#ion’s translocation

[cosmicportal]

Bacterial flagellar motor

The bacterial flagellar motor (BFM) is a rotary molecular motor embedded in the cell membrane of numerous bacteria. It turns a flagellum which acts as a propeller, enabling bacterial motility and chemotaxis. The BFM is rotated by stator units, inner membrane protein complexes that stochastically associate to and dissociate from individual motors at a rate which depends on the mechanical and electrochemical environment. Stator units consume the ion motive force (IMF), the electrochemical gradient across the inner membrane that results from cellular respiration, converting the electrochemical energy of translocated ions into mechanical energy, imparted to the rotor. 

[rnomics]

IJMS, Vol. 25, Pages 5507: Long Noncoding #RNA MALAT1: Salt-Sensitive Hypertension

Hypertension stands as the leading global cause of mortality, affecting one billion individuals and serving as a crucial risk indicator for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Elevated salt intake triggers inflammation and hypertension by activating antigen-presenting cells (APCs). We found that one of the primary reasons behind this pro-inflammatory response is the epithelial sodium channel (ENaC), responsible for transporting sodium ions into APCs and the activation of NADPH oxidase, leading to increased oxidative stress. Oxidative stress increases lipid peroxidation and the formation of pro-inflammatory isolevuglandins (IsoLG). Long noncoding #RNAs (l#ncRNAs) play a crucial role in regulating gene expression, and MALAT1, broadly expressed across cell types, including blood vessels and inflammatory cells, is also associated with inflammation regulation. In hypertension, the decreased transcriptional activity of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2 or Nfe2l2) correlates with heightened oxidative stress in APCs and impaired control of various antioxidant genes. Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1), an intracellular inhibitor of Nrf2, exhibits elevated levels of hypertension. Sodium, through an increase in Sp1 transcription factor binding at its promoter, upregulates MALAT1 expression. Silencing MALAT1 inhibits sodium-induced Keap1 upregulation, facilitating the nuclear translocation of Nrf2 and subsequent antioxidant gene transcription. Thus, MALAT1, acting via the Keap1-Nrf2 pathway, modulates antioxidant defense in hypertension. This review explores the potential role of the l#ncRNA MALAT1 in controlling the Keap1-Nrf2-antioxidant defense pathway in salt-induced hypertension. The inhibition of MALAT1 holds therapeutic potential for the progression of salt-induced hypertension and cardiovascular disease (CVD). https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/25/10/5507?utm_source=dlvr.it&utm_medium=tumblr

[ez-ra-zed]

my tinnitus gets worse as a karmic price. i pay it through meditation

I meditate to the tinnitus and the static, combine them into one until it turns into vibrations in my body. This is the vibration stage of astral projection. It's easier for people like us with HPPD, VSS. I named it Phaisthesia on my own years ago, I dont particularly care for the term Phaisthesia but it's better than HPPD or VSS

"Visual snow is to the visual system as tinnitus is to the auditory system," I learned this in middle school or freshman year of highschool. I also spiritualized it while learning it was related to thalamocortical dysrhythmia, and sensory gating - we are paying attention to sub threshold physiological stimuli, that would normally be filtered out by the brain to prevent sensory overload. We see white blood cells traveling through the capillaries of the retina without a microscope, we hear electricity not everybody does. We read animal body language easier than most, we control our hallucinations sometimes but we also let them control us. And we practice sensory imposition to lucid dream while awake

We? The scattered few, the last of us

While the microbiota from their guts thrown into dysbiosis from the Western Style Diet translocate to their brain, where the biofilm learns how to interact with ion channels and influences host behavior of humanity like zombies

I saw my families faces staring back at me with mold, their faces caved in while dissociating, manic and delirious from sleep deprivation. I see them as they are, as monsters, and I still have to live with them and treat them as kindly as I possibly can

I prefer to just say "the static"

[wisdomrays]

TAFAKKUR: Part 288

WHEN A FINGER MOVES

The moment I want to move my finger, a large number of neurons in my brain start sending each other small electrical impulses. These impulses travel from my brain to the rest of my body through the medulla oblongata and the spinal cord. They are then delivered to my arm, which forms only one part of my peripheral nervous system. When these small electrical impulses reach my finger, they cause the muscle cells there to contract and thereby enable my finger to move.

At the same time as these events are happening almost simultaneously, information from my eyes and my finger is being sent to the brain so that my finger will move in the way I expect it to. For example, if the path of my finger’s movement is somehow blocked, my brain can redirect it.

However, the event described above is not that simple. Starting from the neurons and continuing until we reach the muscles, every element that acts during this process displays extraordinarily complex alterations at both cellular and molecular levels.

Consider muscle cells, since they are moderately well understood. Upon arriving at the muscle cell, the electrical impulse causes the voltage-sensitive calcium channels in specific compartments within the cell to open and release calcium into the cell. You might remember from high school biology that muscle contraction is the result of two proteins (myosin and actin) sliding over each other. Normally, actins are masked by proteins known as tropomyosin. During the waiting period, therefore, the interaction between myosin and actin, which leads to contraction, cannot occur. This is why the muscle cell releases calcium, for when calcium is free in the cell, it binds to tropomyosin and enables it to move. As a result, actin is free to interact with myosin.1

After that, millions of molecules containing energy, known as ATP, bind to millions of myosin proteins, and the muscle contracts. When the contraction ends, the freed-up calcium is stored once again in specific compartments. When calcium is not present, tropomyosins again mask the actin proteins, and millions of muscle cells revert to their initial position, ready to respond to another contraction.

I realize that all of this is hard for the average reader to understand. However, the events that take place are even more complicated.

Expressions like “ATP binds to myosin” and “calcium is stored in compartments” are, in fact, simplified ways of explaining a highly complex event. Since there is a reason for everything, our cells should contain something that is performing these functions and carrying out such events. If we expand this problem to its limits, we will have to understand that each cell contains a large set of rapid and specific chemical reactions that occur constantly and yet do not interfere with one another. Based on current scientific knowledge, we can say that enzymes conduct almost all reactions in a cell, and that DNA has all the necessary information to produce enzymes. Enzymes are protein molecules that speed up and regulate all of the reactions that take place in a cell. If there were no enzymes, the reaction that a cell carries out in seconds could only be completed in thousands of years, and consequently, life as we know it would not exist. Life requires that the correct enzyme be found in the correct place and at the correct concentration.

Based on this, let’s revisit the above example. When the electric impulse reaches the muscle cell and calcium ions are released, this and every external and internal signal is conveyed to the DNA through a mechanism that we are just beginning to appreciate: signal transduction. Later, RNA is produced in those regions of the DNA that are responsible for producing the enzymes that enable the cell to give the appropriate answer (RNA helps DNA to produce enzymes). The synthesis of the enzyme is regulated at various checkpoints, such as during RNA production or RNA translocation out of the nucleus by other enzymes.2 ATPase, one of the many enzymes produced, makes it possible to use ATP, while another enzyme makes sure that the ATPases are in the correct location in the cell. Meanwhile, in order to sustain life, thousands of other enzymes conduct various reactions at the correct time and place. Therefore, when I move my finger, the number of active elements increases enormously.

Let’s look at the finer points of the cell. Using a simple calculation, in which each number is much smaller than the actual number used, if we assume that one million cells perform some kind of action from the reception of the first impulse in the brain until the time the muscle contracts, and if we calculate that one thousand reactions occur in each of these cells, this means that one billion reactions are performed for the simple action of moving a finger. One billion reactions, in just one second. And at the same time, my heart is beating, new blood cells are being produced, my eyes are sending visual information to my brain, my kidneys are filtering my blood, my lungs are exchanging old air with new, fresh air, my digestive system is supplying the necessary nutrients to my blood stream, and much, much more. Moreover, all of these are continually taking place. The fact that all of these actions are occurring, again based on a very rough and simple calculation, means that maybe one trillion reactions are occurring every second. As a result, a person might feel that it is quite possible, at any instant, for this perfect machine-the human body-to fall apart.

Realizing this, one might actually find it hard to believe that he or she is really alive. For example, I would never believe that such a machine would work if I did not have the empirical knowledge that it does work. How, for example, can I believe that I can produce one trillion reactions every moment and never confuse one with another, that it takes one billion reactions to move my finger, and that one trillion gears are working by themselves without making any mistakes?

With this idea in mind, I see the following lines in Epitomes of Light: “Also, since a building that contains every kind of artwork and riches cannot exist without having been built by someone, the existence of this universe is intimately connected with the existence of the Builder. If someone thinks carefully, it is impossible to accept one without the other.”3 Upon reading these words, I start to realize that all of these gears are not working by themselves, but rather that every second all of the trillion gears are being regulated by the One for whom nothing is difficult.

Suddenly, I remember that whenever the names of God are recited, I hear the name al-Hayy right next to al-Qayyum: God is He besides Whom there is no god; He is al-Hayy (the Ever-Living), al-Qayyum (the One Who sustains and protects all that exists) (Qur’an 2:255). Putting al-Qayyum next to “life” indicates, at least to me, that every living being is kept alive at each instant by al-Qayyum. If His control over each person’s existence were to be lost for even one second, one trillion gears would become irreversibly mixed up and the body would fall apart instantly. While thanking God for all that He has given me, I realize that I cannot thank Him enough for even one gear.

[crosssheep63]

Do Collagen Beverages Function? A Skin Doctor And Nutritionist Evaluate In.

Collagen

Content

Best Examined Products.

Cardio Minimizes Body Fat.

Select Items.

18rik Peptide.

In order to establish which enteral feed is ideal fit to a client; the dietitian will certainly embark on a strenuous assessment of dietary status and also current professional condition. The prescription of the feed is tailored to fulfill specific demands based on an individuals' details nutritional requirements and also the objectives of the treatment. Pertinent medical details must be sent out with the demand, consisting of medical sign for screening, appropriate signs and symptoms as well as previous case history. NT-proBNP is launched right into the flow in equivalent total up to the energetic hormone yet is dramatically much more stable as well as thus develops a good marker of BNP outcome. In cardiac arrest the heart can not pump highly sufficient for the body's demands, the heart wall surfaces are stretched and fluid begins to collect triggering back stress and thus a lot more BNP to be released. In people there are ~ 90 genes encoding neuropeptide forerunners, which are refined to ~ 100 bioactive neuropeptides. Neuropeptides often co-exist with various other natural chemicals in defined cell populations, however are contained in separate storage blisters.

Does LGD 4033 cause gyno?

Gyno: in some cases individuals have experienced gyno (tissue growth under the nipple) when using higher doses and not following appropriate pct. This should be monitored when using lgd-4033 if it is a concern, and the correct pct should be used.

As expected, the distinctions in proteolytic activities and protein hydrolysis patterns are a lot more visible when contrasting various Lactobacillus species. A similar monitoring was made when comparing 14 pressures of Pound. It is currently recognized that diet regimen plays a key function in the upkeep of our wellness status. Listed below, a few of the technological, regulatory, as well as business challenges to bring AMP-based medicines right into the medical advancement are highlighted. Other than straight management of AMPs, there are a number of efforts ongoing to make use of agents to raise the endogenous production of AMPs by the body in order to boost the natural immune reactions and thereby battle infections.

Best Assessed Items.

If not able to send example quickly, freeze at -20 ° C as well as send out at ambient temperature level in the message. For long-lasting storage space (e.g. to batch samples), we advise freezing at -80 ° C.

This will take about 1 day, depending upon example focus. These initial data will permit us to review the moment and the speculative problems (i.e. sort of identified cores, optimum healthy protein, barrier focus and pH) needed to obtain a high resolution architectural determination on the user's protein. There were no distinctions in pain or practical scores across the trial, yet there were distinctions at some time points which favoured the collagen group when feature was measured in a 2nd way.

Cardio Decreases Body Fat.

You can consider it as the glue that holds all these points together. In fact, words collagen originates from the Greek word "kólla," which indicates glue. Mix 1-2 scoops into a huge cup of water, tea, coffee or juice or contribute to foods such as porridge, soups as well as smoothies. When a peptide includes an interior proline, solid ion series as a result of inner cleavage are observed, extending from the proline in the direction of the C terminus. The first NMR experiments acquired will explore the state of the healthy protein and also it's suitability for further study at the picked NMR healthy protein focus, getting 1D 1H and/or 2D 15N HSQC spectra.

The carboxylic group loses the oxygen as well as hydrogen while the thiol team loses its hydrogen and a thioester bond is developed. Based on the stereochemistry of the anomeric carbon or its positioning in space, a glycosidic bond can either be an alpha-bond or a beta-bond. In an O-glycosidic link, the carbonyl group of carbohydrates responds with the hydroxyl team of an additional compound.

Peptides Products from pharmagrade.store .

This results in a substance in which the sugar or carb deposit is connected to the oxygen of the various other compound, hence the name O-glycosidic bond. For arbitrary non-fasting pee collections, outcomes are strongly correlated with mixed meal C-peptide, with high level of sensitivity as well as specificity for identifying clinically pertinent limits. Stable for 3 days in Boric acid containers at ambient temperature level.

In order to get to the cytoplasmic membrane of Gram-negative germs, AMPs have to initially translocate through the external membrane. This model suggests that, as a result of better affinity for the LPS, AMPs displace the divalent cations as well as bind to the LPS. By being cumbersome, the AMPs after that create short-term fractures as well as permeabilize the outer membrane layer, therefore permitting flow of the peptide itself across the membrane.

" I am exploring my lawful alternatives, in terms of where I stand and what I can do.

Liable sports nourishment suppliers and also merchants ensure their products are really plainly identified as well as adhere to EU legislation.

" These firms need to be frightened to put things like ostarine right into their items", he says.

Practically all performance-enhancing materials that are prohibited by organisations like WADA and also the IOC are additionally prohibited offer for sale in the European Union.

' Every little thing from the composition, classifying to the marketing and advertising has to follow the EU legislations established to secure consumers.

That could cost me a great deal of cash and also I'm unsure I can manage to do that.

Neuropeptides are held within large dense-core blisters throughout the cell body, whereas neurotransmitters are included in small blisters located at synapses. The Open College is included by Royal Charter, an exempt charity in England & Wales and a charity signed up in Scotland. The Open College is authorized and managed by the Financial Conduct Authority in relation to its additional activity of credit report broking. Not all set for University research after that surf over 900 totally free courses on OpenLearn and also sign up to our newsletterto read about new totally free programs as they are released. After a month of usage can discover nicer look of skin, nails and also hair. I do like it and also am constantly trying to add collagen to my diet currently im aging and yes I would certainly utilize this one once more.

18rik Peptide.

pharmagrade.store tb500 peptide buy online definition of the compounds in use today are of the androstenone family. There are several different classes of compounds with differing androgenic activity. Testosterone is the most popular and most widely used anabolic compound. The testosterone compound, as well as DHEA, androgene, are all classified as androgens and have androgenic activity. A number of compounds with known androgenic properties are being investigated for their ability to treat male impotency. Various combinations of androgens and estrogens have shown to be more effective in promoting sexual performance than either compound alone.

Sarms are small, sticky white blood cells that play an important role in the immune system. They help to fight off infections by stimulating white blood cells and stimulating natural killer cells to kill infection-causing bacteria. This is perhaps why sarms are often called "ice bacteria killers".

The Sarms Scriptures.

Selective androgens, including SARMs, are a new class of compounds known as androgens. These compounds were initially discovered in the 1970s by scientists hoping to find a way to treat enlarged prostate (benign prostatic hypertrophy). They worked out how to convert the ostarine amino acid into an inactive form that was inactive in the prostate and therefore not harmful to the prostate. Since then, researchers have shown great interest in the properties of SARMs and in how they might be beneficial to men with erectile dysfunction.

Trial 4 included 29 people with light to moderate osteo arthritis of the knee. Individuals were provided either a collagen formula (Fortigel ®) or a placebo for 24 weeks. Those that obtained collagen reported a better reduction in pain. In this trial, 250 people with osteoarthritis of the knee were randomised to get either 10 g collagen hydrolysate or a sugar pill daily for six months. This trial consisted of 389 people with osteo arthritis across 20 websites in the UK, USA and also Germany.

The use of Lactobacillus stress for BAP production is a method that still struggles with restrictions. Applications of BAPs produced by Lactobacillus varieties depending on the production method.

Individuals were randomised to get either 10 g of collagen hydrolysate or sugar pill tablet computers for 24 weeks. Type II collagen revealed fewer puffy joints, joint tenderness and better stroll time in just one of the tests versus a sugar pill. 4 trials evaluated collagen against a sugar pill and one examined it against methotrexate. The trials for entailed in between 60 as well as 503 participants with rheumatoid joint inflammation.

Will rad140 show up on a drug test?

RAD140 and the majority of the identified in vitro metabolites were detected in post‐administration urine samples. For controlling the misuse of RAD140 in horses, RAD140 and its metabolite in sulfate form gave the longest detection time in hydrolysed urine and could be detected for up to 6 days post‐administration.

I can not see the distinction that closely due to the fact that no one knows your face as you do but I can absolutely see a distinction in her skin tone, specifically when she grins. So, apparently it not just offers assist with your bones and joints etc but appears to plump your skin. We advise making collagen component of your everyday routine and for the long term to see ideal outcomes.

It's such a wonderful means to obtain all the benefits across all foods and beverages! I do want it was available in larger tubs as I get through mine quite quickly considering I make use of 2-3 scoops depending on the recipes I'm making. In conclusion I can vouch for this product and also highly recommend it. With the Rite-Flex Collegen Peptides I have noticed my skin was looking better after a couple of weeks, include it to your coffee or breakfast. Ordered a tub for my wife to attempt and also she vows blind that a few of the little folds in her skin have disappeared.

Texas Sport Supplement Company Owner Pleads Guilty to Unlawful Distribution of Steroid-Like Drugs - Department of Justice

Texas Sport Supplement Company Owner Pleads Guilty to Unlawful Distribution of Steroid-Like Drugs.

Posted: Tue, 22 Dec 2020 08:00:00 GMT [source]

Some studies have suggested that autoimmune diseases like rheumatoid joint inflammation may be dealt with by taking a foreign antigen by mouth, which might wet down your body immune system's response. Taking collagen by mouth might present some chemicals that create joint inflammation into your body and also create oral resistance to these antigens, decreasing the results of inflammatory arthritis. Glycoproteins from which the sialic acid has been removed are designated by the prefix asialo-, e.g. asialo-α1-acid glycoprotein, as well as asialofetuin. Elimination of both sialic acid and galactose cause asialo-agalactoglycoproteins.

Currently, the two most commonly used compounds in use for sports are Dianabol and Prednisolone. These compounds are available over the counter and are prescribed to athletes by athletic trainers and doctors without any prescription. Anabolic steroids are banned by the Olympic Games and other major sporting associations. It is against the law for athletes to use anabolic steroids if they are participating in sanctioned sports. Therefore, it is against the rules to give an anabolic drug to an athlete without a prescription from a licensed physician.

Sheep submaxillary glycoprotein, collagen, fish antifreeze glycoproteins as well as potato lectin are O-glycoproteins (or O-glycosylproteins). collagens, fish antifreeze glycoproteins, lamb submaxillary glycoproteins], as well as those that contain oligosaccharides that cansist of repeating units of N-acetyllactosamine (e.g. band 3 of the human erythrocyte membrane layer). Optimization of production of protease by Lactobacillus plantarum SK from bekasam with reaction surface area technique.

[mcatmemoranda]

Angiotensin-II (Ang-II) and endothelin-1 (ET-1) bind to a GPCR that is coupled to a heterotrimeric Gq protein The activated Gq activates the membrane bound enzyme phospholipase C-β (PLC-β) PLC-β cleaves the membrane phospholipid phosphatidyl-inositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) IP3 and DAG are produced

IP3 receptor on the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a calcium (Ca2+)-specific ion channel. IP3 binds to IP3 receptor, which triggers the opening of the Ca2+ channel. Ca2+ stored inside the ER rushes out into the cytosol through the open channels. The increased Ca2+ signals to other proteins, participating in many cellular processes including the activation of PKC.

DAG is a lipid that remains membrane associated after it’s produced by PLC-β.

DAG helps recruit and activate a particular protein kinase, protein kinase C (PKC), which translocates from the cytosol to the plasma membrane. Activated PKC phosphorylates other proteins and alters their functional state.

[rnomics]

Biosensors, Vol. 13, Pages 662: A Ratiometric Fluorescent Probe for Hypochlorite and Lipid Droplets to Monitor Oxidative Stress

Mitochondria are valuable subcellular organelles and play crucial roles in redox signaling in living cells. Substantial evidence proved that mitochondria are one of the critical sources of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and overproduction of ROS accompanies redox imbalance and cell immunity. Among ROS, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is the foremost redox regulator, which reacts with chloride ions in the presence of myeloperoxidase (MPO) to generate another biogenic redox molecule, hypochlorous acid (HOCl). These highly reactive ROS are the primary cause of damage to DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid), #RNA (ribonucleic acid), and proteins, leading to various neuronal diseases and cell death. Cellular damage, related cell death, and oxidative stress are also associated with lysosomes which act as recycling units in the cytoplasm. Hence, simultaneous monitoring of multiple organelles using simple molecular probes is an exciting area of research that is yet to be explored. Significant evidence also suggests that oxidative stress induces the accumulation of lipid droplets in cells. Hence, monitoring redox biomolecules in mitochondria and lipid droplets in cells may give a new insight into cell damage, leading to cell death and related disease progressions. Herein, we developed simple hemicyanine-based small molecular probes with a boronic acid trigger. A fluorescent probe AB that could efficiently detect mitochondrial ROS, especially HOCl, and viscosity simultaneously. When the AB probe released phenylboronic acid after reacting with ROS, the product AB–OH exhibited ratiometric emissions depending on excitation. This AB–OH nicely translocates to lysosomes and efficiently monitors the lysosomal lipid droplets. Photoluminescence and confocal fluorescence imaging analysis suggest that AB and corresponding AB–OH molecules are potential chemical probes for studying oxidative stress. https://www.mdpi.com/2079-6374/13/6/662?utm_source=dlvr.it&utm_medium=tumblr

[ez-ra-zed]

Did I mention that When biofilm, microbiota, get into the brain because the Western Style Diet was an experiment in diet modification that causes microbial translocation from the gut to the rest of the body by weakening the intestinal barrier - these microbiota translocate to the brain-this eventually leads to Alzheimers. Amyloid beta peptides are antimicrobial and secreted in response to subclinical infections. But long before that, the biofilm interacts w/ ion channels in the brain, influencing human behavior. That plan of theirs

We start rotting alive years before we die, when our immune system stops working properly. And then they eat their way out. And this was weaponized, to modify host behavior - they don't care if people become demented because of this evil plan of theirs to modify host behavior of HUMANITY

The only real zombie apocalypse will be the mass Alzheimer's event - but they won't eat people, they'll just look like... Zombies. Horrifying

[plcautomation]

A leading supplier of Grape Special Products in Nashik, we are a company that has been in the field for over 25 years now. With years of experience, we've built our reputation around being a reliable supplier & manufacturer. This is why we work with a number of international companies which supply all sorts of products to various markets. If you are looking for a supplier who can be relied on to give only the best quality, our merchants can help you find exactly what you're looking for.

Our Quality Products

● Trio

● Max Linea Grape Special

● ENORM

● CAPLONG Plus

● Chemag Plus

● Techno

● Span  

Trio -  Trio is Gibberellins dipping media. It is added to the water in which the G.A. stock solution is mixed. Trio maximizes G.A. efficiency to get elongation of bunch steam. It also makes sub-branching of the bunch. This improves bunch shape & size. Use of Trio in all three G. A. dipping results in automatic berry thinning elongation & imparts luster on each berry.

Max Linea Grape Special - Max Linea is next generation Plant Growth Promoting formulation. Its usage is especially helpful for Berry Development in Grape cultivation for varieties such as Sonaka, Manikchaman, etc. Max Linea helps in Berry elongation but also imparts a shining & attractive color to the berry. 

ENORM - E - Norm is a Technical Sizer specially formulated to Increase berry size in grape cultivation. It also makes berries shiny & improves their color & texture. 

Dosage: use 1.5 -2 ml E-Norm per liter water along with Gibberellic Acid In 2 & 3 Dipping

CAPLONG Plus -  Capulong Plus is a specially formulated product to get elongated berry size in Grape cultivation for a variety such as Sonaka, Thompson, Manik Chaman, etc. Capulong Plus not only helps in elongation but also imparts a shining & attractive color to the berry.

Chemag Plus - Chemag Plus is a unique and researched complex that includes carbohydrates, proteins, and enzymes. It promotes natural biochemical processes in plants such as sugar formation and translocation of nutrients. This gives healthy growth to the vineyard and also protects grapes and berries from mummification.

Techno - Techno is a Technical sizer specially formulated to increase berry size in grape cultivation. It also makes berries shiny and improves their color & texture.Techno causes cell elongation, and cell division and thus increases pericarp diameter. It also develops pathogen or abiotic tolerance. Hence, Techno increases the berry size, and weight and increases the yield. Techno also prevents flower & berry dropping.

Span -  AEGIS is researched, an herbal nanotechnology-based special formulation for the treatment of various species of Xanthomonas, Pseudomonas and other bacterial infections.

AEGIS contains nano herbal particles of metallic ions embedded with the herbal extract. They interact with proteins and cause structural deformation of the cell membranes. Positive metallic ions then enter through the membrane causing inhibition of cell replication and eventual cell death.

Thus Aegis is effective on various bacterial diseases such as Bacterial leaf blight (BLB), Bacterial blight, Leaf streak, Xanthomonas canker, and Black spots.

[arrangoiz]

Thyroid Hormone Synthesis

Active transport of iodine (I-) into the thyroid follicular cells:Is mediated by the Na/I symporter (NIS)Intracellular accumulated iodide ion is then passively translocated across the apical membrane into the colloid:Via pendrin proteins and Cl channelsThe effluxed iodide ion becomes covalently attached to thyroglobulin:Mediated by thyroperoxidase (TPO)Further iodinization of tyrosine molecules…

[tovave]

Benefits of mycorrhizae to plants

Various field experiments have shown that the application of VAM fungi increase the crop yield by 6 to 18 per cent. Moreover it is beneficial to plants to many fold. 1. VAM fungi increase longevity of feeder roots, area of rhizosphere and rate of absorption of water and nutrients from soil. 2. They play a key role in selective absorption and mobilization of immobile phosphorus and other minerals (Zn, Cu, K, and S) to plants. 3. VAM fungi reduce plant response to soil stress such as salinity, toxicity associated with heavy metals and mine spoils. 4. They eliminate root pathogens by competition and antagonism, confer disease resistance to plants. 5. VAM fungi increase biomass productivity, growth and yield of crop plants. The growth responses to VA mycorrhizae are caused by the increased supply of phosphorus to the plant via external hyphae. Mycorrhizal inoculation results in increased phosphorus content of seeds and thus they have a substantial effort on germination and seedling vigour. 6. Salinity stress alleviation mechanism by mycorrhiza: They increase the uptake of limiting plant nutrients i.e., P; Improve plant K+ uptake, reduce translocation of Na under salt stress, resulting in high K:Na ratio; Modify negative influence of Na ions on plant growth; They improve photosynthetic efficiency and improve salinity tolerance.

Recent Developments in salinity stress alleviation by microbes 1. ACC deaminase: ACC- Amino cyclopropane carboxylic acid, is a precursor of ethylene, inhibitor of root growth produced by plants in salt stress. Rhizobacteria produce an enzyme, ACC deaminase, which degrade ACC and supply nitrogen and energy. Bacterial hydrolysis of ACC leads to decrease in plant ethylene level, results in increased root growth and tolerate salinity in soil. ACC deaminase producing rhizobacteria mitigate soil salinity by reducing stress ethylene levels. Inoculating ACC deminase bacteria induce longer roots, results in uptake of more water and minerals from soil. 2. Quorum sensing in bacteria: Bacteria in large numbers as a group modify their behaviour through cell to cell communication by secreting signal molecules (chemicals). Individual cells sense how many cells are there in the surrounding, whether there is enough quorum, to act as a group is called Quorum sensing. Rhizobacteria in the presence of 10 nM Homoserine lactone, a regulatory signal, increase the transpiration in plants so that they can obtain diffusion limited minerals, such as P for their growth. Rhizobacterial growth and multiplication effect plant tolerance to soil salinity through, osmoregulation and proline accumulation. 3. Proteomics: Proteomics is the study of characterization of complete set of proteins present in a cell/organism at given time under specific conditions. Proteomics is superior to Genomics. Proteins are the final products and not genes, which are responsible for phenotypic characters. Root protein exudates have a role in crosstalk as the two organisms (plants and microbes) establish known as Protein based communications. This interaction may be compatible (Lectin in legume-rhizobia symbiosis) or incompatible (Root proteins and small molecules have potential to reduce disease incidence).

[rnomics]

Genes, Vol. 13, Pages 2130: WGCNA Analysis Revealed the Hub Genes Related to Soil Cadmium Stress in Maize Kernel (Zea mays L.)

Soil contamination by heavy metals has become a prevalent topic due to their widespread release from industry, agriculture, and other human activities. Great progress has been made in elucidating the uptake and translocation of cadmium (Cd) accumulation in rice. However, there is still little known about corresponding progress in maize. In the current study, we performed a comparative #RNA-Seq-based approach to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) of maize immature kernel related to Cd stress. In total, 55, 92, 22, and 542 DEGs responsive to high cadmium concentration soil were identified between XNY22-CHS-8 vs. XNY22-YA-8, XNY22-CHS-24 vs. XNY22-YA-24, XNY27-CHS-8 vs. XNY27-YA-8, and XNY27-CHS-24 vs. XNY27-YA-24, respectively. The weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) categorized the 9599 Cd stress-responsive hub genes into 37 different gene network modules. Combining the hub genes and DEGs, we obtained 71 candidate genes. Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis of genes in the greenyellow module in XNY27-YA-24 and connectivity genes of these 71 candidate hub genes showed that the responses to metal ion, inorganic substance, abiotic stimulus, hydrogen peroxide, oxidative stress, stimulus, and other processes were enrichment. Moreover, five candidate genes that were responsive to Cd stress in maize kernel were detected. These results provided the putative key genes and pathways to response to Cd stress in maize kernel, and a useful dataset for unraveling the underlying mechanism of Cd accumulation in maize kernel. https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4425/13/11/2130?utm_source=dlvr.it&utm_medium=tumblr

[annieboltonworld]

Juniper Publishers- Open Access Journal of Environmental Sciences & Natural Resources

Role of Micro Nutrients Bio- Fortification in Agriculture: A Review

Authored by Muhammad Adnan

Abstract

Calcium, Zinc and iron are in the list of essential plant nutrients for growth and development. Bio fortification or foliar fertilization is very important strategy for crop management, which is very useful for obtaining maximum crop yield and quality. Bio fortification is used as a way of providing additional doses of macro- and micro-nutrients, stimulants, plant hormones and other favorable elements. The present review describes the role of calcium, zinc and iron in agricultural crop production and impact of bio-fortification of nutrients on crops.

Keywords: Calcium; Zinc; Iron; Bio fortification

Introduction

WHO reports describes that lack of micronutrients are major threat to world population [1]. Bio fortification word is a greek work “bios” means “life” and Latin word “fortificare” means “making strong”. It is a process of improving bioavailable in edible portions in plants [2]. Calcium (Ca) performs major roles in plant growth processes, necessary for cell walls and structure of plant, maintains the structure of plant tissues and acts as an element that maintains cells structure. Calcium deficiency stops development of new root and shoot tissue (extension and cell division). Calcium is constituent which regulates transport of nitrogen and relations with phosphorus and potassium [3]. Zinc is a micronutrient which takes part in many physiological functions, its improper supply can effect badly crop growth and yield. Zinc deficiency is major problem in all over world and it effects all type of soils including calcareous, sandy, loam and peat. Soils having high percentage of phosphorus and silicon are also expected to zinc deficiency. Deficiency of zinc can affect plants negatively by stunting growth, stop tillering process, smaller leaves and their chlorosis, extending crop maturity period, sterility of spikelet and poor quality of harvested products [4]. Iron is a major micronutrient for every living organism because it performs crucial function in metabolic processes such as composition of DNA, respiration and process of photosynthesis. Moreover, many other metabolic pathways are stimulated by iron. It is a prosthetic group constituent of many enzymes. Iron performs a primary function in numerous physiological and biochemical plant functions. It works as a component of many important enzymes such as cytochromes in electron transport chain, therefore it is necessary in many and biological tasks. Iron also takes part in chlorophyll synthesis, so it is needed for maintaining structure and function of chloroplast.

Role of Calcium in growth of crop plants

Calcium (Ca) performs major roles in plant growth processes, necessary for cell walls and structure of plant, maintains the structure of plant tissues and acts as an element that maintains cells structure. Calcium deficiency stops development of new root and shoot tissue (extension and cell division). Calcium is constituent which regulates transport of nitrogen and relations with phosphorus and potassium [3]. [5] reported that the fortification performs a fundamental role in growth of crop plants. Among all nutrients calcium is a main nutrient involved in plant growth. Plant uptake calcium as Ca2+, is necessary for plants growth and fruit development [6,7]. Calcium makes resistant the plants against diseases due to its character in cell wall [8]. Calcium performs important biochemical functions and supports many metabolic processes and also activates numerous enzymatic systems, thus takes part in proper plant development [9]. Calcium performs vital role in membrane stability and cell integrity. From the whole plant leaves have highest concentration of calcium contents, highest concentration of calcium in plant leaves may be due to the formation of calcium pectate in the middle lamella of plant cells. Calcium is weak in mobility in plants, so it is not possible to re-translocate from old shoot tissues to young tissues and its transportation from xylem to other organs that are poor in transpiration rate. Calcium is an element which takes part in transport of nitrogen and interaction with potassium and phosphorus. Abiotic stresses often lead to increase in free calcium in the cytoplasm of plant cells, which promotes to gene expression that activates biochemical functions which allow the plant to adjust adverse conditions. Thus, calcium enables the plant to incorporate adverse conditions such as high temperature, water stress, salinity and chilling injury, by taking part in regulatory mechanisms.

[10] reported that salt toxicity which contains osmotic and ionic ingredients both that can badly disturb growth of root and shoot organs. Sodium ion (Na+) uptake throughout plasma membrane is highly fast on physiologic impacts in extracellular as well as intracellular locations. Sodium restricts attachment of calcium ion (Ca2+) with plasma membrane; it stops inflow while increases outflow of calcium ion (Ca2+), and drains interior stocks of calcium ion (Ca2+) from endomembrane. These amendments are suggested in cell Ca2+ homeostasis which is primary reflexes to salt stress that are received by roots. Salt could directly shrink quantity of calcium ion (Ca2+) being shifted to leaves, when calcium ion (Ca2+) activity drops and sodium ion (Na+) activity rises in apo-plasm of plant leaf cells. This calcium ion (Ca2+) signal could be transferred to foliage if water supply signals are not proceeding. Signals through hormones are to be expected secondary in nature and can be initiated by Na+-related disorder of roots calcium ion (Ca2+) homeostasis. Amelioration impacts of supplementary calcium ion (Ca2+) on salt stress are exerted by blocking Na+-related deviations in cell calcium ion (Ca2+) homeostasis. Arshi et al. (2006) investigated the photosynthesis process, growth rate, sennoside quantity and yield parameters of senna crop plants under treatments of CaCl2, NaCl and combination of both. NaCl application causes significant reduction in stomatal conductance, pod biomass, leaf area, photosynthesis process, and percentage & yield of sennoside. On other hand positive results were found on application of CaCl2. [11] Studied the impacts of calcium on crop growth of potato. Results showed that application of calcium significantly increased tuber yield and plant height in both varieties of potato (shenkola and in gera). On other hand tuber yield and plant height was not much differ in both varieties sprayed with all levels of individual calcium chloride. Hence it is concluded that calcium chloride and calcium nitrate application at different levels affect plant growth and tuber yield of potato. [12] investigated special impacts of UV-B radiation and CaCl₂ on enrichment of carotenoid content in germinated kernels of corn. CaCl₂ treatments and UV-B radiation had positive effects on antioxidant activity and carotenoid content. Moreover, the contents of carotenoid were greater when under treatments was combination of UV-B radiation and CaCl₂. Our results explained that UV-B radiation can increase carotenoid contents and activity of antioxidant enzymes. Furthermore, CaCl₂ can also improve carotenoid contents and reduces photo oxidative injury that is caused by UV-B radiation.

Role of Zinc in growth of crop plants

Zinc is a micronutrient which takes part in many physiological functions; its improper supply can effect badly crop growth and yield. Zinc deficiency is major problem in all over world and it effects all type of soils including calcareous, sandy, loam and peat. Soils having high percentage of phosphorus and silicon are also expected to zinc deficiency. Deficiency of zinc can affect plants negatively by stunting growth, stop tillering process, smaller leaves and their chlorosis, extending crop maturity period, sterility of spikelet and poor quality of harvested products [4]. [13] conducted an experiment to investigate impacts of bio-fortification of forage sorghum with zinc under different nitrogen levels. He reported that bio-fortification of zinc and nitrogen improved height of plant, leaf area, fresh forage yield, dry matter, protein content % and zinc content of plant but decreased the acid detergent fiber, neutral detergent fiber, and ash percentage. Application of 10kg ha-1 zinc and 120kg ha-1 nitrogen showed an average increase of 7.3 and 18.6% in green fodder yield while 12.1 and 15.8% in dry matter yield, respectively. Similarly, 6.1 and 7.5% increase in crude protein was noted over control. In conclusion, Zn and N gave the best results in term of quality and yield of forage sorghum.

[14] conducted an experiment to study the effects of micronutrient such as zinc, iron, boron, manganese and. Results of their study clearly showed that use of micronutrients (copper, zinc, iron, boron and manganese etc.) significantly increased the plant growth because these micronutrients take part in important metabolic roles in plant growth and development, therefore are called an essential trace element or micronutrients. Zinc performs certain physiological functions in all living processes, like as the maintenance of structure and functions in integrity of biological membranes and assistance of protein synthesis and energy production, gene expression, enzymes structure and Kreb’s cycle, also has a progressive impact on crops yield. Therefore, zinc strongly improves soil quantitative and qualitative yield of crops.

[15] investigated that proper fertilization of crops with zinc is a major factor for maximizing quality and yield of agricultural products. Zinc is such micronutrient which essentially required for ordinary profitable growth of crop plants, and that crop also improves health of animals as well as humans that intake as a divalent cation (Zn2+) from plants. Zinc performs key role in plants metabolism. This nutrient plays a key role on many enzymes building such as: isomerase, dehydrogenases and aldolase. Zinc also helps in energy production and Kreb’s cycle. Zinc deficiency greatly reduces crop quality and yields in soil. [16] conducted an experiment in which he treated Olive trees (Olea europaea L.) with gibberellic acid and zinc sulphate. Both nutrients were applied when fruit attained 70% of their final size. They reported that fruit yield considerably increased by application of GA3 and ZnSO4 rather than without any treatment. Most effective treatment was GA3 + zinc sulphate spray at rate 0.5% & 30ppm concentration which improved yield than control and other concentrations. Thus, this treatment clearly enhanced olive fruit growth, and also enhanced fruit size and yield of every individual tree and enable for improve its economic importance.

[17] studied the consequences of Zn supply in subsoil in three varieties of Brassica napus and one variety of Brassica juncea in a pots experiment that was managed in glasshouse. The top growing portion of soil was enriched with zinc in entire treatments however zinc was applied or deleted from soil basement. Mixing zinc in basement greatly improved root length in lower zone, outstandingly reduced number of degraded and follow hollow pods per plant and considerably improved no. of productive pods/plant, seed biomass, seed ratio/pod and overall seed production. Zinc in subsoil also improved zinc quantity and zinc content in seed portion, amount of Zn uptake both by seed and foliage portion.

Role of Iron in growth of crop plants

Iron is a major micronutrient for every living organism because it performs crucial function in metabolic processes such as composition of DNA, respiration and process of photosynthesis. Moreover, many other metabolic pathways are stimulated by iron. It is a prosthetic group constituent of many enzymes. Iron performs a primary function in numerous physiological and biochemical plant functions. It works as a component of many important enzymes such as cytochromes in electron transport chain, therefore it is necessary in many and biological tasks. Iron also takes part in chlorophyll synthesis, so it is needed for maintaining structure and function of chloroplast. [18] reported that iron is compulsory element for enzymatic system which carryout oxidation reduction reactions and electron transport chain in plants, maintaining of chloroplasts structure, chlorophyll synthesize, and enzyme activation, that also regulates energy process which includes photosynthesis, respiration, reduction of nitrates and sulphates, these reactions are necessary in energy producing in plants for their development and reproduction [19].

[20] reported that different enzymes magnesium, iron and manganese are compounds in biogenesis of terpenoids. FeSO4, MgSO4 & MnSO4 were applied through spray on foliage of two levels (0.2% and 0.3%) before 30 days from harvesting on rates of terpenoids and phenolic compounds in matured mango and fruits were examined. All the different rates considerably improved lupeol in peel fruits as in comparison to control conditions and larger lupeol concentration noted in pith when fruit was treated with FeSO4 @ 0.3%. Every nutrient application @ 0.3% considerably improved total carotenoid concentration in pith. Mangiferin in pith was substantially greater in treatment of FeSO4 @0.2%, magnesium and manganese against with control condition and @ 0.3%. Accumulation of caffeic acids, gallic and ferulic in peel, chlorogenic acid in pulp and peel was maximum when fruit was treated with iron sulphates @0.2 %. [21] stated that impacts of fertilization of nitrogen and iron nutrients on growth and yield of soybean. They reported that poor seed production of soybean may result due to deficiency of iron intake and decreased biological nitrogen fixation due to higher pH and bicarbonate of soils. Starter dose of nitrogen greatly enhanced plant leaf area and biomass at flowering stage on the other hand application of iron fertilizer affect early growth parameters. Bio fortification highly increased number of pods and seed yield at final stage in both years. This research proved that application of iron and nitrogenous fertilizers positively increased yield and growth parameters of soybean crop in soil having high concentration of bicarbonates and pH. [22] studied the effects of seed priming and foliar fertilization of zinc and iron on quality and yield of forage maize. Trail was held in greenhouse and also in field during two consecutive years. Seed priming and foliar spraying was performed in six treatments. Results explained that both forms of iron fertilization greatly increased chlorophyll concentration in leaves, compared to other treatments and control conditions. In both farms of zinc increased dry biomass, height of plant, crude protein contents, total dissolve carbohydrates.

Effects of combination of nutrients on growth of crop plants

[23] studied the impacts of combination of foliar fertilization of calcium, iron and zinc sulfate on different reproductive growth parameters strawberry fruit. Results indicated that calcium, iron & zinc sulfate highly increased leaf area, dry weight, root length of strawberry plant. Foliar application of zinc sulfate at 150mg l-1, iron at 1000mgl-1 and calcium at 10mM enhanced total number of flowers, primary and secondary weight of fruit. Maximum concentration of total soluble solids, titratable acidity and ascorbic acid was achieved in fruits treated with zinc sulfate at rate of 150mg/l and minimum concentration was achieved in control condition. [24] examined the impacts of foliar fertilization of micronutrients. They reported that 0.6% Calcium improved height of plant, no. of primary and secondary branches, no. leaves/plant, leaf area per plant, and fruit per plant. All other treatments improved all growth parameters in comparison with controlled conditions. Comparing the interaction between calcium, zinc and boron showed positive results for most of all attributes. Therefore, it is recommended that bio fortification of calcium and zinc in combination through foliar spray improved growth and fruit production of tomato. [25] conducted field trail to sort out possible effects of foliar spray of nutrients with different ratio on tomato crop at vegetative growth, flowering stage and overall yield. The data was recorded of all important parameters plant height, plant girth, days to first flowering, days to mature, days to first fruiting, fruit weight, fruit biomass/plant, no. of fruits/plant, length of, diameter of fruit and yield per ha. Even though all treatments showed a positive impact on growth of plant, flowering and yield but combination of nutrients (Fe, Zn) showed most significant effects on all parameters in experiment as compared to control condition.

Effects of foliar fertilization on crops

The best technique for maximum utilization necessary plant nutrients is through foliar application to attain highest economic production. Soil application technique is very easy and cast effective but fertilizer required in larger quantity [21]. A larger quantity of fertilizer is lost through seepage in soil application technique. However foliar fertilization saves fertilizer losses which cause through seepage and this technique is also quickly available to plant. Application through soil mostly based on soil analysis but foliar technique based on plant analysis. Soil and foliar can also apply at once for better results. If the foliar technique is combined with fungicides, herbicides and insecticides yield could be improved and cast application can also reduce [26]. [27] conducted an experiment to investigate effects of different fertilization techniques on forage sorghum. They reported that foliar application is more efficient than the all other different methods of supplying nutrient to the crops. Moreover, foliar application method had positive results on no. of leaves, height of plants, fresh yield, no. of tiller, dry leaf yield, leaf area, leaf weight/stem weight ratio, dry stem biomass, total dry yield and ash percentage. Fertilization method play key role for attaining best absorption of nutrients. This study elaborated that, iron, zinc and manganese had positive effects on quality and quantity of sorghum fodder. All yield and quality parameters showed positive results by foliar biofortification of zinc plus iron. Maximum tillers were recorded by combined effects of Zinc and iron.

[28] examined impacts of bio fortification of zinc on seed biomass of rice crop. Different eight levels of zinc sulphates were used in the experiment. All were applied through foliar spray at different rice growth stages. The obtained seeds germinated to calculate effects of seed zinc on seedling growth. Foliar application of zinc greatly improved paddy zinc concentration only when applied at flowering stage and larger increase was noted at repeating application. A positive correlation is found between zinc concentration and seed germination. Therefore, zinc ratio in grains of rice could be effectively improved by bio fortification of zinc after flowering.

[29] arranged a research on calcareous soils to check the effects of micronutrient deficiency especially zinc and iron. Analysis of his study showed that a great yield losses were occurred by nutrient deficiency, mostly micronutrients on calcareous soils throughout last 10 years. Pakistan’s 90% soils are lacking in micronutrients, especially iron and zinc. This research explains that foliar fertilization technique is very effective to overcome these deficiencies in different crops. This research proved that foliar fertilization of zinc, copper and iron on cotton crop can effectively improve the seed-cotton yield. Foliar fertilization also developed the nutrient ratio in leaves as compared to soil applied fertilizers. This agronomic method increased economic yield of cotton crop and quality. [30] organized a research to check response of bio fortification through foliar spray on wheat. The experiment contained one foliar spray of nutrients at tillering, two spray at jointing and three spray at booting stage. Foliar fertilization increased all parameter clearly such as number of grains numbers, grain weight, spikes numbers, biological yield and grain yield. Maximum results of all parameters were recorded by three foliar spray of nutrients. Higher yield of grains was noted on two foliar treatments of nutrients on jointing but statistically it was similar with three foliar sprays nutrient. So it was concluded that wheat yield and yield related components could be improved by three sprays of nutrient on foliage. [31] arranged, two experiments to determine impacts of foliar fertilization of nutrients. All treatments were comprised of bio fortification of micronutrients zinc, iron and their combination. There source was zinc suphate and ferrous sulphate at ratio of 0.35%, with control and different time of treatments. First on stem elongation, 2nd on flowering and 3rd on both stages. The analysis explained that yield of flower, oil ratio, and their yield significantly improved by spray on foliage of zinc and iron as compared to no treatment. So it may be prescribed that foliar fertilization of zinc and iron can greatly improve flowering process and content of chamomile’s oil in calcareous soils.

Conclusion

It is concluded from the above review that bio fortification is the best technique to full fill the nutrient requirements of plants with immediate response. Furthermore, it saves the recourses also and improves crop production.

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