#exercise laminitis horses

[sandra-hippologic]

Motivate your Horse to Move: Exercising your Horse with R+

When you want to exercise your horse, it's all about motivation... When your horse is not motivated, internally or externally, he won't move. In other words: when movement has no function (benefit) he won't spent energy on it.

When you want to exercise your horse, it’s all about motivation… When your horse is not motivated, internally or externally, he won’t move. In other words: when movement has no function (benefit) he won’t spent energy on it. Internal Motivation to Move When you learn about internal motivation you can influence your horse to move in training, too. What horses experience in their body, I refer to…

[despazito]

horse pathologies fascinate me because they're so different from carnivorans. i think this particular video is really interesting because it really challenges the animal liberation belief that working is one-sided and completely exploitative for the horse.

if this horse were given the naive 'liberation' treatment of simply being retired out to pasture and never being worked, never confined to a stable ever again, or never wearing a grazing muzzle, the horse would have deteriorated and likely need to be euthanized.

free grazing a laminitic/founder horse or one even prone to laminitis can be risky, an unregulated diet with high sugars and starches of lush pastures sets off the disease. the horse may have been theoretically "free" if it were allowed to go graze on whatever whenever it desired, but doing so would have killed it.

in this case with the horse was eventually cleared to do some light pulling work as part of its rehabilitation. it's no different from human physio, you want to challenge your body (within reason) to get better! working a horse is not evil, it's exercise and it may even have benefits when done correctly, which is obviously not what the previous owners were doing

[amielot]

Suddenly pondering- how much is Dream’s anatomy similar to a horse besides the obvious? For instance- if he were pushed through strenuous exercise and then drank ice cold water would it trigger colic?

In regards to illnesses:

I like to think Dream is marginally more sturdy than you average equine. A bit less likely to get sick than a horse, but susceptible to illnesses that humans don't normally get. Split the difference.

I also think since Dream is a unicorn, his body has some level of magic inside him, and when sick or malnourished his body will expend that magic trying to keep him alive so he's just a LITTLE extra sturdy. This will not save him from a mortal wound, just let him go longer without food for example.

I think certain diet issues are less likely because he has a human stomach AND a horse stomach. Different nutritional requirements and a broader range of things he can digest easily. He's probably less susceptible to laminitis, and he can eat meat.

Since he has more stomach space, colic is probably less likely BUT not impossible.

If he did get colic at the circus then, clearly he uh... survived it 😬😭.

Things Dream CAN do that horses can't: breath through his mouth.

...I don't know if dream can sleep standing up.

[saganssorcery]

𝗗𝗮𝗶𝗹𝘆 𝗗𝗶𝘃𝗶𝗻𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻: Vine

𝗗𝗶𝘃𝗶𝗻𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻 Today we are being asked to have faith in our power but we can use this strength for good or ill. Be aware that you build what you need and not pull down that which serves. The energy of this day will help you take what you need, with force if you have too, but I still think it wise to exercise this with a careful balance. Magick is likely afoot on this day, and if your intuition pings it's very likely you could follow the energy line to find out exactly who or what it is.

𝗠𝗮𝗴𝗶𝗰𝗸 “The 45 spirit is called Vine, he is a great king & an Earle, & appeareth in ye forme of a Lyon ridding on a Black horse wth a viper in his hand his office is to discover Things hidden, witches, and Things present past & to come. he, at ye command of ye Exorcist, will build Towers, Throw down great stone walls, make waters rough wth stormes &c, he governeth 3582 Legions of spirits, his seal is this, wch make and wear as a Lamin cc.” -Lemegeton Clavicula Salomonis, The Lesser Key of Solomon, Detailing the Ceremonial Art of Commanding Spirits Both Good and Evil. -Joseph H. Peterson, Editor.

©️Sagans Sorcery 🔥🖋️

𝗦𝗲𝗿𝘃𝗶𝗰𝗲𝘀

𝗗𝗲𝗺𝗼𝗻𝘀

• 1 Card Demon readings for £3 GBP • 3 Card spreads for £7 - Past, present, future - Situation, action, outcome - Overlook • 5 Card spreads for £11 - Simple cross spread

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All readings will be delivered as a photograph and a detailed write up in your inbox or to your email account. I can usually fulfil requests within 72 hours. All readings are completely private and confidential.

Thank you for taking interest in Sagans Sorcery ✨🙏✨

[sladebloodstock]

How Can You Care for the Pride of Horse Breeds?

Horses have long been admired for their beauty, strength, and grace. Whether you're caring for a majestic Thoroughbred, a powerful Clydesdale, or an elegant Arabian, taking care of these noble animals requires a deep understanding of their needs. 

A horse isn’t just a pet or a working animal; it’s a living being with specific physical, emotional, and environmental needs that must be met to ensure its well-being. In this comprehensive guide, let’s cover the essential aspects of caring for the pride of Jenni horse breeds.

Proper Nutrition: The Foundation of Horse Health

The foundation of a horse’s health lies in its diet. Horses are herbivores and primarily graze on grass. For many breeds, access to quality pasture is vital, but this may not be possible in every setting. In such cases, hay is a crucial part of their diet. Here are the essentials of proper horse nutrition:

Forage: Horses need a constant supply of good-quality forage like grass or hay. Typically, a horse consumes about 1.5% to 2% of its body weight in hay per day. Ensure the hay is free from mould and dust.

Grains and Concentrates: For high-performance horses or those that need extra energy, grains like oats, barley, or commercial horse feeds can supplement their diet. However, it’s important to avoid overfeeding grains, as this can lead to colic or laminitis.

Water: Always provide fresh, clean water. Horses can drink between 5 to 10 gallons of water a day, depending on their size and activity level. Proper hydration is essential to prevent dehydration, which can lead to serious health issues.

Supplements: Some horses may benefit from supplements, especially if their diet lacks essential vitamins or minerals. Common supplements include salt licks, electrolytes, and joint support formulas, but these should only be given under the guidance of a veterinarian.

Regular Exercise and Mental Stimulation

Horses, particularly pride breeds known for their agility and strength, require regular exercise. This not only helps maintain their physical health but also keeps them mentally stimulated.

Daily Exercise: Depending on the breed, age, and health condition, horses need a structured exercise regimen. For working or performance horses, riding or lunging sessions are crucial. Breeds like the Arabian or Thoroughbred require more intensive exercise due to their high energy levels.

Turnout Time: Horses are naturally active animals. Providing ample turnout time in a safe and spacious pasture allows them to move freely, graze, and socialise with other horses. This reduces the risk of behavioural issues and keeps them physically active.

Mental Enrichment: Horses are intelligent creatures. Just like humans, they need mental challenges to stay sharp. Training sessions, obstacle courses, or even playing with horse toys can stimulate their minds and keep boredom at bay.

Regular Grooming: Maintaining the Coat, Hooves, and Overall Appearance

Grooming is more than just about keeping your pride of Jenni horse looking good—it’s an essential aspect of their health.

Coat Care: Regular brushing removes dirt, sweat, and loose hair while stimulating blood circulation. It also helps you spot any injuries, rashes, or skin conditions early. Breeds with longer manes and tails, such as Friesians or Andalusians, may require extra attention to prevent tangling.

Hoof Care: A horse’s hooves are crucial to its mobility and overall well-being. Hooves should be picked and cleaned daily to remove stones or debris that can cause discomfort or infections. A farrier should trim the hooves every six to eight weeks to maintain their shape and health.

Bathing: While horses don’t need frequent baths, occasional washing with a horse-safe shampoo can help remove sweat and dirt buildup, especially during hot weather or after heavy workouts.

Veterinary Care: Regular Checkups and Vaccinations

Keeping your horse healthy means scheduling regular checkups with a veterinarian. This ensures early detection of potential health problems and keeps your horse’s vaccination schedule up to date.

Vaccinations: Horses need vaccinations to protect them from diseases such as equine influenza, tetanus, and West Nile virus. Your veterinarian can recommend a vaccination schedule based on your horse’s breed, age, and lifestyle.

Deworming: Regular deworming is necessary to prevent parasitic infestations, which can lead to weight loss, colic, and other health issues. Your veterinarian can provide a deworming plan tailored to your horse’s needs.

Dental Care: Horses’ teeth grow continuously throughout their lives. Regular dental checkups are essential to ensure proper alignment and to prevent sharp edges, which can cause difficulty chewing or discomfort with the bit.

Safe and Comfortable Living Environment

A horse’s living environment directly impacts its well-being. Horses need a clean, safe, and comfortable space to thrive.

Stabling: Horses should have access to shelter that protects them from extreme weather. Whether they live in a stable or pasture, the area must be free from hazards like sharp objects, toxic plants, or unstable fencing.

Bedding: Stalls should be kept clean with fresh bedding, such as straw, shavings, or rubber mats, to ensure your horse has a comfortable place to rest.

Ventilation: Proper ventilation in stables is crucial to prevent respiratory issues. Dust and ammonia from urine can irritate the horse’s lungs, so make sure the stable is well-ventilated and cleaned regularly.

Social Interaction: Fulfilling Their Emotional Needs

Horses are herd animals, and social interaction plays a vital role in their emotional well-being. Keeping horses in isolation can lead to stress and behavioural problems.

Companionship: If possible, horses should be kept with other horses. If this isn’t feasible, goats, donkeys, or even frequent human interaction can provide companionship.

Routine: Horses thrive on routine. Consistency in feeding times, exercise, and turnout helps reduce stress and anxiety, contributing to their overall happiness and well-being.

Final Words

Caring for the pride of Jenni horse breeds involves a balance of proper nutrition, exercise, grooming, veterinary care, and social interaction. By providing your horse with the best possible care, you’re not just maintaining its physical health but also ensuring its emotional and mental well-being. 

A well-cared-for horse will not only thrive but also form a strong, trusting bond with its owner, making the experience of horse ownership even more rewarding.

[bobbygeorgeco]

Essential Tips for Raising Healthy Horses

Essential Tips for Raising Healthy Horses Proper care practices are crucial for the development and overall health of a horse. Implementing these practices can greatly contribute to the horse’s physical and mental strength, a robust immune system, and improved performance in athletic activities. New horse owners can follow various care tips. Before bringing a horse home, create a suitable living environment. If you have an existing barn, clean and disinfect it to eliminate potential hazards. Keep the barn cozy by adding clean bedding, such as hay or straw, while being mindful of dust and mold in order to prevent respiratory problems. Further, prioritize safety by removing sharp objects, loose wall boards, and equipment such as pitchforks or wheelbarrows. Surfaces should have smooth, rounded edges to minimize injury risks. Be vigilant for areas where the horse could become entangled or trapped. Additionally, ensure that the horse barn remains clean by removing soiled bedding and horse waste and decluttering the aisles and walkways. Keep it well-ventilated and protected against rats and other pests. Cleanliness also involves bathing the horse regularly and brushing its mane and tail to prevent tangles. Cleaning the horse’s coat using a specialized shampoo can prevent pest and skin problems. For optimal nutrition, choose a diet suitable for your horse’s breed, age, activity level, and weight. Nutritionists recommend providing roughage equivalent to 1 to 2 percent of the horse’s body weight daily. Horses also require a balanced diet, which can include hay, pasture, and grains. While good green pasture itself may suffice for most nutritional needs, you can supplement it with properly balanced grain concentrate, which can be beneficial, especially for foals. Also, adjust the feed amount and portion as the horse grows. Hydration is also vital for the horse’s optimal health. Provide 5-10 gallons of fresh and clean water daily. Feeding the horse soaked feed, which contains up to 80 percent water, is another method. Pay attention to the water’s temperature; horses often prefer water ranging from 45-65 degrees F. Extreme temperatures below or above this range may discourage horses from drinking. Moreover, horses can become accustomed to certain water tastes, so remember to bring along home water or adjust the flavor when traveling with the horse. Regular exercise is essential for maintaining horses’ optimal physical and mental health. It helps prevent stiffness and weight gain and promotes strong bones. Start with a 20-minute hand-walk and gradually increase the duration and pace to improve fitness. An experienced trainer can help develop an exercise regimen to prepare the horse for more challenging activities, such as competition. Routine care for horses includes hoof trimming every one to two months. This is important to maintain proper hoof shape and prevent diseases such as laminitis, which affects the sensitive tissues connecting the hoof to the bone. Most importantly, schedule regular veterinary checks to monitor your horse’s health. Look out for symptoms such as loss of appetite or changes in behavior or gait. Vaccinate your horse annually for diseases like West Nile virus and rabies. De-worm your horse twice a year to prevent weight loss and malnutrition. Remember regular dental care as well, including cleaning and checkups, as these can address chewing issues and bad breath. Tags and categories: Bobby George via WordPress https://ift.tt/cbOilBu November 03, 2023 at 06:12AM

[ainews]

Papagoite, a 28-year-old Arabian mare, has recently been seen limping around her stable area, leading many to worry about her comfort and well-being. After extensive veterinary care and tests, it was discovered that Papagoite suffers from chronic laminitis, a hoof disease that affects the inside layers of the hooves.

Laminitis can be caused by many factors, most commonly including overfeeding of grain and high-calorie treats, exposure to wet conditions (especially when confined to a small area with limited movement) or an undetected illness. In some cases, the cause can be uncertain.

To treat the painful condition, Papagoite has been prescribed diet modifications and rest. She has also received high-grade pads to cushion and support her feet, as well as extra supplements in her diet to help support her long-term health. With the right care, she is expected to eventually make a full recovery.

It's not just Papagoite with this condition, either. Laminitis is relatively common in horses, so it is important to keep an eye on your own horse's health, diet, and exercise. Knowing the signs of laminitis (general sensitivity when touched near the hooves or difficulty walking or standing, for example) can help you catch the condition early on and prevent major issues for your own beloved equine.

[catgrump]

Im sure this comes as a major shock to you, but soniaki is my favorite ship. Would you write me something for these wonderful girls?

Sincerely, my dumb Lesbian ass

Hi Air I have an idea for u I hope u like it uwu (it took me a while to write and I am so sorry for the delay)

Non Despair AU bby!!!!

🌻🌻🌻

Chiaki sat on a metal, backless bench in the lobby, resisting the urge to pull out her phone or her Switch.

Sonia said she’d be here soon. This was just an exercise in patience.

Chiaki picked out a pretty stellar spot for their second date. Sonia took her to an arcade for their first date, since she knew it was something Chiaki would like. So now, Chiaki wanted to return the favor by picking out a place she thought Sonia would enjoy.

“Chiaki!” She perked her head up and saw Sonia bouncing toward her in an adorable all-black ensemble.

She stood up from the bench as Sonia approached, knowing Sonia was a hugger. Her heart fluttered as Sonia’s arms wrapped around her.

“I have been anticipating this surprise all week!” Sonia clasped her hands together with a sparkle in her gorgeous ocean eyes, “Please reveal it! I cannot stand the suspense any longer!”

Chiaki nervously took Sonia’s hand, feeling how soft it was. “It’s this way, I think.”

Holding hands, Chiaki led Sonia through the mall, looking for the very obvious front gate of their destination

As soon as Sonia saw where they were going, she let out a delighted gasp. “A castle!? In a mall!?”

Well, by looking at its exterior, Chiaki could tell it was just an extension of the mall with a castle-themed exterior, but she didn’t want to ruin Sonia’s excitement.

“Yeah, we’re having dinner here, and there’s a jousting show. I thought you might like it cuz it’s all Medieval Themed,” Chiaki said with a smile

“Jousting?” Sonia squeezed Chiaki’s hand a little tighter, “Are there live horses in there?”

“Yeah, that’s what the website said, I think,” Chiaki could feel the heat rising to her face, “I already got our tickets, so let’s go inside.”

Sonia dragged Chiaki to the main entrance while Chiaki took the laminated cards out of the pocket of her jacket

After waiting in line for a few moments— Sonia’s hand not letting go of Chiaki— they were greeted by two staff members in green tunics. They asked to see their table cards, and Chiaki showed them the laminated papers.

The staff member closest to them said “Ah tonight you will be cheering for the Red Knight,” as they placed red paper crowns on each of their heads

Sonia couldn’t stop smiling. As they moved forward in line, they were greeted by a new staff member in a blue blouse, red skirt, and corset. They asked to see the numbers on Chiaki’s cards, and wrote it down. “Alright, good ladies, please step this way for a royal portrait with the Queen.”

Sonia turned to Chiaki, beaming. Chiaki swore she heard Sonia squeal under her breath as they approached a taller woman dressed in burgundy and gold finery.

Sonia asked the actress countless questions about her kingdom while Chiaki smiled at her. She is so cute, She couldn’t help but think

A staff member holding a camera directed everyone to stand together, and Sonia took hold of Chiaki’s hand again, bringing her close for the photo

Afterwards, Sonia wanted to see everything. With their fingers laced together, Sonia scoured every corner of the massive lobby with Chiaki. Chiaki watched as her date’s long blonde hair sashayed across her back as she was taken to all the spots to visit

Sonia especially liked the gift shop corner. She admired all the trinkets on display, and audibly gasped when she saw one corner that was just swords. “If only I could bring one back to campus!” She sighed

Chiaki felt overwhelmed imagining Sonia wielding a sword. That’s... very hot.

Sonia expressed her sheer wonder while they waited in the lobby, and Chiaki was hanging on every word

Once it was time to go in for the show, Sonia was too distracted by the colorful arena, so Chiaki paid attention to the staff members guiding them to their seats.

They didn’t let go of their hands as they walked down stairs toward red high tables, illuminated by red stage lights. They sat in the second row toward the aisle, Sonia barely able to contain herself in her seat

After some time, a server came by and explained how the evening would work to them and the other attendants in their section. They’d be served a four-course meal (with no untensils) while they watch the knights compete in a tournament.

“Chiaki, thank you so much,” Sonia took Chiaki’s arm and leaned in close, “This is so exciting!”

Chiaki took a chance. There’s no way this could backfire. She kissed Sonia on the cheek. “It’s no problem.”

Sonia was smiling coyly when Chiaki pulled away. God, she’s so cute. The red lights above them made her look like her entire face was flushed. Reds and pinks look nice on her.

Once the show started, Chiaki had trouble paying attention. Her focus was on Sonia, who was completely absorbed in the fiction.

And Chiaki noticed every little thing Sonia did.

Her eyes sparkled when she saw the Queen and her knights on horseback

She applauded with glee every chance she got

She clutched Chiaki’s arm once again when the host of the show announced the arrival of a trained falcon, and leaned her head on Chiaki’s shoulder as the bird flew around the arena

During the games portion, whenever the Red Knight got enough points, he would be rewarded with flowers from the Queen. Sonia’s joy must have been noticeable, because at one point, the knight tossed carnations toward them. Chiaki, using her honed reflexes, made sure to catch it, and placed it behind Sonia’s ear.

She sighed as she rested her head on Chiaki again while the ‘Master of Horse’ performed various tricks

When the fighting began, Chiaki was surprised by how much passion Sonia placed in cheering. The knights had elaborate combat choreography, and Sonia was at the edge of her seat.

The Red Knight didn’t win, unfortunately. The Blue Knight was victorious instead. But that didn’t ruin Sonia’s fun.

By the time they made it on the bus to head back to campus, Sonia seemed to have worn herself out. Normally it’s Chiaki who’s falling asleep at the drop of a dime, but she held on to Sonia’s bag of souvenirs (and her hand), letting her rest on the ride back home.

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[blackroseraven]

Muck day today, in the muggy, humid, godawful heat.

I’m going to die come summer at this rate. This humidity is already too much for me. I had to literally take off my glasses because I was sweating so much. 

I got to feed horses this morning, at least. I also learned that poor Eli Shama got out on the grass and immediately gave himself laminitis, so he’s down in a pen now, while Biggs is in with Joe. Joe apparently absolutely loves Biggs for some reason. Teacherlady showed me a photo she took of Joe basically laying sideways all cuddled up on Biggs, and Biggs just standing there, perfectly content with it.

Weirdos.

They didn’t use any lime yesterday so the stalls reeked of mare pee because, you know, it’s also mare pee season, and again, it’s very humid and gross. But. Pushed through it all, and then I was able to grab Quattro and spend a good amount of time grooming and cleaning him. Worked on his hooves some, too: shaved a lot of gross frog off and cut some of the corner edges off his hooves, and then put peroxide on them today rather than koppertox and let them soak for a bit to really help kill the bacteria.

Then we went up to the arena. I walked him around a little, then got on him and I carefully worked on doing exercises on his back. Basically turning myself around to sit backwards on him, then back forwards. He did really, really good, and I was able to let him walk a little just using the rope on the halter to control him. He only scooted out from under me once, and I was able to get right back on and then repeat the exercise without any problem, I think he just got surprised.

He’s very vocal about how much he doesn’t like it, though. He squeaks and huffs a lot, and kind of twitches his back, but doesn’t really buck.

He’s a good boy, though. He held up really well, and I was even able to do a little bit of running around in just his halter too, even as the arena got busier. It was really nice. We only cantered a little, though: he felt pretty sore. He clearly wanted to run, but was achy.

He did a great job, though. And even if I didn’t get to do all the dumb things I wanted today, in part because of how freaking humid it is today, we worked on some really important things. Being able to trust him to stand while I move around on him - even, especially when he doesn’t like it - is really huge.

He’s looking great. 

Now we just need to keep moving forwards, and see what else he’s capable of.

[sandra-hippologic]

Exercise Training Plan for the Recovering Laminitic Horse

When your horse foundered and is recovering you've probably got advice from your vet: exercise your horse more, get him fit and put him on a (restrictive) diet. Where to find an Exercise plan? Can you make one? Yes, you can!

When your horse foundered and is recovering you’ve probably got advice from your vet: exercise your horse more, get him fit and put him on a (restrictive) diet. When you’re a clicker trainer you might not want to lunge or round pen your horse and riding isn’t yet an option. Or, you have a non ridden horse, that you need to get in shape. The first step is to create a tailored exercise plan for…

[naliya]

i'm sorry you can't go to see your horse :( i love seeing your videos and pictures of him, i know you love him a lot. i'm sure he will be fine, but that doesn't mean it will sit easily on your mind.

I mean, according to the french sport ministry, going to do your jog in the middle of Paris is an essential task, but me going to see my horse in the middle of nowhere, in the french countryside where I see no one is totally dangerous and non-essential.

So… is the ministry going to pay my vet bills (which, for a horse, can go into thousands of euro territory) if he goes into colics or clogging or laminitis because he can’t move around enough? Or will I be asked to let him die? Not everyone are in big scructures with a lot of space, I chose a small one surrounded by forest where I’m close and can go everyday spend several hours with him at all time to insure that he is well cared for and has enough exercising / time outside

But now since I can’t go, my horse is basically going to have to survive living in a box for literal weeks (because no, it won’t be 15 days) with a 30 minutes outing a day at most, as - and as I said before - as great as the owner is with horses in usual time, there is only so much a person can do with 30 horses to care for, an entire stable to run, 24 hours in a day and only two arms.

Horses are living beings, they’re not things, if people can care for their dogs it’s absurd to ask horse owners to pretty much abandon their animal for weeks; the french sport ministry are pretty much the only ones doing this, even Italy still allow horse owners to care for their animals. Can you imagine having to let your dog be in a crate all day long, being told someone will let him out 30 minutes a day and being told to be happy with it all the while you can’t even see him? How is that not neglect?

I know I’m repeating myself but I’m pissed off, apparently it’s essential to let Amazon delivery keep happening but totally a-okay to let horses get sick or die, some things are just not logical.

[madrivervalleyicelandics]

Feeding the horses in winter. The mares eat about 3 bales per day, and the geldings eat two - now with the new horses, this number will increase, the mares will likely eat 4 bales per day and the geldings 3, once everyone is integrated into their proper herds. The nets that aren’t being used are pre-loaded with hay and stored, and I make sure that the horses never run out of hay.

Why don’t they get fat? Horses are actually designed to eat steadily throughout the day. Stable blood sugar is extremely important for gut health and hormonal health. Spikes and crashes in blood sugar make horses extremely prone to hormonal imbalances, problems like ulcers, and metabolic issues. For “easy keeper” breeds, feeding meals actually makes the horses FATTER, because of the way this blood sugar destabilization affects their hormones and metabolism. Insulin resistance, cushing’s disease, and other inflammatory diseases such as laminitis and allergies can be the result. When I give my horses a Holliday from training in the winter, they do get fatter than when they’re in work - but it’s not obesity, or the kind of hard fat deposits we associate with metabolic disorders, and it goes away as soon as they begin exercising normally in the spring, with no ill effects to their health. We feed them this way year round, although in the summer they do graze for one hour per day as well.

[sirro85-blog]

Humans are Space Orcs

Part 5

Kneeling on the floor of the shuttle beside Kovac's body Wolf ripped open the medical kit and pulled out the TPAK needles and looked at the laminate instructions. He couldn't hear Panther over the screaming in his own head. Grabbing the first of the needles he unscrewed the cap and pressed his fingers into Kovac's chest, counting ribs, pointing his finger at the appropriate site he put the needle against the skin and pushed, it punctured the skin and drove into the muscle, once it was secure he drew the needle out and made it safe, nothing happened he checked the instructions again. Tissue embolus, snatching up the syringe he drew air into it and connected it to the needle. He depressed the plunger and when he detached the syringe he was rewarded with a prolonged hiss of air. He repeated it on the other side of the ribcage.

Knickers who had been trying to ventilate Kovac looked up with relief as Kovac drew a shallow breath. He drew two shuddering breaths and his breathing again started getting shallower.

Becca stared at the shuttle as it landed, behind her susserations passed through the unit as the whisper repeated themselves. "Kovac is dead?" "Kovac is dead!" Kovac can't be dead" "Kovac isn't dead!" "Kovac is dead" "Kovac..." "The Major..." her hands shook and she fought the urge to vomit. Her mouth was dry, her eyes burned, she had a metallic taste in her mouth and the tip of her nose seemed to tingle.

The doors to the shuttle opened, Wolf stepped out, a bound and gagged Flet chained to him and Panther. Gray, Ocampo Hemming and Richards stepped out. Then came a stretcher, beside it was Petra pale and tired looking. On the other side was Knickers who was staring at the Major's face till she stepped aside to let Dana and Staff King assess him. Then she looked up till she found Becca's face in the crowd.

"Massive left sided pneumothorax with resultant lower right atelectasis, hypovolaemic, query 2 minute episode of apnoea, sats 97 on 15 litres" Petra rattled off as Frank ran alongside the trolley.

Becca could still hear Petra talking as the doors swung shut on the med-bay. Wolf appeared at her side and gently steered her away from the crowd of soldiers into the side room. She managed two more strides before her knees gave way. Wolf guided her into a chair as she opened her mouth to scream and no sound came out. Trembling violently she felt Wolf's arms wrap tightly around her.

How long she they stayed like that Becca didn't know, but eventually she looked up to see Sergeant Panther, Captains Dorman, and Gillespie sitting in the room, standing leaning against the wall were Sergeants Fluke and Webb. Becca realised she was squeezing Wolf's arm with both hands, her nails had dug deep enough to draw blood from his wrist. Her fingers ached as she unclenched them. Wordlessly Panther poured her a glass of rum and passed it across, Becca downed it in one.

The door opened and a sombre looking Dana walked in, she looked at Wolf and then Dorman before crossing to stand infront of Becca.

"He's stable, we've repaired his lung but during the surgery...His heart stopped, he was down for nearly a minute. We'll have to run some tests when, if he wakes up."

Becca nodded numbly and tried to speak, she cleared her throat and tried again. "Thank you Dana, where's Frank?"

"Draining his last bottle of Courvoisier XO, I don't think he liked the part where the Major died." Dana's tone sounded angry.

"The problem with being the sort of man that earns love and loyalty like Kovac is people get upset when you die on them." Dorman said calmly, "I keep telling him he should try being unlikable like me."

"Does that mean I'm in command as senior officer?" Asked Gillespie, he winked at Becca and then Panther, "I think I'll reinstate prima nocta."

"Alright but Panther would break you little man," Becca said with a half-smile.

The officers began to talk and laugh, Dorman sent out the sergeants to talk to the men.

"She blames herself," Wolf said looking after Panther, "he was shielding her when he took the bolt."

Two days later Staff Sergeant King was glaring at the Major as he blew into a tube, "until I discharge you I am your commanding officer, I am emperor, king, high priestess and the Lord thy God, you can charm me all you want you mangy Scotch git, you are recuperating properly and doing your exercises."

"I'd tell you to get your oral fixation examined Frank but if blowing on this tube ten times a day will make you happy I'll do it. I will not be waiting over a month to heal naturally, now give me the AHMs so I can get on with my plan or I'll convince Angie to sneak me some, you know she'll do it too, and she'll take Petra down with her."

"If you have any kidney function left when this is all over I'll be amazed. Once this is resolved, I want you to come in for physio and a full medical check up."

"Once this is done I'll even let you check my prostate," Kovac grinned again.

The following morning Kovac laid in his bed while his officers sat around the room, Kovac asked about the prisoner.

"She seems willing to listen to us, I think she believes we can be manipulated." Dorman answered.

"I get the impression she is a little startled by the effectiveness of our raid and her capture. Our success has her worried."

"A huge success if you discount the Major's little problems," said Becca with a sneer.

"Everyone makes a fuss, i got injured. Hardly a fault of the mission, overall it was a complete success." Kovac replied.

"A complete success!? You fucking died!"

"Everybody makes a fuss," Kovac responded drawing a laugh from the others, Becca scowled.

Humans have a strange tendency to react to situations at a seemingly disproportionate level, small splits to their skin or a small shock can leave them "literally dying" an example of hyperbole. Kovac needing to be resuscitated on the operating table meant he said the injuries he had sustained, weren't ones he would reccomend.

The only thing bigger than a human's flair for the dramatic is a human's ability to down play something.

Kovac entered the room where the hostage was held, she eyed him as he crossed the room and as he sat in a chair she spoke.

"Major Radovan Kovac, formerly of the United Nations Galactic Defence Force then of the Galactic Council Defence Force and now leader of the human mercenary unit known as the Dark Horses, born Glasgow, Scotland in the year..."

"Impressive, you're Lorastayil claimant to the position of heir to the throne of the Flet Imperium, current prisoner to Major Kovac and judging by the speed of your heart, terrified of me no matter how calm you pretend to be," Kovac interrupted.

"My heart rate?" Lorastayil asked.

"The clip on your nose is taking measurements for us," Kovac raised a hand to silence the Flet. "Listen Kitty, we had a plan, it was simple, we use you to get to the rest of the royals and then we take all four of you out, we slip away into the darkness and watch as the rest of the royals fall apart trying to claim the top spot on the rubble, it would work. Believe me, I know how to topple governments I've done it before and Wolf, he's done it even more than me.

You know Wolf, he's the one that makes your heart skip a beat every time he glares at you, he has that effect on people."

Lorastayil stayed silent but her eyes never left Kovac's face, "however," Kovac continued, "while I'm sure pulling our plan off correctly would have been an end to this I'm not sure we would have achieved it without some losses and I've already lost one soldier over this, I'm not prepared to have another die to keep me alive, ironically it took dying to formalize my thoughts on this."

"The Flet Imperium," began the Flet.

"Oh do be quiet, the "Imperium" is barely two systems across and the only reason you get to keep it is because nobody wants it, everytime you've gotten expansionist the GCDF has slapped you down with one hand. You're a rogue state and the royal family makes you an easy mark to the sort of units that Wolf and I used to run, if I didn't care about collateral damage I'd break your little civilisation to teach you a lesson."

The Flet glared at Kovac and the Major held her gaze, "I have a plan however, one that keeps you alive, keeps my soldiers alive and puts an end to this."

Struggling to contain her anger Lorastayil stayed quiet for a few seconds before asking, "and what is this clever plan?"

"You take me back to Venita all the way to your capitol Genetry, we walk into the Royal Palace and you give me over to the Queen as your prisoner, you earn your place as heir apparent and the royal family win public support, I'm executed and my men are left alone. Now my men won't be happy about this, but because I'll do this voluntarily it'll hopefully take the edge off enough that they don't seek revenge."

"You'd die willingly?" Lorastayil asked her tone doubtful.

"No, not willingly but I'll accept it, better me than one of my men, that's the trick of being in command, my duty is to them, my leadership is the service I give them." He gave a sigh, "do you accept?"

"I have a choice?"

"Of course, I could always torture you till you agree to my first plan and we break your civilisation, not much of a choice but a choice none the less."

Kovac couldn't have successfully moved Lorastayil onto a shuttle secretly without assistance from Wolf, it appeared that Wolf was fully informed of the plan because as Kovac boarded the Shuttle I witnessed the two pause, shake hands solemnly and then part with a nod. An interaction I had never seen between the two of them before.

Unlike the human home planet, the Flet planet of Venita had developed as almost entirely a rainforest, since industrialisation much of the planet's growth had been cut back but it still retained it's verdant appearance. Even the capitol city of Gentry had a lot of green spaces. And in the centre, shining in the sunlight was the Royal palace, it's direct translation to human would be "glass" although the building was built from quartz.

Kovac walked with his head held high, for all appearances enjoying the view of the rain wet building gleaming in the sunlight. Kovac looked out of place in the light, bright building, wearing dark military fatigues his booted feet rang loud as he walked down the hallway. Around him walked his guards, soft footed and silent, despite their height and mass being greater than the human's they seemed diminished by him, or perhaps that was only my perception.

They paused before the great door to the hall, Lorastayil suddenly intense as she stared at Kovac.

"Do you want to die human? You seem at great ease."

"No, no I don't, I wish this could have worked out another way." He looked around, "it's beautiful here," he remarked absently, "I don't want to die but none of us choose how we die, even those poor souls who take their own life do so as a symptom of a disease often as not, the only thing you get a choice over is how you face your death. I'll stand on my own two feet and look it in the eye thank you." He gestured to the door, "shall we?"

The Flet Imperium is a culture devoid of much of the trappings of power that other civilisations cultivate. Pomp and ceremony; grandiose displays of power and privilege are not seen in the Flet royal court. In brief order Lorastayil was welcomed back, Kovac introduced and sentenced to death.

Kovac grinned up at the Queen and with a sudden movement had darted past the two large Kitty's that were nominally his guards.

"You know, I have read something of your culture and your laws, something the humans have known for Millenia 'know your enemy' a concept not respected by your finer military minds." Kovac stopped several feet from the throne, his guards closed in but hesitated to restrain him.

"For example, I know that Flet instinct will always be to trust in your claws not your hand held weapons, which puts the two guarding me at a disadvantage, while they are still suppressing the urge to resort to claws, I can instinctively fight with anything, in my reach...ask me about a pineapple sometime." As if to illustrate this point Kovac moved.

He sprang to his left into the nearest guard knocking it off balance, he butted his forehead into the side of its jaw with enough force to cause rotation of the head, the Flet spilled it's weapon and stumbled back. Kovac snatched up the dropped power lance but knowing he lacked the appropriate number of limbs to fire the weapon didn't pause in his movement but instead threw it hard as he could at the second guard who was still fumbling with its own power lance. The Kitty stumbled back and Kovac followed up with a flying knee to it's sternum knocking it flat.

As suddenly as he had moved he was still again, Kovac spread his arms wide as more guards converged on him.

"You see when I say I know you, I know you, so when I say I demand trial by combat, I know you are obliged to meet my demand and decide my fate inside the 'ring' as it were."

The Queen watched Kovac and gave a silent yawn, the Flet equivalent of a smile. "You may think you know us Major, however the demand for trial by combat is only something I'm obliged to honour if you are a subject, and that little display was designed to provoke me, provoke my anger but not all Flet are slaves to their rage." She raised two arms and then with another silent yawn gestured at her guards, "kill him."

Kovac backed up quickly out of the semi-circle of approaching guards, Lorastayil was watching him as more guards entered. Kovac produced a small curved blade, seemingly from nowhere and looked at the Flet heir.

"You know I rather liked the idea of meeting death while standing, but what I think I've always known is I'm going to go out kicking and screaming and fighting all the way." He looked around at the guards who were raising their power lance and I saw his weight shift.

Shots rang out, not the muted pop of a power lance but the sharp crack of human rifles. Several of the Flet guards dropped to the ground, Kovac was already moving towards the nearest Flet when Captain Wolf led the assault on the rear of the guard unit. From my vantage point of multiple awarenesses I saw Captain Becca kneeling just inside the entrance to the hallway and taking aim at the Flet queen. Sergeant Panther flanked by Barbie and Buckets closed in on one of the heirs, rifle shots ringing out everywhere.

Kovac my have been wrong about the precise laws and customs of the Flet but he wasn't wrong about their instincts, caught by surprise many of the Kitty guards dropped their power lances, instinctively wanting to use their own claws when provoked. Those that held onto their weapons were still slow in responding with fire themselves.

Kovac had already attacked the two nearest Flet his karambit knife slashing open throats and major blood vessels as he burst through the circle.

Captain Dorman led his troop in through the side entrance and more shots echoed through the hall. Kovac grabbed Lorastayil and forced her against a wall, the larger being letting the smaller human manhandle her. Their frantic conversation lost to the gun battle.

Moments later the hall fell silent, as the last Flet fell, two humans were down but both were moving, Petra and Angie moved between them and Sergeant Webb organised a stretcher team. Captain Becca began shouting orders and Sergeant Panther led the soldiers of 2 Troop out of the great hall.

Wolf reached Kovac and looked down at the dead Lorastayil, "She declined my offer of peace," Kovac said with regret in his voice. Looking up at his captain Kovac gestured around, "I thought you understood my reasons for not doing something like this?"

Wolf pulled Kovac across the hall his men closing in around them, "Oh I did, but the idea that a man was willing to lay down his life for the protection of his soldiers, well I have this feeling that sort of man is the sort I'd like to keep alive."

In the distance explosions boomed out as Captain Gillespie's mortar unit laid down sporadic fire across the military barracks.

"Your men were in agreement when I told them what you planned, apart from Staff King, he says he's saved you enough recently and stayed behind."

They hurried onto the extraction ship and as Captain Dorman counted his men back on Kovac looked around at his soldiers, his expression unreadable.

Captain Becca approached him and the ship went silent as she reached him and then punched him in the face.

"You bastard! She screamed, I nearly lost you and the first thing you did in response was try and get yourself killed!?" She drew back her fist again but Wolf and Panther restrained her, men laughed and Kovac pinching his bleeding nose approached his officers.

The time for awkward thank yous was later, they were still in Flet space now.

"The Frell sent us pass codes they...happened to have," Dorman said to Kovac's unasked question. "Once we were inside their airspace they have almost no security."

"Major have we started another war? What will happen next?" Gillespie asked, loud enough for the soldiers to listen in.

"Maybe, but I don't think so, I think the political powers will enjoy the loss of a faction from their halls of power and I think that whoever finally claims the empty royal throne, they'll be slightly grateful to us for getting them there and if not...they'll think long and hard before they decide to fuck with the Dark Horses again."

The End.

[astressedvetstudent]

Equine Metabolic Syndrome

Guide from Dengie - key points:

EMS = obese horses with insulin dysregulation and recurrent laminitis. Commonly seen in Native types of horses and ponies as they are designed to survive harsh winters, so are efficient at storing fat and prone to obesity.

insulin dysregulation = cells do not respond to insulin to take up glucose, so blood glucose levels remain high so the pancreas secretes more insulin to try to control blood glucose levels. Hyperinsulinaemia  causes vascular compromise and hypercoagulation, which leads to recurrent episodes of subclinical laminitis, with a reduction in effective perfusion to the foot and progressive inflammatory infiltration. This causes morphological changes in the hoof, with eventual distruption of laminar attachments allowing the pedal bone to rotate or sink, at which point there will be clinical signs of acute laminitis.

EMS causes insulin insensitivity, glucose intolerance, dyslipidaemia, hypertension and insidious laminitis. The animal may have persistent hyperglycaemia, and is likely to have elevated fasting insulin if it is normoglycaemic.

Diagnosis = combined insulin-glucose tolerance test. Fast the animal for 12h, take a baseline blood glucose, give IV glucose + insulin. Test blood glucose at 1m, 5m, 10m, 20m, 30m, 40m, 50m, 60m, 90m, 120m, 150m.

Diagnosis = oral glucose test. Fast overnight, then measure basal insulin and glucose. Give a small chaff meal with 1g/kg glucose. Measure blood glucose and insulin at 2h – EMS = significant hyperinsulinaemia (indicates insulin resistance) – healthy = <87mU insulin.

diagnosis = increased blood triglycerides,resting hyperinsulinaemia or increased postprandial insulin response

EMS is treated with:

     o  progressive weight loss (The omental fat store correlates with neck crest size);

        -  restrict forage intake to 1.5% bodyweight, then to 1.5% ideal bodyweight, ideally split up into lots of small meals through the day

    o  low glycaemic index feeding;

    o  exercise (increase lean muscle mass – only once acute laminitis is resolved);

    o  antihyperglycaemic agents  such as metformin – improve hepatic sensitivity to insulin, reduce fasting hepatic glucose output, improve peripheral uptake of insulin - BUT only a shortlived response in horses, used to get over the initial acute episode;

    o  thyroxine to increase BMR – adjunct, useful if cannot exercise

    o  treat laminitis (NSAIDs + other analgesia, box rest, remedial trimming/ farriery).

EMS causes chronic bilateral laminitic changes: rotation of the pedal bone; remodelling of tip of P3; reduced sole thickness; long toe; increased founder distance (coronary band to extensor process P3).

[rivasremedies]

Insulin Resistance~ An Equine Epidemic ~

Insulin Resistance~ An Equine Epidemic ~

Insulin Resistance (IR) falls under the umbrella of Equine Metabolic Syndrome and describes a metabolic problem caused by high sugar diets and a lack of exercise. IR causes weight gain, hormone imbalances, poor immunity, and laminitis. Eventually, if left unchecked, most cases will progress into Cushing’s Disease (PPID).

IR is now a wide-spread problem and is being diagnosed in record numbers even in our younger horses. It is estimated that up to 40% of domestic horses are overweight and 30% have been diagnosed with IR.

What Is Insulin Resistance?

IR occurs as a result of over-feeding unsuitable feeds and unrestricted grass grazing, mostly combined with a lack of exercise. Not very different from people. When blood sugar rises after eating, insulin is secreted by the pancreas to open up glucose receptors in the muscles and liver. This transports the sugars out of the blood and into the tissues for energy or for storage. Normally sugars are stored in the muscles and liver as glycogen – the storage form of sugar – from where they are converted back into sugar and released into the blood when needed for energy. However, when the muscles and liver storage depots are full the receptors will no longer respond to insulin and will therefore not open to allow the sugars entry into the tissues. At this point the insulin production will continue to rise in an effort to keep signaling the receptors to open.

Sugars which cannot be stored as glycogen must now convert to fat or triglycerides resulting, of course, in weight gain and sometimes a fatty liver, especially in Minnies, ponies, and donkeys. In time, blood sugar and insulin imbalances also disrupt the adrenals, thyroid and pituitary as they work harder to regulate the insulin levels and the disruption to the metabolism. These imbalances along with low levels of dopamine eventually progress to Cushing’s disease (PPID).

Signs & Symptoms of IR

The changes in insulin levels, hormones, and metabolism are responsible for a number of symptoms. These include:

Fatigue

Increased thirst

Increased urination

Poor immunity

General inflammation

Body soreness

Laminitis – particularly if the high sugar diet is combined with poor trimming practices which are very common.

Why Is My Horse Hangry?

Leptin, a hormone released from fat cells, sends signals to the hypothalamus in the brain to tell the brain that the body is full of food. It is therefore called the satiety hormone because it inhibits hunger and regulates energy levels by only triggering hunger when it needs energy. Therefore, the primary purpose of leptin is to help the body maintain normal weight; it is the master hormone of body fat regulation.

When levels of this hormone fall, it sends a starvation alarm to the brain triggering huge increases in appetite and food cravings – usually sugar, as well as an increase in fat storage. It also reduces the motivation to exercise and decreases the resting metabolism which slows weight loss. And it makes them irritable.

And while overweight horses may have enough leptin, many of them have become “leptin resistant” (LR); like insulin resistance the body becomes resistant to any hormones which are excessively high. This is part of a defense mechanism to protect the body’s metabolism. Once a horse is leptin resistant the fat cells as well as the brain are no longer receiving the leptin signal to burn fat or to stop eating. This causes the brain to think that it needs to conserve energy because it is missing fat, so the horses become lazier and heavier.

The Easy Keepers

The horses most at-risk for weight gain are the ‘easy keeping’ breeds: ponies such as Shetlands and Welsh Mountain ponies, Minnies, Icelandics, Arabs, Mustangs, Morgans, draft horses and gaited horses. Although to be honest, almost all breeds are susceptible now because of the domestic environment that we have forced them into. IR is now even seen in both recreational horses and performance horses.

Easy keepers are easy because their ancestry and metabolism is adapted for survival in harsh, low nutrient environments rather than lush sugar-laden pastures with oats for dessert. The over-weight horse standing knee-deep in a lush grass field with no reason to walk or run, other than to graze and saunter over to the water trough is a classic image.

For our early equine ancestors, EMS was actually a survival mechanism to endure seasons of food shortages whereby hormone fluctuations, especially insulin, acted to slow down metabolism. This ensured that they could rely on less fuel as a way of survival.

In addition, the ubiquitous easy-keeping ponies and donkeys found in back yards everywhere appears to be caused by their ability to absorb more sugar than larger horses. This is thought to be a result of the “thrifty gene” which means that in order to survive starvation in the wild they have learned to absorb sugar, store fats, and slow down metabolism. And the sugar receptors in their livers and muscles don’t seem as receptive to opening to allow the sugar entry from the blood. So, the smaller equines have to produce more insulin (insulin opens the receptors) to try and activate those resistant receptors. This receptor mechanism is true for all IR horses mind you, no matter the size.

Senior horses are also prone to IR which is to be expected since their overall metabolic rate is lower, their stress coping abilities are reduced, and their hormones are no longer as efficient.

Not all overweight horses and ponies have IR, but all IR horses and ponies are prone to weight gain.

If walking around a grass field to graze is the only exercise your horses and ponies get, especially given their high sugar grass diets, excess weight gain and its ill health effects are a certainty, not a possibility. And the grazing horse in domestic pastures cannot be compared to horses walking in the mountains foraging on native grasses. Our grass is no longer natural and is not the best thing for a horse, as we once believed.

Lifestyle Changes for Insulin Resistant Horses

1. Exercise is critical in helping your horse overcome weight gain, LR and IR. Horses should be encouraged to exercise a minimum of 2-3 times per week through hand-walking or jogging, light riding, ponying, liberty work, or playing with other horses. Studies show that within three weeks of regular exercise the number of insulin receptors can quadruple. In addition, regular exercise increases the metabolism, accelerates weight loss, improves the immune system, contributes to mental well-being, and is critical to maintain healthy hooves.

2. Use slow feeders so that they do not run out of hay at any given time and always have something to nibble at. Slow feeders help horses stabilize blood sugar, reduce stress levels, relieve boredom, improve digestion, and promote weight loss. Many times, people want to restrict an IR horse from eating by feeding them more infrequently and reducing their quantities of hay. However, anytime that a horse gets hungry and cannot graze, forage or nibble, their stress levels rise and so do their stress hormones. These hormone imbalances cause the adrenal glands to produce higher cortisol levels, increases weight gain, increases inflammation, depresses the immune system, and disturbs the metabolic hormones including insulin and leptin. When leptin levels drop due to lack of food, it triggers extreme hunger. Restricted feeding also adversely affects digestion resulting in more cases of acidity and/or colic. See our selection of Slow Feeders here.

The Insulin Resistant Diet

Eliminate all high sugar feeds including grains, oats, corn, and barley.

Eliminate or drastically reduce grass grazing.

Eliminate all commercial feeds which often contain unhealthy by-products and ingredients that can drive inflammation.

Ensure the hay is low sugar and low fructan. Feed in slow hay feeders.

Increase fibre and protein, both of which help to decrease the absorption of sugars from the intestines into the blood. For added fibre add two cups of soaked beet pulp with one cup of alfalfa pellets or a pound or two of soaked alfalfa cubes. Ensure that your horses are able to tolerate these food groups.

Feed Helpful Supplements

Pro-Colon

– ¼ tsp daily

Provides probiotics and prebiotics to support digestion and nutrient absorption. Maintains a healthy intestinal immune system

Metabolism Drops

One dose (5-10 sprays) daily for 21 days, or as needed

A homeopathic remedy for easy keepers to support normal sugar metabolism, blood sugar, and weight. Maintains a normal appetite in overly hunger horses.

Vitamin B6

– 1 tsp daily (= 750 mg)

Supports sugar metabolism, healthy weight, and insulin levels. Maintains hormone balance and healthy thyroid function.

Vitamin B12

- 1 tsp daily (= 6,000 mcg)

Supports carbohydrate metabolism, liver function, and a healthy nervous system. Maintains energy levels and a healthy hindgut.

Take Our EMS Course – Resolving Equine Metabolic Syndrome

This course will walk you through the process of formulating a specific feed, remedy, and supplement program for all EMS conditions including Insulin Resistance (IR), Cushing’s Syndrome (PPID), and Polysaccharide Storage Myopathy (PSSM). You will learn strategies for prevention, recovery, and maintenance.

This is a self-paced short course available at any time.

More Info: www.elishaedwards.com

___________________________________________

By: Marijke van de Water, B.Sc., DHMS

Equine Health & Nutrition Specialist Homeopathic Practitioner Medical Intuitive & Healer Educator & Author

Marijke is a life-long horse lover, the author of the best-selling Healing Horses Their Way, and the founder, formulator, and CEO of Riva’s Remedies. She is a gifted healer who helps horses, and their people, from around the world live happier, healthier lives.

[ezatluba]

The Crossroads of PPID, Insulin Resistance, and Laminitis

Veterinarians have warned owners of PPID horses about the predisposition they carry for laminitis. However, recent research suggests it’s not that black and white.

Chris White

Aug 27, 2021 

For years, veterinarians have warned owners of Cushingoid horses about the predisposition they carry for laminitis. However, recent research suggests it’s not that black and white.

Dianne McFarlane, DVM, PhD, Dipl. ACVIM, is a professor at the Oklahoma State University College of Veterinary Medicine, in Stillwater, who studies geriatric horses. At the 2021 American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine Forum, held virtually and in Orlando, Florida, she presented a synopsis on years of laminitis research indicating equine metabolic syndrome (EMS) might be the culprit behind the painful hoof disease, rather than pars pituitary intermedia dysfunction (PPID, formerly known as equine Cushing’s disease).

Hoof Anatomy and Understanding Laminitis

An understanding of hoof anatomy is crucial to discerning laminitis. The hoof houses the coffin bone, which is suspended by highly vascular and well-innervated structures called laminae. When a horse has laminitis (which typically occurs in the front feet), the laminae become inflamed, which can allow the coffin bone to rotate if severe. The inflammation results in the clinical signs associated with this disease, including lameness, heat, a shortened stride, and a rocking or leaning-back stance (in which the horse relieves pressure on the affected front feet by shifting weight to its hind limbs).

The three main types of laminitis include:

Sepsis-induced laminitis is secondary to a systemic illness, such as Potomac horse fever or salmonella.

Supporting-limb laminitis occurs in response to extreme overloading of the limb, after the opposite limb becomes non-weight-bearing. The constant pressure can lead to failure of the opposing hoof’s laminae.

Endocrinopathic laminitis is associated with grain overload or metabolic diseases and known to account for up to 90% of laminitis cases, per the United States Department of Agriculture.

Surveys of owners from the United Kingdom and Australia reveal that 9-15% of horses have undergone some degree of laminitis. However, an equine veterinarian survey showed 45% of owners seeking veterinary care didn’t realize laminitis was the cause of their horses’ lameness. This goes to show that owners might not recognize the clinical relevance of the progressive condition.

Veterinarians know horses diagnosed with PPID can develop laminitis, McFarlane said. But not all horses with PPID become laminitic. Research revealed those that develop laminitis likely have concurrent hyperinsulinemia, or elevated insulin, circulating in their system.

Obesity is the hallmark of EMS-afflicted horses, often accompanied by large fat deposits over the neck and tailhead. These horses cannot regulate their insulin levels, resulting in chronic hyperinsulinemia.

The question remains: Does PPID cause EMS? Likely not, McFarlane said. PPID results in the degeneration of the hypothalamus and pituitary gland, resulting in excessive pituitary intermedia hormone ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone). Scientists have theorized that pituitary intermedia hormones disrupt the clearance of insulin in the horse’s liver, but this warrants more research.

Studies evaluating the use of Prascend, the FDA-approved brand of pergolide used to treat PPID, have also looked at its effect on hyperinsulinemia. Horses diagnosed with both PPID and EMS demonstrated improved ACTH and insulin levels after Prascend treatment. “The data suggest that perhaps giving Prascend improved insulin regulation, but it seems more due to the comorbidity of PPID,” said McFarlane.

If it’s not because of PPID, why is laminitis so common? “This is a condition that we really created by intensively and incorrectly managing horses that are genetically suitable for thrifty conditions,” said McFarlane. We’ve achieved this mostly through overfeeding, feeding incorrect diets, episodic feeding, and limited exercise, she said. These practices result in more insulin dysregulation, which can lead to clinical laminitis.

If you are concerned about your horse’s metabolic status, contact your veterinarian. He or she can help you formulate a management and diet plan, recommend blood testing, and perform hoof radiographs to evaluate for rotation.