#i2c protocol

[didw2rden]

https://www.futureelectronics.com/p/semiconductors--comm-products--i2c/pca9515adp-118-nxp-5973557

I2C CAN Bus Module, I2C adapter, I2C devices, Serial Peripheral Interface

PCA9515A Series 3.6 V 5 mA 400 kHz 6 pF Surface Mount I2C-bus Repeater - SOIC-8

[adafruit]

Coming soon - This ESP32-C6 feather is a Matter of fact

ESP32-C6 (https://www.adafruit.com/product/5672) is Espressif’s first Wi-Fi 6 SoC integrating 2.4 GHz Wi-Fi 6, Bluetooth 5 (LE) and the 802.15.4 protocol. It brings the goodness you know from the low-cost C3 series (https://www.adafruit.com/product/5337) and improves it with Zigbee/802.15.4 at 2.4Ghz. That means it could make for great Matter (https://csa-iot.org/all-solutions/matter/) development hardware!

We took our Feather ESP32-S2 (https://www.adafruit.com/product/5000) and swapped out the 'S2 for a C6. Plus some re-routing and here's what we've got: a C6 Feather with lots of GPIO, lipoly charging and monitoring with the MAX17048, (https://www.adafruit.com/product/5580) NeoPixel, I2C Stemma QT port, and a second low-quiescent LDO for disabling the I2C and NeoPixel when we want ultra-low power usage. We also tossed a BME280 (https://www.adafruit.com/product/2652) on there, so you could use it immediately as a low power temp/hum/pressure sensor.

[mch2rillo]

https://www.futureelectronics.com/p/semiconductors--comm-products--i2c/pca9532pw-112-nxp-3036484

I2C communication protocol, liquid crystal displays, clock line

PCA9532 Series 5.5 V 350 uA 400kHz SMT 16-bit I2C-bus LED Dimmer - TSSOP-24

[edir2rell]

https://www.futureelectronics.com/p/semiconductors--comm-products--i2c/pca9515adp-118-nxp-7183946

What is I2C communication, serial communication bus, I2C logic

PCA9515A Series 3.6 V 5 mA 400 kHz 6 pF I2C-bus Repeater - SOIC-8

[stlle2ista]

https://www.futureelectronics.com/p/semiconductors--comm-products--i2c/pca9532pw-118-nxp-5033862

I2c bus, Embedded communication, Isolated CAN Transceiver ICs

PCA9532 Series 5.5 V 350 uA 400kHz SMT 16-bit I2C-bus LED Dimmer - TSSOP-24

[jshua2empp]

https://www.futureelectronics.com/p/semiconductors--comm-products--i2c/pca9515adp-118-nxp-5973557

I2c bus, I2c communication protocol, Inter-Integrated Circuit, spi interface

PCA9515A Series 3.6 V 5 mA 400 kHz 6 pF Surface Mount I2C-bus Repeater - SOIC-8

[tmms2jnes]

https://www.futureelectronics.com/p/semiconductors--memory--RAM--eeprom--i2c-interface-protocol/cat24c64wi-gt3-onsemi-8463176

Random Access Memory, what is an EEPROM, programmable EEPROM manufacturers, ROM

CAT24C64 Series 64 Kb (8K X 8) 1.8 - 5.5 V I2C CMOS Serial EEPROM - SOIC-8

[adafruit]

Bus Pirate 5 is in stock and shipping now, going fast! 🚌 🏴‍☠️

Bus Pirate 5 is the latest edition of the original universal serial interface trusted by hackers since 2008. We've stocked and loved the Bus Pirate 4 for years and are excited to see the latest and greatest from the minds at WhereLabs.

The Bus Pirate is a RP2040 based, open-source hardware debugging tool that converts simple commands into common bus protocols such as 1-Wire, I2C, SPI, UART, several LEDs and more. Send commands to a chip or sensor and get the response, without writing a line of code.

[c-53]

WARNING: LONG ASK INCOMING

For hobby electronics there’s two major kinds of processors: Microcomputers and Microcontrollers. Microcomputers are small full computer systems like the Raspberry Pi, they typically run a general-purpose OS (typically some flavor of Linux) and are useful for the kinds of projects that require basically a full computer to function, but not necessarily individual sensors. They’re a great place to start for people who don’t know a whole ton about programming or working with individual components because they typically can output a true GUI to a screen and have the capabilities of a regular desktop computer. They have a main processor, true RAM, and either large on-board storage space or a way to read a storage device, like an SD card.

Microcontrollers are less complicated (component wise) than microcomputers, but as a result are more difficult for total beginners to begin working with. They’re typically primarily a SoC (System on a Chip) processor without discrete RAM modules and a very small EEPROM (on-ship storage space) and need to have components wired and configured to them to be able to do much more than being a fancy calculator. They’re used for when you need something to carry out electronic functions or get sensor readings, but not necessarily a full operating system, so they’re best suited for small/integrated applications. Your helmet uses a microcontroller to control the LEDs you used in the Cunt Machine post.

I build high-power model rockets as a hobby and with my university team, so I work with both kinds of processor as part of designing payload systems. I typically prefer microcontrollers in these as most of what we do doesn’t need an actual OS to run, and they’re smaller/lighter than microcomputers. One of the advantages of a microcontroller is that it runs a Real-Time OS (RTOS) which forgoes all the user-friendliness of things like windows and linux to instead be the bare minimum backend necessary to run code uploaded into the processor. 

The main advantage of using a microcontroller is really that they’re typically a lot cheaper than microcomputers are and are plenty powerful for really embedded applications. They also make other parts of whatever system is being built cheaper/easier to integrate because they require less overhead to function - the raspberry pi needs a minimum of 5 volts of power to work, while a chip like an ESP32-PICO can run at 1.8V. 

The main way you make sensors/buttons/peripherals work with a microcontroller is via digital communication busses. There’s a few protocols, the most common being I2C, SPI, and UART. I’ll talk about I2C since that’s generally the most common. With I2C each component is assigned a 2-byte “address” that they’re identified by. When the controller sends a request signal on the I2C data bus, every sensor along the line will return their own signal, marked with their address so that they can be identified. It allows for a large number of devices to be put on the same lines and you can daisy-chain them through each other to the microcontroller.

I’ll be honest I really can’t think of a good way to say much more on the subject as like a starting message because I’ve been working with computers so long all the tech stuff for me is second nature, but if you have any questions ask away I can probably answer them or google them.

.

[thesulliedone]

Bit Banging, a term from what I can tell, is effectively creating pulses in software to replicate communication protocols like SPI and I2C.

But...ngl, the name elicited a snicker or two.

[quartz-components]

GY-511 module includes a 3-axis accelerometer and a 3-axis magnetometer. This sensor can measure the linear acceleration at full scales of ± 2 g / ± 4 g / ± 8 g / ± 16 g and magnetic fields at full scales of ± 1.3 / ± 1.9 / ± 2.5 / ± 4.0 / ± 4.7 / ± 5.6 / ± 8.1 Gauss. When you place this module in a magnetic field, according to the Lorentz law, a current is induced in its microscopic coil. The compass module converts this current to the differential voltage for each coordinate direction by calculating these voltages, you can calculate the magnetic field in each direction and obtain the geographic position. It communicates using I2C communication protocol and the voltage level required to power this device is 3V-5V. You can use it in DIY GPS system, accelerometer data acquisition system to be used in Vehicles etc.

[snaildotexe]

I'm applying for software engineering internships and there's always a long list of requirements like:

Experience with Front-end (Javascript, HTML, CSS, Angular, Node, React, RESTful APIs) AND Back-end (Java, Python, SQL and Relational databases, C/C++, MatLab)

Strong understanding of communication protocols such as TCP/IP, I2C, PCI, ring buffers, and cross-core interrupts

Minimum of 3 web applications projects visible on GitHub using at least one popular web framework, such as JSF, Wicket, GWT or Spring MVC

Required to have contributed to a mobile app that reached a large number of users

experience with machine learning libraries such as huggingface, TensorFlow, or PyTorch is a plus

For first or second-year students ONLY!!! >:(

Pay: $21/hr

and once in a while i'll come across an internship that's not software engineering or closely related and the job requirements are always like:

Proficient in Microsoft Office

Excellent written and verbal communication skills

team player :D

likes to wear funny hats!!!

Pay: $19/hr

I don't want this to sound like I'm looking down on other careers, or perpetuating the stereotype that the STEM field is "better" or "smarter" but oh my god

[trainsinanime]

Let me introduce my current main WIP. It's not fandom related, it's for my model railroad, and it's not yet finished.

This is a rendering of a circuit board that I'm designing at the moment. It will be a DCC command station. My model railroad is run digitally, which means the tracks carry digital signals that tell each locomotive and switch individually how to run, which lights to turn and so on. The command station is the device that generates that. I have a number of different layouts, one of which has a good command station, one of which has a crappy old one, and the final one isn't even digital yet. So this will be the one that solves all issues for me, hopefully.

The design above isn't finished yet, and even the parts that are are not yet fully representative. The different capacitors are just there as options; some screen print overlaps; and some components (in particular all plugs and the relays that control the programming track) don't have 3D models so they don't show up.

Planned features:

Four layer board

10-25 V DC output, software controllable

Up to 5A output power, limited mainly by the main switching regulator.

Input 15-25V either AC or DC with polarity protection, selectable with some solder bridges (not yet in there). Optionally you can also bypass the main power regulator with another solder bridge (that I haven't added yet); useful in case you use e.g. a laptop power supply with a switchable voltage and don't need any regulation after that.

Railcom support

USB connection; not yet sure what for, but the main chip I'm using has USB support and I have some spare USB connectors here, so in it goes.

Speaking: The chip is an STM32L433RCT6P, chosen because I found it in stock at an electronics distributor. 64 kB RAM, 256 kB EEPROM, with support for an additional up to 256 MB externally (there's a spot for that on the board) and lots of fun extras that I don't technically need. It has an FPU! I don't need an FPU, but I will definitely do some floating point math computation on it just for fun.

Main external connection is WLAN using an ESP32 WROOM U module. I haven't decided on the housing, but I may go for extruded aluminum, so it's the U version that allows and requires an external antenna

It supports XBUS/XpressNet connections for old throttles from Lenz and Roco that I should probably throw away, but I paid good money for them, dang it.

It supports CAN for LCC / OpenLCB. I may not populate this part on all boards that I'm building, because I haven't actually decided whether I am interested. But the chip has CAN functionality built in, so why not.

There's an I2C connection to connect a cheap tiny OLED display for status messages.

Test points for all important signals (in particular the different internal voltage levels; yes, there is 3.3V, A3.3V and -3.3V and I need all of them).

Stuff still to add:

I will add pin headers (or space for pin headers anyway) for all the remaining pins on the STM32, and perhaps some on the ESP32, for future expansions.

Status LED and stop/go button on the front

Wire it all up, maybe move some stuff (mostly the STM32 around), which will cause all sorts of fun new routing issues.

Adjustments to make the jacks line up with the front panel once I've decided on a housing.

Features I'm not considering adding:

s88. I vaguely know what it is but I don't have any devices like that, and if that ever changed I could probably build (or perhaps buy) a converter that connects them via CAN.

Other buses like LocoNet.

Ethernet. I don't need it and it's actually more expensive than WLAN in this day and age.

In terms of software, I'm planning to use DCC-Ex on it. The whole project actually started out as a DCC-Ex shield, but once I realised that this wouldn't fit, I decided to make it standalone. Now, DCC-Ex is designed for Arduino, not STM32, and it doesn't support XpressNet, nor OpenLCB, nor Railcom, and their Wifi protocol is pretty weird and annoying which will be an issue (I'm planning to write my own control app for iPhone for it), so I'll probably change that or just replace it with the z21 one… so really, the software will not look a lot like DCC-Ex once I'm done with it.

Will this all work? I have honestly no idea. I mean, I'm fairly confident, I'd have given up on this long ago otherwise, but I have no guarantees either way until I've spent a lot of money on components and circuit boards and start soldering. Turns out doing it this way is not really cheaper than just buying a half-way decent one. That's what makes it exciting, though!

If it does work, obviously this will be released as open source. But it's still going to be a few days (more realistically weeks) before it's even ready to order the parts, and then a lot of soldering (current BOM stands at 194 actual components), and then a lot of software development before it's ready for that.

[marketresearchauthority]

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[tia003]

How do embedded systems interface with sensors?

Embedded systems interface with sensors through a combination of hardware and software components. Sensors are devices that detect physical or environmental changes, such as temperature, pressure, or motion, and convert them into electrical signals. Embedded systems process these signals to perform specific tasks.

The interface between sensors and embedded systems typically involves an Analog-to-Digital Converter (ADC) when dealing with analog sensors. The ADC converts the sensor's analog signal into a digital form that the embedded system’s microcontroller can process. For digital sensors, direct communication through standard protocols like I2C, SPI, or UART is common. These protocols allow the embedded system to receive and interpret sensor data efficiently.

Software plays a crucial role in this interaction by handling sensor initialization, data acquisition, and filtering. The embedded system's firmware contains drivers or APIs that facilitate communication with sensors, manage power consumption, and ensure timely data processing.

In real-time applications, embedded systems often rely on interrupts to respond quickly to sensor inputs. This interaction enables embedded systems to function in various fields such as healthcare, automotive, and industrial automation.

To learn more about this crucial aspect of embedded development, consider enrolling in an embedded system certification course, which covers these interfaces in detail.

[zekatix]

5 Insider Tips for Mastering IoT Architecture in Embedded Systems

As we navigate the complexities of IoT architecture in embedded systems, we’ve identified five crucial tips that can significantly streamline our approach. By integrating security from the very beginning and embracing collaborative methods, we set a solid foundation for success. We’ll also need to emphasize comprehensive testing and ensure scalability for future growth. But what’s the one element that ties all these strategies together? Let’s explore how these insights can elevate our projects and lead to more effective outcomes.

Understand Hardware and Software Interplay

In mastering IoT architecture within embedded systems, we must recognize the crucial interplay between hardware and software. Understanding this relationship is essential for developing efficient, reliable systems.

Embedded systems typically consist of a microcontroller unit (MCU), which acts as the brain, supported by components like memory, timers, and communication ports. The architecture is layered, with physical hardware at the base, system software managing tasks, and application software tailored for specific functions.

Effective communication protocols, such as UART, SPI, and I2C, are vital for interaction between these layers, allowing data to flow seamlessly. We need to ensure that our hardware supports the software requirements, optimizing performance while managing resources.

Real-time operating systems (RTOS) play a key role in task management, particularly for time-sensitive applications.

Prioritize Security From the Start

Prioritizing security from the start is crucial for the success of IoT systems. We need to adopt a security-by-design approach that integrates robust measures early in the development cycle.

As we all know, successful IoT products tend to attract malicious attackers, making it essential to protect our assets from various vulnerabilities. By focusing on security from the beginning, we can better safeguard our devices and user data.

Here are some key aspects to consider:

Understand Attack Surfaces: Every interaction point—from devices to servers—poses risks, so we must address vulnerabilities across the entire system.

Implement Anti-Tampering Techniques: Employ methods to detect and respond to potential attacks, ensuring the integrity of our devices and data.

Ensure Communication Security: Utilize secure protocols like TLS to protect data in transit and maintain trusted connections.

Embrace Agile Collaboration Methods

Agile collaboration methods can transform how we approach IoT architecture in embedded systems. By adopting Agile methodologies, we create an environment that emphasizes flexibility and responsiveness. Instead of following rigid plans, we break projects into manageable increments, allowing us to deliver working software frequently. This iterative approach fosters collaboration among cross-functional teams, ensuring everyone is aligned and contributing to the project’s success.

We should consider frameworks like Scrum or Kanban, which promote continuous improvement and encourage adaptive planning. Daily stand-up meetings keep us focused and aligned, while regular sprint reviews help us assess our progress and make necessary adjustments. This method not only enhances product quality but also boosts team morale and productivity.

While we embrace Agile, we must also be aware of the challenges specific to embedded systems. Real-time constraints and regulatory requirements can complicate adoption. However, by investing in specialized tools and maintaining effective communication, we can overcome these hurdles.

Ultimately, Agile collaboration enables us to prioritize high-value features and adapt to evolving stakeholder needs, leading to a more successful IoT architecture in our embedded systems.

Focus on Testing and Validation

Effective collaboration sets the stage for robust testing and validation in IoT architecture.

As we dive into this crucial phase, we must understand that IoT devices present unique challenges. Our testing strategies need to encompass both hardware and software elements to ensure seamless functionality.

Here are three key focus areas for our testing efforts:

Integrated Testing Strategies: We should prioritize testing components like sensors, applications, and network communication, ensuring they work together before deployment.

Test Automation: Given the scale and complexity of IoT environments, automating our testing processes will save time and increase reliability.

Security Testing: Validating security mechanisms is non-negotiable. We must verify access controls, authentication, and encryption to protect our devices from vulnerabilities.

Ensure Scalability and Maintainability

Recognizing the critical role of scalability and maintainability in IoT architecture, we must design our systems to adapt seamlessly as demands grow. Scalability is essential for transitioning from prototype to production, much like how e-commerce platforms scale during peak times. To achieve this, we need a robust infrastructure that includes cloud solutions and versatile hardware capable of operating across various networks.

We can’t overlook the integration of hardware, software, and connectivity right from the start. If we ignore these aspects, we risk facing a staggering 75% failure rate seen in many IoT projects due to inadequate planning. Collaborating with expert providers can simplify the scaling process, allowing us to leverage IoT Platform-as-a-Service solutions to enhance our scalability.

Security is another critical factor; as we scale, we must implement ongoing security measures and effective device management strategies. This includes ensuring over-the-air updates and maintaining compliance with necessary certifications.

Frequently Asked Questions

What Specific Tools Can Help With Iot Architecture Design?

When we design IoT architecture, we can leverage tools like AWS IoT, Azure IoT Hub, and MQTT for communication. Using these tools helps us streamline development, enhance scalability, and ensure secure data handling in our projects.

How Do I Choose the Right Communication Protocol for My Project?

When choosing the right communication protocol for our project, we should consider factors like data rate, range, power consumption, and scalability. Let’s evaluate our specific requirements to ensure we select the most suitable option.

What Are Common Pitfalls in Iot Development to Avoid?

In our IoT development journey, we must avoid common pitfalls like neglecting security, overlooking scalability, and underestimating testing. By being proactive and prioritizing these aspects, we can create robust, efficient systems together.

How Can I Effectively Manage Iot Device Updates?

To effectively manage IoT device updates, we should implement automated systems that streamline the process. By scheduling regular updates and testing them thoroughly, we can enhance security and performance while minimizing downtime for our users.

What Metrics Should I Track for Iot System Performance?

To track IoT system performance, we should monitor metrics like latency, throughput, device uptime, and error rates. These indicators help us identify bottlenecks and enhance user experience, ensuring our systems remain efficient and reliable.

Conclusion

In conclusion, mastering IoT architecture in embedded systems requires us to integrate key strategies from the outset. By understanding the interplay between hardware and software, prioritizing security, and embracing agile methods, we can build robust systems. Let’s not forget the importance of thorough testing and validation, as well as planning for scalability and maintainability. By following these insider tips, we can create innovative and secure IoT solutions that stand the test of time.

Sign up for free courses  here.

Visit Zekatix for more  information.