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setevulpo · 6 months ago

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theo raeken headcanons: chimera edition!

more theo content, this time dedicated to every part of him that doesn't fully align with humanity!

warning for the effects the doctors' experiments had on him, and for mentions of the experiments themselves. this is a long post.

divider by @/cafekitsune

since he was made by the doctors, he’s more animalistic than his supernatural counterparts. he leans a lot into the wolf and coyote parts of his being, mostly because of how young he was when he stopped being human.

contrary to his hybrid counterparts, chimeras don’t have the heterosis¹ factor going for them, and that includes theo. in fact, his health is worse than that of the average human, mostly because of his previous conditions.

most of his trouble as a chimera comes from the modified mercury he was injected with and how it interacts with the part of him that isn’t human. as in, he is affected by the mercury but not enough to die from it, and some of his abilities were stunted from it.

he isn’t actually immune to mountain ash, he just has a very minor reaction to it. this happens because he had the shapeshifter genome in him for most of his body’s development period and eventually started merging more with it than expected.

the reason theo didn’t reject the chimera transformation like the rest of the artificial chimeras is because of how young he was when the experiments started. on the other hand, the reason he wasn’t a suitable vessel for the beast of gévaudan was the fact that his chimerism is artificial², while mason was suitable because he was a natural chimera³.

theo was buried more than once for the experiments, and currently finds comfort in burying himself in either dirt or sand.

he started seeing the dread doctors a year before they kidnapped him, and they took that time to get him used to their presence in his life and their actions. most of theo’s life was influenced by the doctors, and it takes him a long time to unlearn the things they taught him.

the only reason the doctors didn’t terminate him for his lack of progress in the first year was the fact he wasn’t actively dying. if he started showing any symptoms of failure before he made progress into becoming a chimera they would have gotten rid of him.

despite his healing ability, theo has a lot of scars, and only a small part of them are because of the dread doctors. most of his scars are actually from accidents when he was practicing jumps and whatnot (like when he jumped from the tree to meet stiles and liam? yeah he used to fall on his ass trying to land those).

his partial shift is less stable than the full shift, but theo still pushes for the partial because he feels it’s the norm for werewolves. he often shifts fully in his sleep, which used to leave him sore when he slept in the backseat of his car because his wolf form is too big for it.

on that note, his full shift is bigger than the average wolf⁴. theo is 200 cm (79 in) long and 91 cm (36 in) tall, which makes him closer to the size of a northwestern wolf than to the grey wolf most werewolves are similar to.

his first full shift happened when he was 13 and he bit the geneticist’s hand when she tried to catch him. after that the doctors started making sure there was a cage wherever they went.

even in his most human form, he has fangs, but not as long as they are in his partial or full shifts. they’re around the same sharpness though, and because of that his diet is very much meat-based, no matter what the meat is.

his hair has differently coloured spots that match the colour of his fur during a full shift. it also grows faster and thicker whenever the weather gets sufficiently cold, and he tends to spend his winters with longer hair than he has during the show.

he’s more sensitive to loud noises than the average shapeshifter, and prefers avoiding situations in which he might be exposed to them. that is, however, near impossible considering his living conditions.

that ties in with his previously mentioned liking for burying himself! not only does it remind him of when he was a child, but the earth around him makes the world feel quieter. it also relates to him being part werecoyote⁵ ⁶.

spends most of canon fighting the natural instinct to get away from werewolves. post-canon he ends up running away and meeting a coyote pack in belt, montana, and doesn’t return to beacon hills for nearly two decades.

play fighting is as common to theo as it is to full werecoyotes, especially during the time he lives with the belt pack.

he prefers sleeping during the day and working at night, not only as a way to avoid excessive sunlight (which is uncomfortable to him) but also to avoid as many humans as possible⁷. sleeping during the day helps keep his nightmares at bay too.

met a mountain lion shapeshifter once and discovered their species do not get along when they attacked him. he came out alive, but does his best to avoid territories they might live in⁸.

the doctors turned him into a werecoyote before adding the werewolf part, and the modified mercury had the chance to affect the coyote for longer. that is the reason his behaviour leans closer to that of a coyote rather than an actual werecoyote.while malia initially trusted him due to his werecoyote side, he didn’t feel the same towards her. despite not having lived in beacon hills for several years, he still considered it his home, and in extension his territory. he was not, and still isn’t, happy to have a werecoyote that isn’t part of his pack roaming around⁹ ¹⁰.

extra content notes!

heterosis, also called hybrid vigour, is the stronger physical condition that some hybrids show in nature, often making them more resistant than their single-species parents.

artificial chimerism is defined as any form of chimerism that happens intentionally, for example through blood transfusions or transplants.

natural chimerism is defined as any form of chimerism that happens unintentionally, for example through absorption of the mother’s cells or of a twin in the womb.

an average wolf measures between 105 and 160 cm (41 to 63 in) in length and 80 to 85 cm (31 to 33 in) in height.

coyotes use dens which are often underground. while it is only used during pup season (when they are born and approximately four months after), theo is not a simple coyote, and it translates into his behaviour.

despite denning being a female behaviour in coyotes, it is something theo does. that does not mean he is a woman, however, and it is a trait acquired from mercury exposure.

coyotes in their natural habitats are mostly crepuscular, but those living in urban areas tend to be more nocturnal. the purpose of that is theorized to be avoiding interactions with humans.

if their territories overlap, coyotes may compete with mountain lions for food. however, given the size of cougars compared to coyotes, the mountain lions usually win those disputes. sometimes it doesn’t even need to be for food, and cougars just kill coyotes for being in their territory.

most coyote packs only involve the nuclear family of a breeding pair (the alphas). there are rare cases in which already formed packs will accept an outsider into it, but more often than not lone coyotes only joins others when hunting.

coyotes are naturally territorial, and will defend their territory against other coyotes with however much aggression they find necessary.

#theo raeken #teen wolf #teen wolf headcanons #teen wolf hcs #theo raeken headcanons #theo raeken hcs #liam dunbar #stiles stilinski #malia tate #all three mentioned #i have delved into au territory and i'm honestly pretty happy about it! i like messing around with an already unstable canon

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soliro-moonlight · 10 months ago

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A Guide to Human-Homunculus Hybrids

Disclaimer: This is just my ideas based on the information the game provides and the research I have done. These can be proven wrong if Kodaka explores the potential of human-homunculus hybrids and you don't need to follow these ideas if you don't want to.

Description

Human-homunculus hybrids or simply hybrids for short are the offspring of humans and homunculi couples. They are one of the results of Kanai Ward being open to the public and a recent phenomenon that hasn't been fully studied along with the effects of Homunculi affecting the world. This document contains all of the known occurrences of hybrids.

Traits

Traits of hybrids vary from subject to subject, but there are a few common ones. Mainly only one eye can turn red (red iris with black sclera), although which eye turns red depends on each subject, improved physical abilities compared to humans, and similar cell regeneration based on testing.

Other traits depend on the offspring themselves, the result being all homunculi traits, all human traits, or a combination of both. This includes sharp teeth, allergy to sunlight, and many other traits yet to be defined.

The color of the hybrid's blood is dependent on the mother. Show in a graph here, if a human parent is the mother, the child will have red blood. If the homunculus parent is the mother then the child will have pink blood.

There are even signs that hybrids may go through heterosis, becoming superior to their parents in terms of growth.

Diet

While needing normal nutrients like a human does, hybrids also need the same nutrients homunculi needs. If those nutrients are deprived, instead of becoming sick, they will become on edge, hostile, and dizzy to lead to fainting. In rare cases, some have nose bleeds. It's recommended that they often have homunculi nutrients as often as human nutrients.

Lifespan

Hybrids are half immortal. Their life spans are considerably longer compared to a human's, their age growth slowing down once they reach maturity, but not the point of a homunculus's. That results in a hybrid aging much slower and loving longer.

It should be added that hybrids go through the same rapid cell regeneration like homunculi. The only difference is while all scars, injuries, and illnesses are cured, hybrids do have minor cell damage to the area of where they die. While the cell damage is minimized and healed, a scar is left in the area called the Death Point or Death Scar . This rapid cell regeneration may change as hybrids age.

Note

No hybrids were injured in the making of this. If there are any questions, do ask and I'll update the guide!

#rain code #master detective archives: rain code #rain code spoilers

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organicbusinessconsulting · 11 months ago

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How Prevalence of Chronic Diseases Propel Genomics Market?

The genomics market growth & size is predicted to be worth USD 46.2 billion in 2023 and is predicted to reach USD 83.1 billion by 2028, increasing at a double-digit CAGR of 12.4% in the forecast period. The expansion of the genomics market is propelled by different key factors, including increased governmental backing, an increase in genomics studies, deducting sequencing costs, and an increase in genomics applications. The genomics market is poised for significant growth due to crucial advancements in genetics and their widespread usage in different research fields. This includes the exploration of intragenomic phenomena including heterosis, pleiotropy, epistasis, and many more associations among loci and alleles within the genome. In addition, the predicted growth of the genomics market is further propelled by the potential contributions of bioengineering and synthetic biology applications.

One of the global genomics market driving factors behind the market’s growth is the growing support from government-funded genome projects. These projects play a crucial role in advancing genomic research, serving as indispensable tools for the development of effective therapies. The substantial investments made by different government agencies in genome projects underscore their recognition of the important role genomics plays in medical innovations. For instance, collaboration between Genomics England and the NHS, leading to the introduction of the Genomic Medicine Service, which integrates whole genome sequencing into routine medical care. Comparable initiatives, such as The Saudi Human Genome Program, France Genomique, Personalized Medicine Program, and many other projects, further contribute to this global trend.

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As per the Press Information Bureau, the Department of Biotechnology (DBT) granted approval during 2020 for a three-year initiative to systematically document Genetic Variation in Indians. Spanning 20 different institutions nationwide, this project has the ambitious objective of enlisting 10,000 people within three years, representative of the country’s rich demographic diversity. The usage of whole genome sequencing to introduce all-inclusive data is predicted to increase future human genetics research in India with increased accuracy. In addition, the insights attained will contribute to the advancement of a genome-wide association array personalized for the Indian population. This strategic move focuses to facilitate the generation of cost-effective precision healthcare and diagnostics for prevalent syndromes, thereby propelling market expansion in the forecast period.

The transition towards personalized medicine, coupled with the decreasing costs of sequencing facilitated by Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS) technology, has given an increase to a spectrum of novel products and services. The genomics market trend is evolving with the entry of new market players, encouraging businesses to introduce inventive offerings to fortify their positions. For instance, the announcement made by Illumina in 2020, unveiling the e TruSight Software Suite and offering an all-inclusive infrastructure for complete genome sequencing, specifically designed for the identification of genetic diseases. This strategic move is predicted to play an important role in prolonging the market by delivering cutting-edge solutions and staying competitive in the dynamic industry landscape.

Meanwhile, the substantial potential notwithstanding, the global genomics market demand in developing nations is limited significantly by the scarcity of trained technicians. Many of these nations face a dual challenge: a shortage of technicians and a deficiency in the requisite skill set to function advanced sequencers effectively. In addition, the high cost of instruments presents an additional obstacle, functioning as a deterrent to market expansion in these regions.

The expansion of the market can be credited to the comprehensive research and development strategies employed by biopharmaceutical market companies, specifically in the realm of drug discovery, coupled with technological innovations that facilitate the realization of customized medicine. A noteworthy example is the release of an open-source model by Clemson University researchers in 2022. This model is specifically crafted to help researchers construct prediction models, representing intricate cellular interactions, and allowing the integration of large datasets. The application of such models proves beneficial in customized medicine scenarios, such as drug matching for cancer therapeutics.

Market participants are placing significant emphasis on expansions, collaborations, acquisitions, and substantial capital investments to drive genomics research forward, especially in the understanding of rare diseases and assistance for drug discovery. Notably, PacBio has announced a strategic partnership with Genomics England, focusing to leverage PacBio’s technology to recognize genetic variations in rare and unexplained disorders. The study’s objective is to resequence a curated set of samples collected during Genomics England’s 100,000 Genomes Project. The focus is on assessing the operational and clinical benefits of long-read sequencing in recognizing mutations linked with rare diseases. This collaborative effort underscores the industry’s commitment to advancing genomics research through innovative partnerships and cutting-edge technologies.

Genomics Market Segmentation

The North American region is predicted to maintain its dominance in the genomics market in the forecast period. This is attributed to different factors, including the increasing prevalence of chronic diseases such as cancer, increased investments by government personalities in research initiatives, an increased level of customer awareness, and the existence of improved healthcare infrastructure. These elements collectively contribute to the continuous innovation of technology within the genomics segment, and an increasing need for biotechnological practices around the region, further driving its growth. In addition, the domicile existence of foremost industry players around North America reinforces the region’s prominence in shaping and propelling developments within the genomics market.

About Us: Organic Market Research Business Consulting is a fast-growing Market Research organization which is helping organizations to optimize their end-to-end research processes and increase their profit margins.

Organic Market Research facilitates clients with syndicate research reports and customized research reports on 10+ industries with global as well as regional coverage.

About Us:

Organic Market Research Business Consulting is a fast-growing Market Research organization which is helping organizations to optimize their end-to-end research processes and increase their profit margins.

Organic Market Research facilitates clients with syndicate research reports and customized research reports on 10+ industries with global as well as regional coverage.

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Website : https://www.organicmarketresearch.com

#Chronic Diseases #consulting firm #market research #healthcare

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organicmarketresearch1 · 1 year ago

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coinweek · 1 year ago

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Blog of the day

#latestnews #coinweek #nft marketplace

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evoldir · 2 years ago

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Fwd: Job: PurdueU.ResTech.MechanismsOfAdaptation

Begin forwarded message: > From: [email protected] > Subject: Job: PurdueU.ResTech.MechanismsOfAdaptation > Date: 24 June 2023 at 06:26:59 BST > To: [email protected] > > > > Research technician position in genetic and physiological mechanisms > of adaptation > > The Oakley lab at Purdue University is looking for a research technician > for an NSF funded project connecting the genotype-phenotype-fitness > map for cold acclimation, an adaptive plastic response in seasonally > freezing environments. Cold acclimation is common in plants throughout > the temperate zones and involves dramatic metabolic and physiological > changes in response to cool autumn temperatures which condition winter > freezing tolerance. It is likely to be energetically costly, particularly > in cool but non-freezing environments, and climate change may exacerbate > the negative fitness consequences of this cost. > > This project (in collaboration with Brian Dilkes) is a unique opportunity > to investigate the effects of a naturally occurring sequence polymorphism > in a key regulatory gene on molecular and organismal phenotypes and > fitness in contrasting conditions that mimic the native environments > in which the ecotypes evolved. A loss of function allele in a gene that > encodes the transcription factor CBF2 explains a large amount of ecotypic > differences in cold acclimated freezing tolerance, and long term-field > study suggests this locus is responsible for a genetic trade-off. Planned > experiments will use manipulated alleles of CBF2 using near isogenic > and genetically engineered lines (in the native genetic backgrounds) > in growth chamber experiments with longitudinal sampling of genome-wide > gene expression (including allele specific expression), untargeted > metabolomics, growth rates and other traits, and ultimately fitness. > > Research activities will include (but are not limited to): Performing hand > pollinations to generate seed for allele specific expression analyses, > and to construct lines to directly test interactions between cis- > and trans- effects on traits and fitness. Creation of lines with loss > of function mutations in CBF2 in different ecotypic backgrounds using > CRISPR-Cas9. Assisting with growth chamber experiments to measure gene > expression, metabolites, traits, and fitness. Additional duties will > include supervision of undergraduate research assistants, lab management > tasks, and general plant care and lab upkeep. Other research in the > lab is exploring the costs of cold acclimation in emerging perennial > model species, and investigating the evolutionary ecology and genetics > of heterosis, epistasis, and maladaptation. There may be opportunities > to present research at a conference and/or be a co-author on publications. > > A Bachelor’s degree in ecology & evolution, genetics, plant biology, > or related field is required. This position has a fixed term of 1 > year and is ideally suited for someone who has very recently completed > their degree and is looking to gain more experience prior to entering > graduate school. No specific skills are required, but some combination > of experience in experimental biology, molecular genetics, plant care, > and bioinformatics is strongly preferred. Start date is September 5, > 2023, but this is flexible within reason. Starting salary is $35K. > > Applicants should send (as a single PDF attachment): CV or resume, > a short paragraph stating your research interests and fit to the lab > and project, and the names and contact information for two professional > references. Review of applications will begin July 28, 2023, and will > continue until a suitable candidate is found. > > Chris Oakley > [email protected] > https://ift.tt/1usfnIx > > > "Oakley, Christopher G"

#IFTTT #Email

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olderthannetfic · 3 years ago

Note

Incest as a taboo is definitely complex and under-examined, but inbreeding depression is more complicated than just a handful of harmful recessive genes. For every well-known recessive gene that causes a severe issue, there are many less-documented ones that are more subtly deleterious. Too much allelic homozygosity tends to have a negative effect on the health and well-being of organisms. Even one generation of sibling or parent/child incest isn't a great idea, whether or not anyone (1/2)

involved is a carrier of a major genetic disease. High coefficients of inbreeding are risky. That's why heterosis/hybrid vigor is a thing in agriculture. Even individuals who aren't carriers for any notable genetic diseases are still at elevated risk for unhealthy offspring if they reproduce incestuously. The biological risks definitely aren't the only driving force behind incest taboos, but it seems likely that they're a factor. (2/2)

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lupinepublishers · 5 years ago

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Lupine Publishers | Effect of Maize Production in a Changing Climate: Its Impacts, Adaptation, and Mitigation Strategies through Breeding

Lupine Publishers | oncology research journals

Abstract

Increasing the population and off them living styles effect on the surrounding environment leads to changes in climate with time. In the long run, the climatic change could affect agriculture in several ways such as quantity and quality of crops in terms of productivity, growth rates, photosynthesis and transpiration rates, moisture availability etc. Among the agricultural crops maize is also one of the most important food crops. Predictions suggest that worldwide climate change will reduce maize production this will coincide with a substantial increase in demand for maize due to rising populations. However, selection for climate change adaptation cultivar is difficult due to complex genotype by environment interactions. The broader use of traits from alien species and the manipulation of heterosis and polyploidy create new perspectives for improving yield potential and adaptation to climate change. Maize research has a crucial role to play in enhancing adaptation and mitigation of climate change while also enhancing food security. The varieties of maize hybrids with increased tolerance to heat and drought stress and resistance to pests and diseases are serious for handling existing climatic variability and for adaptation to progressive climate change.

Keywords: Abiotic stress; Environment; Heterosis and Polyploidy

Introduction

Over the next 50 years agriculture must provide for an additional 3.5 billion people Borlaug [1]. Production of the three major cereal crops alone (maize, wheat and rice) will need to increase by 70 % by 2050 in order to feed the world’s growing rural and urban populations. However, climate change scenarios show that agricultural production will largely be negatively affected and will impede the ability of many regions to achieve the necessary gains for future food security Lobell et al. [2]. Climate change refers to the increase of earth’s temperature due to the release of gases such as CO, CH, CFCs, NO and O into the earth’s atmosphere IPCC [3]. Climate variability has been and continues to be, the principal source of fluctuations in global food production in countries of the developing world and is of serious concern. The mean annual rainfall is considerably low in most parts of the world and temporal variability is quite high. Climate change impacts on agricultural crop production vary from place to place and from crop to crop. Climatic factors such as temperature, precipitation, moisture and pressure affect the development of plants, either alone or by interacting with other factors. This implies that rural sustenance and food security is under threat along with socioeconomic stability Burke et al. [4], and ecological integrity Walker and Schulze [5]. These risks are particularly high for the less resilient impoverished countries. Considerable research work has been carried out on the effects of weather/climate on agricultural production, but few works have been specific on the effects of climate change on maize production. Maize is one of the most important staple food crops in the world after wheat and rice and belongs to the family Poaceae. Maize occupies an important position among the crops, both as food and feed as well as raw material in industrial production of starch, oil, protein, alcoholic beverages, biofuel, food sweeteners, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, films, textiles, gums, and also in packaging and paper industries, etc. It is the most versatile photo- insensitive crop with high adaptability which is why maize is referred to as “Miracle Crop”. Being a C4 plant, it is physiologically more efficient, has higher grain yield potential compared to other grass family members and is also regarded as “Queen of Cereals”. Maize crop as such has multiple uses. The kernel contains about 77 per cent starch, two per cent sugar, nine per cent protein, 2 per cent ash on a water-free basis, five per cent Pentosan (sold for the relief of many medical conditions including thrombi and interstitial cystitis in humans and osteoarthritis in dogs and horses) and five per cent oil. Maize Oil is considered as the highest containing poly unsaturated fatty acid (PUFA), linoleic acid (61.9%). So, it remains a liquid at fairly low temperatures which is helpful in combating heart diseases (Figure 1). Maize oil is also low in linolenic acid (0.7%) and contains a high level of natural flavour. Maize is used primarily as a food for humans in most areas of the world, in contrast to the United States where about 85 per cent of the crop is used as cattle feed.

Effects of Climate Variability and Change on Maize Growth

Climate variability affects maize yield and the various crop processes and activities in maize production. There has been a significant fluctuation in maize yield and production. The occurrence of extreme climate variability such as may be characterized by a prolonged dry period or heavy rainfall spell coinciding with the critical stages of crop growth and development may lead to significantly reduced crop yields and extensive crop losses (Figure 2). Maize production has been on steady decline due to erratic rainfall variability and the area planted to maize has also been reduced to adapt to the anticipated drought period.

Effects of Climate Variability in Relation to Biotic and Abiotic Stress

Due to global warming, and potential climate abnormalities associated with it, crops typically encounter an increased number of abiotic and biotic stress combinations, which severely affect their growth and yield. Concurrent occurrence of abiotic stresses such as drought and heat has been shown to be more destructive to crop production than these stresses occurring separately at different crop growth stages. Abiotic stress conditions such as drought, high and low temperature and salinity are known to influence the occurrence and spread of pathogens, insects, and weeds. They can also result in minor pests to become potential threats in future Duveiller et al. [6]. These stress conditions also directly affect plant-pest interactions by altering plant physiology and defence responses (Figure 3). Additionally, abiotic stress conditions such as drought enhance competitive interactions of weeds on crops as several weeds exhibit enhanced water use efficiency than crops.

Abiotic Stresses of Maize Under the Changing Climate

Drought: Drought is the most pervasive limitation to the realization of yield potential in maize (Edmeades et al. [7]). Average annual global losses due to drought in maize range from 15% in temperate zone to 17% in tropical zone as estimated by empirical methods. A precise measurement of yield losses worldwide is not possible due to a range of occurrences of drought from individual fields to regional in extent, with severity from slight to catastrophic. Losses are greatest in parts of the world where soils and weather patterns are less favourable than US Corn Belt, which is named for its long-term suitability for growing maize at relatively low level of risk of crop failure.

Heat: By the end of this century, growing season temperatures will exceed the most extreme seasonal temperatures recorded in the past century Battisti and Naylor [8]. Using crop production and meteorological records, Thomson [9] showed that a 6°C increase in temperature during the grain filling period resulted in a 10% yield loss in the US Corn Belt. A later study in the same region showed maize yields to be negatively correlated with accumulated degrees of daily maximum temperatures above 32°C during the grain filling period. Lobell and Burke [10] suggested that an increase in temperature of 2°C would result in a greater reduction in maize yields within sub- Saharan Africa than a decrease in precipitation by 20%. A recent analysis of more than 20,000 historical maize trial yields in Africa over an eight year period combined with weather data showed for every degree day above 30°C grain yield was reduced by 1 % and 1.7% under optimal rainfed and drought conditions, respectively Lobell et al. [11]. The temperature threshold for damage by heat stress is significantly lower in reproductive organs than in other organs Stone [12]. Successful grain set in maize requires the production of viable pollen, interception of the pollen by receptive silks, transmission of the male gamete to the egg cell, and initiation and maintenance of the embryo and endosperm development Schoper et al. [13]. High temperature during the reproductive phase is associated with a decrease in yield due to a decrease in the number of grains and kernel weight. Under high temperatures, the number of ovules that are fertilized and develop into grain decreases.

Water Logging: Over 18% of the total maize production area in South and Southeast Asia is frequently affected by floods and water logging problems, causing production losses of 25-30% annually Zaidi and Singh [14]. Although the area of land in sub-Saharan Africa affected by water logging is lower than in Asia, it is a risk in a few areas. Water logging stress can be defined as the stress inhibiting plant growth and development when the water table of the soil is above field capacity. The diffusion rate of gases in the flooded soil could be 100 times lower than that in the air, leading to reduced gas exchange between root tissues and the atmosphere Armstrong and Drew [15]. As a result of the gradual decline in oxygen concentration within the rhizosphere, the plant roots suffer hypoxia (low oxygen), and during extended water logging (more than 3 days), anoxia (no oxygen) Zaidi and Singh [14]. Carbon dioxide, ethylene and toxic gases (hydrogen sulphide, ammonium and methane) also accumulate within the rhizosphere during periods of water logging. A secondary effect of water logging is a deficit of essential macronutrients (nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium) and an accumulation of toxic nutrients (iron and magnesium) resulting from decreased plant root uptake and changes in redox potential. Nutrient uptake is reduced as a result of several factors. Anaerobic conditions reduce ATP production per glucose molecules, thereby reducing energy available for nutrient uptake. Reduced transport of water further reduces internal nutrient transport. Reduced soil conditions decrease the availability of key macro nutrients within the soil. Under water logging conditions nitrate is reduced to ammonium and sulphate is converted to hydrogen sulphide, and both become unavailable to most of the non-wetland crops, including maize. Availability of phosphorous may increase or decrease depending upon soil pH during water logging.

Biotic Stresses of Maize Under the Changing Climate: Abiotic stresses account for a significant proportion of maize yield losses worldwide. The predominant insect‐pests and diseases vary across environments and a major challenge in adapting crops to climate change will be the maintenance of genetic resistance to pests and diseases Reynolds and Ortiz [16]. Changing climates will affect the diversity and responsiveness of agricultural pests and diseases. Studying and understanding the drivers of change will be essential to minimize the impact of plant diseases and pests on maize production.

Plant Diseases: For a disease to occur a virulent pathogen, susceptible host and favourable environment are essential Legrève and Duveiller [17]. All of these components are strongly coupled with environmental conditions. Global climate changes have the potential to modify host physiology and resistance, and alter both stages and rates of pathogen development. Environmental conditions controlling disease development include rainfall, relative humidity, temperature and sunlight. Changes in these factors under climate change are highly likely to have an effect on the prevalence of diseases and emergence of new diseases. For example, in Latin America tar spot complex, caused by Phyllachora maydis, Monographella maydis and Coniothyrium phyllachorae, was previously rare. However, recent epidemics of the tar spot complex have been recorded in Guatemala, Mexico, Colombia and El Salvador due to recent climate variability Pereyda-Hernández et al. [18]. Climate change may also affect gene flow, the process through which particular alleles or individuals are exchanged among separate populations. This will increase pathogen population diversity leading to variation in host resistance, variation in pathogen virulence and new specific interactions. This has the potential to result in new diseases or pathogen emergence, and the introduction of pathogens into new ecological niches. Depending on the distribution of populations and environmental conditions that are influenced by climate change, gene flow leads to an increase in population diversity or to the introduction of a new population in new ecological niches. An important example of changes in growing season conditions being linked to outbreaks of diseases, with serious human health implications, is mycotoxins and their prevalence within maize systems. Mycotoxins are toxic secondary fungal metabolites that contaminate agricultural products and threaten food safety. Different groups of mycotoxins are produced by different fungi. A. flavus and A. parasiticus produce aflatoxin, F. verticillioides produces fumonisin, and F. graminierum produces deoxynivelanol (DON) and zearalenone) Cardwell et al. [19]; Miller [20]. Mycotoxin contamination is a serious problem with long-term consequences for human and animal health. Sub-lethal exposure to mycotoxins suppress the immune system, increase the incidence and severity of infectious diseases, reduce child growth and development, and reduce the efficacy of vaccination programs Williams et al. [21]. Consumption of high doses of mycotoxins causes acute illness and can prove fatal. In 2004, more than 125 people died in Kenya from eating maize with aflatoxin B1 concentrations as high as 4,400 parts per billion - 220 times the Kenyan limit for foods Lewis et al. [22]. The maize implicated in this outbreak was harvested during unseasonable early rains and stored under wet conditions conducive to mold growth and therefore aflatoxin contamination CDC [23]. Previous outbreaks in Kenya and India have also been attributable to unseasonable, heavy rain during harvest Krishnamachari et al. [24]; Ngindu et al. [25].

Insect-Pests: The dynamics of insect-pests are also strongly coupled with environmental conditions. Insects do not use their metabolism to maintain their body temperature, and are dependent on ambient temperature to control their body temperature. Temperature is therefore the single most important environmental factor influencing insect behaviour, distribution, development and survival, and reproduction. Insect life stage predictions are calculated on accumulated degree days, which is a function of both time and temperature. Increased temperature can speed up the life cycle of insects leading to a faster increase in pest populations. It has been estimated that a 2°C increase in temperature has the potential to increase the number of insect life cycles during the crop season by one to five times Petzoldt and Seaman [26]; Bale et al. [27]; Porter et al. [28]. The feeding rate of many arthropod vectors increases at higher temperatures, thus increasing exposure of crops to mycotoxigenic fungi thereby increasing the spread of mycotoxins Bale et al. [27]; Dowd [29]. The increased global warming and drought incidences will favour insect proliferation and herbivory, which will likely increase the incidence and severity of insect related damages as well as aflatoxin and fumonisin mycotoxins in maize. Higher average temperatures have the potential to change the geographical distribution of crops. This may in turn result in an expansion of the geographical distribution of insect-pests and their associated pathogens (e.g. maize streak virus, corn stunt complex that are vectored by different species of leaf hoppers), resulting in a change in the geographical distribution of diseases.

Strategies for Mitigating Climate Related Effects of Biotic Stresses on Maize Yields: Breeding for disease and insect resistance requires an understanding of parasite biology and ecology, disease cycles and drivers influencing the evolution of plant-pathogen interactions, because unlike abiotic stresses, biotic stress resistance is influenced by genetic variability in the pest/ pathogen population. As a result of the evolving pest/pathogen populations and the changes in fitness favouring new pathotypes/ biotypes, improving resistance to biotic stresses has been a longterm focus of agricultural researchers. The long-term success of conventional and molecular breeding for disease or insect-pest resistance will depend on a more in‐depth and clear understanding of: (i) the nature of the pathogen/insect-pest, and diversity of virulence in the populations; (ii) the availability, diversity and type of genetic resistance; (iii) availability of suitable sites (hot spots), screening methodologies/protocols for generating adequate disease/insect‐pest pressures and tracking resistance; (iv) selection environments and methodologies for rapidly generating multiple stress resistant inbred lines, and their use in hybrid or variety development. Significant progress has been made over the decades in the identification of stable genetic resistance for major maize diseases Dowswell et al. [30]. However, the population structure of most maize pathogens remains inadequately characterized. Also, concerted efforts are required to widely test the available sources of resistance in multiple and relevant environments to expose them to a wide spectrum of pathogen strains and to facilitate identification of the most suitable resistance genes/alleles for use in the breeding programs [31]. Research at CIMMYT is focused on multi‐location phenotyping of a common set of 500 maize inbred lines for some prioritized diseases, namely GLS (gray leaf spot), TLB (Turcicum leaf blight), MSV (maize streak virus), and ear rots, across more than 15 locations in Sub-Saharan Africa, Latin America and Asia. This will help identify stable sources of resistance to key diseases and identify key phenotyping sites for future research. Using a common set of genotypes across environments will also provide the ability to monitor and detect emergence of new pathogen strains that will be registered as shifts in disease pressure and emerging new diseases, and how the environmental characteristics impacts pest biology and prevalence. CIMMYT has also developed several insectpest resistant populations, inbred lines, and varieties, especially for the stem borers and post-harvest insect pests (weevils and grain borers) through projects such as Insect Resistant Maize for Africa (IRMA). In addition, several inbred lines have been developed combining resistance to stem borers and storage pests.

Conclusion

Adaptation to climate change requires cross‐disciplinary solutions that include the development of appropriate germplasm and mechanism to facilitate to farmers access to germplasm. Seed production and deployment, effective policies and management strategies at the country, regional and international levels will all be required to ensure that the technologies reach the intended beneficiaries and make the desired impacts. Varieties with increased resilience to abiotic and biotic stresses will play an important role in autonomous adaptation to climate change. Over fifty years ago scientists were able to offset yield losses by up to 40% through the development of improved germplasm and management options. Today, scientists are faced with an even harder challenge-to meet the needs of future generations in the face of both population growth and climate change. While this challenge is immense, the advancement in molecular and phenotyping tools combined with the vast accumulated knowledge on mechanisms responsible for yield loss will provide a solid foundation to achieve increases in productivity within maize systems.

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microscopiaiwm · 4 years ago

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PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY

BY: RAHUL ANDHARIA (MSIWM001)

Plant biotechnology: deals with insertion of desirable characteristics into plants through genetic modifications for the purpose of creating beneficial plants. Plants which are modified genetically are termed as Transgenic plants.Transgenic plants usually are created by modifying their DNA to serve different…

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#agrobacterium tumifaecins #Biotechnology #heterosis effect #micro propogation #mutation breeding #p-lant biotechnology #transgenic plants

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fastwalker · 5 years ago

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The seeds aren’t typically sterile, you can grow them. They’re usually offspring of first or second generation crossings between varieties, though, so their characteristics aren’t stable and you may not get exactly the same thing (tho you’ll get a pepper)

ah yeah that makes sense, I had a lecture on the heterosis effect so I’m familiar with the concept and its use in agriculture

tho my friend was of the opinion that the seeds in store bought foods are sterile, not that they lose productivity…. hm weird Idk where she got that from

the tomatoes she grew were much tastier than store bought anyway tho lol, she also used varieties that were uncommon in conventional agriculture

#Anonymous

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wemresearch · 2 years ago

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Genomics Market 2022 Key Players Data and Industry Analysis.

The Genomics Market is set to demonstrate a substantial upswing of a CAGR of 19.40% during the forecasted period of 2021 to 2030. The Genomics Market was valued at USD 23.5 billion in 2021 and is estimated to display a significant improvement to reach USD 137.16 billion by 2030.

The study of individual organisms' genomes is covered under the branch of genetics known as genomics. Fine-scale genetic mapping projects and extensive efforts to discover the complete DNA sequence of organisms are both included in this field. The field also includes research on intragenomic phenomena such as pleiotropy (when a single gene influences multiple phenotypic traits), epistasis (where the effects of one gene are modified by one or more other genes, sometimes referred to as modifier genes), heterosis (outbreeding enhancement), and other interactions between loci and alleles within the genome.

The application of artificial intelligence (AI) in genomics focuses on the creation of computer systems that are capable of carrying out tasks like genome mapping. Additionally, AI makes it possible to investigate genetic material's structure, evolution, and function more quickly than with human interaction. While clinical genomics is designed to perform genomic analysis, which includes genome annotation, variant calling, phenotype-to-genotype correspondence, and genome annotation, the primary goal of AI algorithms is to emulate human intelligence. Furthermore, with minimal feature hand-crafting, AI techniques can directly predict DNA or protein structure. The field of customised medicine greatly benefits from the uses of genomics. AI can speed up the production of medications in this area.

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Genomics Market: Segmentation Analysis

Genomics Market based on Products and Services

Among the deliverable’s segment the products category was dominant factor with a revenue share of 69.3%.

Products

Instruments/Systems/Software

Consumables & Reagents

Services

NGS-based Services

Core Genomics Services

Biomarker Translation Services

Computational Services

Others

Genomics Market by Application & Technology:

Of all types of applications and technologies, functional genomics held the largest share in terms of revenue, a share of 32% in the global market. Following functional genomics, the Real-time PCR was a dominant revenue generator of the market.

Functional Genomics

Real-time PCR

Transfection

SNP Analysis

Mutational Analysis

Microarray Analysis

RNA Interference

Pathway Analysis

Microarray Analysis

Bead-based Analysis

Proteomics Tools (2-D PAGE; yeast 2-hybrid studies)

Real-time PCR

Biomarker Discovery

DNA Sequencing

Microarray Analysis

Real-time PCR

Mass Spectrometry

Statistical Analysis

Bioinformatics

Epigenetics

Bisulfite Sequencing

Microarray Analysis

Chromatin Immunoprecipitation (ChIP & ChIP-Seq)

Methylated DNA Immunoprecipitation (MeDIP)

High Resolution Melt (HRM)

Chromatin Accessibility Assays

Others

Top Key Players:-

Thermo Fisher Scientific

QIAGEN N.V.

Agilent Technologies, Inc.

F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd.

Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc.

Oxford Nanopore technologies

Danaher corporation

BGI (Beijing Genomics Institute)

IntegraGen

GE HEalthcare

Pacific Bioscience of california, Inc

Quest Diagnostics

Myriad Genetics, Inc.

Eppendorf AG

Eurofins Scientific

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#Genomics Market

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organicmarketresearch1 · 1 year ago

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How Prevalence of Chronic Diseases Propel Genomics Market

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Genomics Market Segmentation

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