#herbert 1969

[quotesfromall]

Machines could not be fashioned in the image of a man's mind, he said, but he betrayed every action that he preferred machines to men, statistics to individuals, the far away general view to the intimate personal touch requiring imagination and initiative.

Frank Herbert, Dune Messiah

[chicinsilk]

US Vogue January 15, 1969

Cybill Shepherd wears a navy and white wool knit dress-jacket set. By Shannon Rodgers for Jerry Silverman. Belt, by Calderon, rings, Cadoro, Marvella, Accessocraft, white ribbed tights, Bonnie Doon, sandals, Herbert Levine.

Cybill Shepherd porte un ensemble robe-veste en tricot de laine marine et blanc. Par Shannon Rodgers pour Jerry Silverman. Ceinture, par Calderon, bagues, Cadoro, Marvella, Accessocraft, collants blancs nervurés, Bonnie Doon, sandales, Herbert Levine.

Photo Bert Stern vogue archive

[lonelydragon62]

POT Appreciation Week

Days 6 & 7: Lawrence of Arabia (1962) / Goodbye Mr. Chips (1969)

[alanbates]

has this been done yet

[rwpohl]

die engel von st. pauli, jürgen roland 1969

[hungwy]

Some facts about my birthday (October 29):

1390: First trials of witchcraft in Paris

1618: Walter Raleigh, colonialist statesman, soldier, and explorer, is tried for treason and executed

1682: The founder of Pennsylvania, William Penn, lands at what is now Chester, PA

1740: James Boswell, diarist and biographer, is born

1863: The International Red Cross is formed in Geneva

1882: Jean Giradoux, playwright and novelist, is born

1888: The Convention of Constantinople allows for free maritime passage through the Suez Canal; Li Dazhao, co-founder of the CCP and mentor of Mao, is born

1889: N.G. Chernyshevksy, author of "What is to be done?", dies

1897: Joseph Goebbels, the nazi, is born

1901: Leon Czogolsz, anarchist, is executed for the assassination of William McKinley

1910: A.J. Ayer, logical positivist, is born

1914: The Ottomans enter WWI

1923: The Ottoman Empire dissolves; Turkey becomes a republic through the efforts of Atatürk

1924: Zbigniew Herbert, poet, is born

1929: Black Tuesday, the crash of the New York Stock Exchange and the beginning of the Great Depression

1938: Ellen Johnson Sirleaf, president of Rhodesia, is born; Ralph Bakshi, animator, is born

1940: The US begins its first peacetime military draft

1948: Franz de Waal, ethologist, is born

1949: George Gurdjieff, philosopher and mystic, dies

1956: The Suez Crisis begins

1962: The Beach Boys release "Surfin' Safari"

1967: Musical "Hair" opens off Broadway

1969: The first computer-computer link established on ARPANET

1971: Ma Huateng, co-founder of Tencent, is born; Winona Ryder, actor, is born

1975: Franco's 36-year long leadership of Spain ends

1985: Evgeny Lifshitz, physicist, dies

1991: The spacecraft Galileo makes the first ever visit to an asteroid

1995: Terry Southern, screenwriter of Dr. Strangelove, dies

2004: Al-Jazeera broadcasts Osama Bin Laden taking responsibility for 9/11; European Union leaders sign the first EU constitution

It is the Christian feast day of:

Abraham of Rostov

Blessed Chiara Badano

Colman mac Duagh

The Duai Martyrs

Gaetano Erico

Michele Rua

Narcissus of Jerusalem

Theuderius

It is a public holiday in:

Cambodia (Coronation Day)

Turkey (Republic Day)

It is a private holiday in:

USA (National Cat Day)

Everywhere (my birthday)

[dailyhistoryposts]

On This Day In History

August 5th, 1969: Atlanta police raid a screening of the film Lonesome Cowboys to identify, photograph, and later arrest “known homosexuals” (according to Atlanta Chief of Police Herbert Turner Jenkins). About 70 theater-goers were targeted.

Only six weeks after the Stonewall Riots, the event is sometimes referred to as the Stonewall of the South. It directed led to anti-police protests and the formation of the Georgia Gay Liberation Front.

[chantssecrets]

Le fameux dramaturge et metteur en scène canadien John Herbert. John Herbert était le nom de plume de John Herbert Brundage, un dramaturge canadien, également metteur en scène de théâtre et drag queen, né le 13 octobre 1926 à Toronto et mort le 22 juin 2001 dans la même ville, qui restera dans l’Histoire pour sa scandaleuse mais brillante pièce « Fortune and Men’s Eyes » (« Des prisons et des hommes ») (1967). - Sal Mineo incarnant Rocky et Don Johnson incarnant Smitty, dans une version de la pièce qui s’est jouée en 1969 à Los Angeles, mise en scène par Sal Mineo.

The famous Canadian playwright and director John Herbert. John Herbert was the pen name of John Herbert Brundage, a Canadian playwright, also a theatre director and drag queen, born October 13, 1926 in Toronto and died June 22, 2001 in the same city, who will remain in history for his scandalous but brilliant play "Fortune and Men's Eyes" (1967). - Sal Mineo as Rocky and Don Johnson as Smitty, in a version of the play that was performed in 1969 in Los Angeles, directed by Sal Mineo.

[deadpresidents]

Has every president laid (?) in state at the capitol?

No. While every President is eligible to have a state funeral with full military honors (as former Commanders-in-Chief of U.S. Armed Forces), many Presidents have chosen to have less elaborate funerals. Planning for a President's funeral begins almost immediately after they are elected, and the President and his family intricately plan out what they wish to happen, in conjunction with the Military District of Washington, which organizes and executes those plans. Those plans are updated (and rehearsed by the military) throughout the lives of Presidents, up until the time of a President's death.

Jimmy Carter will be just the 13th President to lie in state in the Rotunda of the U.S. Capitol. Here are the previous Presidents who choose to receive that honor: •Abraham Lincoln (1865) •James Garfield (1881) •William McKinley (1901) •Warren G. Harding (1923) •William Howard Taft (1930) •John F. Kennedy (1963) •Herbert Hoover (1964) •Dwight D. Eisenhower (1969) •Lyndon B. Johnson (1973) •Ronald Reagan (2004) •Gerald Ford (2006-2007) •George H.W. Bush (2018) •Jimmy Carter (2025) Two Vice Presidents (in addition to former Vice Presidents Lyndon Johnson, Gerald Ford, and George H.W. Bush) have also lain in state: Henry Wilson, who died in office in 1875, and Hubert H. Humphrey in 1978.

[batmanonthecover]

Detective Comics #385 - March 1969 (DC Comics - USA)

Cover Art: Neal Adams

DIE SMALL - DIE BIG

Script:  Robert Kanigher

Art:  Bob Brown (Pencils), Joe Giella (Inks)

Characters: Batman [Bruce Wayne]; Robin [Dick Grayson]; Alfred Pennyworth; Commissioner James Gordon; Herbert Small (a mailman, death); unnamed gang of thugs (villains)

Synopsis: Learning that he is to die soon, and down-hearted because it seems that no one will remember him, Herbert Small tries to convince a group of criminals that he is really Batman in order to save the Caped Crusader's life.

Batman story #1,266

[coldest-quotes-hall-of-fame]

To endure oneself may be the hardest task in the universe

-Dune Messiah, Frank Herbert 1969

[theblackestofsuns]

Dune Messiah (1969)

Frank Herbert

Berkley Books

[quasi-normalcy]

A while ago while I was in tumblr jail, you posted that you had a masters in science fiction literature (unless you didn't, I have been known to be mistaken), and I am wondering, what do you consider 'important' works of science fiction? Like the science fiction literary canon? I am so curious. Feel free to ignore, I will not harass you.

Yes! I do. I can tell you the ones that I was assigned (I'm afraid that the list skews extremely male and (especially) white).

Mary Shelley, Frankenstein (1818)

Olaf Stapledon, Last and First Men (1930) and Star Maker (1937) [You can probably add Odd John (1935) to this list]

Jules Verne, Journey to the Centre of the Earth (1864) and 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (1870) [You can probably add From the Earth to the Moon (1865)]

H.G. Wells, The Time Machine (1895) and War of the Worlds (1897) [Though you can probably go ahead and add The Island of Doctor Moreau (1896), The Invisible Man (1897) and The First Men in the Moon (1901)]

Charlotte Perkins Gilman, Herland (1915)

Catherine Burdekin (writing as Murray Constantine), Swastika Night (1937)

Karel Čapek, R.U.R. (1920)

Isaac Asimov, I, Robot (1950) [You can probably add the first three Foundation novels here as well]

Yevgeny Zamyatin, We (1921)

George Orwell, Nineteen Eighty-Four (1949)

Arthur C. Clarke, 2001: A Space Odyssey (1967) and Rendezvous with Rama (1973) [Add: Childhood's End (1953) and The Fountains of Paradise (1979)

John Wyndham, Day of the Triffids (1951) [add: The Chrysalids (1955) and The Midwich Cuckoos (1957)]

H.P. Lovecraft, "The Call of Cthulhu" (1926) [add The Shadow over Innsmouth (1931)]

Richard Matheson, I Am Legend (1954)

Alfred Bester, The Stars My Destination (1956)

Robert Heinlein, Starship Troopers (1959) [Probably Stranger in a Strange Land (1961) and The Moon is a Harsh Mistress (1966) too, depending on, you know, how much of Heinlein's bullshit you can take]

J.G. Ballard, The Drowned World (1962) [Also, The Burning World (1964) and The Crystal World (1966)]

Phillip K. Dick, The Man in the High Castle (1962) [Also Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep? (1968) and several of his short stories]

Frank Herbert, Dune (1965)

Michael Moorcock, Behold the Man (1969)

Kurt Vonnegut, Slaughterhouse-5 (1969)

Ursula Le Guin, The Dispossessed (1974) [Also The Lathe of Heaven (1971) and The Left Hand of Darkness (1969)]

Brian Aldiss, Supertoys series

William Gibson, Neuromancer (1984)

Kim Stanley Robinson, Red Mars (1992) [Also Green Mars and Blue Mars]

They also included Iain M. Banks's The Algebraist (2004), but I personally think you'd be better off reading some of his Culture novels

Other ones that I might add (not necessarily my favourite, just what I would consider the most influential):

Joe Haldeman, The Forever War (1974)

Matsamune Shiro, Ghost in the Shell (1989-91)

Katsuhiro Otomo, Akira (1982-1990)

Octavia Butler, Lilith's Brood (1987-89) and Parable of the Sower (1993)

Poul Anderson, Operation Chaos (1971)

Hector Garman Oesterheld & Francisco Solano Lopez, The Eternaut (1957-59)

Liu Cixin, The Three-Body Problem (2008)

Robert Shea and Robert Anton Wilson, The Illuminatus! Trilogy (1975)

William Hope Hodgson, The House on the Borderland (1908)

Neal Stephenson, Snow Crash (1992)

Joanna Russ, The Female Man (1975)

Orson Scott Card, Ender's Game (1985) [Please take this one from a library]

Edgar Rice Burroughs, A Princess of Mars (1912)

Margaret Atwood, The Handmaid's Tale (1985) and Oryx and Crake (2003)

Aldous Huxley, Brave New World (1932)

Osamu Tezuka, Astro Boy (1952-68)

Ray Bradbury, Fahrenheit 451 (1953)

Madeleine L'Engle, A Wrinkle in Time (1962)

Walter M. Miller, A Canticle for Leibowitz (1959)

Douglas Adams, Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy (1979)

[mariacallous]

As Hurricane Milton roared toward the west coast of Florida on Tuesday and Wednesday, its 180-mile-per-hour winds weakened to 145 miles per hour, rose again, and then fell. What had been one of the quickest ever storms to reach Category 5 strength—which is when wind speeds top 156 mph—flicked back and forth between Categories 4 and 5. It ultimately arrived at the coast on Wednesday as a Category 3 storm, with winds of 125 mph.

But while Milton’s wind speed was reduced, the inundation of water forecast for Florida remained just as massive as before. Tampa, a city of 3 million that hasn’t taken such a direct hit in a century, faces a storm surge of 10 to 15 feet, along with nearby St. Petersburg and Sarasota, according to the National Hurricane Center. This comes less than two weeks after Hurricane Helene pushed an 8-foot surge into the area. Central and northern Florida could also see 12 inches of rainfall, with up to 18 inches in isolated areas.

That Milton could decrease in category but still threaten such a high storm surge and volume of rainfall shows a major shortcoming of the Saffir–Simpson scale, by which we assign hurricanes categories 1 through 5: It’s based solely on wind speed, even though in an era of climate change, hurricanes have been unleashing more and more water on cities. That has left hurricane forecasters trying to move beyond these categories and convey the risk of storm surge and flooding, so people will still evacuate even if wind speeds slacken.

“The public needs to not focus totally on the number in the category,” says Erik Salna, a meteorologist at the International Hurricane Research Center at Florida International University. “The fact that it has already been a major hurricane, it will still have that momentum, power, and force on the water. And the biggest killer is water, not the wind.”

The Saffir–Simpson scale is “a great way to show really the intensity of an open-water storm system,” says Brian Hurley of the US National Weather Service. “But it should not be the end-all be-all for diagnosing the threats.”

Modern hurricane forecasting was born in 1943, when a US Army Air Corps pilot flew a two-person propeller plane into the eye of a hurricane on a barroom dare, and then repeated the stunt with a meteorologist on board. This gave birth to subsequent innovations like aerial surveys, but while these gave weather watchers a lot more data—on how low the barometric pressure in the storm had fallen, how fast a hurricane was spinning, and how fast it was moving toward shore—they still struggled to express the level of danger to the public.

For instance, in 1969, many residents of Mississippi failed to evacuate before Hurricane Camille slammed into the coast with estimated winds of up to 200 miles per hour, despite detailed weather reports, and 256 people died. National Hurricane Center director Robert Simpson subsequently decided to adopt a categorization of hurricane wind speed developed by his friend, Miami civil engineer Herbert Saffir, leading to the Saffir–Simpson scale. Simple and evocative, it gave even the most uninformed people the sense that categories 3, 4, and 5 are major hurricanes, with major destructive potential.

“Its great advantage is everybody knows it, and everybody more or less knows what to be afraid of,” says Richard Olson, director of the International Hurricane Research Center.

This simplicity comes at a price, however. Since it’s based on the maximum wind speed achieved, the scale doesn’t say anything about the size of a storm. Hurricane Katrina, for instance, hit New Orleans in 2005 as a Category 3, weaker than Camille. But it was much larger, with hurricane-force winds extending 105 miles from its center rather than 60 miles for Camille, and it did a lot more damage.

The scale also doesn’t address flooding—neither the storm surge of ocean water pushed onshore by a hurricane, nor the heavy rainfall it dumps as it passes over land. Originally each category included an expected range of storm surge, but the National Hurricane Center removed this in 2010. That’s because factors besides just wind speed influence the surge. A hurricane that moves forward quickly or has a large radius will push more water onshore than a smaller, slower storm, especially if a shallow continental shelf forces that water mass upward. The storm surge will be higher when squeezed into a bay like the one around Tampa or when a hurricane barrels head-on into the coast rather than at an angle.

Hurricanes like Katrina showed the potential for confusion: The gigantic storm surge of up to 28 feet far exceeded the 12 feet predicted based on its Category 3 wind speed, corresponding instead to what would be expected from a Category 5. In response, StormGeo, an advisory firm that helps its clients decide when to shut down infrastructure like oil refineries and retail stores, developed the Hurricane Severity Index. “We realized the Saffir–Simpson scale didn't accurately reflect the storm-surge capabilities of a storm,” says StormGeo meteorologist Bob Weinzapfel. The index measures wind speed on a 25-point scale and a storm’s size—that is, how far these high winds extend—on another, to give a total rating out of 50, and compares that to historic hurricanes. By that index, Milton has 11 size points and 12 intensity points.

For its part, the National Hurricane Center started issuing storm surge watches and warnings in addition to categorizing hurricanes based on windspeed. Its bulletins now also include risks of rainfall, tornadoes, and high surf.

“We’ve worked to separate the impacts to best represent areas on the immediate coast and for those a few miles to hundreds of miles away,” says Maria Torres, a meteorologist at the center.

But the Saffir–Simpson scale remains the key measurement, unless you have the time to click deeper into your regional weather service website. And as climate change supercharges hurricanes, which are fueled by warm water and air, the sufficiency of the system's five categories is increasingly coming into question. After Milton’s wind speed skyrocketed from a 60 mph tropical storm to a 180 mph Category 5 hurricane in only 36 hours, experts are again discussing whether a Category 6 needs to be added.

Milton’s enormous storm surge has also highlighted the growing danger from water. More intense hurricanes are pushing higher storm surges due to sea-level rise. These “hurricanes on steroids,” as Olson calls them, are also dumping larger amounts of rain inland, just as Hurricane Helene did in North Carolina late last month. Between 2013 and 2022, flooding due to heavy rainfall accounted for a whopping 57 percent of hurricane deaths, with storm surges responsible for another 11 percent, according to the National Hurricane Center. Wind caused only 12 percent.

The International Hurricane Research Center is known for its “wall of wind,” a hangar of 12 giant yellow fans that can generate 157 mph winds to test the resilience of building materials. Now it has a $13 million federal grant to design and prototype a new facility with 200 mph fans and a 500-meter wave pool, to test the effects of windier, wetter hurricanes.

“That’s real-world. You don’t get just wind, just water, just wave. You get all three,” Olson says.

Some meteorologists say we need a different scale entirely. Carl Schreck, a research scientist at North Carolina State University, has proposed a Category 1–5 scale based on sea-level pressure to better incorporate water. A low pressure boosts both wind speed and storm size, and larger storms tend to have bigger surges and more rain. A Category 5 would be a hurricane with a pressure lower than 925 millibars. By this measurement, Milton would have remained a Category 5 until mid-Wednesday rather than vacillating between 4 and 5.

“Pressure is easier to measure, easier to forecast, and matters more for damage, but NHC, through inertia, they’re tied to the current system, and they think changing it would confuse people, unless there’s a silver bullet,” Schreck says. “And there is no silver bullet.”

No single number can capture all hurricane impacts. That was demonstrated by Helene, which made landfall in Florida as a Category 4 but unleashed “biblical” rainfall hundreds of miles inland in Georgia, South Carolina, and North Carolina. The storm killed more than 200 people, half of them in western North Carolina, where mountain valleys channeled the rainfall into devastating floods. The impact was compounded by a tropical storm that showered the Carolinas with historic rainfall two days before Helene.

Before Helene hit, forecasts compared its rainfall to hurricanes Frances and Ivan, which brought up to 18 inches of rain to some parts of North Carolina in 2004, triggering 400 landslides and killing 11. They also cited a record-setting flood in 1916, warning that the “impacts will be life-threatening.” The storm two days before Helene was described as a “once-in-a-thousand-year event.” But the fact that so many people died nonetheless shows a “communication disconnect” between our storm warning system and the public, says Schreck, who lives in Asheville and was without power and water for days.

He’s also helped develop an “enhanced rainfall” scale, where a Category 5 event pours five times as much rain as an area would get once every two years on average, a Category 4 dumps four times as much, and so on. The predicted rainfall would have made Helene a Category 3 extreme rainfall event in the mountains of North Carolina rather than just a Category 4 hurricane on the coast of Florida.

“Nobody knows what 500 or 1,000 years means. It’s basically inconceivable,” Schreck says of probability-based systems. “So it’s saying, take the biggest event you can remember and multiply it by three.”

Not everyone will evacuate even for a major storm, however, especially in a hurricane-weary state like Florida. More than a million people were under an evacuation order there for Milton, with Governor Ron DeSantis urging residents to “run from the water” and the mayor of Tampa warning those who don’t are “going to die.” But one mother named Amanda Moss went viral with TikTok videos saying she didn’t have the money for flights and hotels to evacuate her husband, mother-in-law, six children, and four French bulldogs from Fort Meyers, which faces up to 12 feet of storm surge. In the comments, some other users said they were also staying put, arguing they couldn’t get off work or were worried about gas shortages.

It’s not just “a pride or an ego thing,” as Moss put it. Thirteen percent of Americans wouldn’t be able to cover an emergency expense of $400, and 38 percent would have to pay with a credit card, sell a possession, or take out a loan to cover it, according to the Federal Reserve.

“There is not like one sentence that you can get on air and say that is going to get everybody to evacuate,” says Samantha Montano, an assistant professor of emergency management at Massachusetts Maritime Academy, who favors retiring the Saffir–Simpson scale altogether.

Rather than wind speed or sea-level pressure categories, hurricane forecasts should focus on local impacts in certain areas, she says. For Tampa right now, that’s 15 feet of water in the streets, winds that could tear off your roof, and rainfall that can overwhelm drainage systems and wreck your car.

“Any scale that we’re using to communicate with the public that isn’t accounting for what impacts are isn’t going to capture what the public needs to capture in order to be able to understand the risk,” Montano says.

[dailyanarchistposts]

References & Footnote

Abraham, R. C. 1933. The Tiv people. Lagos: Government Printer.

Afigbo, A. E. 1971. ‘The Aro of southeastern Nigeria: a socio-historical analysis of legends of their origins’, African Notes 6: 31–46.

Aglietta, M. and A. Orle´an (eds.) 1995. Souverainete´, le´gitimite´ de la monnaie. Paris: Association d’E´ conomie Financie‘re (Cahiers finance, e´thique, confiance).

Akiga Sai, B. 1939. Akiga’s story; the Tiv tribe as seen by one of its members. Translated and annotated by Rupert East. London: Published for the International African Institute by the Oxford University Press.

Akiga Sai, B. 1954. ‘The “descent” of the Tiv from Ibenda Hill’ (translated by Paul Bohannan), Africa: Journal of the International African Institute 24: 295–310.

Akin, D. and J. Robbins 1998. An introduction to Melanesian currencies: agencies, identity, and social reproduction, in D. Akin and J. Robbins (eds.), Money and modernity: state and local currencies in Melanesia, 1–40. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press.

Bohannan, P. 1954. ‘The migration and expansion of the Tiv’, Africa: Journal of the International African Institute 24: 2–16.

Bohannan, P. 1955. ‘Some principles of exchange and investment among the Tiv’, American Anthropologist 57: 60–7.

Bohannan, P. 1958. ‘Extra-processual events in Tiv political institutions’, American Anthropologist 60: 1–12.

Bohannan, P. 1959. ‘The impact of money on an African subsistence economy’, Journal of Economic History 19: 491–503.

Carrier, J. 2010. Handbook of economic anthropology. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.

Curtin, P. D. 1969. The Atlantic slave trade: a census. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press.

Dike, K. O. and F. Ekejiuba 1990. The Aro of south-eastern Nigeria, 1650–1980: a study of socio-economic formation and transformation in Nigeria. Ibadan: University Press.

Dorward, D. C. 1976. ‘Precolonial Tiv trade and cloth currency’, International Journal of African Historical Studies 9: 576–91.

Douglas, M. 1951. ‘A form of polyandry among the Lele of the Kasai’, Africa: Journal of the International African Institute 21: 1–12. (As Mary Tew.)

Douglas, M. 1958. ‘Raffia cloth distribution in the Lele economy’, Africa: Journal of the International African Institute 28: 109–22.

Douglas, M. 1960. ‘Blood-debts and clientship among the Lele’, Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland 90: 1–28.

Douglas, M. 1963. The Lele of the Kasai. London: Oxford University Press.

Douglas, M. 1964. ‘Matriliny and pawnship in Central Africa’, Africa: Journal of the International African Institute 34: 301–13.

Douglas, M. 1966. Purity and danger: an analysis of concepts of pollution and taboo. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.

Douglas, M. 1982. In the active voice. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul. Downes, R. M. 1977. Tiv religion. Ibadan: Ibadan University Press.

Ekejiuba, F. I. 1972. ‘The Aro trade system in the nineteenth century’, Ikenga 1(1): 11–26, 1(2): 10–21. Eltis, D., S. D. Behrent, D. Richardson and H. S. Klein 2000. The transatlantic slave trade: a database. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Equiano, O. 1789. The interesting narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano: or, Gustavus Vassa, the African. New York: Modern Library Edition, 2004.

Graeber, D. 2001. Toward an anthropological theory of value: the false coin of our own dreams. New York: Palgrave.

Grierson, P. 1977. The origins of money. London: Athlone Press.

Guyer, J. I. 2004. Marginal gains: monetary transactions in Atlantic Africa. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.

Harris, R. 1972. ‘The history of trade at Ikom, Eastern Nigeria’, Africa: Journal of the International African Institute 42: 122–39.

Herbert, E. W. 2003. Red gold of Africa: copper in precolonial history and culture. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press.

Ingham, G. 2004. The nature of money. Cambridge: Polity Press. Isichei, E. 1976. A history of the Igbo people. London: Basingstoke. Jones, G. I. 1939. ‘Who are the Aro?’, Nigerian Field 8: 100–3.

Jones, G. I. 1958. ‘Native and trade currencies in southern Nigeria during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries’, Africa: Journal of the International African Institute 28: 43–56.

Latham, A. J. H. 1971. ‘Currency, credit and capitalism on the Cross River in the pre-colonial era’, Journal of African History 12: 599–605.

Latham, A. J. H. 1973. Old Calabar 1600–1891: the impact of the international economy upon a traditional society. Oxford: Clarendon Press.

Laum, B. 1924. Heiliges Geld: Eine historische Untersuchung ueber den sakralen Ursprung des Geldes. Tu¨ bingen: J. C. B. Mohr.

Le´vi-Strauss, C. 1949. Les structures e´le´mentaires de la parente´. Paris: EHESS.

Lovejoy, P. F. and D. Richardson 1999. ‘Trust, pawnship, and Atlantic history: the institutional foundations of the Old Calabar slave trade’, American Historical Review 104: 333–55.

Lovejoy, P. F. and D. Richardson 2001. ‘The business of slaving: pawnship in Western Africa, c. 1600–1810’, Journal of African History 42: 67–84.

Malamoud, C. (ed.) 1988. Lien de vie, noeud mortel. Les repre´sentations de la dette en Chine, au Japon et dans le monde indien. Paris: EHESS.

Northrup, D. 1978. Trade without rulers: pre-colonial economic development in south-eastern Nigeria. Oxford: Clarendon Press.

Nwauwa, A. O. 1991. ‘Integrating Arochukwu into the regional chronological structure’, History in Africa 18: 297–310.

Ottenberg, S. 1958. ‘Ibo oracles and intergroup relations’, Southwestern Journal of Anthropology 14: 295–317.

Ottenberg, S. and P. Ottenberg 1962. Afikpo markets: 1900–1960, in P. Bohannan and G. Dalton (eds.), Markets in Africa, 118–69. Chicago, IL: Northwestern University Press.

Partridge, C. 1905. Cross River natives: being some notes on the primitive pagans of Obubura Hill District, Southern Nigeria. London: Hutchinson & Co.

Price, J. M. 1980. Capital and credit in British overseas trade: the view from the Chesapeake, 1700–1776. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Price, J. M. 1989. ‘What did merchants do? Reflections on British overseas trade, 1660–1790’, The Journal of Economic History 49: 267–84.

Price, J. M. 1991. Credit in the slave trade and plantation economies, in B. L. Solow (ed.), Slavery and the rise of the Atlantic system, 313–17. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Rospabe´, P. 1995. La Dette de Vie: aux origines de la monnaie sauvage. Paris: Editions la De´couverte/MAUSS.

Rubin, G. 1975. The traffic in women: notes on the ‘political economy’ of sex, in R. Reiter (ed.), Toward an anthropology of women. New York: Monthly Review Press.

Servet, J.-M. 1981. ‘Primitive order and archaic trade. Part I’, Economy and Society 10: 423–50. Servet, J.-M. 1982. ‘Primitive order and archaic trade. Part II’, Economy and Society 11: 22–59. Sheridan, R. B. 1958. ‘The commercial and financial organization of the British slave trade, 1750–1807’, The Economic History Review, New Series 11: 249–63.

Smith, A. 1776. An inquiry into the nature and causes of the wealth of nations. Oxford: Clarendon Press (1976 edition).

Tambo, D. C. 1976. ‘The Sokoto Caliphate slave trade in the nineteenth century’, International Journal of African Historical Studies 9: 187–217.

The´ret, B. 1995. L’E´ tat, la finance et le social. Souverainete´ nationale et construction europe´enne (direction de publication). Paris: E´ ditions la De´couverte.

Walker, J. B. 1875. ‘Notes on the politics, religion, and commerce of Old Calabar’, The Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland 6: 119–24.

Wilson, M. H. 1951. ‘Witch beliefs and social structure’, The American Journal of Sociology 56: 307–31.

[1] Some village wives were literally princesses, since chiefs’ daughters invariably chose to marry age sets in this way. The daughters of chiefs were allowed to have sex with anyone they wanted, regardless of age-set, and also had the right to refuse sex, which ordinary village wives did not. Princesses of this sort were rare: there were only three chiefs in all Lele territory. Douglas estimates that the number of Lele women who became village wives on the other hand was about 10% (1951).

[worstuspresidentbracket]

Who's the Worst President in the History of the United States?

What's going on? You know how these brackets work! I've matched up all 45 presidents of the United States of America by a random generator, and I'll be making 1v1 polls for each matchup. The loser gets eliminated, the winner moves on to the next matchup. The ultimate winner is crowned the WORST PRESIDENT.

What are the rules? 1. Vote for the one you DISLIKE. You want people you like to lose and be eliminated. 2. Submitting reasons to vote will be published! Help convince others to your side--either to vote for someone you hate or leave someone you like alone! Propaganda submitted as asks will be tagged with the president, or you can reply directly on the matchup posts. 3. Your reasons for disliking a president are your own. If you just hate their haircut, fair enough. However, I recommend you look at their policies, values, and actions in things like supporting slavery of Native American genocide, limiting social and economic mobility, contributing to the prison-industrial complex, US imperialism and neo-imperialism, and more! 3b. It is acceptable to consider reasons before/after their tenure as president. 3c. Because the above will be in basically every post, they will not be tagged. If they are triggers for you, I recommend you simply block this block. No hard feelings, I promise. 4. If you submit propaganda, make sure it's true. There are lots of random myths about presidents floating around. I'll do my best to fact-check, but do a quick Google before you hit submit, please!

Who are the contestants? All 45 presidents of the United States of America. Here's the full list!

George Washington (1789-1797)

John Adams (1797-1801)

Thomas Jefferson (1801-1809)

James Madison (1809-1817)

James Monroe (1817-1825)

John Quincy Adams (1825-1829)

Andrew Jackson (1829-1832)

Martin Van Buren (1837-1841)

William Henry Harrison (1841)

John Tyler (1841-1845)

James K. Polk (1845-1849)

Zachary Taylor (1849-1850)

Millard Fillmore (1850-1853)

Franklin Pierce (1853-1857)

James Buchanan (1857-1861)

Abraham Lincoln (1861-1865)

Andrew Johnson (1865-1869)

Ulysses S. Grant (1869-1877)

Rutherford B. Hayes (1877-1881)

James A. Garfield (1881)

Chester A. Arthur (1881-1885)

Gover Cleveland (1885-1889; 1893-1897)

Benjamin Harrison (1889-1893)

William McKinley (1897-1901)

Theodore 'Teddy' Roosevelt (1901-1909)

William Howard Taft (1909-1913)

Woodrow Wilson (1913-1921)

Warren G. Harding (1921-1923)

Calvin Coolidge (1923-1929)

Herbert Hoover (1929-1933)

Franklin D. Roosevelt (1933-1945)

Harry S. Truman (1945-1953)

Dwight D. Eisenhower (1952-1961)

John F. Kennedy (1961-1963)

Lyndon B. Johnson (1963-1969)

Richard Nixon (1969-1974)

Gerald Ford (1974-1977)

Jimmy Carter (1977-1981)

Ronald Reagan (1981-1989)

George H. W. Bush (1989-1993)

Bill Clinton (1993-2001)

George W. Bush (2001-2009)

Barack Obama (2009-2017)

Donald Trump (2017-2021; 2025 President elect)

Joe Biden (2021-2025)