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hurtworld · 4 years ago

Note

mesaj attım ama cevap vermedin dostum. PCR ve qPCR teknikleriyle alakalı kaynak olarak yardımcı olabilir misin?

mendeley kullanıyor musun bilmiyorum ama ben APA şeklinde buraya atayım kaynakları sen seç beğen al dostum.

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Cheng, S., Fockler, C., Barnes, W. M., & Higuchi, R. (1994). Effective amplification of long targets from cloned inserts and human genomic DNA. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 91(12), 5695–5699. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.91.12.5695

Saiki, R., Gelfand, D., Stoffel, S., Scharf, S., Higuchi, R., Horn, G., Mullis, K., & Erlich, H. (1988). Primer-directed enzymatic amplification of DNA with a thermostable DNA polymerase. Science, 239(4839), 487–491. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.239.4839.487

Saiki, R. K., Scharf, S., Faloona, F., Mullis, K. B., Horn, G. T., Erlich, H. A., & Arnheim, N. (1985). Enzymatic amplification of β-globin genomic sequences and restriction site analysis for diagnosis of sickle cell anemia. Science, 230(4732), 1350–1354. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.2999980

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ezatluba · 4 years ago

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When Cadaver Dogs Pick Up a Scent, Archaeologists Find Where to Dig

Recent research highlights the power of the canine nose to uncover buried remains from ancient human history.

Shiraz, a cadaver dog enlisted to hunt for archaeological remains in February at a suspected Native American burial site in Gulf Breeze, Fla.Credit...Emily Kask for The New York Times

By Cat Warren

May 19, 2020

On a sunny summer day in Croatia several years ago, an archaeologist and two dog handlers watched as two dogs, one after another, slowly worked their way across the rocky top of a wind-scoured ridge overlooking the Adriatic Sea.

Bodies had lain in beehive-shape tombs on this necropolis, part of the prehistoric hill fort of Drvišica, since the Iron Age. The two dogs, trained to detect human remains, were searching for scents that were thousands of years old.

Panda, a Belgian Malinois with a “sensitive nose,” according to her handler, Andrea Pintar, had begun exploring the circular leftovers of a tomb when she suddenly froze, her nose pointed toward a stone burial chest. This was her signal that she had located the scent of human remains.

Ms. Pintar said the hair on her arms rose. “I was skeptical, and I was like, ‘She is kidding me,’” she recalled thinking about her dog that day.

Archaeologists had found fragments of human bone and teeth in the chest, but these had been removed months earlier for analysis and radiocarbon dating. All that was left was a bit of dirt, the stone slabs of the tomb and the cracked limestone of the ridge.

Human-remains detection dogs, or cadaver dogs, are used worldwide on land and water. Well-trained dogs help find the missing and dead in disasters, accidents, murders and suicides. But the experiment in Croatia marked the start of one of the most careful inquiries yet carried out of an unusual archaeological method. If such dogs could successfully locate the burial sites of mass executions, dating from World War II through the conflicts in the Balkans in the 1990s, might they be effective in helping archaeologists find truly ancient burials?

On the scent of new tombs

Panda wasn’t kidding. Neither was Mali, the other Belgian Malinois trained by Ms. Pintar and her husband, Christian Nikolić. Each dog gave her final indications that day by either sitting or lying inside the flattened circle of the tombs, their noses pointing toward the burial chests within. In some cases they leapt into the small burial chests before offering an alert.

The dogs’ archaeological expedition had been initiated by Vedrana Glavaš, an archaeologist at Croatia’s University of Zadar. She already knew a great deal about the necropolis at Drvišica, having fully excavated and analyzed the contents of three tombs there. Inside each were rough limestone burial chests. She and her team recovered amber beads, belt buckles, bronze pins, teeth and phalanges. Each chest once held at least two bodies, which radiocarbon dating confirmed were 2,700 years old. The skeletal material was highly fragmented, however, and is still being analyzed.

But were there other tombs on the site, and could the dogs help locate them?

After that first preliminary search and its surprising result, Dr. Glavaš had beers at a local pub with the dogs’ handlers. They decided to hold off any discussion for a few weeks.

“We needed to think a little bit about what just happened,” Dr. Glavaš said.

That “test run” was the beginning of a careful study on whether human-remains detection dogs could be an asset to archaeologists. Setting up a controlled study was difficult. Dr. Glavaš had to learn the scientific literature, such as scent theory, far outside the standard confines of archaeology; the same was true for Ms. Pintar and the field of archaeology.

The training challenges were also difficult. Ancient human remains probably present a different and fainter scent profile than more recently deceased cadavers, especially as decades turn into centuries and then millenniums. False negatives seemed likely to occur.

“I think dogs are really capable of this, but I think it’s a logistical challenge,” said Adee Schoon, a scent-detection-animal expert from the Netherlands who was not involved in the study. “It’s not something you can replicate again and again. It’s hard to train.”

And, as Dr. Schoon noted, dogs are “great anomaly detectors.” Something as subtle as recently disturbed soil can elicit a false alert from a dog that is not rigorously trained.

Nonetheless, the team returned to the necropolis for the first controlled tests in September 2015, and again a full year later. Both times, they used all four of Ms. Pintar and Mr. Nikolić’s cadaver dogs: Panda, Mali, a third Belgian Malinois and a German shepherd. They worked them on both known and double-blind searches, in areas where nobody knew if tombs were located.

The dogs located four tombs new to the archaeologists. Dr. Glavaš had suspected that a fifth site might hold a burial chest, and the dogs’ alerts, combined with excavation, proved her suspicion correct.

In September 2019, the Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory published the results of their study: “This research has demonstrated that HRD dogs are able to detect very small amounts of specific human decomposition odor as well as to indicate to considerably older burials than previously assumed,” Dr. Glavaš and Ms. Pintar wrote.

Dr. Schoon, who researches and helps create protocols to train scent-detection animals worldwide, said the Iron Age necropolis study was nicely designed and “really controlled.”

Archaeological cold cases

Panda and Mali aren’t the only dogs in the world that have helped locate human archaeological remains. In the United States, human remains detection dogs have aided discoveries at a variety of Native American sites, some badly damaged by looters and earlier generations of archaeologists with less ethical approaches to excavation, as well as by development and agriculture.

Paul Martin, a dog handler and trainer in Tennessee who is finishing his doctorate in earth sciences and geoarchaeology at the University of Memphis, has studied using dogs to find older remains for nearly two decades, demonstrating their capabilities at some of the large earthen mounds across the eastern United States that were once surrounded by flourishing Native American cities and villages.

His curiosity was piqued in 2002. Mr. Martin and his trained search dog were helping look for a murder victim in a Mississippi county where an informant said the victim was buried on “an old Indian mound.” The dog started showing intense interest at the mound, and Mr. Martin suspected that it wasn’t the more recent murder that held the dog’s attention.

He spoke with John Sullivan, then a state archaeologist at Winterville Mounds near Greenville, Miss. Mr. Sullivan was curious, too: “Paul asked me if dogs would pick up old stuff and I said, ‘Only one way to find out.’”

Mr. Martin started inviting experienced cadaver dogs and handlers to train on and near intact mounds. For years, they recorded dogs’ alerts on mounds in two areas of Mississippi, and even in fields nearby, where earlier mounds were probably flattened.

But getting funding and permission to do excavations is difficult. The alerts remained unconfirmed. Nonetheless, nature sometimes kicks out some free clues. That’s what happened on Mound H in Winterville, Miss., in 2006.

Rodents provided “ground-truthing,” or confirming evidence, free of charge by digging new burrows and displacing what had been hidden for centuries. Just downhill from where a number of human remains detection dogs had alerted during earlier training, “we actually saw a trail of bone coming down the side of the mound,” Mr. Martin said.

A forensic anthropologist confirmed the bones were human, including a child’s scapula. Mr. Sullivan believes they come from the last burials at the site, and date to around 1450 A.D.

Cadaver dogs are also helping archaeologists at some especially challenging sites. Mike Russo and Jeff Shanks, archaeologists with the National Park Service’s Southeast Archeological Center, had created at least 14 test holes near a promising site in northwest Florida that had been flattened during an earlier era of less diligent archaeology. They found nothing.

“We knew where it should be, but when we went there, there was absolutely no mound,” Mr. Russo said.

They then asked Suzi Goodhope, a longtime cadaver-dog handler in Florida, to bring her experienced detection dog, Shiraz, a Belgian Malinois, to the site in 2013. Shiraz and Ms. Goodhope worked the flat, brushy area for a long time. Then, Shiraz sat. Once.

“I was pretty skeptical,” Mr. Shanks said.

Nonetheless, the archaeologists dug. And dug. They went down nearly three feet — and there they found a human toe bone more than 1,300 years old.

Passing sniff tests

What is the future of using human-remains detection dogs as a noninvasive tool in archaeology?

Some archaeologists, forensic anthropologists, geologists, scientists — and even H.R.D. dog handlers who know how challenging the work is — say they have great potential. But challenges abound.

Although researchers are learning ever more about the canine olfactory system, they are still trying to pinpoint what volatile organic compounds in human remains are significant to trained dogs.

It’s also unclear what concentration of human remains a trained dog can detect, and which aspects of a given environment help retain the scent.

Ms. Pintar and Dr. Glavaš speculate that at the site in Croatia used in their study, the porous and cracked limestone on the ridge might play a role in the longevity of the scent there. Perhaps the mountain itself — used as the base of each burial chest — held on to the scent for thousands of years. But more research will need to be completed to confirm these findings.

Detection dogs also must be trained for archaeology with more consistency. Often humans are the limiting factor. Sometimes, Dr. Schoon said, she can almost see a dog thinking, “Is that all you want me to do? I can do much more!”

And dogs are only a complement to more standard archaeological tools, Mr. Martin noted. The best results come when good human-remains detection dog teams are combined with ground-penetrating radar, geophysical surveys and historical information, and — when feasible or desirable — confirmed with soil tests or excavation.

But more archaeologists around the world are taking note of detection dogs’ potential. Ms. Goodhope has continued working with park service archaeologists on lost slave cemeteries, Civil War sites and other early Native American sites. And Mr. Sullivan, now with the federal Bureau of Land Management, continues to work with dogs and handlers to locate, and avoid the destruction of, Native American sites.

Since Ms. Pintar and Dr. Glavaš’s Croatia study was published last year, several European and Croatian archaeologists have asked them for help in identifying sites, too.

As for the Iron Age necropolis high on the rocky ridge at Drvišica? Dr. Glavaš said she doesn’t intend to return to excavate there.

“Something has to be left for future archaeologists.”

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sarkarinaukriweb · 5 years ago

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Download TNPSC Annual Planner 2019 Check All Upcoming Tamil Nadu PSC Exams 2019

Dear Candidates, If you are waiting for Tamil Nadu PSC Exams 2019. here is a good news for you. Tamil Nadu Public Service Commission provides a good Opportunities through this TNPSC Annual Planner 2019. In this article, applicants can check all the Upcoming TNPSC Exams Notification 2019. Tamil Nadu PSC Department is coordinate all PSC Exams 2019 in Tamil Nadu State. Tamil Nadu PSC Annual Planner is helping for topping off TNPSC Vacancies. TNPSC Exams yearly declares advertisements for the TNPSC Group 1, Group 2, Group 2A, Group 4, VAO and different Jobs.

Overview of TNPSC Annual Planner 2019:

Organization Name Tamil Nadu Public Service Commission Exam Name Tamil Nadu PSC Exam Category Annual Planner Official Site www.tnpsc.gov.in TNPSC Exam Date Available Here Upcoming Tamil Nadu PSC Exams 2019 – Check All Tamil Nadu State Govt Jobs Name of the Vacancies Total No. of Posts Online Registration Date of Examination From To TNPSC Executive Officer Recruitment 120 Posts 02.11.2018 03.12.2018 16.02.2018 to 17.02.2018 TNPSC DRAUGHTSMAN Recruitment 53 Posts 30.10.2018 28.11.2018 03.02.2019 TNPSC Horticulture Recruitment 175 Posts 25.10.2018 21.11.2018 13.01.2019 TNPSC Lecturer Recruitment 03 Posts 12.10.2018 11.11.2018 12.01.2019 TNPSC Assistant Jailor Recruitment 30 Posts 08.10.2018 07.11.2018 06.01.2019 TNPSC Assistant Public Prosecutor Recruitment 46 Posts 03.10.2018 31.10.2018 05.01.2019 TNPSC Technical Assistant Recruitment 02 Posts 28.09.2018 28.10.2018 05.01.2019 TNPSC Group 2 Notification 1199 Posts 10.08.2018 09.09.2018 11.11.2018 TRB TN Recruitment 186 Posts 23.07.2018 06.08.2018 Available Soon Tamilnadu Postal Circle Recruitment 86 Posts 01.08.2018 20.08.2018 16.09.2018 TNUSRB Recruitment 309 Posts 11.07.2018 10.08.2018 Available Soon TNPSC Forest Apprentice Recruitment 158 Posts 04.08.2018 01.08.2018 23.09.2018 to 30.09.2018 TNAU Recruitment 179 Posts 29.05.2018 25.06.2018 Available Soon TNPSC Assistant Horticultural Officer Recruitment 805 Posts 25.05.2018 24.06.2018 11.08.2018 TNPSC Agricultural Officer Recruitment 192 Posts 03.05.2018 02.06.2018 14.07.2018 TN MRB Recruitment 73 Posts 17.04.2018 07.05.2018 24.06.2018 TNPSC Civil Judge Recruitment 320 Posts 09.04.2018 07.05.2018 09.06.2018 TNPSC Assistant Engineer Recruitment 324 Posts 28.02.2018 26.03.2018 20.05.2018 TNAHD Recruitment 1573 Posts 07.02.2018 01.03.2018 Available Soon TANGEDCO Recruitment 325 Posts 14.02.2018 28.02.2018 Available Soon TN MRB Recruitment 229 Posts 13.02.2018 05.03.2018 Available Soon TNPSC Motor Vehicle Inspector Recruitment 113 Posts 14.02.2018 13.03.2018 10.06.2018 TNUSRB Recruitment 6140 Posts 28.12.2017 27.01.2018 11.03.2018 TNPSC Assistant Commissioner Of Labour 10 Posts 12.01.2018 11.02.2018 29.04.2018 TNPSC Group 4 9351 Posts 14.11.2017 13.12.2017 11.02.2018 TNPSC Assistant Director Recruitment 130 Posts 28.11.2017 27.12.2017 24.02.2018 & 25.02.2018 TNPSC Junior Analyst Recruitment 24 Posts 24.11.2017 20.12.2017 17.02.2018 to 18.02.2018 TNPSC Librarian Recruitment 42 Posts 21.11.2017 20.12.2017 24.02.2018 TNPSC VAO Exam 494 Posts 14.11.2017 13.12.2017 11.02.2018 TNPSC Group 2A Notification 1953 Posts 27.04.2017 26.05.2017 06.08.2017 TN TRB Recruitment 1058 Posts 28.07.2017 11.08.2017 16.09.2017 TNPSC Group 1 Exam 14 Posts 12.09.2017 09.10.2017 17.12.2017

Latest TNPSC Annual Planner 2019 For Tamil Nadu State

TAMIL NADU PUBLIC SERVICE COMMISSION ANNUAL RECRUITMENT PLANNER – 2019 NOTIFIED POSTS IN THE YEAR 2018 SR. No. Name of the Post / Recruitment / Service Date of Notifn Date of Exam 1 ASSISTANT PUBLIC PROSECUTOR GRADE – II 03.10.2018 05.01.2019 2 TECHNICAL ASSISTANT IN AIR CONDITIONING & GAS PLANT IN T.N. FORENSIC SCIENCE DEPARTMENT 28.09.2018 05.01.2019 3 ASSISTANT JAILOR IN PRISON DEPARTMENT 08.10.2018 06.01.2019 4 LECTURER IN STATISTICS 12.10.2018 12.01.2019 5 ASSISTANT DIRECTOR OF HORTICULTURE & HORTICULTURAL OFFICER 25.10.2018 12.01.2019 F.N. & A.N., 13.01.2019 6 JUNIOR INSPECTOR OF CO-OPERATIVE SOCIETIEW 23.10.2018 27.01.2019 7 DRAUGHTSMAN GRADE-III IN TOWN & COUNTRY PLANNING 30.10.2018 03.02.2019 8 EXECUTIVE OFFICER GRADE-III IN HR & CE DEPARTMENT 02.11.2018 16.02.2019 9 EXECUTIVE OFFICER GRADE-IV IN HR & CE DEPARTMENT 02.11.2018 17.02.2019 10 LIBRARIAN IN VARIOUS DEPARTMENTS IN VARIOUS SERVICES / INDUSTRIES & COMMERCE, AGRICULTURE, PUBLIC LIBRARIES AND LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY SECRETARIAT 14.11.2018 23.02.2019 11 LIBRARIAN IN ARCHAEOLOGY IN ARCHAEOLOGY DEPARTMENT IN GENERAL SUBORDINATE SERVICE 16.11.2018 24.02.2019 12 PRINCIPAL, I.T.I. & ASSISTANT DIRECTOR OF TRAINING IN T.N. EMPLOYMENT & TRAINING SERVICE & ASSISTANT ENGINEER (INDUSTRIES) IN T.N. INDUSTRIES SUBORDINATE SERVICE 26.11.2018 02.03.2019 13 DISTRICT EDUCATIONAL OFFICER IN T.N. SCHOOL EDUCATIONAL SERVICE 10.12.2018 02.03.2019 14 COST ASSISTANT IN T.N. MINISTERIAL SUBORDINATE SERVICE 04.12.2018 02.03.2019 15 STOREKEEPER IN T.N. FORENSIC SCIENCE SUBORDINATE SERVICE 19.12.2018 24.03.2019 16 INSPECTOR OF SALT IN T.N. INDUSTRIES SUBORDINATE SERVICE 19.12.2018 24.03.2019 17 ASSISTANT AGRICULTURAL OFFICER IN T.N. AGRICULTURAL SUBORDINATE SERVICE 27.12.2018 07.04.2019 18 ASSISTANT SYSTEM ENGINEER & ASSISTANT SYSTEM ANALYST IN T.N. INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY SERVICE 22.01.2019 07.04.2019 19 JUNIOR TECHNICAL ASSISTANT / SENIOR TECHNICAL ASSISTANT IN T.N. HANDLOOMS AND TEXTILES SUBORDINATE SERVICE 07.01.2019 20.04.2019 20 HOSTEL SUPERINTENDENT IN T.N. EMPLOYMENT AND TRAINING SUBORDINATE SERVICE 02.01.2019 27.04.2019 21 SUB-INSPECTOR OF FISHERIES IN T.N. FISHERIES SUBORDINATE SERVICE 10.01.2019 04.05.2019 22 ACCOUNTS OFFICER IN T.N.TREASURIES AND ACCOUNTS SERVICE Shortfall Vacancies 28.01.2019 05.05.2019 23 CURATOR IN MUSEUM Shortfall vacancies 24.01.2019 19.05.2019 The dates of the Examinations are fixed. However due to rare administrative reasons, the dates are subject to change, kindly watch TNPSC website for any updates. TO BE NOTIFIED IN 2019 SR. No. Name of the Post / Recruitment / Service Date of Notifn 1 COMBINED CIVIL SERVICES EXAMINATION – I (GROUP-I SERVICES) JANUARY 2 1) JUNIOR CHEMIST & CHEMIST IN T.N. INDUSTRIES SUBORDINATE SERVICE 2) ASSISTANT GEO CHEMIST IN PWD IN T.N. ENGINEERING SUBORDINATE SERVICE JANUARY 3 ASSISTANT SUPERINTENDENT OF APPROVED SCHOOLS IN SOCIAL DEFENCE DEPARTMENT, T.N. SOCIAL DEFENCE SUBORDINATE SERVICE JANUARY 4 ASSISTANT SUPERINTENDENT OF VIGILANCE INSTITUTIONS IN T.N. SOCIAL DEFENCE SUBORDINATE SERVICE JANUARY 5 LABORATORY ASSISTANT T.N.FISHERIES SUBORDINATE SERVICE FEBRUARY 6 ASSISTANT TRAINING OFFICER (STENOGRAPHY ENGLISH) & ASSISTANT TRAINING OFFICER (SECRETARIAL PRACTICE) IN T.N. EMPLOYMENT AND TRAINING SUBORDINATE SERVICE FEBRUARY 7 JUNIOR DRAFTING OFFICER IN T.N.HIGHWAYS ENGINEERING SUBORDINATE SERVICE FEBRUARY 8 COMBINED ENGINEERING SUBORDINATE SERVICES EXAMINATION FEBRUARY 9 1) COLLEGE LIBRARIAN IN COLLEGIATE SERVICE, ASSISTANT LIBRARIAN AND INFORMATION OFFICER FOR ANNA CENTENARY LIBRARY IN PUBLIC LIBRARIES DEPARTMENT 2) LIBRARIAN IN GOVERNMENT LAW COLLEGE IN T.N. LEGAL EDUCATIONAL SERVICE MARCH 10 1) DRUGS INSPECTOR IN T.N. MEDICAL SERVICES 2) JUNIOR ANALYST (DRUGS CONTROL) IN T.N. MEDICAL SUBORDINATE SERVICE MARCH 11 ASSISTANT (TRANSLATION) IN T.N. SECRETARIAT SERVICE APRIL 12 COMBINED ENGINEERING SERVICES EXAMINATION APRIL 13 CURATOR IN MUSEUM DEPARTMENT IN T.N. GENERAL SUBORDINATE SERVICE APRIL 14 ASSISTANT TOURIST OFFICER IN T.N.TOURISM SUBORDINATE SERVICE APRIL 15 COMBINED CIVIL SERVICES EXAMINATION – II (GROUP-II & II A SERVICES) MAY 16 JUNIOR SCIENTIFIC OFFICER IN T.N. FORENSIC SCIENCE SUBORDINATE SERVICE MAY 17 1) ASSISTANT DIRECTOR 2) CHILD DEVELOPMENT PROJECT OFFICER IN SOCIAL WELFARE DEPARTMENT IN T.N. GENERAL SERVICE MAY 18 SOCIOLOGIST AND ECONOMIST IN THE OFFICE OF ADDITIONAL DIRECTOR GENERAL OF POLICE, SOCIAL JUSTICE AND HUMAN RIGHTS IN T.N. GENERAL SERVICE MAY 19 PROJECT OFFICER IN GOVERNMENT INSTITUTE FOR MENTALLY RETARDED, TAMBARAM IN T.N. GENERAL SERVICE MAY 20 FOREMAN INSTRUCTOR (ENAMEL) IN T.N. INDUSTRIES SUBORDINATE SERVICE JUNE 21 COMBINED CIVIL SERVICES EXAMINATION-IV (GROUP-IV SERVICES & VAO) JUNE 22 ASSISTANT GEOLOGIST IN T.N. GEOLOGY AND MINING SUBORDINATE SERVICE JUNE 23 ASSISTANT CHEMICAL ENGINEER IN T.N. INDUSTRIES SUBORDINATE SERVICE JUNE 24 ASSISTANT DIRECTOR OF INDUSTRIES & COMMERCE (TECHNICAL) / UNIT SUPERINTENDENT & ASSISTANT SUPERINTENDENT (CHEMICAL WING) IN T.N. INDUSTRIES SERVICE JULY 25 DIRECTOR OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION IN T.N. LEGAL EDUCATIONAL SERVICE AUGUST 26 ENGLISH REPORTER & TAMIL REPORTER IN T.N. LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY SECRETARIAT SERVICE OCTOBER 27 STATISTICAL COMPILER IN T.N. PUBLIC HEALTH SUBORDINATE SERVICE NOVEMBER 28 ACCOUNTS OFFICER IN T.N.TREASURIES AND ACCOUNTS SERVICE NOVEMBER 29 ASSISTANT CONSERVATOR OF FORESTS INCLUDED IN GROUP-IA SERVICE DECEMBER Note: 1) This planner is released to enable the candidates to prepare themselves for the examination. 2) Tentative month of notification mentioned in this planner is subject to change. 3) The date of notification, number of vacancies, period for submission of online application, last date, date of examination, tentative date of publication of written result, date of Oral Test and Counselling would be announced in the notification concerned. 4) Scheme of examination and syllabus are made available in the Commission’s Website www.tnpsc.gov.in from time to time. 5) Keep on watching the Commission’s website and the newspapers / media for latest information / notifications. Important Links For TNPSC Annual Planner 2019 Download Official Tamil Nadu PSC Annual Planner PDF Here Check TNPSC CCSE Group IV Result 2019 (Available Here) Download Tamil Nadu PSC Group 4 Cut Off Marks Here Check TNPSC Recruitment 2019 Notification Conclusion: Tamil Nadu Public Service Commission Provide TNPSC Annual Planner 2019 for Latest Tamil Nadu PSC Recruitment Notification. Download Tamil Nadu PSC Exam Schedule / Calendar From here. And also get latest TNPSC Jobs Recruitment by watching above information. Read the full article

#TamilNaduJobs #TNPSC #TNPSCNotification

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lindyhunt · 6 years ago

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Everything We Know About Meghan Markle & Prince Harry’s Royal Baby

On the morning of October 15, Kensington Palace dropped some major news: Meghan Markle is pregnant. It was a big announcement, and it left us asking a lot of unanswered questions. Will the Royal Baby share a birthday with its royal cousin? Will the Royal Baby be a Prince or a Princess? A Lady or a Lord? And perhaps most importantly: can the Royal Baby be both the reigning monarch and President of the United States?

It’ll likely be a while before the palace issues another official statement, so the guessing game begins now. While we patiently wait, here’s everything we know (and everything we think we know) about the Royal Baby, from the expected title to a mock-image of what he or she might look like.

When will the Royal Baby be born?

Here is the one bit of information we do have: “Their Royal Highnesses The Duke and Duchess of Sussex are very pleased to announce that The Duchess of Sussex is expecting a baby in the Spring of 2019,” the palace said in a statement. And if that official news isn’t specific enough, you can head to US Weekly, where a source close to the royals has shared that the Duchess is exactly 15 weeks along. “She is due on or around May 2nd,” the insider says.

As the most detail-oriented royal fans have already noted, Prince William and Duchess Kate’s 3-year-old daughter, Princess Charlotte, was born on May 2. So yes, we’re already hoping for a joint cousin birthday celebration on Buckingham Palace grounds. There better be a jumpy castle.

Will the Royal Baby be a boy or girl?

We don’t yet know the gender of the baby—and Meghan Markle’s doctors likely probably don’t know either. It’s only possible to know a baby’s sex at around 16-20 weeks, and as mentioned above Markle is 15 weeks. But science be damned, because the bookies are already placing bets. According to Ladbrokes, current odds are 10/11 that Harry and Meghan’s baby will be a boy, and evens that it will be a girl. I have no idea what they means, but I’m guessing there’s a 50/50 shot.

What will they name the Royal Baby?

Yes, we’re mere hours post-pregnancy announcement and already bookies have set odds on what Meghan Markle and Prince Harry’s first child will be named. Katie Baylis, spokesperson for betting website Betfair, spoke to Express about the odds, saying, “At this stage Diana, Arthur and Alice, which was favourite at different stages for Kate and William’s babies, are the 12/1 front runners. However, with months until the baby is born, those odds will shorten, change and other names will come to the forefront, so watch this space.”

The last name of the unborn child, however, is something that’s a little more certain. Like the Queen’s other great-grandchildren, the next royal baby will likely use the surname Mountbatten-Windsor, The Independent reports.

Will the Royal Baby ever rule Britain?

It’s unlikely, but not impossible. Prince Harry is currently sixth in line for the throne, meaning his children will fall directly beneath him. Here’s where the new Royal Baby will fit in the order of succession: Prince Charles, Prince William, Prince George, Princess Charlotte, Prince Louis, Prince Harry, Markle and Prince Harry’s unborn child. All Sussex baby additions to the royal family will bump back Prince Andrew, Queen Elizabeth II’s second son, and knock his daughters, Princess Beatrice and the newly-married Princess Eugenie, further down the line.

What will the Royal Baby’s title be?

This one is a little complicated, and it’s all because of a Letters Patent passed in 1917 by King George V, which decreed that: “the grandchildren of the sons of any such Sovereign in the direct male line (save only the eldest living son of the eldest son of the Prince of Wales) shall have and enjoy in all occasions the style and title enjoyed by the children of Dukes of these Our Realms.”

Did you catch that? Here’s the CliffNotes version: only the eldest grandson (that’s Prince George) of the reigning monarch (that’s Queen Elizabeth) should receive the HRH title. However, in 2012, the Queen issued a Letters Patent of her own that declared “all the children of the eldest son of the Prince of Wales should have and enjoy the style, title and attribute of royal highness with the titular dignity of Prince or Princess prefixed to their Christian names or with such other titles of honour.” This is why Princess Charlotte and Prince Louis have their titles—and why there’s a chance the monarch could make the same exception with Prince Harry and Meghan Markle’s children. If the Queen doesn’t step in, the child will hold the title Lord or Lady.

Could the Royal Baby be elected President of the United States?

Here’s an interesting one. Before the American actress and British royal were even married, Twitter user @GPollowitz shared this forward-thinking revelation in a viral tweet:

Prince Harry's kids will be Americans. What if one grows up to be president and is in line for the throne at the same time? Brits are playing long-ball here, but it's a smart move. They want America back and this is how they'll do it.

— Greg Pollowitz (@GPollowitz) November 27, 2017

Let’s break it down. A spokesperson for Kensington Palace confirmed to CNN that Markle will be becoming a British citizen, but added it was “too early to say” if she would retain dual nationality. If she chooses not to renounce her U.S. citizenship and remains a U.S. national, her children will have dual nationality. Which means that yes, they will have the opportunity to run for President of the United States. At 15 weeks old, the expectations for this little royal are being set very high.

What will the Royal Baby look like?

Alright, this might be the longest shot of all. But if you want all the information, we’re going to give it to you. American forensic artist Joe Mullins studied photographs of Markle and Prince Harry and created mock-up baby images for The Sun. Take a look.

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jguidein · 7 years ago

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MUHS Nashik Time Table 2018 Diploma Summer (UG/PG) May Exam Schedule

MUHS Nashik Time Table 2018

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Test Bank Essentials of Physical Anthropology 9th Edition

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CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION TO PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY

Questions included in web quizzing are marked in bold

Chapter Outline

I. Introduction

A. Hominins are members of the family Hominidae, which includes our own species, and are distinguished by habitually walking bipedally.

1. The 3.7 million year old footprints at the ancient savanna site of Laetoli, as well as numerous fossil discoveries in Africa, are clear evidence of bipedalism. The footprints in what is now Tanzania in eastern Africa indicate the presence of Australopithecus afarensis.

2. The foot prints at the moon and the Laetoli footprints both represent humankind’s place in nature.

3. Homo sapiens are the result of the same evolutionary forces that produced all other life forms on this planet.

B. Physical anthropology, or biological, anthropology is a scientific discipline concerned with the biological and behavioral characteristics of human beings, as well as our closest relatives, the nonhuman primates (apes, monkeys, tarsiers, lemurs and lorises, and their ancestors.

1. Evolution may be defined as a change in the genetic structure of a population. The term is also frequently used to refer to the appearance of a new species.

a. Evolution can be studied at the microevolutionary or macroevolutionary level.

II. The Human Connection

A. Many aspects of human behavior have direct connections to nonhuman species, especially other primates.

1. There is a biological continuum wherein our behavior has direct connections to nonhuman species, especially other primates.

III. Biocultural Evolution

A. Biological anthropologists are involved primarily in the study of biological systems, yet the role of culture must also be considered.

1. Culture is the strategy by which humans adapt to the natural environment.

2. Culture has assumed an increasingly greater role throughout the course of human evolution and has interacted with biological evolution.

3. Each culture shapes people’s perceptions of the external environment, or worldview.

4. Culture is learned and not genetically determined, yet the predisposition is profoundly influenced by biological factors. The mutual, interactions between biology and culture is biocultural evolution.

IV. What is Anthropology?

A. Anthropology is the study of humankind.

1. In the United States, and some Canadian Universities, anthropology is divided into the following subfields.

a. Cultural (or social) anthropology

b. Archaeology

c. Physical (or biological) anthropology

d. Linguistic Anthropology

e. Applied Anthropology refers to practical applications of each of these subfields

V. Cultural Anthropology is the study of the patterns of belief and behavior found in modern and historical cultures.

A. Early anthropologists concentrated on producing ethnographies, but later broadened their scope to include anthropologists’ own cultures and the people around them.

B. Ethnographic techniques are now used to study diverse subcultures and their interactions with one another in contemporary metropolitan areas (urban anthropology.)

1. Cultural anthropologists are concerned with the welfare of refugees and the study of their resettlement and cultural integration (or lack thereof.).

VI. Archaeology is the study of earlier cultures and lifeways by anthropologists who specialize in the scientific recovery, analysis, and interpretation of the material remains of past societies.

A. The primary sources of information are artifacts and other material culture.

B. Inquiry may reflect interest in broad issues, e.g. the development of agriculture or the rise of cities.

VII. Linguistic Anthropology is the study of human speech and language, including its origins.

A. Linguists examine similarities between contemporary languages to trace historical ties between languages and groups of languages.

B. The spontaneous acquisition and use of language is a uniquely human characteristic.

1. Linguistic anthropologists are interested in the process of language acquisition and its implications for tracing the evolution of language.

VIII. Physical Anthropology is the study of human biology within an evolutionary framework with emphasis on interaction between biology and culture.

A. Physical anthropology and biological anthropology are synonymous.

1. The use of the term biological anthropology reflects a shift towards genetics, evolutionary biology, nutrition, adaptation, and growth and development through advances in genetics.

2. Origins date back to 19th century “natural historians” who questioned the validity of the Bible (most significantly Charles Darwin).

B. Paleoanthropology is the subfield concerned with the study of anatomical and behavioral human evolution as revealed in the fossil record.

1. Paleoanthropologists identify fossil hominin species and their evolutionary relationships and attempt to reconstruct their adaptations and behaviors.

C. Human Variation was a major area of interest for early biological anthropologists.

1. Mainly concerned with the most obvious observable physical difference, skin color, body proportions and shape of the head and face.

2. Today, human variation offers adaptive significance in genetic factors of variation.

3. Biological variation among populations provides valuable information about the mechanisms of genetic change.

4. Nutritional anthropologists study relationships between various dietary components, cultural practices, physiology, and aspects of health and disease.

5. Molecular anthropologists investigate evolutionary relationships between human populations and nonhuman primates using similarities and differences in DNA.

D. Osteology is the subfield concerned with the study of the skeleton. Knowledge of the structure and function of the skeletal system is crucial for understanding the fossil record, and it forms the foundation for the analysis of archaeologically derived human skeletal materials.

E. Bioarchaeology refers to the study of human skeletal remains from archaeological sites.

F. Paleopathology focuses on the analysis of skeletal samples, noting the incidence of trauma, disease, nutritional deficiency, and any other pathological condition that leaves traces on bones.

G. Forensic anthropology is the application of archaeological and osteological techniques to legall issues.

1. Forensic anthropologists help identify and analyze skeletal remains that have legal significance.

b. They also aid in the identification of remains after mass disasters; the identification of the September 11 terrorist attack victims is a recent example.

H. Anatomy is an important area of interest; a thorough knowledge of soft tissue anatomy is essential to understanding the biomechanical relationships involved in movement.

H. Primatology is the subfield concerned with the study of nonhuman primate social behavior, ecology, and adaptation.

IX. Applied Anthropology

A. Applied anthropology is aimed at the practical application of anthropological theories and methods outside the academic setting, yet it includes both academic and applied methods.

1. Forensic anthropologists are a good example of the applied approach.

B. Applied approaches in biological anthropology are numerous.

X. Physical Anthropology and the Scientific Method

A. Science is a method for gaining information to explain natural phenomena.

1. A hypothesis is defined as a provisional statement of a phenomenon following initial data collection and careful observations.

2. The hypothesis must be tested through additional quantitative data collection and analysis. The goal is to reject the hypothesis through empirical research.

a. If the hypothesis cannot be falsified through rigorous testing, then it rises to the level of a theory; a broad statement of scientific relationships substantiated through hypothesis testing.

(i) Theories are not absolute truths, since they may be disproved in light of new empirical evidence.

(ii) Theories are not facts but tested explanations of facts.

3. Scientific Testing refers to the precise repetition of an experiment or expansion of observed data to provide verification; the procedure by which hypotheses and theories are verified, modified, or discarded.

a. Any proposition that is stated as absolute and/or doesn’t allow the possibility of falsification is not a scientific hypothesis.

XI. The Anthropological Perspective

A. The anthropological perspective stresses that human beings can only be understood by broadening our perspectives over space and through time.

1. Extending our knowledge to include cultures other than our own, we hope to avoid the ethnocentric bias.

2. In a relativistic view of culture, anthropologists seek information from as many different cultures in as many different ecological circumstances as possible (broadening perspective over space) as we become an increasingly interdependent global community.

Key Terms and Concepts

Adaptation

p. 5

Hominins

p. 4

Anthropology

p. 5

Hypotheses

p. 20

Anthropometry

p. 11

Osteology

p. 16

Applied anthropology

p. 11

Artifacts

p. 11

Paleoanthropology

p. 12

Behavior

p. 6

Paleopathology

p. 16

Biocultural evolution

p. 10

Primates

p. 5

Bioarchaeology

Bipedally

p. 16

p. 5

Primatology

p. 18

Culture

Continuum

Data

p. 6

p.6

p. 20

Quantitatively

Quadrupedal

Relativistic

Savanna

p. 20

p. 23

p. 4

DNA

p. 14

Science

p. 20

Empirical

p. 20

Scientific method

p. 20

Ethnocentric

p. 23

Scientific testing

p. 21

Ethnographies

p. 11

Species

p. 4

Evolution

p. 5

Theory

p. 20

Forensic anthropology

p. 17

Worldview

p. 6

Genetic

p. 5

Lecture Suggestions

1. Discuss any previous knowledge students had about anthropologists and how this changed after reading this chapter. Discuss how these concepts can be applied to the understating of what it means to be human.

2. Describe your own research interests and show slides or images associated with your work.

3. Explore the concept of culture as an adaptive strategy. What strategy does the student consider to be the most important in his/her own life?

4. Ask students to define culture in their own words. Compare students’ definitions to suggest ways culture may have influenced how people regard themselves and their culture.

5. Compare and contrast biology and culture. Choose examples of how culture is learned, and therefore can change rapidly. Then choose examples of biological adaptation, to show that genetic change cannot occur as rapidly.

6. Discuss the rate of cultural change today compared to 100 years ago, 10,000 years ago, and 1 million years ago.

7. Expand the discussion of the scientific method. Explore how most people tend to generalize from isolated events and anecdotal information. Point out that this approach differs significantly from that of data collection and hypothesis testing. Emphasize that there are many sources of so-called facts, including those found on the Internet. Point out that people who do not have adequate scientific backgrounds author some human evolution websites.

8. Explore the differences between objective and subjective data. Suggest that students track the information they receive in one hour, noting whether the information is subjective or objective.

9. Compare the ethnocentric and relativistic viewpoints by presenting a “shocking” situation or experience to the students. Have the students discuss why the “shock” may be due to ethnocentricism.

Internet Exercises

1. Visit the American Anthropological Association’s web site, http://www.aaanet.org/ to learn more about the discipline of anthropology. What non-academic careers are available for anthropologists? (Use the link http://www.aaanet.org/careers.htm).

2. The official web site for the American Association of Physical Anthropology is http://physanth.org/ What careers are available to physical anthropologists? (Use the link http://www.physanth.org/job-postings ).

3. The official web site for the Paleoanthropology Society is http://www.paleoanthro.org. What are the goals of this society?

Multiple Choice Questions

1. Approximately 3.7 million years ago, two or three hominins left their footprints across the savanna of modern day Tanzania, clear evidence that

a. Apes were present in Tanzania

b. hominins walked bipedally

c. modern day Tanzania continues to be a savanna environment

d. hominins traveled in small groups

e. Tanzania is 3.7 million years old

ANS: b REF: p. 3 SOURCE: NEW

2. A group of organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring is called

a. Hominidae

b. a species

c. a family

d. a hominid

e. a populace

ANS: b REF: p. 4 SOURCE: NEW

3. The order Primates includes all of the following except

a. monkeys

b. prosimians

c. humans

d. tarsiers

e. marsupials

ANS: e REF: p. 4 SOURCE: NEW

4. What strategy is unique to humans develop that allows them to adapt to the natural environment?

a. evolution

b. culture

c. biological adaptation

d. walking on two legs

e. genetic change

ANS: b REF: p. 6 SOURCE: NEW

5. The term evolution refers to

a. changes in the genetic make-up of a population from one generation to the next

b. the process of specialization

c. includes genetic changes within populations and but not the appearance of new species

d. a response of organisms or populations to the environment

e. patterns of inheritance of traits from parent to offspring

ANS: a REF: p. 5 SOURCE: NEW

6. Human evolution

a. is not subject to the same factors that have produced other species

b. has been the result of cultural factors alone

c. is subject to the same forces that have acted upon other organisms

d. has not been influenced by cultural factors

e. is solely the result of cultural factors

ANS: c REF: p. 5 SOURCE: NEW

7. Culture, as defined in Chapter 1

a. is important only as it pertains to modern humans

b. is genetically determined

c. includes only those aspects of human lifestyle that relate to the arts

d. can be defined as the strategy by which humans adapt to the natural environment

e. was not an important factor in human evolution

ANS: d REF: p. 6 SOURCE: PICKUP

8. Which is not an important aspect of human culture?

a. It is learned.

b. It includes such things as technology, language, religion, and gender roles.

c. It is genetically determined.

d. It is a critical role in human evolution.

e. It is a strategy that includes various technologies, but fortunately excludes language and kinship rules which are always changing.

ANS: e REF: p. 6 SOURCE: NEW

9. Which of the following is not one of the subfields of anthropology in the United States?

a. Cultural

b. Physical

c. Psychological

d. Archaeology

e. Linguistics

ANS: c REF: p. 11 SOURCE: PICKUP

10. What does the term biocultural evolution refer to?

a. biological changes in a species over time

b. changes in human culture from generation to generation

c. the interaction between biology and culture in human evolution

d. biological evolution in all species except humans

e. the influence of genetic engineering on culture

ANS: c REF: p. 10 SOURCE: PICKUP

11. ______ is the practical application of the subfields of anthropology.

a. Linguistics

b. Archaeology

c. Applied anthropology

d. Physical anthropology

e. Cultural anthropology

ANS: c REF: p. 11 SOURCE: PICKUP

12. Cultural anthropology

a. was first developed as a discipline in the 17th century

b. includes the recovery and analysis of material culture from earlier civilizations

c. focuses solely upon the study of traditional societies

d. has no practical application in modern society

e. is the study of the patterns of belief and behavior found in modern and historical cultures.

ANS: e REF: p. 11 SOURCE: PICKUP

13. Ethnographies

a. are studies of only Western European societies

b. are studies of nonhuman primates

c. emphasize, among other topics, religion, ritual, myth, diet, gender roles, and child-rearing practices

d. are studies done by archaeologists

e. are the practical application of anthropological theories

ANS: c REF: p. 11 SOURCE: NEW

14. Today, cultural anthropologists are involved in numerous avenues of research including all of the following except

a. the study of subcultures

b. the resettlement of refugees

c. the relationship between cultural attributes and health and disease

d. the study of their own cultures

e. the study of city or urban areas that are no longer remote

ANS: e REF: p. 11 SOURCE: NEW

15. Archaeologists

a. primarily recover valuable artifacts

b. are not interested in human behavior

c. study earlier human groups using artifacts and structures as their evidence

d. never work with physical anthropology

e. only examine complex civilizations

ANS: c REF: p. 11 SOURCE: NEW

16. Which subdiscipline of anthropology is concerned with various aspects of human language?

a. primatology

b. linguistic anthropology

c. ethnology

d. applied anthropology

e. anthropometry

ANS: b REF: p. 12 SOURCE: PICKUP

17. The study of human biology within the framework of human evolution can be said to be the domain of which of the following?

a. cultural anthropology

b. physical/biological anthropology

c. primatology

d. osteology

e. archaeology

ANS: b REF: p. 12 SOURCE: PICKUP

18. The origins of physical anthropology arose from two areas of interest among 19th century scientists. What did these areas concern?

a. the origins of modern species and human variation

b. the genetic determinants of behavior and osteology

c. nonhuman primates and origins of modern species

d. human variation and osteology

e. human evolution and nonhuman primates

ANS: a REF: p. 12 SOURCE: PICKUP

19. ____________ is the study of anatomical and behavior human evolution as evidenced by the fossil record.

a. Paleoanthropology

b. Osteology

c. Primatology

d. Anthropometry

e. Paleopathology

ANS: a REF: p.12 SOURCE: PICKUP

20. Fields of inquiry fundamental to studies of adaptation in modern human populations include

a. Factors that have produced only visible physical differences

b. Factors that have produced only genetic variation

c. Traits that typify certain populations that have not evolved as biological adaptations

d. Traits that typify certain populations that have evolved as biological adaptation to environment, e.g. sunlight, altitude, or infectious disease

e. Examinations of modern groups but not populations over time

ANS: d REF: p. 13-14 SOURCE: NEW

21. Which of the following includes genetic-alterations within populations?

a. macroevolution

b. anatomy

c. osteology

d. paleopathology

e. microevolution

ANS: e REF: p. 5 SOURCE: PICKUP

22. Which is not true about paleoanthropology?

a. It is the study of human evolution.

b. It includes the fossils of ancient reptiles and amphibians.

c. Its goal is to identify the various human ancestors.

d. It attempts to gain insights into human adaptation and behavior.

e. It is a valid way to conduct anthropology.

ANS: b REF: p. 12

23. Which of the following was one of the most observable physical differences in physical anthropologists’ early studies of human variation?

a. Eye color

b. shape of head and face

c. Height

d. Weight

e. Hair color

ANS: b REF: p. 13 SOURCE: NEW

24. Primatology is the study of

a. human evolution

b. human skeletal material

c. skeletal remains at crime scenes

d. disease in earlier human groups

e. living nonhuman primates

ANS: e REF: p. 18 SOURCE: PICKUP

25. Which of the following is not an important reason why primatology has become increasingly important since the late 1950s?

a. Behavioral studies have implications for understanding natural forces that have shaped human behavior.

b. The behavioral studies of any species provide a wealth of data on adaptation.

c. Nonhuman primates are our closest living relatives.

d. Many nonhuman primates are threatened or seriously endangered.

e. Recommendations can be made to better ensure treatment of humans

ANS: e REF: p. 18 SOURCE: NEW

26. _______ focuses on the study of skeletal remains from archaeological sites.

a. osteology

b. bioarchaeology

c. paleopathology

d. forensic anthropology

e. primate paleontology

ANS: b REF: p. 16 SOURCE: PICKUP

27. ________ is the subdiscipline of osteology that is concerned with disease and trauma in earlier populations.

a. Forensic anthropology

b. Primatology

c. Anthropometry

d. Paleoanthropology

e. Paleopathology

ANS: e REF: p. 16 SOURCE: PICKUP

28. Forensic anthropologists

a. study disease and trauma in ancient populations

b. apply anthropological techniques to the law

c. are primarily concerned with the recovery of material culture remains

d. examine the relationships between medical treatment and culturally determined views of disease

e. study nonhuman primates

ANS: b REF: p. 17 SOURCE: PICKUP

29. Who uses anthropological techniques to assist in crime investigations and to identify skeletal remains in cases of disaster?

a. paleoanthropologists

b. primatologists

c. archaeologists

d. cultural anthropologists

e. forensic anthropologists

ANS: e REF: p. 17 SOURCE: PICKUP

30. What is a hypothesis?

a. It is a statement that has been proven to be true.

b. It is equivalent to a theory.

c. It is a provisional statement regarding certain scientific facts or observations.

d. It is proof of a theory.

e. It is a fact from which conclusions can be drawn.

ANS: c REF: p. 20 SOURCE: NEW

31. What is the initial step in the scientific method?

a. the formation of a theory

b. the formation of a hypothesis

c. to perform an experiment

d. to publish a scientific article

e. to collect data under precise conditions

ANS: b REF: p. 20 SOURCE: PICKUP

32. Which of the following does not apply to theories

a. Tested explanations of facts

b. Usually concerned with broader and more universal views

c. Not absolutes and open for falsification

d. Specific statements of scientific relationships that have not been verified

e. The result of repeated testing

ANS: d REF: p. 20 SOURCE: NEW

33. The anthropological perspective does not

a. Offer a wider appreciation through time and space

b. Look at the diversity of the human experience

c. Help to avoid ethnocentric pitfalls

d. Give a wider appreciation of the human experience

e. Narrow our viewpoint of how our species through time and space.

ANS: e REF: p. 21 SOURCE: NEW

34. Which of the following is true of the relativistic view of culture?

a. It allows us to understand our concerns and to view our own culture from a narrower perspective.

b. It allows us to understand other people’s concerns and to view our own culture from a broader perspective.

c. We realize that we can judge other species using human criteria.

d. We come to recognize the superiority of humans.

e. We understand the importance of our culture.

ANS: b REF: p. 22 SOURCE: NEW

True/False Questions

1. The 3.7 million year old footprints of two hominids were discovered in a riverbed in Texas.

ANS: False REF: p. 3 SOURCE: PICKUP

2. Physical anthropologists are interested only in the study of biological systems.

ANS: False REF: p. 12 SOURCE: PICKUP

3. All cultures share the same worldview.

ANS: False REF: p. 6 SOURCE: PICKUP

4. The anthropological perspective proposes to broaden our viewpoint though time and space.

ANS: True REF: p. 21-22 SOURCE: PICKUP

5. The focus of anthropology is very narrow and has only two subfields.

ANS: False REF: p. 11 SOURCE: PICKUP

6. Forensic anthropology is an applied subfield which benefits from a background in physical anthropology.

ANS: True REF: p. 19 SOURCE: NEW

7. The human predisposition to assimilate culture and function within it is profoundly influenced by biological factors.

ANS: True REF: p. 10 SOURCE: PICKUP

8. Anthropology can be applied to practical issues outside the university setting.

ANS: True REF: p. 18 SOURCE: PICKUP

9. Physical/biological anthropologists are only interested in the human fossil record.

ANS: False REF: p. 12 SOURCE: PICKUP

10. Molecular anthropologists have used genetic technologies to investigate the relationships between human populations as well as nonhuman primates.

ANS: True REF: p. 14 SOURCE: PICKUP

Short Answer Questions

1. In a biological sense, what is adaptation?

ANS: Will vary REF: p. 5

2. What are three major subfields of anthropology? Describe each in terms of their subject matter.

ANS: Will vary REF: p. 11-18

3. Define the term biocultural evolution.

ANS: Will vary REF: p. 10

4. Discuss the changing focus of cultural anthropology.

ANS: Will vary REF: p. 11

5. Briefly differentiate between archaeology and cultural anthropology.

ANS: Will vary REF: p. 11

6. Why are physical/biological anthropologists interested in human biological variation?

ANS: Will vary REF: p. 13-17

7. Why is the field of genetics central to the field of physical anthropology?

ANS: Will vary REF: p. 14

8. List two reasons why nonhuman primate studies are important.

ANS: Will vary REF: p. 18

Essay Questions

1. Define osteology and then discuss which subfields of physical anthropology require knowledge of osteology.

ANS: Will vary REF: p. 16

2. Explain what “the anthropological perspective” means.

ANS: Will vary REF: p. 21-22

3. Discuss the role of the scientific method in physical anthropology.

ANS: Will vary REF: p. 20-21

4. Explain each of the subfields of anthropology and the importance of the four-field approach.

ANS: Will vary REF: p. 10-20

#Test Bank Essentials of Physical Anthropology 9th Edition

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