling Pledge, a landmark COP28 initiative. This initiative aims to reduce global cooling-related emissions across all sectors and substantially increase access to sustainable cooling by 2030.   Conclusion The Summit on Methane and Non-CO2 Greenhouse Gases marked a historic stride toward a sustainable future. Moreover, with ambitious commitments, unprecedented funding, and collaborative global efforts, nations have set the stage for a decisive battle against climate change. The urgent call for action resonates, reminding us emphatically that the time to act is now.   Sources: THX News & US Department of State. Read the full article

[reasonsforhope]

^^Article date: July 11, 2023

By the way, this is actually a way bigger deal than you probably think it is.

This change is following the instructions of the Kigali Amendment, which adds to the same treaty (the Montreal Protocol) that phased out different, even worse types of refrigerants in the late 80s.

That treaty has already delayed the melting of the Arctic ice by UP TO 15 YEARS

And we're making it even better.

Article date: May 24, 2023

Excerpt from this story from the Associated Press (AP):

The Environmental Protection Agency is enforcing stricter limits on hydrofluorocarbons, highly potent greenhouse gases used in refrigerators and air conditioners that contribute to global warming.

A rule announced Tuesday will impose a 40% overall reduction in HFCs starting next year, part of a global phaseout designed to slow climate change. The rule aligns with a 2020 law that calls for an 85% reduction in production and use of the climate-damaging chemicals by 2036.

Officials said refrigeration and air conditioning systems sold in the United States will emit far fewer HFCs as a result of the rule, the second step in a 15-year phasedown of the chemicals that once dominated refrigeration and cooing equipment.

Hydrofluorocarbons are highly potent greenhouse gases commonly used in refrigerators and air conditioners. HFCs produce greenhouse gases that are thousands of times more powerful than carbon dioxide. They often leak through pipes or appliances that use compressed refrigerants and are considered a major driver of global warming.

More than 130 countries, including the United States, have signed a 2016 global agreement to greatly reduce use and production of HFCs by 2036.

The Senate ratified the so-called Kigali Amendment to the 1987 Montreal Protocol on ozone pollution last year in a rare bipartisan vote. The measure requires participating nations to phase down production and use of HFCs by 85% over the next 13 years, as part of a global phaseout intended to slow climate change.

[allthebrazilianpolitics]

Brazil Ratifies Agreement to Expand Restriction on HFC Gases, which Intensify the Greenhouse Effect

Kigali amendment was passed globally in 2016 but had yet to be put into effect in the country

Last Friday (25), the enactment of the Kigali Amendment was published in the Official Gazette, a device created in 2016 with the UN (United Nations) that expands the restriction on HFC gases (hydrofluorocarbons).

These substances contribute to the greenhouse effect and are present in refrigeration devices. The country was one of the last to adopt the agreement, which has already been put into practice by more than 150 nations. The text had been ratified by Congress in 2022 but was awaiting approval from the Executive to come into force.

The amendment expands the scope of the Montreal Protocol, a 1987 treaty designed to phase out the production of CFCs (chlorofluorocarbons), responsible for the decline in ozone levels in the atmosphere. This is one of the few universally ratified agreements in history and has resulted in the progressive restoration of the ozone layer — helping to prevent global temperatures from rising by about 0.5°C.

Continue reading.

[mariacallous]

The United States has a distinct opportunity to lead the world in rapid phase-down of a major climate pollutant, hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) that pack an intensive short-term climate punch and are used widely in cooling systems such as air conditioning and refrigeration. In recent years, America has demonstrated leadership in technological development of climate-friendly alternatives and mustered broad political support to accelerate the HFC transition. This included bipartisan backing of 2020 legislation followed by overwhelming U.S. Senate support for a binding global treaty two years later.

The treaty, the Kigali Amendment to the Montreal Protocol on ozone-depleting substances, has been embraced by 150 nations—the latest extension of the most successful global environmental regime of the past half-century. Federal agencies have moved rapidly on implementation, issuing rules designed to achieve an 85% reduction in HFC production and use by the mid-2030s and launching a multi-agency task force to combat smuggling. Everything appeared to be in place for an exceptionally large global climate victory backed by a wide range of industries and governments led by the U.S.

There may, however, be one big catch. HFCs are easy to conceal in small containers, as Europe has experienced amid expanding smuggling activity. A federal court has now ruled that federal agencies lack the authority to combat smuggling by banning disposable containers for transporting coolant chemicals or deploying QR tracking codes to monitor their whereabouts.

Overshadowed by a flurry of recent high-profile Supreme Court rulings is a less salient but notable case from the D.C. Circuit of the U.S. Court of Appeals. It upholds Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) plans to address various HFC blends and allocate allowances through a cap-and-trade program in implementing the American Innovation and Manufacturing Act (AIM). But a majority opinion written by Judge Justin Walker (a Trump appointee) contends that “nowhere does the Act say anything about QR codes or refillable cylinders.” As a result, two linchpins in federal efforts to deter HFC smuggling have been removed, raising significant questions about AIM and Kigali implementation.

The Walker opinion, supported by Judge Karen LeCraft Henderson (a G.H.W. Bush appointee), focuses on the lack of specific statutory reference to the technologies in question. It views HFC regulation exclusively in domestic policy terms, making no reference to Kigali or cross-border smuggling. It defines AIM provisions that EPA “shall ensure” compliance very narrowly, describing its phase-down schedule as “a math equation, not a grant of regulatory power.”

In a partial dissent, Judge Nina Pillard (an Obama appointee), offers a profoundly different view. She characterizes the cannister and code provisions as examples of appropriate agency interpretation of statute. Pillard reviews Kigali and cross-border trade in cooling chemicals as well as EPAs lengthy history in setting container and labeling requirements for such substances as pesticides and biofuels. The majority opinion “will hamstring EPA’s efforts to combat illicit trade in HFCs,” she writes, “making it less likely that the United States accomplishes the HFC reductions Congress mandated.”

This case did not rise to “major question” status, but nonetheless demonstrates the far-reaching capacity of federal courts to block agency interpretation of statutes. The rejected provisions could possibly be restored through separate rules under development, although that would likely face further judicial scrutiny. Congress also could rewrite the AIM Act to specify its views more precisely on container and code use, but legislative revision of existing environmental law has been extremely rare for decades. With a divided Congress, passing a new bill through both the House and the Senate would be challenging.

What appears more likely is that the U.S. may squander an opportunity to lead globally on reducing releases of a major climate contaminant, despite a process that navigated the political gauntlet and yielded a remarkably brief but clear piece of legislation and then broad treaty support. The European Union and other early actors are intensifying their own efforts to deter smuggling, including border seizures, customs agent scanning, and refillable container bans, sustaining early leadership while the U.S. sorts things out.

There are also potential challenges ahead for American manufacturers of HFC alternatives, including expanded competitive risks from illegally produced HFCs. Failure to establish a viable international system will have clear climate consequences in a world in which 10 new air conditioners are purchased globally every second. Full, international Kigali implementation would reduce global temperatures 0.5 degrees Celsius by the end of this century, a cornerstone in climate protection.

This case may foreshadow further judicial micro-management of agency efforts to interpret statutes, including future cases where technology is emerging to achieve significant environmental and climate gains. Like HFCs, methane is also a major short-lived climate pollutant for which the United States appears poised to accelerate mitigation. However, opportunities to take advantage of rapid technological advances to monitor releases precisely from satellites, planes, and drones or to capture gases before release could be undermined if Congress fails to specify in painstaking detail its views on the roles of such technologies in legislation.

The decision also underscores the imperative to restore the U.S. Office of Technology Assessment (OTA). As my Brookings colleague Darrell West has noted, OTAs demise in the 1990s has impaired congressional capacity to understand and address a wide range of technology-related issues. If Congress must spell out in legislation detailed rationales and instructions for federal agencies to deploy single use cannisters and QR codes for cooling sector chemicals, we may be entering a new era whereby the legislative branch will need to markedly expand its technological expertise if future legislation is to survive judicial muster and be effective. OTA restoration could begin to bolster congressional capacity to assume such responsibilities.

[abhigmi]

Centrifugal Chiller Refrigerant Market Trends, Segmentation and Registering a Strong Growth by 2032

Centrifugal Chiller Refrigerant Market size is anticipated to surpass USD 8 billion by 2032, according to the latest research report by GMI Inc.

Burgeoning demand for bio-based refrigerants is projected to positively influence the industry growth. Other critical factors driving the market outlook include rising incidences of chronic diseases, which have accelerated the demand for biological products, blood samples, blood reagents, vaccinations, DNA samples, and other substances. In addition, the widespread requirement for thermal insulation is foreseen to support business expansion by 2032.

Get sample copy of this research report @ https://www.gminsights.com/request-sample/detail/5549

Stringent environment protocols to increase the need for standard refrigerants

The standard centrifugal chiller refrigerant market is estimated to amass USD 3 billion by the end of 2032. In accordance with the Kigali Amendment and the Montreal Protocol, many nations are phasing out high-GWP refrigerants including CFCs and HCFCs. This has elevated the need for low-GWP refrigerants such as HFCs and HFOs, which are standard refrigerants. Moreover, recent innovations in standard refrigerants are set to impel product adoption.

High capacity and rapid speed colling to bolster demand for multi-stage compressors

The industry size is expected to expand at 4.5% CAGR between 2023 and 2032. The progression of commercial and industrial applications that require extensive cooling and refrigeration has fueled the need for refrigerants in multi-stage compressors. To cite an instance, the CenTraVac Water-cooled chillers with Symbio Controls introduced by Trane that has a multi-stage design and allow the chiller to deliver low leaving chilled water temperatures.

Increasing demand for eco-friendly chillers to augment product use in the oil & gas industry

The centrifugal chiller refrigerant market for the oil & gas industry is likely to reach more than USD 1.5 billion in revenue by 2032, driven by the mounting demand for more environmentally friendly refrigerants in the industry as people have become more aware of climate change and focusing on the reduction of carbon emissions.

Request for customization @ https://www.gminsights.com/roc/5549

Construction of new commercial and industrial spaces to push Europe market growth

The Europe centrifugal chiller refrigerant industry is projected to witness 5.5% annual growth during 2023-2032 on account of the swift industrialization & commercialization in the region, which has, in turn, proliferated the demand for air conditioning systems to maintain the temperature in buildings. In February 2023, for instance, Atos, a French IT firm, launched its Factory of the Future project and began the construction of an Industry 4.0 plant in France.

Promising collaborations and acquisitions to emerge as a chief growth strategy

Some other companies involved in the centrifugal chiller refrigerant market are Orbia, The Chemours Company, Arkema SA, Air Liquide, Daikin Industries Ltd, SRF Ltd, and Sinochem Group. The industry’s competitive landscape will foresee a series of product range diversification and acquisition tactics by industry players. For instance, in October 2022, The Linde Group, a leading chemical firm, announced the acquisition of nexAir, a U.S.-based packaging and wielding supplies manufacturer. With this procurement, the company aims to develop its business in Tennessee and increase its production capacity.

Table of Contents (ToC) of the report:

Chapter 2   Executive Summary

2.1    Centrifugal Chiller Refrigerant market 360º synopsis, 2018 – 2032

2.1.1    Business trends

2.1.2    Refrigerant trends

2.1.3    Compressor trends

2.1.4    End User trends

2.1.5    Regional trends

Chapter 3   Centrifugal Chiller Refrigerant Industry Insights

3.1    Introduction

3.2    Impact analysis of the COVID-19 pandemic

3.3    Industry ecosystem analysis

3.4    3.4 Technology landscape

3.5    Raw material trends

3.6    Regulatory landscape

3.7    Industry best practices and key buying criteria

3.8    Impact of F-gas on chillers

3.9   Pricing analysis

3.10    Cost structure analysis

3.11    Industry impact forces

3.11.1    Growth drivers

3.11.2    The flourishing industrial and manufacturing sector

3.11.3    Increasing demand for bio-based refrigerants is likely to act as an opportunity.

3.11.4    Industry pitfalls and challenges

3.11.5    The F-gas regulation will hamper the market growth.

3.12    Innovation & sustainability

3.13    Growth potential analysis

3.14    Porter’s analysis

3.15    PESTLE analysis

3.16    COVID-19 impacts on centrifugal chiller refrigerant demand, by application.

3.17    Impact of the Russia-Ukraine war on the industry

Browse complete Table of Contents (ToC) of this research report @ https://www.gminsights.com/toc/detail/centrifugal-chiller-refrigerant-market

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[greenfutures]

This is huge: Phasing out HFCs can help knock an entire half a degree off of our projected warming.

[dragoni]

The world moves on! While ...

Trump’s own administration reported that there will be a 7 degree rise in global temperatures by 2100.

The chemicals that replaced CFCs were insanely potent greenhouse gases. Pound for pound, hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) warm the planet up to 11,700 times more than carbon dioxide. 

And ironically, as the planet heats up, the need for air conditioning will increase, resulting in more emissions tied to HFCs. To stave that off, countries proposed amending the Montreal Protocol to phase these chemicals out too. Doing so could cut global warming up to 0.4°C by 2100.

In 2016, the world agreed to the Kigali Amendment and since then, countries have been signing on. The amendment went into force last week with 65 countries ratifying it. Those ranks include industrial heavy hitters like European Union, Japan, Canada, and Australia as well as a host of developing nations, and the United Nations said it expects more to join the coming weeks. 

“Notably absent are China and the U.S., the two biggest manufacturers and users of HFCs. China is expected to sign on.”

“All the relevant constituencies want it done,” David Doniger, the senior strategic director for climate and energy at the Natural Resources Defense Council, told Earther. “The only one that doesn’t is a bunch of ideologues at [libertarian think tank] the Competitive Enterprise Institute, [and] there are ideologues in the administration who don’t like environmental regulations, who don’t like climate regulations, and who don’t like international agreements, environmental or otherwise.”

Congress could also step up its game, especially given the bipartisan agreement that phasing out HFCs is good for the planet and U.S. business interests. 

“A bipartisan group of six senators, including both Republicans from refrigerant-manufacturing powerhouse Louisiana, introduced legislation to speed up the HFC transition last year.”

If the White House fails to act, Congress, including the climate-minded Democratic majority in the House, could if not ratify the amendment, at least pass legislation that mimics it.

#AmericansLast  #MassExtinction

[environmentaltreaties]

Seminar 2 - Prep Reading - Regimes dealing with the Stratospheric Ozone Layer and Chemicals (Oct 1)

Taught by Antonio Cardesa-Salzmann

This seminar is the first of stint of sessions in which we will discuss thematic areas of global environmental governance, identifying key international treaties and other international instruments have emerged over the years. In this way, we will gain an overview of the normative and institutional features of each 'regime', assess their respective strengths and weaknesses, and evaluate their relationship with other relevant areas of international law. 

This week, we will discuss a number of so-called 'regimes' that contribute to the attainment of Sustainable Development Goal 12 (Responsible Consumption and Production). In the first part of the seminar, we will take some time to discuss the international regime that protects the stratospheric ozone layer of our planet. We will try and understand why this treaty regime is a landmark development in international law and global environmental governance. Against this background, in the second part of the seminar, we will turn our attention to another set of treaties and associated instruments that regulate hazardous substances and activities. After gaining an overview of the existing regulatory framework in this particular area of international law, we will discuss remaining normative and institutional gaps and possible ways forward.

Questions

Completion requirements

Which anthropogenic factors contribute to the depletion of the stratospheric ozone layer? How does ozone layer depletion differ from other wicked global environmental challenges, such as anthropogenic climate change?

What makes out the science-policy interface in the ozone regime? Who leads in the development and implementation of this regime: politics, or science?

How are control measures implemented? What are the key regulatory features of the ozone regime? How are the implementation costs of the control measures shared?

What makes the ozone regime a 'success story' of global governance?

What are the key regulatory approaches to the risk-management of hazardous substances and activities in international law? 

Who (which state or non-state actors) promote them?

What kind of international instruments are preferred: hard law or soft law instruments?

Are there any normative or institutional gaps in the global/regional framework of international instruments on hazardous substances and activities?

Instructions for the group exercise

Each student should read the summary for policymakers of the 2005 Joint IPCC/TEAP Report ‘Safeguarding the Ozone Layer and the Global Climate System’ ahead of the seminar in order to prepare for the group exercise. During the in-class exercise, the cohort will be divided into three groups. Each group will have to discuss what problems the introduction of hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) and perfluorocarbons (PFCs) as substitutes to ozone depleting substances poses for global efforts to combat anthropogenic climatic change. Once this underlying problem has been clarified, each group will have to discuss the extent to which the 2016 Kigali Amendment and the 2018 Quito Adjustment addresses the issues that the 2005 Joint IPCC/TEAP Report raises:

How are HFCs controlled?

How are PFCs controlled?

Groups will have to work quickly and come up with a reply to the above questions in 15 minutes. At the end, each group will convey their conclusions through a spokesperson. A debate with the entire cohort will follow. 

Required reading

Part I - The ozone regime

In this seminar, we will first discuss the ozone regime. The stratospheric ozone layer is a key component of the Earth system that protects life on our planet. It filters harmful UV radiation from the sun. In so doing, it protects plants and all the ecosystem services they provide, ranging from carbon sequestration to oxygen and food production. It also protects animal and human health, preventing serious eye and skin diseases, such as cancer. However, the interference of certain industrial substances with the stratospheric ozone layer was only detected and understood in the early 1970s. In the first part of the seminar, we will discuss how scientific knowledge triggered a process which eventually led to the adoption of the 1985 Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer, and the 1987 Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer. After discussing the main groups of substances and their respective phase-out schedules, we will assess the specific institutional design of the ozone treaties, and how this has allowed for a dynamic adaptation of treaty obligations to evolving scientific understanding of ozone depletion. 

Required reading:

F Albrecht & Ch F Parker, ‘Healing the Ozone Layer’, in M E Compton & P ‘T Hart (eds) Great Policy Successes: Or, A tale about why it’s amazing that governments get so little credit for their many everyday and extraordinary achievements as told by sympathetic observers who seek to create space for a less relentlessly negative view of our pivotal public institutions (Oxford University Press, 2019), pp. 304-322.

Gaps in international environmental law and environment-related instruments: towards a global pact for the environment. Report of the Secretary-General (UN Doc. A/73/419, 30 November 2018), paras. 30-32.

Required reading for the Group exercise:

IPCC/TEAP – Bert Metz, Lambert Kuijpers, Susan Solomon, Stephen O. Andersen, Ogunlade Davidson, José Pons, David de Jager, Tahl Kestin, Martin Manning, and Leo Meyer (Eds), Safeguarding the Ozone Layer and the Global Climate System (Cambridge University Press, 2005), 478 pp. Read only the Summary for Policymakers, available here.

For reference:

Handbook for the Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer (12th edition, 2019). Available here.

Handbook for the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer (14th edition, 2020). Available here.

Part II - Chemicals (Hazardous Substances and Activities)

In the second part of the seminar, we will turn our attention to a series of global and regional instruments (international treaties as well as non-legally binding instruments) that promote common approaches to the management of risks associated to hazardous chemicals and activities. We will review the key instruments in this field, the main regulatory approaches that they promote, as well as the political processes and the key actors that led to their enactment. In this way, we will gain an overview of the global and regional frameworks that contribute towards the attainment of SDG 12 (Responsible Consumption and Production). Against this backdrop, we will discuss remaining normative and institutional gaps in this particular area of international law.

Required reading

D A Wirth & N M Sachs, 'Hazardous Substances and Activities' in: L Rajamani & J Peel (eds), The Oxford Handbook of International Environmental Law (2nd ed., Oxford University Press, 2021), pp. 574-592.

Gaps in international environmental law and environment-related instruments: towards a global pact for the environment. Report of the Secretary-General (UN Doc. A/73/419, 30 November 2018), paras. 62-70.

For reference

Basel Convention on the Transboundary Movement of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal (22 March 1989) 1673 UNTS 57.

Rotterdam Convention on the Prior Informed Consent Procedure for Certain Hazardous Chemicals and Pesticides in International Trade (10 September 1998) 2244 UNTS 337.

Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (23 May 2001) 2256 UNTS 119.

Minamata Convention on Mercury (10 October 2013) 3202 UNTS 1.

Further reading

Completion requirements

Statospheric ozone layer

De Búrca G, Keohane RO and Sabel C, “Global Experimentalist Governance” (2014) 44 British Journal of Political Science 477

O Yoshida, The International Legal Régime for the Protection of the Stratospheric Ozone Layer (2nd edn, Brill 2018).

R E Benedick, Ozone Diplomacy. New Directions in Safeguarding the Planet (2nd enlarged edn, Harvard UP, 1998).

M K Tolba, Global Environmental Diplomacy. Negotiating Environmental Agreements for the World 1973-1992 (MIT Press, 1998).

J Brunnee, Acid Rain and Ozone Layer Depletion. International Law and Regulation (Transnational Publishers, 1988).

Hazardous wastes

K Kummer, International Management of Hazardous Wastes: The Basel Convention and Related Legal Rules (2nd ed, OUP 1999).

Mercury

Henrik Selin, ‘Global Environmental Law and Treaty-Making on Hazardous Substances: The Minamata Convention and Mercury Abatement’ (2014) 14 Global Environmental Politics 1

Hazardous Chemicals and Pesticides

TL McDorman, ‘The Rotterdam Convention on the Prior Informed Consent Procedure for Certain Hazardous Chemicals and Pesticides in International Trade: Some Legal Notes’ (2004) 13 RECIEL 187.

C Redgwell, ‘Regulating Trade in Dangerous Substances: Prior Informed Consent under the 1998 Rotterdam Convention’ in A Kiss, D Shelton and K Ishibashi (eds), Economic Globalization and Compliance with International Environmental Agreements (Kluwer Law International 2003).

K Kummer, ‘Prior Informed Consent for Chemicals in International Trade: The 1998 Rotterdam Convention’ (1999) 8 RECIEL 323.

Persistent Organic Pollutants

MA Olsen, Analysis of the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (Oceana 2003).

C Vanden Bilcke, ‘The Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants’ (2002) 11 RECIEL 328.

PL Lallas, ‘The Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants’ (2001) 95 American Journal of International Law 692.