#electrically erasable programmable read only memory

[tmms2jnes]

https://www.futureelectronics.com/p/semiconductors--memory--RAM--eeprom--i2c-interface-protocol/cat24c64wi-gt3-onsemi-8463176

Random Access Memory, what is an EEPROM, programmable EEPROM manufacturers, ROM

CAT24C64 Series 64 Kb (8K X 8) 1.8 - 5.5 V I2C CMOS Serial EEPROM - SOIC-8

[technician-the]

The classic EPROM!

Each of these chips has a meg or so of computer memory, Only erasable by shining ultraviolet light through the top window. They were used to store operating systems in computers (and some synths), game software in arcade machines, among other uses.

In modern electronics they have been mostly been replaced with the E-Eprom, which stands for electrically erasable programmable read only memory. A phrase which I manged to impress one of my collage professors by recalling without hesitation at 8 am.

In music, you see these quite often in 80s synths. the need for stable memory was higher then in computers of the time, so they often had more rom and less ram. For example, Most wave table synths had several eproms for wave form memory.

In the 90s you see a shift to non rewritable masked proms, driven by japanese companies (mostly yamaha). these proms offer more memory per chip, and the best long term stability, but require more testing, and large production runs.

[hnkparts]

Samsung De94-03926a - Pcb-Eeprom | Hnkparts

The Samsung DE94-03926A PCB EEPROM is a replacement Printed Circuit Board (PCB) with an EEPROM (Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory) chip, designed for specific Samsung appliances. This component stores crucial data and settings for the appliance's operation, such as temperature, cycle information, and control parameters. The PCB EEPROM is essential for the proper functioning of the appliance, and replacing a faulty or damaged unit can restore full operational capability.

[martech360]

Semiconductor Chips Explained: Different Types and Their Uses

In today’s fast-paced technological landscape, there is a growing demand for faster and more efficient devices. This need, however, brings a significant challenge: balancing cost and energy consumption while enhancing the performance and functionality of electronic gadgets.

Introduction to Semiconductor Chips

Semiconductor chips are crucial in this regard. The global semiconductor market is projected to reach $687 billion by 2025, showcasing the transformative impact of these chips across various sectors, from computers and smartphones to advanced AI systems and IoT devices. Let's delve deeper into this billion-dollar industry.

What Is A Semiconductor Chip?

A semiconductor chip, also known as an integrated circuit or computer chip, is a small electronic device made from semiconductor materials like silicon. It contains millions or even billions of transistors, which are tiny electronic components capable of processing and storing data.

These chips are the backbone of modern technology, found in a vast array of electronic devices including computers, smartphones, cars, and medical equipment. Manufacturing semiconductor chips involves a complex, multi-step process that includes slicing silicon wafers, printing intricate circuit designs, and adding multiple layers of components and interconnects. Leading companies in the semiconductor industry include Samsung, TSMC, Qualcomm, Marvell, and Intel.

Types of Semiconductor Chips

Memory Chips

Function: Store data and programs in computers and other devices.

Types:

RAM (Random-Access Memory): Provides temporary workspaces.

Flash Memory: Stores information permanently.

ROM (Read-Only Memory) and PROM (Programmable Read-Only Memory): Non-volatile memory.

EPROM (Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory) and EEPROM (Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory): Can be reprogrammed.

Microprocessors

Function: Contain CPUs that power servers, PCs, tablets, and smartphones.

Architectures:

32-bit and 64-bit: Used in PCs and servers.

ARM: Common in mobile devices.

Microcontrollers (8-bit, 16-bit, and 24-bit): Found in toys and vehicles.

Graphics Processing Units (GPUs)

Function: Render graphics for electronic displays, enhancing computer performance by offloading graphics tasks from the CPU.

Applications: Modern video games, cryptocurrency mining.

Commodity Integrated Circuits (CICs)

Function: Perform repetitive tasks in devices like barcode scanners.

Types:

ASICs (Application-Specific Integrated Circuits): Custom-designed for specific tasks.

FPGAs (Field-Programmable Gate Arrays): Customizable after manufacturing.

SoCs (Systems on a Chip): Integrate all components into a single chip, used in smartphones.

Analog Chips

Function: Handle continuously varying signals, used in power supplies and sensors.

Components: Include transistors, inductors, capacitors, and resistors.

Mixed-Circuit Semiconductors

Function: Combine digital and analog technologies, used in devices requiring both types of signals.

Examples: Microcontrollers with ADCs (Analog-to-Digital Converters) and DACs (Digital-to-Analog Converters).

Manufacturing Process of Semiconductor Chips

Semiconductor device fabrication involves several steps to create electronic circuits on a silicon wafer. Here’s an overview:

Wafer Preparation: Silicon ingots are shaped and sliced into thin wafers.

Cleaning and Oxidation: Wafers are cleaned and oxidized to form a silicon dioxide layer.

Photolithography: Circuit patterns are transferred onto wafers using UV light and photoresist.

Etching: Unwanted material is removed based on the photoresist pattern.

Doping: Ions are implanted to alter electrical properties.

Deposition: Thin films of materials are deposited using CVD or PVD techniques.

Annealing: Wafers are heated to activate dopants and repair damage.

Testing and Packaging: Finished wafers are tested, diced into individual chips, and packaged for protection.

Conclusion

Semiconductor chips are fundamental to the functionality of nearly every electronic device we use today. They have revolutionized technology by enabling faster, smaller, and more powerful devices. While the semiconductor industry has fueled job creation and economic growth, it also faces challenges related to sustainability and environmental impact. As we continue to push the boundaries of innovation, ethical practices are essential to ensure semiconductors remain vital to our modern world and shape our future.

[tech-sparks]

What is an Arduino

In the 21st century, do you dare to believe in a world without electronic products? Our existence is intricately interwoven with these technological marvels – from the indispensable smartphones and computers to the assistance of digital companions and the convenience of smart homes. Yet, if we momentarily cast aside the realm of cutting-edge precision electronics, we find ourselves embracing the humble yet vital realm of simple circuits. While the realms of artificial intelligence and machine learning continue to shape our imaginations more than our daily realities, instances of manually operated signal stations and traditional air conditioning units still grace our surroundings. But what craftsmanship goes into fashioning these fundamental electronic pathways that usher ease into our lives? Crafting electronic circuits is, without a doubt, a complex endeavor.

Even if one is an ardent electronics enthusiast, a comprehensive grasp of the intricate workings remains elusive without the hands-on creation of electronic circuits from the ground up. As the scope of a specific project or circuit expands, so does the labyrinthine nature of its intricacies. It's worth noting, though, that an avenue exists to temper the labyrinth's complexity – harnessing a platform that furnishes the foundational functionalities of an electronic circuit. Enter Arduino, a revered platform revered by electronics aficionados for a multitude of compelling reasons.

What is an Arduino?

Here is a brief introduction of the following what is Arduino: At its core, Arduino stands as an expansive canvas of electronic possibilities, generously embracing the quintessential functions that underpin electronic circuits. Here, the symphony of connectivity unfurls, allowing an assembly of diverse peripherals to harmonize and execute tasks with finesse. In essence, Arduino encapsulates an open-source electronic haven primed for exploration.

A cardinal facet of Arduino's allure lies in its unshackled open-source nature, fostering an environment of shared knowledge and collaborative growth. This is further complemented by a coding methodology of elegant simplicity, rendering the platform a captivating playground for novices and connoisseurs of electronics alike.

For instance, envisage the desire to craft a temperature sensor or illuminate the path with a light sensor. In this realm, simplicity reigns supreme. A mere amalgamation of the sensor, primed for perception, and the display unit, poised to unveil results, culminates in a fundamental pairing. The pièce de résistance comes to fruition through the finesse of code crafting. With judicious scripting, the display metamorphoses into a window of actuality, faithfully reflecting the sensed parameter's essence. Behold, an orchestra of technology, elegantly conducted by the Arduino's guiding baton.

Arduino Frame

Arduino finds its foundation in a microcontroller firmly rooted in the Harvard architecture paradigm. Within this architecture, a clear demarcation separates the program code and the data fueling its execution, each ensconced in distinct memory realms. Propelled by this architecture, Arduino emerges as a versatile canvas embellished with an array of I/O pins catering to the ebb and flow of input and output. Adorning this canvas, a select ensemble of pins dons the mantle of PWM output, akin to an analog brushstroke capable of bestowing nuanced control—whether it be taming the tempo of a motor or casting a gentle twilight over an LED's luminance.

In the realm of memory orchestration, Arduino dons the cap of EEPROM, or Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory, facilitating seamless program storage and facile deletion, all orchestrated through the intuitive Arduino IDE.

At the heart of Arduino's operational tapestry lies static RAM, or SRAM, an agile repository of temporary data, diligently safeguarding snippets of information during their transient tenure. The symphony of voltage is conducted by most Arduino standard boards at a pulsating 5 volts DC. Yet, the landscape diversifies within the realm of IoT and wearables, where advanced boards unfurl their wings, potentially revealing alternate power paradigms.

The picture below is the architecture of Uno (one of the Arduino boards)

Why Arduino is popular in the maker community

Arduino's allure extends beyond its approachability and open-source nature; its prominence rests on a tapestry of factors that contribute to its widespread adoption.

Economical Access: Arduino boards emerge as budget-friendly options, encompassing an array of variants such as the Arduino Uno, Nano, and Mega. Within this pantheon, you can tailor your choice to harmonize with your requisites, all without breaking the $50 threshold.

Versatile Integration: The canvas of Arduino beckons across diverse digital landscapes, as its cross-platform prowess seamlessly interfaces with a spectrum of computer-based operating systems. This compatibility thrives across Windows, Linux, and Mac domains, knitting together harmonious interactions through dedicated Arduino applications.

Streamlined Scripting: The heart of Arduino's software beats open-source, an orchestra where seasoned programmers wield the baton of innovation, ushering in new features to amplify its capabilities. Within this ecosystem, the realm of AVR C programming intertwines with the rich tapestry of C++ libraries, forming the backbone of Arduino's code. Emboldened by conceptual clarity, the process of programming an Arduino board unfolds with an effervescent ease.

Evolving Possibilities: The allure of Arduino doesn't culminate within its board alone; a multitude of peripherals and circuits lie in wait to extend its repertoire. A Creative Commons license envelops the Arduino's programming, fanning the flames of communal creativity. This framework kindles a collaborative spirit, inspiring users to adapt, enhance, and refine the program for collective advancement.

Different Types of Arduinos

Tailoring your Arduino board selection to your project's needs unlocks a world of possibilities. Among the stalwarts, Arduino Nano and Uno stand as popular choices, while the more robust Arduino Mega caters to advanced demands. Yet, the ecosystem brims with other contenders, like Genuino 101, Esplora, M0, and MKR Zero, each fitting snugly within distinct project niches.

As Arduino's popularity surges, it permeates the realms of IoT ventures and wearable innovations. Ethernet, Yun Min, and Leonardo ETH step into the IoT spotlight, while Gemma and Lilypad Arduino don the wearable mantle. For foundational Arduino endeavors, the trusty triumvirate of Nano, Uno, and Mega holds the key.

Encompassing the core, the Arduino Nano boasts an ATmega328, boasting 32 KB of memory, with 2 KB dedicated to the bootloader, complemented by a 2 KB RAM cache. Pulsating at 16 MHz, it occupies a petite 18×45 mm PCB, featuring a constellation of 22 I/O pins, including 6 PWM-ready entities.

The Arduino Uno advances this lineage, elevating beginner-friendliness with an Atmega328P. Anchoring 14 I/O pins, 6 earmarked for PWM, Uno refines its predecessor's prowess. Nano and Uno tread similar pathways, yet Uno's superior microcontroller heralds its enhanced capacity, breathing life into an array of Arduino Uno projects.

Sitting at the pinnacle, the Arduino Mega commands attention with the ATmega2560 as its nucleus, marshaling a cavalcade of 54 I/O pins, 15 clothed in analog output or PWM capabilities. A bounteous 256 KB Flash memory, paired with 8 KB of RAM, fuels its aspirations. Locked into synchronous rhythms, both Nano and Mega clock in at 16 MHz.

Memory, RAM, and clock cycles may seem diminutive on the surface, yet within the tapestry of Arduino projects, they bear the weight of program codes and data, crafting a canvas upon which innovation thrives.

Arduino vs Raspberry Pi

For novices, the choice ahead may seem daunting, yet I aim to simplify it for you.

Arduino, at its core, is a modest microcontroller-based development board, best suited for modest expectations. It excels in sequential tasks, adeptly handling uncomplicated assignments. However, for intricate decision-making or multitasking endeavors, Arduino may not wield optimal prowess.

Consider this: detecting human presence to illuminate a room or triggering air conditioning as temperatures rise. This exemplifies Arduino's capabilities. Yet, let not this illustration misconstrue Arduino's potential. Within its open-source community, boundless opportunities await exploration.

Enter Raspberry Pi—a diminutive computer with expansive functionalities. It tackles concurrent tasks with finesse, outstripping microcontrollers in efficiency. Although it doesn't rival our everyday PCs in might, Raspberry Pi adeptly juggles multiple responsibilities.

Picture this scenario: Regulating your air conditioner based on temperature necessitates meticulous calculations. You'll seek a month's temperature forecast, estimating air conditioner runtime and gauging electricity consumption. Should costs surge, you'll preemptively adjust settings by a couple of degrees. If orchestrating such a sophisticated system is your goal, Raspberry Pi emerges as the discerning choice.

In essence, Arduino caters to straightforward tasks, while Raspberry Pi shines in orchestrating multifaceted decision-making and swift responses, unlocking a realm of possibilities tailored to your specific aspirations.

Arduino Project

For enthusiasts seeking engaging pursuits, an array of Arduino ventures beckon. Among them, several uncomplicated yet intriguing DIY Arduino projects stand ready for your exploration:

LED Symphony: Delve into LED manipulation, orchestrating intricate light dances, including rhythmic alternations and mesmerizing breathing effects.

Ambient Guardian: Unveil the realm of temperature sensing, crafting a device to monitor and showcase ambient temperatures on an LCD canvas.

Sonic Sentinel: Evoke auditory alerts with a sound alarm, poised to resound when sound surpasses a predefined threshold.

Remote Rover: Embark on a journey of remote exploration, crafting a wireless-controlled car with Arduino and wireless modules.

Light Navigator: Harness the power of light, directing a car's movement based on ambient light intensity, a dance of photons guiding its path.

Illuminated Buttons: Master the art of control, toggling LEDs with buttons as you delve into the realm of digital inputs and outputs.

Echoes of Distance: Craft an ultrasonic marvel, fashioning a distance measurement device through ultrasonic sensors.

Greenhouse Sentinel: Cultivate your prowess, erecting a monitoring system attuned to greenhouse temperature and humidity, transmitting data to mobile devices or computers.

Pendulum Maestro: Discover the delicate balance of an inverted pendulum, acquainting yourself with sensor-driven equilibrium control.

Time's Artisan: Aspire to precision, crafting a digital clock poised to display time in its full glory, with potential for an integrated alarm feature.

[sdizdar]

Working with EEPROM on PIC16F877a

EEPROM (Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory) is a type of non-volatile memory which can be programmed, erased, and re-programmed electrically while it is on the circuit board. The main problem of FLASH and RAM memories is in fact that they are not capatible for storing data which will be stored after loss of the electric power. A majority of PIC microcontrollers (for example PIC16F877a) come with some built-in EEPROM which is a great place to store data that should not be lost when the system is powered down. Actually, FLASH can be used for that purpose, but it is a little bit complicated and for data access you need to write a special software called Bootloader. PIC16F877 has a 256 bytes of EEPROM memory. A good example for EEPROM is a digital lock system where the access code can be stored in the EEPROM of microcontroller so that the contents remain intact even after the power supply has been removed. For more clearer example, you can use internal EEPROM to store the measured temperature values. Reading and writting to EEPROM is pretty straightforward, and it’ relativelly easy.

To read EEPROM you need to:

1.Write an address of EEPROM you want to read into EEADR register

2. Set EEPGD bit from EECON1 register to 0 so the next operations can refer to EEPROM (and not FLASHROM)

3. Set RD bit from EECON1 register to begin EEPROM reading

4. The data is stored in EEDATA register.

Sample code is below:

void delay(char n) { //function that inserts delay 5ms char i; // we need it because we will send data from EEPROM to LED OPTION=7; // diodes which are on PORTB do { clrwdt(); i=TMR0+39; while(i!=TMR0); }while(–n>0); } void main(void){ TRISB=0; EEADR = 0; EEPGD = 0; // 0 enables to read write from EEPROM-a ..

// EEPGD=1 means that we want read/write access to FLASHROM unsigned char eeprom_address = 0; for(eeprom_address = 0; eeprom_address< 0xFF; eeprom_address++) { // for loop for reading EEPROM and displaying it on PORTB EEADR=eeprom_address; while(RD); //wait to finish EEPROM reading delay(50); PORTB=EEDATA; if(eeprom_address==0xFF) eeprom_address=0; } }

I will write about writting to EEPROM in next post.

[autelscanner]

Autel Key Fob Programmer - Full System Diagnostics With Advanced Service Functions

If you’re in the auto locksmith business or just want to get your hands on a key programmer, there are many options available. One of the best choices is the Autel IM508, which combines full system diagnostics with advanced service functions.

The tool offers a variety of IMMO functions including Read Pin/CS (all keys lost), BMWCar CAS3/2 Key Learning, BenzCar FEM/BDC Key Learning/ECU Adaptation, and Remote Learning.

IMMO ECU Programming

IMMO ECU programming is a complex process which requires special tools and professional experience. Using the autel key fob programmer can make this process much easier and faster.

This application can access key chip, read, retrieve and write key information, support read PIN/CS (all key lost), key generation, key learning, remote learning, IMMO ECU Reset/Adaptation, IMMO ECU Refresh/Coding, Backup/Restore IMMO Data.

MaxiIM IM608 Pro is the most powerful all-in-one tool that combines advanced key programming and all systems diagnostics in one Android based 10.1-inch touchscreen tablet. It is equipped with XP400 key programmer and MaxiFlash ECU programmer to provide complete coverage of IMMO functions.

EEPROM/MCU Read/Write

EEPROM (Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory) is non-volatile memory that can be reprogrammed electrically. It's most commonly used in microcontrollers that need to store small amounts of data and retrieve it later.

Unlike RAM, EEPROM is not erased by powering off the chip. This makes it a good choice for devices that need to remember data after a reset or power down condition, such as a password-protected money locker.

Unlike flash memory, EEPROM is programmed and erased in blocks of one byte at a time. This allows it to be very fast, but at the cost of a limited number of write cycles. Despite these drawbacks, EEPROM is still widely used in electronics and is found in many popular applications.

IMMO ECU Adaptation

Autel IMMO ECU Adaptation is a powerful feature of the Autel IMMOkey fob programmer that allows you to program new keys for your vehicle. The IMMO ECU Adaptation process is designed to make the new key compatible with your car’s immobilizer system.

MaxiIM IM608Pro includes all-in-one key programming, diagnostics, service and anti-theft functions. It also provides OE level diagnostics for more than 80 US, European and Asian vehicle makes and models.

XP200 key programmer can read and write EEPROM/MCU data to help prevent your vehicle from being stolen. Smart Mode and Expert Mode provide helpful guide systems that can simplify the process.

This high-end IMMO and key programming tool bundle (updated from IM508/IM608) integrates the XP400 Pro and MaxiFlash JVCI ECU programmer to give you top-level IMMO and key fob programming capabilities along with 22+ most useful service functions. Autel maxisys is great too.

IMMO ECU Reset/Fit

IMMO ECU Reset/Fit is a service function that allows a technician to reset the vehicle’s transponder ECU and restore key chip data, or to fit new keys to the ignition switch. This is useful for vehicles where a key has been lost or stolen, and it can be performed with a key fob programmer.

MaxiIM IM508 (with XP200) is an affordable and easy-to-use key programmer that can perform all types of IMMO functions. Among the many special functions offered, this unit can read PIN/CS (all keys lost), EEPROM/MCU read & write, and IC card read/write.

It also comes with a range of regular maintenance services such as Oil Reset, SAS Calibration, TPMS Sensors ID Relearn, and BMS. These are very important and helpful maintenance services that can help you keep your vehicle safe and running efficiently.

IMMO Key Learning

IMMO Key Learning is the ability to learn new keys from a vehicle's smart key. This function is available on many Autel products and can be used by amateurs or professionals.

Using this function you can add new smart keys to lost keys in VW/Audi/Skoda/Seat IMMO III/IV/V, Benz FEM/BDC, BMW CAS4/3/2 key and even Volkswagen & Audi MQB (VDD & JCI).

This feature is useful for any automotive locksmith or shop that needs to do IMMO programming on vehicles. This can help reduce costs and improve efficiency. This is especially important for auto locksmiths that often need to do a large amount of work. IMMO Key Learning is easy and fast to use. 

[arabellaflynn]

Advent Calendar 06: Don't Copy That Floppy!

Greetings, and welcome to Advent Calendar 2022! This year we're being self-indulgent and rambling about video games.

As usual, the Advent Calendar is also a pledge drive. Subscribe to my writing Patreon here by December 15th for at least $5/mo and get an e-card for Ratmas; subscribe for $20/mo (and drop me a mailing address) and you'll get a real paper one!

I hope you're all having a happy winter holiday season. Let the nerd rambling commence!

In the beginning, nobody copy protected software. If you were buying Big Iron like a PDP-11, you got everything you needed to run the computer from the manufacturer. If you wanted something else, you wrote it yourself, and obviously if you wrote it yourself, you could do whatever you wanted with it. Will Crowther charged nothing for ADVENT, and made no effort to keep anyone else from copying or modifying the source code -- culturally, that just wasn't a thing. Anyone who had access to a mainframe or mini-computer to play the game probably also had enough access to program a game themselves, and the notion of keeping them out of ADVENT's guts was ridiculous. The idea of third-party copyrighted commercial software didn't exist until 8-bit microcomputers started landing in the homes of people who didn't care how they worked, and just wanted them to do neat things.

Early copy-protection on computer games, as mentioned, was external. Diskettes (in the US; cassettes elsewhere) were mainly positioned as storage for the end user. They were supposed to be portable, interchangeable, inexpensive, and easily-duplicated. This made them problematic for commercial publishers who didn't want people running off copy after copy of stuff they were trying to make money off of. By packing games with tchotchkes like feelies, code wheels, LensLok prisms, or just a boring serial number, they at least ensured you couldn't get the game to work without some access to the packaging. I remember playing The Island of Dr. Brain and having to grub around in the included EncycloAlmanaTionaryOgraphy to find a password every time I started it up. 

Beyond that, there wasn't a lot that could be done, other than prey on the conscience of casual pirates with pieces like the embarrassingly 1990s PSA, "Don't Copy That Floppy". It was roughly as effective as the MPAA's 'would you download a car?' campaign. I guess they didn't anticipate that a lot of the public, given the chance to duplicate a car with no significant effort or impact to the original item, would say 'yes'.

On the console side, piracy was deterred by making the physical media difficult to duplicate. Atari, Nintendo, and Sega all went with a cartridge format, where the program code of each game was permanently embedded on a chip called a ROM (read-only memory) inside the plastic shell. These were not impossible to duplicate; my father worked with EEPROMs (electrically erasable programmable read-only memory -- a kind of ROM you can write and re-write), and we probably had everything we needed to copy the program ROM from a game cartridge in our garage. Few people would have had these, though, and fewer people would have bothered. Even Dad didn't, and Dad was the sort who devoted considerable time and energy into figuring out how to copy Macrovision-protected VHS tapes, strictly because the gatekeeping annoyed him.

Console and computer publishers alike got a reprieve with the advent of CD-ROMs, but it was brief. CD-ROM was in development as far back as 1982; the Yellow Book standard was first published in 1983, and the technology demonstrated at a consumer electronics show in 1984. The Philips CM-100, the first consumer CD-ROM drive, was available in 1986, but the format was not mainstream enough to put games on until the early '90s. The Orange Book standard for writable CD-Rs had already been published, in 1988, and by 1995 you could get a CD burner for under $1000, which was cheap enough to make small-scale piracy a reasonable business venture. I recall the family getting a tricked out 486 PC with CD-ROM multimedia package in about '93 or '94, and my big gift for Christmas '99 was an IDE CD burner for my desktop computer, replaced in 2002 with a $200 drive that could deal with CD-RWs. So yeah, the security of an "uncopyable" CD did not last long.

Knowing this, a lot of software publishers implemented their own copy-protection schemes. Some, like SecuROM, were available ready-made from outside vendors and merely slapped on top of the commercial game. These off-the-rack solutions had the same problem as hardware security -- once cracked, they stayed cracked forever, and the crack transferred to anything that used the same version of the program -- and sometimes added an additional layer of "what the actual fuck, did nobody think that through?" 

Others opted to simply code into their game checks for legitimacy of the software. If an authentic retail copy of the software was running, everything would be normal. If the game failed the check and was declared a pirate copy, the programmers could implement whatever consequences they felt would be most effective. 

Or funniest. Usually they went with funniest. 

The bulk of a game's sales happen right after its release, so they didn't need to keep the pirates at bay forever, they just needed to delay and annoy them for a month or two for the extra work to be worth the effort. So over on the PC you get Crysis Warhead's hilarious chicken gun, Serious Sam 3's unkillable scorpion stalker, and Alan Wake and Quantum Break slapping a jaunty eyepatch on your main character. And on the original Playstation, perhaps the most infamous piece of console anti-piracy fuckery ever made, Spyro the Dragon.

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[forensicfield]

Question and Answer on Computer

Question and Answer on Computer

 Q. “OS” stands for Ans: Operating System   Q. The first transatlantic radio broadcast occur? Ans: 1900s Q. ‘.MOV’ extension refers usually to what kind of file?  Ans: Animation/movie file Q. Which is a type of Electrically-Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory? Ans: Flash Q. The purpose of choke in tube light is? Ans: To increase the voltage momentarily Q. ‘.MPG’ extension refers usually to…

[memorias-de-una-computadora]

MEMORIA ROM

Significa memoria de solo lectura, ROM significa Read Only Memory en inglés.

Es un conjunto de chips montados en la placa madre (motherboard) que contienen instrucciones para que la computadora prepare tareas de procesamiento. Las instrucciones de la ROM son permanentes y no puedes cambiarlas, a menos que quites los chips de ROM de la tarjeta principal y los reemplaces en otro conjunto.

Contiene los programas que inicializan la computadora, efectúan el diagnóstico del sistema y controlan las actividades de entrada y salida de bajo nivel. ROM es una memoria no volátil, es decir, a medida que se apaga la fuente de alimentación del aparato, la ROM no pierde los datos almacenados en su chip.

Además contiene un pequeño conjunto de instrucciones que dicen a la computadora cómo llegar a las unidades de disco y buscar el sistema operativo. Cuando enciendes tu PC, recuerda que la RAM está vacía. La unidad central de procesamiento ejecuta una serie de pasos siguiendo las instrucciones almacenadas en la ROM. Estos pasos se llaman proceso de inicialización, algunos pasos de este proceso se almacenan de manera permanente en la ROM.

El programa almacenado en la ROM se llama BIOS llamado Sistema Básico de Entrada/Salida (Basic Input/Output System).

Tipos de ROM

Las memorias ROM han evolucionado gradualmente desde memorias fijas de solo lectura hasta convertirse en memorias que pueden programarse y reprogramarse.

ROM: Las primeras ROM se fabricaron utilizando un procedimiento que escribe directamente la información binaria en una placa de silicona mediante una máscara. Este procedimiento es obsoleto actualmente.

PROM: Las memorias PROM (Programmable Read Only Memory, memoria programable de solo lectura), fueron desarrolladas a fines de la década de los 70 por Texas Instruments. Consisten en chips que comprimen miles de fusibles (o diodos) capaces de "quemarse" mediante un dispositivo denominado programador ROM, aplicando un alto voltaje (12V) a las cajas de memoria a marcar. Los fusibles quemados corresponden a 0 y los demás a 1.

EPROM: Las memorias EPROM (Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory, memoria programable y borrable de solo lectura), son memorias PROM que se pueden borrar. Estos chips disponen de un panel de vidrio que deja entrar los rayos ultravioleta. Cuando el chip es sometido a rayos ultravioleta de una determinada longitud de onda, se reconstituyen los fusibles, lo que implica que todos los bits de memoria vuelven a 1. Por esta razón, este tipo de PROM se denomina borrable.

EEPROM: Las memorias EEPROM (Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory, memoria programable de solo lectura borrable eléctricamente) también son memorias PROM borrables, pero a diferencia de estas, se pueden borrar mediante una sencilla corriente eléctrica, es decir, incluso si se encuentran dentro del ordenador.

Existe una variante de estas memorias, conocida como memoria flash (también Flash ROM o Flash EPROM). A diferencia de las memorias EEPROM clásicas, que utilizan 2 o 3 transistores por cada bit a memorizar, la memoria EPROM Flash utiliza un solo transistor. Además, la memoria EEPROM puede escribirse y leerse palabra por palabra, mientras que la Flash únicamente puede borrarse por páginas (el tamaño de las páginas disminuye constantemente).

Por último, la memoria Flash es más densa, lo que implica que pueden producirse chips que contengan cientos de megabytes. De esta manera, las memorias EEPROM son preferibles a la hora de tener que memorizar información de configuración, mientras que la memoria Flash se utiliza para código programable (programas de IT).

Ventajas de la ROM

Se utiliza para almacenar software de firmware.

Es mucho más barato que la RAM y también está disponible en un tamaño más grande (capacidad).

Sus datos no cambian, solo se pueden leer.

No podemos agregarle ningún dato nuevo aunque queramos, porque en él los datos son programados por el programador una sola vez.

ROM es más confiable que la memoria RAM de la computadora porque los datos en RAM solo duran mientras haya alimentación en la computadora.

Implica programas e instrucciones muy reflexivos porque no podemos cambiarlo una y otra vez.

[ttalgifairy-blog]

Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory Market : Segmented by Application and Geography Trends, Growth and Forecasts 2026

Electrically erasable programmable read only memory (EEPROM) is a non-volatile memory used in computers, smartphones, and electronic devices to store small volumes of data. Increasing demand for high speed, highly scalable memory devices, and low power consuming devices are major factors driving growth of electrically erasable programmable read only memory market. Increasing adoption of high speed internet and Internet of Things (IoT) devices have propelled the demand for high speed memory devices, which are expected to fuel growth of electrically erasable programmable read only memory market in IOT devices.

Download PDF Brochure @ https://www.coherentmarketinsights.com/insight/request-pdf/650

On the basis of geography, electrically erasable programmable read only memory market is segmented into North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, Latin America, Middle East, and Africa. Asia Pacific holds the dominant position in the global electrically erasable programmable read only memory market and is projected to retain its dominance throughout the forecast period. Significant growth witnessed by consumer electronics and automotive industry in turn fuels growth of market in major economies such as China and India. For instance, electronics market in India accounted for US$ 36.2 billion in 2016, from US$ 31.6 billion in 2015, and is projected to reach US$ 104 billion by 2020.

Major players operating in electrically erasable programmable read only memory market include Atmel Corporation, Hitachi, Ltd., Infineon Technologies AG, Intersil, Linear Technology Corporation, Macronix International, Maxwell Technologies, Microchip Technology, Mitsubishi Electric Corporation, NXP Semiconductors N.V., ON Semiconductor, Renesas Electronics Corporation, ROHM Semiconductor, Samsung Electronics, Seiko Instruments Inc., STMicroelectronics, and Winbond Electronics Corporation.

Browse Complete Report @ https://www.coherentmarketinsights.com/insight/request-customization/650

[hnkparts]

Smg De94-03926b - Pcb-Eeprom | Hnkparts

The PCB-EEPROM for Samsung, part number DE94-03926B, is a critical electronic component used in various Samsung appliances. This printed circuit board (PCB) includes an embedded EEPROM (Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory) that stores essential operational data and settings for the device. It plays a vital role in ensuring the proper functionality of appliances, providing reliable performance and efficient operation. Ideal for repairs or replacements, this part is designed for compatibility with specific Samsung models.

[sariels-world-ella]

This mod is open for need of a programmer and secondary artist.

(Sprites, tracks, dialog and Trivia are on a separate tumblr posts)

(Riley's skin was left uncolored since I didn't have a color pencils light enough for their skin tone)

“I WANNA GO HOME!!!”

-- Riley, Schizophrenia

Riley Carter, aka Riley, is a 13 year old, non-binary, Skizophrenic, human(or at least human-like) child that also has a ripple effect proof memory. who got lost and decided to stick with Gf, Bf and Pico until their parents find them.

Story:

Pico is trying to help Gf and BF fix the speakers and a cordless mic (which is stuck on voice changer) to no avail, then Riley pops out of nowhere and tells them that they are lost and ask if they can stay with them, though Pico was reluctant and BF was confused, GF overruled both of them and let Riley stick around, G.F offers Riley to sing with BF for the chance of Riley’s parents might hear their voice and come over, Riley accepts then remarks on a strange girl (which fits my Undertale O.C Sariel’s description and also states her name as such) giving them a microphone telling them they will need it, but questions it if she was a figment of their imagination or not. In the next song Riley says that it was fun and reveals more about themselves and talks about their friend who seemingly got erased from reality. In the last song Riley breaks down crying having a freak out about being lost and then has a panic attack in an attempt to calm Riley down BF Sings with them.

Appearance:

Riley is slightly shorter than boyfriend, they have a rounded face with a very pale complexion and bags under their right eye which is colored white. They have silver colored hair (turns white in the last song) that covers their left eye which hides their eye patch and scar (which is visible in the left pose, down pose and the transition frame between the up pose), wears a pink turtleneck sweater and powder blue jacket with blue ribbon colored hood, white pants, Pale pinkish red mittens and black slippers. They hold the microphone in their right hand, but in “schizophrenia” they clutch the microphone with two hands.

Personality:

Riley is a sweet, respectful and innocent young child with an above average intelligence and they always speak their mind, LITERALLY, they rarely keep their thoughts to themselves. Riley doesn't smile much and has bad anxiety from their Schizophrenia. They cope with their anger by crying and getting sad to avoid trying to hurt others. Riley has a habit of either overreacting or not reacting at all and also expresses some bizarre and unusual behavior but they are usually very stable. Riley has many delusions and hallucinations causing them to question reality and may be the reason why they can sense the 4th wall. Riley also occasionally makes puns (which is unseen in the mod) but always comments afterwards of them being horrible.

Powers and Abilities:

Ripple-effect proof memory: Riley can remember when the week is replayed or if you retry when you fail, they will also remember someone who is erased from reality, so they will be capable of remembering characters like Selever and Rasazy, if they have met them before.

Electric shock resistance: Riley is a Schizophrenic and like most schizophrenics they have a resistance to electric shock

Pain tolerance: Riley has high pain tolerance and can come back up from hard blows and knockouts

Teleportation: orginally scrapped but was readded later

Temperature resistance or immunity: Riley is able to wear winter clothing in hot weather without effect, meaning they have a residence or complete immunity to tempature

4th wall sensing: Riley is unaware of the 4th wall, but they are capable of sensing it and making comments about the real world.

Superhuman vocal range: Riley is capable of a super-human vocal range, capable of making noises higher and lower than the average human, though this isn’t really seen/heard in the mod, only slightly seen in childish fears 11 seconds in were Riley hits some pretty low notes.

Because of Riley’s vocal range, Riley is also capable of making sounds that are either of too high or too low frequencies and pitches for the human to be able to hear, this means Riley might also have Supersonic hearing, but regarding whether or not that Riley has super hearing is ambiguous.

Riley can break glass with their voice but, unless maybe with a really good and loud microphone, they can’t make a building vibrate nor full on shake,

Riley doesn’t have strong vocal cords that can cause an earthquake and make buildings shake like Mid-Fight masses Ruv.

In the secret track, Riley is seen to make their voice echo while they sing an altered version “what a wonderful world”

Schizophrenia positive symptoms that are relevant to them

Non-binary physicality: Riley is non-binary and does not have genitals or have any male or female hormones, which, unlike it should, causes NO negitive effects to Riley

Due to this and their superhuman vocal range, RIley might not be fully human or they just have a human-like appearance.

Tech and machine fixing abilities: Riley is a master at fixing technology, has a long range of knowledge of different electronics and machines able to fix almost anything like that

Above average intelligence: Riley is no super genius but does indeed have above average intelligence to that compared to a normal 13 year old child

Riley has a good understanding of advanced mathematics, (though this fact is not shown in the mod), however they are NO way capable of doing complex math problems in their head in a matter of seconds

Riley has a grasp of quantum mechanics though it's unknown how much they know

Riley may be intelligent but still acts like a child and does some senseless things deliberately because, well, they are a kid!

[takesuhigher]

According to Nolan, the core of the control unit is a golf-ball-sized transparent "neuroplastic" sphere informally called a "pearl." Within the pearl are densely-packed microscopic filaments of neural material that are ostensibly the organic analog to the RAM (Random Access Memory) and EEPROM (Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory) of a computer chip. These filaments contain the programming and memory for the host — in effect, they are the soul of the host. The pearl is housed within the larger baseball-sized housing informally referred to as a "chestnut."