#industrial &Institutional Chemicals Market

[arizton-market-research-reports]

Industrial & Institutional Cleaning Chemicals Market to Hit $80.51 Billion by 2028

According to Arizton’s latest research report, the industrial & institutional cleaning chemicals market will grow at a CAGR of 5.62% during 2022-2028.

The global industrial and institutional cleaning chemicals market is provided for the forecast years 2023 to 2028 and a base year of 2022. The market report contains segments by product, raw materials, end-user, and geography. The report provides a holistic approach to the global industrial and institutional cleaning chemicals market, enabling customers to analyze the industry thoroughly.

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 Market Dynamics

Growing Demand for Cleanliness in the Hospitality Industry

Rise in Healthcare-Associated Infections

Growing Demand for Bio-based Products

Growth in E-commerce Platforms

The institutional & industrial cleaning chemicals market will likely witness rapid growth in the coming years. One of the key reasons is the increasing use of hygiene products after the pandemic outbreak. The rising awareness of personal hygiene and increased focus on safe work environments in various geographies has propelled the worldwide demand for cleaning chemicals, including sanitizers and disinfectants. The market is witnessing increased demand from sectors such as healthcare, hospitality, and manufacturing setups, where these products are used in operations areas, admin blocks, and several other places. The demand for hand hygiene solutions from such markets has also grown in countries such as China, Japan, and India due to booming commercial healthcare settings and a shift in consumer behavior in developing countries.

Technological Advancements Become Key Battleground for Industrial & Institutional Cleaning Chemicals Vendors

The leading vendors include 3M, Procter & Gamble, and BASF. The presence of diversified international and regional vendors characterizes the market. As international players continue to expand their footprint in the market, regional vendors will find it increasingly difficult to compete with them. The competition will be solely based on features such as quality, quantity, innovation, and price. The market competition is expected to intensify further with increased product/service extensions, innovations, and mergers and acquisitions. Arizton believes that international players can grow inorganically by acquiring regional or local players in the future.

Companies with better technical and financial resources can develop innovative products with respect to material use and ease of wearing. This could pose a threat to the products of competitors and render them non-competitive and even obsolete before the recovery of R&D and commercialization costs. Therefore, vendors must develop innovative technologies to stay abreast of advanced technologies and enjoy a competitive edge over their rivals.

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APAC Shows Strong Growth in Industrial & Institutional Cleaning Chemicals Market

North America was the largest revenue contributor to the global industrial & institutional cleaning chemicals market, accounting for a market share of 32.26% in revenue in 2022. The US holds a significant revenue share in the North American industrial & institutional cleaning chemicals market, which is attributable to the widespread usage of industrial and institutional cleaning chemicals in healthcare facilities, nursing homes, hospitals, restaurants, institutions, and hotels.

APAC accounted for 28.54% of market shares in revenue in 2022, with a CAGR of 6.08% during the forecast period. APAC was led by China, Japan, Australia, and India, which are also on their way to becoming significant industrial and institutional cleaning chemical markets. This is mainly attributed to factors such as the increasing number of infectious diseases, which increases the demand for sanitization and cleanliness, thereby favorably impacting the demand for these products.

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Key Questions Answered in the Report:

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What are the growing trends in the industrial and institutional cleaning chemicals market?

Which region holds the most significant global industrial and institutional cleaning chemicals market share?

Who are the key players in the global industrial and institutional cleaning chemicals market?

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[pearlsmith25]

Industrial and Institutional Cleaning Chemicals Market: A Deep Dive into Cleaning Industry Applications

The global Industrial and Institutional Cleaning Chemicals Market is a dynamic and ever-evolving sector that plays a pivotal role in maintaining hygiene and cleanliness across various industries and institutions. From manufacturing plants to hospitals, schools, and commercial spaces, cleaning chemicals are essential for ensuring a safe and sanitized environment. In this article, we will delve into the key factors driving the growth of this market, the challenges it faces, and its future prospects.

Market Overview

The Industrial and Institutional (I&I) cleaning chemicals market comprises a wide range of products designed for cleaning and disinfecting applications in non-residential settings. These chemicals are formulated to meet the specific cleaning needs of various industries and institutions, including healthcare, food service, manufacturing, hospitality, and education, among others.

Key Factors Driving Market Growth

Stringent Regulatory Requirements: Increasing regulatory requirements for hygiene and cleanliness in industrial and institutional settings have been a significant driver for the I&I cleaning chemicals market. Government agencies and health organizations worldwide have imposed strict guidelines and standards for cleanliness, especially in healthcare facilities and food processing plants.

Growing Awareness of Health and Hygiene: The COVID-19 pandemic has heightened awareness about the importance of cleanliness and hygiene. This has led to increased demand for disinfecting products and cleaning chemicals across various industries and institutions to reduce the risk of infection.

Advancements in Formulations: Manufacturers in the I&I cleaning chemicals market have been continuously innovating to develop more effective and environmentally friendly cleaning solutions. This includes the development of eco-friendly and sustainable cleaning chemicals that minimize environmental impact.

Increased Focus on Food Safety: The food service industry, including restaurants, hotels, and catering services, places a strong emphasis on food safety and sanitation. This has driven the demand for cleaning chemicals that can effectively eliminate bacteria and pathogens in food preparation and handling areas.

Challenges in the Market

While the I&I cleaning chemicals market is experiencing growth, it also faces several challenges:

Environmental Concerns: The use of certain chemicals in cleaning products can have adverse environmental impacts. There is increasing pressure on manufacturers to develop more sustainable and biodegradable formulations to address these concerns.

Cost and Price Volatility: The cost of raw materials for cleaning chemicals can be volatile, impacting the pricing of finished products. This can be a challenge for both manufacturers and end-users, especially during economic downturns.

Regulatory Compliance: Keeping up with evolving regulations and ensuring compliance can be challenging for manufacturers. Non-compliance can lead to fines and damage to a company's reputation.

Competition: The I&I cleaning chemicals market is highly competitive, with numerous players vying for market share. This can lead to price wars and margin pressures for manufacturers.

Future Prospects

The Industrial and Institutional Cleaning Chemicals Market is expected to continue its growth trajectory in the coming years. Several factors contribute to its promising future:

Technological Advancements: Ongoing research and development efforts are likely to result in the creation of more effective and sustainable cleaning chemicals, meeting the increasing demand for eco-friendly solutions.

Emerging Markets: As economies in Asia, Latin America, and Africa continue to develop, the demand for I&I cleaning chemicals in these regions is expected to rise significantly.

Healthcare Industry Growth: With an aging population and increasing healthcare awareness, the healthcare sector is expected to be a major driver of market growth, particularly in infection control and prevention.

Pandemic Preparedness: The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the need for robust cleaning and disinfection protocols. Institutions and industries are likely to continue investing in cleaning chemicals and sanitation measures to prepare for future health crises.

Conclusion

The Industrial and Institutional Cleaning Chemicals Market demand plays a vital role in ensuring cleanliness, hygiene, and safety in various non-residential settings. Despite challenges such as environmental concerns and regulatory compliance, the market is expected to continue its growth trajectory driven by stringent regulations, increasing awareness of health and hygiene, and technological advancements. As the world becomes more conscious of the importance of cleanliness, the demand for effective and sustainable cleaning solutions is likely to remain strong, making the I&I cleaning chemicals market an essential and thriving industry.

[neha24blog]

Industrial And Institutional Cleaning Chemicals Market Segmented On The Basis Of Raw Material, Product, End-Use, Region And Forecast 2030: Grand View Research Inc.

San Francisco, 16 June 2023: The Report Industrial And Institutional Cleaning Chemicals Market Size, Share & Trends Analysis Report By Raw Material (Chlor-alkali, Surfactants), By Product, By End-Use, By Region, And Segment Forecasts, 2023 – 2030 The global industrial and institutional cleaning chemicals market size is expected to reach USD 128.0 billion by 2030, registering a CAGR of 8.0%…

[simply-ivanka]

Germany Should Have Listened to Trump

Tuesday 2.27.2024 Wall Street Journal

By Walter Russell Mead

Trump was right about Berlin’s self-defense and risky energy dependence on Russia.

The lower house of Germany’s Parliament voted to legalize the recreational use of cannabis last week. It was a timely move. Germany’s leadership class is going to need all the mellow it can find in a world that isn’t going Germany’s way.

Russian advances in Ukraine and American paralysis over the next aid package are reinforcing the reality that Germany needs to defend itself but lacks the power to do so. So are developments in the Red Sea, where German manufacturers must cope with shipping delays as the Biden administration fails to keep the vital waterway clear.

Forget the 2% of gross domestic product that Germany has repeatedly promised and failed to spend on defense. Defense Minister Boris Pistorius shocked many observers this month when he said that in the new world situation, Germany may have to spend as much as 3.5% of GDP for defense.

The economic news is also grim. Last year Germany’s GDP shrank 0.3%, and last week the government slashed 2024 growth estimates to a pitiful 0.2%. Economists expect negative growth during the first quarter of 2024, placing the country in recession. The outlook for housing is bleak, with business confidence reaching all-time lows. The news in manufacturing is little better. This month the widely followed HCOB German Flash Composite Purchasing Managers’ Index fell to 46.1, the eighth month in a row that the index has pointed to decreasing economic activity.

Energy prices are a particular sore spot. The chemical giant BASF announced €1 billion in spending cuts in its German operations, blaming a mix of weak demand in the German market and “structurally higher energy prices.” Enormous U.S. subsidies under the so-called Inflation Reduction Act are leading German companies to look across the Atlantic.

Chinese competition is another massive worry. China long ago passed Germany as the world’s largest car producer. Increasingly, especially in electric vehicles, it is challenging Germany as both a low-cost and high-quality manufacturer. Beijing aims to marginalize German capital goods and automobile companies in China while Chinese exporters challenge German dominance in world markets.

With the associations representing the small and medium-size Mittelstand firms that make up the heart of the German economy warning in a rare joint open letter about Germany’s loss of competitiveness, Economy Minister Robert Habeck isn’t mincing words. The economy is in “rough waters.” The “competitiveness of Germany as an industrial location” is in doubt.

It isn’t all doom and gloom. The outlook for the service sector is brighter than for manufacturing, and as the Journal reported last week, the Ifo Institute’s business-climate index improved slightly this month. The best that can be said for the outlook? “The German economy is stabilizing at a low level,” according to Ifo’s president.

Meanwhile, Germany’s dysfunctional three-party coalition government is paralyzed by internal struggles. The largest party in the coalition, Chancellor Olaf Scholz’s Social Democratic Party (SPD), is deeply divided over foreign policy, with many nostalgic for good relations with Russia and allergic to military spending. The SPD also wants Biden-like government spending initiatives to revive the German industrial machine and expand social benefits. The Greens, the next-largest party, are by German standards foreign-policy hawks but continue to press for a rapid energy transition that drives up costs for business and consumers. The third party in the coalition, the Free Democrats, wants to hold the line on government spending. As if this weren’t enough trouble, the conservative opposition parties have a blocking minority in Parliament’s upper house.

This is not where Germans thought they would be. Sixteen months ago, I visited Berlin and heard from a stream of government officials, think tankers and economists that everything was working fine. Russia was failing in Ukraine. The energy transition would boost German competitiveness and employment. Germany’s Mittelstand would handle anything China could throw at it.

Under the circumstances, it’s no surprise that antiestablishment parties are growing in Germany. The far right Alternative for Germany (AfD) currently has more support than any of the governing parties, with one recent poll showing the AfD at 19%, the Social Democrats at 14%, the Greens at 13%, and the Free Democrats at 4%.

The most bitter pill of all for Germany’s establishment may be the realization that on the most important issues facing Germany, Donald Trump was right where they were wrong. Getting in bed with Vladimir Putin for cheap energy was both foolish and deeply disloyal to the West. German defense policy was self-defeating and dangerous. China wasn’t a reliable partner.

“Ich bin ein Berliner,” was President John F. Kennedy’s message to Germany. If Donald Trump returns to the White House, his message will likely be “Das habe ich gleich gesagt,” or “I told you so.”

[shinobicyrus]

Hey, yanno how Climate Change is a real thing that is tangibly, at this moment, affecting our world?

Well it turns out, the wealthy and their investment firms have been seeing the mounting evidence that oil companies have had for decades and are slowly starting to think more long-term about their portfolios in the face of rising sea levels, more extreme weather, and the myriad of ways climate crises are affecting...well. Everything. Maybe this means they invest more into sustainability, green energy, building more resilient infrastructure, or carbon offsets. Some of it, of course, is simple corporate greenwashing, but there are those that are taking this trend and packaging it into something called ESG (Environmental, Social, and corporate Governance).

Now some people would say this is predictable, even sensible. Just the good ol’ Free Market(tm) rationally responding to market forces and a changing world.

But those people would be fools! Insidious fools! For conservative sorcerers have come out with a new cursed phrase to explain this new market trend: Woke Investing.

What makes this investing “woke?” Well, much like how conservatives normally flounder when trying to define a word they stole from black people, “Woke Investing” essentially just means any kind of capital investment that they, the fossil fuel billionaire class and their sycophants, don’t personally profit from.

One of these aforementioned sycophants is Andy Puzder, conservative commentator, fellow at The Heritage Foundation, and former fast-food CEO. He calls this kind of so-called woke investing “socialism in sheep’s clothing,” further explaining in leaked audio of a closed-door meeting:

“My father's generation's challenge was the Nazis, who, by the way, were, of course, very proud socialists[citation fucking needed]. The challenge of my generation was the communists, who were, of course, very committed socialists. The challenge of your generation is ESG investing, and it's more insidious than communism or the Nazis.”(source)

You heard it here first, folks. Not investing as much in fossil fuels is more insidious than the Third Fucking Reich.

As usual, the Heritage Foundation is putting their petro-chemical donor’s money where their mouth is. Bills are being proposed to blacklist banks that don’t invest in key state industries, such as West Virginia coal or Texas oil. Fourteen states have already passed bills to restrict ESG-type investing, with Florida Governor Ron “Bullies Kids for Wearing Masks” Desantis leading the charge.

In other words, Climate Denial has reached such a point that so-called Free Market Conservatives who claim to hate big government are trying to make it illegal for banks, investment firms, and financial institutions to make any financial decisions that acknowledges Climate Change is real.

[mariacallous]

Editor's note:This is the first blog in our series that examines how social determinants influence gender biases in public health research, menstrual hygiene product development, and women’s health outcomes. 

Worldwide, over 100 million women use tampons every day as they are the most popular form of menstrual products. U.S. women spent approximately $1 billion from 2016 to 2021 on tampons, and 22% to 86% of those who menstruate use them during their cycles, with adolescent girls and young adults preferring them. Tampons and pads are the most practical and common option for those who are working and have limited funds. Yet, a recent pilot study exposed concerning amounts of lead, arsenic, and toxic chemicals in tampons: 30 different tampons from 14 brands were evaluated for 16 different metal(loid)s, and tests indicated that all 16 metal(loid)s were detected in all different samples. This news comes as quite a shock to women who use these products. It raises many concerns and questions for those who do not have other viable options when they menstruate. We explore some of the major questions and concerns regarding the products on the market and their potential to increase the risk of exposure to harmful contaminants. It is clear that beyond this pilot study, further research is required to understand the potential health challenges. 

Unpacking the potential risks for those who use menstrual products  

Measurable concentrations of lead and arsenic in tampons are deeply concerning given how toxic they are. The World Health Organization (WHO) classifies lead as a major public health concern with no known safe exposure level. Arsenic can lead to several health issues such as cancer, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes. There are three ways in which these metal(loid)s can be introduced into the product: 1) from the raw materials that absorbed the soil and air, like the cotton used in the absorbent core; 2) contamination from water during the manufacturing process; and 3) intentionally being added during the manufacturing process for certain purposes. No matter how these metal(loid)s are introduced into the product, the pilot study stresses that further research must be done to explore the consequences of vaginally absorbed chemicals given the direct line to the circulatory system.   

On an institutional level, the public health system has historically been biased toward the male perspective, essentially excluding research related to women’s health. In 1977, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) recommended that women of childbearing age should be excluded from clinical research. Because of this gendered bias, many women now experience delayed diagnoses, misdiagnoses, and suffer more adverse drug effects; eight out of 10 of the drugs removed from U.S. markets from 1997 to 2000 were almost exclusively due to the risk to women. In 1989, the National Institutes of Health (NIH) amended its policy to include women and minorities in research studies, but it wasn’t until 1993 that this policy became federal law in the NIH Revitalization Act of 1993. Then, in 2016, the NIH implemented a policy requiring the consideration of sex as a biological variable in research.  

Historically, women haven’t been in control of the various industries that support their unique health needs and develop products that allow them to manage their health in safe ways. In spite of this, women-owned businesses have increased over time, with many of them supporting a range of products, services, and health and child care needs. Changes in these industries can lead to a better understanding of how certain products aid or impede women’s health trajectories.  

Racialized and gendered bias in health research  

The life expectancy of women continues to be higher than men’s. That does not suggest there has been universal nor equitable support for women’s health issues and women’s health care. Black women are three times more likely to die from pregnancy-related issues. They also experience racism and differential treatment in health care and social service settings. This reality becomes starker when stigma and bias influence negative behaviors toward Black women and other women of color, and socioeconomic status limits access to preventative care, follow-up care, and other services and resources.   

Toxic menstrual products are just the tip of the iceberg for gender bias in health research. Gendered bias extends into how health care professionals evaluate men and women differently based on the stereotypical ideas of the gender binary. This results in those who are perceived as women receiving fewer diagnoses and treatments than men with similar conditions, as well as doctors interpreting women’s pain as stemming from emotional challenges rather than anything physical. In a study comparing a patient’s pain rating with an observer’s rating, women’s pain was consistently underestimated while men’s pain was overestimated. Women’s pain is often disregarded or minimized by health care professionals, as they often view it as nothing more than an emotional exaggeration or are quick to blame any physical pain on stress. This has led to a pain gap in which women with true medical emergencies are pushed aside. For instance, the Journal of the American Heart Association reported that women with chest pain waited 29% longer to see a doctor in emergency rooms than men.  

For people of color, especially Black women, the pain gap, as well as the gap in diagnoses and treatment, is exacerbated due to the intersectionality of gender, race, and the historical contexts of Black women’s health in America. Any analysis must consider the unique systemic levels of sexism and racism they face as being both Black and women. They face a multifaceted front of discrimination, sexism, and racism, in which doctors don’t believe their pain due to implicit biases against Black people—a dynamic that stems from slavery, during which it was common belief that Black people had a higher pain tolerance—and women. A study found that white medical students and residents believed at least one false biological difference between white and Black people and were thus more likely to underestimate a Black patient’s pain level.  

Intersectionality, as well as sexism, further explains why medical students that believe in racial differences in pain tolerance are less likely to accurately provide treatment recommendations or pain medications. A Pew study found that 55% of Black people say they’ve had at least one negative experience with doctors, where they felt like they were treated with less respect than others and had to advocate for themselves to get proper care. Comparatively, 52% of younger Black women and 40% of older Black women felt the need to speak up to receive care, while only 29% of younger Black men and 36% of older Black men felt similarly. Particularly among Black women, 34% said their women’s health concerns or symptoms weren’t taken seriously by their health care providers. This even happened to Serena Williams! 

Restructuring the health system  

On Tuesday, September 11, 2024, the FDA announced they would investigate the toxic chemicals and metals in tampons as a result of the pilot study. This comes after public outcry and Senator Patty Murray’s (D-Wash.) letter to FDA Commissioner Robert M. Califf asking the agency to evaluate next steps to ensure the safety of tampons and menstrual products. In her letter, she specifically asks what the FDA has done so far in their evaluations and what requirements they have for testing these products, ensuring a modicum of accountability within this market. As of July 2024, the FDA classifies tampons as medical devices and does regulate their safety but only to an extent, with no requirements to test menstrual products for chemical contaminants (aside from making sure they do not contain pesticides or dioxin). The pilot study on tampons containing harmful metals was the first of its kind, which sheds light on how long women’s health has been neglected. Regulations requiring manufacturers to test metals in tampons need to be implemented, and future studies on the adverse health impacts of metals entering the bloodstream must be prioritized. The FDA investigation will hopefully be a step in the right direction toward implementing stricter regulations.  

For too long, the health field has been saturated with studies by and for men. Women’s health, on the other hand, faces inadequate funding, a lack of consideration for women’s lived experiences, and the need for more women leading research teams investigating women’s health. Women, especially those who face economic and social disparities, have the capacity to break barriers and address real issues that impact millions of women each day but only if they are brought to the table. With structural change, we can address how women’s concerns are undermined and put forth efforts to determine new and effective measures for women’s health.  

[materialsscienceandengineering]

A fungus converts cellulose directly into a novel platform chemical

The fungus Talaromyces verruculosus can produce the chemical erythro-isocitric acid directly from cheap plant waste, thus making it interesting for industrial utilization. Using the natural abilities of the non-genetically modified fungus, a research team from Jena has discovered a method for the efficient conversion of cellulose into a form of isocitric acid. The new production method could significantly simplify the previously complex and multi-stage process for obtaining platform chemicals from cellulose by requiring only a single bioprocess. Thanks to the new cost-effective method, the rarely utilized sister molecule of the intensively used citric acid can benefit a sustainable circular economy—provided there is a market for it. The study was published by a research team from the Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology—Hans Knöll Institute (Leibniz-HKI) in the journal ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering.

Read more.

[haggishlyhagging]

During the '80s, mannequins set the beauty trends—and real women were expected to follow. The dummies were "coming to life," while the ladies were breathing anesthesia and going under the knife. The beauty industry promoted a "return to femininity" as if it were a revival of natural womanhood—a flowering of all those innate female qualities supposedly suppressed in the feminist '70s. Yet the "feminine" traits the industry celebrated most were grossly unnatural—and achieved with increasingly harsh, unhealthy, and punitive measures.

The beauty industry, of course, has never been an advocate of feminist aspirations. This is not to say that its promoters have a conscious political program against women's rights, just a commercial mandate to improve on the bottom line. And the formula the industry has counted on for many years—aggravating women's low self-esteem and high anxiety about a "feminine" appearance—has always served them well. (American women, according to surveys by the Kinsey Institute, have more negative feelings about their bodies than women in any other culture studied.) The beauty makers' motives aren't particularly thought out or deep. Their overwrought and incessant instructions to women are more mindless than programmatic; their frenetic noise generators create more static than substance. But even so, in the '80s the beauty industry belonged to the cultural loop that produced backlash feedback. Inevitably, publicists for the beauty companies would pick up on the warning signals circulating about the toll of women's equality, too—and amplify them for their own purposes.

"Is your face paying the price of success?" worried a 1988 Nivea skin cream ad, in which a business-suited woman with a briefcase rushes a child to day care and catches a glimpse of her career-pitted skin in a store window. If only she were less successful, her visage would be more radiant. "The impact of work stress . . . can play havoc with your complexion," Mademoiselle warned; it can cause "a bad case of dandruff," "an eventual loss of hair" and, worst of all, weight gain. Most at risk, the magazine claimed, are "high-achieving women," whose comely appearance can be ravaged by "executive stress." In ad after ad, the beauty industry hammered home its version of the backlash thesis: women's professional progress had downgraded their looks; equality had created worry lines and cellulite. This message was barely updated from a century earlier, when the late Victorian beauty press had warned women that their quest for higher education and employment was causing "a general lapse of attractiveness" and "spoiling complexions."

The beauty merchants incited fear about the cost of women's occupational success largely because they feared, rightly, that that success had cost them—in profits. Since the rise of the women's movement in the '70s, cosmetics and fragrance companies had suffered a decade of flat-to-declining sales, hair-product merchandisers had fallen into a prolonged slump, and hairdressers had watched helplessly as masses of female customers who were opting for simple low-cost cuts defected to discount unisex salons. In 1981, Revlon's earnings fell for the first time since 1968; by the following year, the company's profits had plunged a record 40 percent. The industry aimed to restore its own economic health by persuading women that they were the ailing patients—and professionalism their ailment. Beauty became medicalized as its lab-coated army of promoters, and real doctors, prescribed physician-endorsed potions, injections for the skin, chemical "treatments" for the hair, plastic surgery for virtually every inch of the torso. (One doctor even promised to reduce women's height by sawing their leg bones.) Physicians and hospital administrators, struggling with their own financial difficulties, joined the industry in this campaign. Dermatologists faced with a shrinking teen market switched from treating adolescent pimples to "curing" adult female wrinkles. Gynecologists and obstetricians frustrated with a sluggish birthrate and skyrocketing malpractice premiums traded their forceps for liposuction scrapers. Hospitals facing revenue shortfalls opened cosmetic-surgery divisions and sponsored extreme and costly liquid-protein diet programs.

The beauty industry may seem the most superficial of the cultural institutions participating in the backlash, but its impact on women was, in many respects, the most intimately destructive—to both female bodies and minds. Following the orders of the '80s beauty doctors made many women literally ill. Antiwrinkle treatments exposed them to carcinogens. Acid face peels burned their skin. Silicone injections left painful deformities. "Cosmetic" liposuction caused severe complications, infections, and even death. Internalized, the decade's beauty dictates played a role in exacerbating an epidemic of eating disorders. And the beauty industry helped to deepen the psychic isolation that so many women felt in the '80s, by reinforcing the representation of women's problems as purely personal ills, unrelated to social pressures and curable only to the degree that the individual woman succeeded in fitting the universal standard—by physically changing herself.

-Susan Faludi, Backlash: the Undeclared War Against American Women

[the-quotable-alberta-hansard]

May 28, 2024

Ms Smith: Now, let me just say a word about our postsecondary institutions. Ottawa’s priorities are not Alberta’s priorities. Alberta has been funding targeted enrolment expansion based on Alberta’s labour market in order to ensure industry and job creators have the skilled and professional workers that they need. In fact, the Minister of Advanced Education just announced a major expansion in supporting NAIT that will enable them to train 4,200 more new apprentices. That is the approach that we need to take in Alberta. We have massive new projects that are going to need to be built, not the least of which being a Dow Chemical petrochemical plant, which is going to be 6,000 to 8,000 workers that are needed there, plus all of the new workers that we’re going to need to be able to keep up with our housing requirements. This is the priority that we have.

[anthony1davis]

Your Guide To The Latest Trends Dominating Cosmetic Dermatology

The cosmetic industry is growing rapidly and the study of aesthetic sciences has to evolve alongside. The top schools of cosmetology are deploying advanced methodologies and technologies to cater to the prevailing cosmetic market demands, bringing about a transformational change in beauty education. While exploring the latest trends influencing cosmetology courses, let us remember that these developments are not only about fashion but also about empowering the future generation of beauticians. We will now delve deeper into the emerging trends in aesthetic medicine education.

1)Technologies are being integrated

Technology is playing a key role in cosmetic dermatology courses. The various cosmetology institutes are using a combination of hands-on training and technological approaches. Virtual reality and AI-based tools are being used for training the budding beauty professionals. Also, students are getting training on advanced treatments, such as laser hair removal, micro-needling, and chemical peels.

2)Focus on Sustainability is only rising

There is growing awareness about ecological concerns, which has brought sustainability to the fore in the cosmetology industry. That’s why many dermatology institutes are promoting eco-friendly practices, which include initiatives such as zero waste policy, recycling, and environment-friendly products.

3)Natural and Organic Products are much in demand

The demand for natural and organic products is rising significantly. Consumers are moving away from products containing harsh chemicals and embracing sustainably sourced beauty products. Tapping into this market by offering healthier alternatives and eco-friendly products is the way ahead.

4)Personalized Training is Taking Over

Each student has their own way of learning and they come with various education goals. That’s why more and more cosmetology courses are shifting towards personalized learning approaches. This makes it possible for the budding dermatologists to align their education with their career aspirations. Depending on whether they want to specialize in makeup, hair styling, or skincare, they can pursue the chosen streams.

5)Soft Skills are Getting Priority

Cosmetology training is focusing more on developing the various soft skills of students. Leadership, communication and client service skills are gaining prominence in beauty education. Besides becoming technically proficient, graduates are learning about how to maintain relationships with customers to drive their businesses to success.

6)Global Outlook is becoming important

Dermatology institutes have started embracing a global perspective nowadays. Doing so has become important because beauty trends transcend boundaries, regions, and cultures. Learners are now studying international techniques, standards, and beauty products, driving them to become global leaders in the world of fashion.

7)Holistic Wellness is gaining prominence

Intertwining beauty with overall wellness is now the way forward. The curriculums of the aesthetic medicine courses have started incorporating holistic wellness programs. This way, they are highlighting the importance of mental and physical health, helping to attain individualized beauty goals.

8)Industry Collaborations are becoming Stronger

Educational institutions and the cosmetic industry are collaborating much more. Guest lectures by industry leaders are being organized frequently. Also, students are getting internship opportunities with reputed salons. This approach of the cosmetology institutes to provide real-world exposure ensures that the students receive a good balance of hands-on experience and theoretical studies via experiential learning.

9)Men’s Grooming is growing in popularity

The market for men’s grooming is steadily rising and there is higher demand for grooming services catering to the menfolk. Hence, many cosmetology colleges are offering specialized courses in men’s grooming services, which include beard trimming and hair styling.

10)Specialized Services are getting precedence

The beauty industry is fiercely competitive, which is why it becomes important to differentiate your business from others. A good way of setting yourself apart from your competitors is by providing specialized services to serve specific niches. Hair extensions, skincare, and bridal makeup are some specializations you can dabble in.

11)Continuing Education is Key

Remaining competitive in the beauty industry is vital to survive. New technologies and techniques will keep emerging. This makes it important to stay updated on the latest practices and trends. Therefore, cosmetic dermatology institutes encourage students to continue their training and practice to keep up with fashion and serve their clientele better.

What Sets KAAM Apart?

At Kosmoderma Academy, we are the frontrunners of these evolving trends, imparting the best dermatology courses to shape the future of cosmetic education. We adopt a mix of traditional learning and advanced methodologies to prepare our students for the ever-changing beauty industry.

Our dedication to quality beauty education is displayed in our cutting-edge infrastructural facilities, qualified faculty members, and ongoing efforts to enrich the learning experience. From strong industry partnerships to global perspectives to holistic wellness to personalized training, our courses are aligned with the aspirations of modern beauty professionals.

CONCLUSION

The future of cosmetic education is full of opportunities. The cosmetology and dermatology institutes are adapting to the changing trends to prepare students to lead the beauty industry with confidence.

KAAM takes pride in being part of this transformation by imparting courses that adhere to the highest quality standards of this profession. Join us as we navigate through the changes in cosmetic education while you pursue your passion of becoming a world-class cosmetologist.

[udhhyog2]

All About Flange-Udhhyog

Q1: What are the different types of flanges, and how do I choose the right one for my application?

A1: There are several types of flanges, including:

Weld Neck Flanges: Designed for high-pressure applications and welded to the pipe, providing a strong connection.

Slip-On Flanges: Slide over the pipe and are welded both inside and outside, ideal for low-pressure applications.

Blind Flanges: Used to close the end of a piping system, preventing the flow of fluids.

Socket Weld Flanges: For small-diameter pipes, where the pipe is inserted into the flange and welded.

Lap Joint Flanges: Used with a stub end, allowing for easier disassembly.

To choose the right flange, consider the application pressure, temperature, pipe size, and the type of connection required.

Q2: How do flange standards vary by country, and what should I know about them?

A2: Flange standards can vary significantly between countries. For instance:

ANSI (American National Standards Institute): Commonly used in the USA, focusing on pressure ratings and dimensions.

DIN (Deutsches Institut für Normung): Widely used in Europe, specifying metric dimensions and pressure ratings.

JIS (Japanese Industrial Standards): Used in Japan, similar to ANSI but with different specifications.

When selecting flanges, be aware of the applicable standards in your region to ensure compatibility with existing piping systems.

Q3: What materials are commonly used for flanges, and what are their advantages?

A3: Common materials for flanges include:

Mild Steel (MS): Cost-effective and suitable for low-pressure applications.

Stainless Steel: Corrosion-resistant and ideal for high-pressure and high-temperature applications.

Carbon Steel: Offers strength and durability for industrial applications.

Alloy Steel: Used for specialized applications requiring high strength and resistance to wear and corrosion.

The choice of material should be based on the operating environment, pressure, temperature, and the medium being transported.

Q4: How can I prevent leakage in flange connections?

A4: To prevent leakage in flange connections:

Use Quality Gaskets: Select the right gasket material based on the application and ensure proper installation.

Ensure Proper Alignment: Misalignment can lead to leaks; ensure that flanges are correctly aligned before tightening.

Tighten Bolts Uniformly: Follow the manufacturer's specifications for bolt torque to ensure even pressure distribution.

Regular Maintenance: Inspect flanges periodically for wear or damage and replace gaskets as necessary.

Q5: What are the most common applications for MS flanges in various industries?

A5: MS flanges are commonly used in:

Oil and Gas: Connecting pipelines and equipment.

Water Supply: Used in municipal and industrial water systems.

Construction: In various structural applications for strength and support.

Manufacturing: In machinery and equipment to facilitate fluid flow and pressure control.

Q6: How does the price of flanges fluctuate in the current market?

A6: The price of flanges can fluctuate based on several factors:

Material Costs: Increases in raw material prices can lead to higher flange costs.

Supply Chain Issues: Disruptions in manufacturing or transportation can affect availability and pricing.

Market Demand: Increased demand in specific industries can drive prices up.

Regularly monitoring market trends and supplier prices can help you anticipate changes.

Q7: What are the benefits of using stainless steel flanges over mild steel flanges?

A7: Benefits of using stainless steel flanges include:

Corrosion Resistance: Stainless steel can withstand harsh environments, making it suitable for chemical and coastal applications.

Strength and Durability: Offers better strength-to-weight ratios and longevity compared to mild steel.

Aesthetic Appeal: Stainless steel has a polished finish that is visually appealing in exposed applications.

However, stainless steel flanges are typically more expensive than mild steel flanges.

Q8: How do I determine the right flange size for my piping system?

A8: To determine the right flange size:

Measure the Pipe Diameter: Determine the outer diameter of the pipe.

Check Pressure Ratings: Ensure that the flange matches the pressure rating of the piping system.

Refer to Standards: Use ANSI, DIN, or other relevant standards to find the corresponding flange dimensions for your pipe size and pressure requirements.

Q9: What is the significance of flange pressure ratings?

A9: Flange pressure ratings indicate the maximum pressure a flange can withstand at a specified temperature. They are essential for:

Safety: Ensuring that the flange can handle the operational pressures without failing.

Compatibility: Matching flanges with piping and equipment rated for similar pressures prevents leaks and accidents.

Understanding pressure ratings helps in selecting appropriate flanges for your application.

Q10: Are there any recent advancements in flange manufacturing technology?

A10: Recent advancements in flange manufacturing technology include:

3D Printing: Allowing for rapid prototyping and customized designs.

Improved Materials: Development of new alloys that enhance corrosion resistance and strength.

Automation: Use of automated machinery for precision and efficiency in flange production.

Quality Control Technologies: Enhanced inspection techniques using non-destructive testing methods to ensure product integrity.

These advancements contribute to better quality, reduced production times, and cost savings in flange manufacturing.

[pearlsmith25]

Osmium Market Explained: The World's Most Densely Valuable Metal

The Osmium market is a niche sector within the broader precious metals industry, often overshadowed by its more well-known counterparts like gold and silver. Osmium is a remarkable element with unique properties that make it a valuable asset for various industries, especially in cutting-edge technologies and scientific applications. In this article, we will explore the Osmium market, its uses, sources, and its potential for growth and investment.

Understanding Osmium

Osmium market is a chemical element with the symbol Os and atomic number 76. It is one of the densest naturally occurring elements and belongs to the platinum group metals (PGMs), which also includes platinum, palladium, rhodium, ruthenium, and iridium. Osmium is characterized by its bluish-white color and extreme density, making it twice as dense as lead.

Historically, osmium was used in various applications, such as fountain pen tips and electrical contacts, due to its hardness and corrosion resistance. However, modern applications for osmium have evolved, and its market dynamics have changed significantly.

Osmium in Modern Applications

Osmium Alloys in Industry Osmium is often alloyed with other metals, like iridium, to create exceptionally hard and durable materials. These alloys find applications in the aerospace and automotive industries, where they are used for electrical contacts, spark plug tips, and turbine engine components. The extreme heat resistance of osmium alloys makes them invaluable in these high-temperature environments.

Scientific Applications In scientific research, osmium tetroxide (OsO4) is a widely used staining agent for electron microscopy and other microscopic imaging techniques. It can highlight cellular structures and biological tissues, aiding researchers in understanding complex biological processes.

Investment Potential The rarity of osmium and its diverse applications make it an attractive option for investors looking to diversify their portfolios. As a tangible asset, osmium can act as a hedge against economic instability and currency devaluation. However, investing in osmium requires careful consideration and knowledge of the market, as it is less liquid than more common precious metals.

Sources of Osmium

Osmium is a rare element found in trace amounts in various ores, with primary sources being platinum and nickel ores. The largest producers of osmium are countries with significant platinum mining operations, such as South Africa and Russia. Extraction of osmium from these ores is a complex and expensive process, which contributes to its scarcity.

Osmium Market Trends

The Osmium market is characterized by its limited supply and steady demand. Over the past decade, the market has experienced modest growth, driven by technological advancements and increasing demand for its unique properties. Some notable trends in the Osmium market include:

Growing Demand in Aerospace and Automotive Sectors The use of osmium alloys in aerospace and automotive applications is expected to increase as manufacturers seek materials that can withstand extreme conditions. Osmium's remarkable hardness and resistance to high temperatures make it a preferred choice in these industries.

Expanding Scientific Research Advancements in scientific research and the increasing need for advanced microscopy techniques are expected to drive the demand for osmium tetroxide, a key component in staining and imaging. This is particularly relevant in the fields of biology, medicine, and materials science.

Investment Opportunities While osmium is not as commonly traded as other precious metals, its investment potential has piqued the interest of collectors and investors. Some institutions and individuals are exploring the possibility of adding osmium to their investment portfolios as a store of value and a hedge against economic volatility.

Challenges in the Osmium Market

Despite its unique properties and applications, the Osmium market faces several challenges:

Limited Supply Osmium's scarcity poses a significant challenge for both industrial users and investors. The small quantities of osmium available and the complex extraction process contribute to its high cost.

Market Awareness The general public and even some investors remain relatively unaware of osmium as an investment option. Increasing awareness and education about the metal's unique characteristics and market dynamics is essential to foster growth.

Conclusion

The Osmium market may be small compared to other precious metals, but its unique properties and applications make it a valuable and intriguing element within the world of commodities and investments. As technology continues to advance and scientific research expands, the demand for osmium is likely to grow, offering opportunities for those willing to explore this less-known sector of the precious metals industry. While challenges such as limited supply and market awareness persist, the Osmium market's potential for growth and investment remains an exciting prospect for those who see beyond the bluish-white surface of this remarkable element.

[rjzimmerman]

Excerpt from this New York Times story:

The Biden-Harris administration said Wednesday that it was taking its first steps toward potentially regulating vinyl chloride, a versatile yet cancerous and flammable chemical used widely to make plastic for PVC pipes and packaging.

Experts and environmental groups had been urging the federal government to more stringently regulate the chemical after a train shipment of it derailed in East Palestine, Ohio, last year, prompting officials to perform a large controlled burn that sent a black cloud of smoke over the surrounding area, raising health concerns.

Tougher rules or a ban on vinyl chloride would address a host of health and safety concerns: The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services has classified vinyl chloride as a known human carcinogen, and the chemical is highly flammable and potentially explosive.

Safety experts had also raised concerns over the transport of vinyl chloride across long distances on accident-prone freight trains. The more than 100,000-gallon vinyl chloride shipment that burned in Ohio was on a 1,600-mile journey from a chemicals plant just outside Houston, Texas, to a PVC flooring plant in Pedricktown, N.J.

But tougher regulations would also upend the market for a type of plastic used widely in electrical wiring and cables, blood storage bags and other medical devices, packaging and household goods like shower curtains and raincoats, and PVC pipes for drinking water.

The Vinyl Institute, which represents vinyl chloride manufacturers and related companies, said its members adhered to “some of the most stringent safety and environmental regulations in the chemical industry.” The E.P.A.’s process will “demonstrate the production and use of vinyl chloride are safe,” said the group’s chief executive, Ned Monroe.

[dailyanarchistposts]

E.4.1 Will laissez-faire capitalism actually end pollution?

No, it will not. In order to show why, we need only quote Murray Rothbard’s own arguments. It is worth going through his arguments to see exactly why “pure” capitalism simply cannot solve the ecological crisis.

As noted in the last section, Rothbard initially presented an argument that free market capitalism would have a zero-emissions policy. Within a decade, he had substantially changed his tune in an article for the right-“libertarian” think-tank the Cato Institute. Perhaps this change of heart is understandable once you realise that most free market capitalist propagandists are simply priests of a religion convenient to the interests of the people who own the marketplace. Rothbard founded the think-tank which published this article along with industrialist Charles Koch in 1977. Koch companies are involved in the petroleum, chemicals, energy, minerals, fertilisers industries as well as many others. To advocate a zero-pollution policy would hardly be in the Institute’s enlightened self-interest as its backers would soon be out of business (along with industrial capitalism as a whole).

Rothbard’s defence of the right to pollute is as ingenious as it is contradictory to his original position. As will be discussed in section F.4, Rothbard subscribes to a “homesteading” theory of property and he utilises this not only to steal the actual physical planet (the land) from this and future generations but also our (and their) right to a clean environment. He points to “more sophisticated and modern forms of homesteading” which can be used to “homestead” pollution rights. If, for example, a firm is surrounded by unowned land then it can pollute to its hearts content. If anyone moves to the area then the firm only becomes liable for any excess pollution over this amount. Thus firms “can be said to have homesteaded a pollution easement of a certain degree and type.” He points to an “exemplary” court case which rejected the argument of someone who moved to an industrial area and then sued to end pollution. As the plaintiff had voluntarily moved to the area, she had no cause for complaint. In other words, polluters can simply continue to pollute under free market capitalism. This is particularly the case as clean air acts would not exist in libertarian legal theory, such an act being “illegitimate and itself invasive and a criminal interference with the property rights of noncriminals.” [“Law, Property Rights, and Air Pollution,” pp. 55–99, Cato Journal, Vol. 2, No. 1, p. 77, p. 79 and p. 89]

In the last section, we showed how Rothbard had earlier argued that the solution to pollution was to privatise everything. Given that rivers, lakes and seas are currently unowned this implies that the current levels of pollution would be the initial “homesteaded” level and so privatisation will not, in fact, reduce pollution at all. At best, it may stop pollution getting worse but even this runs into the problem that pollution usually increases slowly over time and would be hard to notice and much harder to prove which incremental change produced the actual quantitative change.

Which leads to the next, obvious, problem. According to Rothbard you can sue provided that “the polluter has not previously established a homestead easement,” “prove strict causality from the actions of the defendant… beyond a reasonable doubt” and identify ”those who actually commit the deed” (i.e. the employees involved, not the company). [Op. Cit., p. 87] Of course, how do you know and prove that a specific polluter is responsible for a specific environmental or physical harm? It would be near impossible to identify which company contributed which particles to the smog which caused pollution related illnesses. Polluters, needless to say, have the right to buy-off a suit which would be a handy tool for wealthy corporations in an unequal society to continue polluting as economic necessity may induce people to accept payment in return for tolerating it.

Turning to the pollution caused by actual products, such as cars, Rothbard argues that “libertarian [sic!] principle” requires a return to privity, a situation where the manufacturers of a product are not responsible for any negative side-effects when it is used. In terms of transport pollution, the “guilty polluter should be each individual car owner and not the automobile manufacturer, who is not responsible for the actual tort and the actual emission.” This is because the manufacturer does not know how the car will be used (Rothbard gives an example that it may not be driven but was bought “mainly for aesthetic contemplation by the car owner”!). He admits that “the situation for plaintiffs against auto emissions might seem hopeless under libertarian law.” Rest assured, though, as “the roads would be privately owned” then the owner of the road could be sued for the emissions going “into the lungs or airspace of other citizens” and so “would be liable for pollution damage.” This would be “much more feasible than suing each individual car owner for the minute amount of pollutants he might be responsible for.” [Op. Cit., p. 90 and p. 91]

The problems with this argument should be obvious. Firstly, roads are currently “unowned” under the right-“libertarian” perspective (they are owned by the state which has no right to own anything). This means, as Rothbard has already suggested, any new road owners would have already created a “homesteading” right to pollute (after all, who would buy a road if they expected to be sued by so doing?). Secondly, it would be extremely difficult to say that specific emissions from a specific road caused the problems and Rothbard stresses that there must be “proof beyond reasonable doubt.” Road-owners as well as capitalist firms which pollute will, like the tobacco industry, be heartened to read that “statistical correlation … cannot establish causation, certainly not for a rigorous legal proof of guilt or harm.” After all, “many smokers never get lung cancer” and “many lung cancer sufferers have never smoked.” [Op. Cit., p. 92 and p. 73] So if illnesses cluster around, say, roads or certain industries then this cannot be considered as evidence of harm caused by the pollution they produce.

Then there is the question of who is responsible for the damage inflicted. Here Rothbard runs up against the contradictions within wage labour. Capitalism is based on the notion that a person’s liberty/labour can be sold/alienated to another who can then use it as they see fit. This means that, for the capitalist, the worker has no claim on the products and services that labour has produced. Strangely, according to Rothbard, this alienation of responsibility suddenly is rescinded when that sold labour commits an action which has negative consequences for the employer. Then it suddenly becomes nothing to do with the employer and the labourer becomes responsible for their labour again.

Rothbard is quite clear that he considers that the owners of businesses are not responsible for their employee’s action. He gives the example of an employer who hires an incompetent worker and suffers the lost of his wages as a result. However, “there appears to be no legitimate reason for forcing the employer to bear the additional cost of his employee’s tortious behaviour.” For a corporation “does not act; only individuals act, and each must be responsible for his own actions and those alone.” He notes that employers are sued because they “generally have more money than employees, so that it becomes more convenient … to stick the wealthier class with the liability.” [Op. Cit., p. 76 and p. 75]

This ignores the fact that externalities are imposed on others in order to maximise the profits of the corporation. The stockholders directly benefit from the “tortious behaviour” of their wage slaves. For example, if a manager decides to save £1,000,000 by letting toxic waste damage to occur to then the owners benefit by a higher return on their investment. To state that is the manager who must pay for any damage means that the owners of a corporation or business are absolved for any responsibility for the actions of those hired to make money for them. In other words, they accumulate the benefits in the form of more income but not the risks or costs associated with, say, imposing externalities onto others. That the “wealthier class” would be happy to see such a legal system should go without saying.

The notion that as long as “the tort is committed by the employee in the course of furthering, even only in part, his employer’s business, then the employer is also liable” is dismissed as “a legal concept so at war with libertarianism, individualism, and capitalism, and suited only to a precapitalist society.” [Op. Cit., p. 74 and p. 75] If this principle is against “individualism” then it is simply because capitalism violates individualism. What Rothbard fails to appreciate is that the whole basis of capitalism is that it is based on the worker selling his time/liberty to the boss. As Mark Leier puts it in his excellent biography of Bakunin:

“The primary element of capitalism is wage labour It is this that makes capitalism what it is … The employer owns and controls the coffee shop or factory where production takes place and determines who will be hired and fired and how things will be produced; that’s what it means to be a ‘boss.’ Workers produce goods or services for their employer. Everything they produce on the job belongs to the capitalist: workers have no more right to the coffee or cars they produce than someone off the street. Their employer, protected by law and by the apparatus of the state, owns all they produce. The employer then sells the goods that have been produced and gives the workers a portion of the value they have created. Capitalists and workers fight over the precise amounts of this portion, but the capitalist system is based on the notion that the capitalist owns everything that is produced and controls how everything is produced.” [Bakunin: The Creative Passion, p. 26]

This is clearly the case when a worker acts in a way which increases profits without externalities. The most obvious case is when workers’ produce more goods than they receive back in wages (i.e. the exploitation at the heart of capitalism — see section C.2). Why should that change when the action has an externality? While it may benefit the boss to argue that he should gain the profits of the worker’s actions but not the costs it hardly makes much logical sense. The labour sold becomes the property of the buyer who is then entitled to appropriate the produce of that labour. There is no reason for this to suddenly change when the product is a negative rather than a positive. It suggests that the worker has sold both her labour and its product to the employer unless it happens to put her employer in court, then it suddenly becomes her’s again!

And we must note that it is Rothbard’s arguments own arguments which are “suited only to a precapitalist society.” As David Ellerman notes, the slave was considered a piece of property under the law unless he or she committed a crime. Once that had occurred, the slave became an autonomous individual in the eyes of the law and, as a result, could be prosecuted as an individual rather than his owner. This exposed a fundamental inconsistency “in a legal system that treats the same individual as a thing in normal work and legally as a person when committing a crime.” Much the same applies to wage labour as well. When an employee commits a negligent tort then “the tortious servant emerges from the cocoon of non-responsibility metamorphosed into a responsible human agent.” In other words, “the employee is said to have stepped outside the employee’s role.” [Property and Contract in Economics, p. 125, p. 128 and p. 133] Rothbard’s argument is essentially the same as that of the slave-owner, with the boss enjoying the positive fruits of their wage slaves activities but not being responsible for any negative results.

So, to summarise, we have a system which will allow pollution to continue as this right has been “homesteaded” while, at the same, making it near impossible to sue individual firms for their contribution to the destruction of the earth. Moreover, it rewards the owners of companies for any externalities inflicted while absolving them of any responsibility for the actions which enriched them. And Rothbard asserts that “private ownership” can solve “many ‘externality’ problems”! The key problem is, of course, that for Rothbard the “overriding factor in air pollution law, as in other parts of the law, should be libertarian and property rights principles” rather than, say, stopping the destruction of our planet or even defending the right of individual’s not to die of pollution related diseases. [Op. Cit., p. 91 and p. 99] Rothbard shows that for the defender of capitalism, given a choice between property and planet/people the former will always win.

To conclude, Rothbard provides more than enough evidence to disprove his own arguments. This is not a unique occurrence. As discussed in the next section he does the same as regards owning water and air resources.