#electroanalytical

[eduebookstore]

Analytical Electrochemistry 3rd Edition by Joseph Wang, ISBN-13: 978-0471678793 [PDF eBook eTextbook] Publisher: ‎ Wiley-VCH; 3rd edition (April 28, 2006) Language: ‎ English 272 pages ISBN-10: ‎ 9780471678793 ISBN-13: ‎ 978-0471678793 Third Edition covers the latest advances in methodologies, sensors, detectors, and microchips. The greatly expanded Third Edition of this internationally respected text continues to provide readers with a complete panorama of electroanalytical techniques and devices, offering a balancebetween voltammetric and potentiometric techniques. Emphasizing electroanalysis rather than physical electrochemistry, readers gain a deep understanding of the fundamentals of electrodereactions and electrochemical methods. Moreover, readers learn to apply their newfoundknowledge and skills to solve real-world analytical problems. The text consists of six expertly crafted chapters: Chapter 1 introduces fundamental aspects of electrode reactions and the structure of the interfacial region Chapter 2 studies electrode reactions and high-resolution surface characterization, using techniques ranging from cyclic voltammetry to scanning probe microscopies Chapter 3 features an overview of modern finite-current controlled potential techniques Chapter 4 presents electrochemical instrumentation and electrode materials, including modified electrodes and ultramicroelectrodes Chapter 5 details the principles of potentiometric measurements and various classes of ion selective electrodes Chapter 6 explores the growing field of chemical sensors, including biosensors, gas sensors, microchip devices, and sensor arrays Among the new topics covered, readers discover DNA biosensors, impedance spectroscopy, detection of capillary electrophoresis, diamond electrodes, carbon-nanotube and nanoparticle-based arrays and devices, large-amplitude AC voltammetry, solid-state ion-selective electrodes, ion selective electrodes for trace analysis, and lab-on-a-chip devices. New figures, worked examples, and end-of-chapter questions have also been added to this edition. Given the rapid pace of discovery and growth of new applications in the field, this text is essential for an up-to-date presentation of the latest advances in methodologies, sensors, detectors, and microchips. It is recommended for graduate-level courses in electroanalytical chemistry and as a supplement for upper-level undergraduate courses in instrumental analysis. The text also meets the reference needs for any industry, government, or academic laboratory engaged in electroanalysis and biosensors. JOSEPH WANG, PHD, is Director of the Center for Bioelectronics and Biosensors at the Biodesign Institute and Professor in the Departments of Chemical & Materials Engineering and Chemistry & Biochemistry at Arizona State University. Dr. Wang has authored six books and more than 680 research papers. He holds fifteen patents and is the recipient of the American Chemical Society’s Award in Chemical Instrumentation and the Heyrovsky Medal. He was ranked the “Most Cited Electrochemist in the World” in 1995, and was ranked number five on the ISI list of “Most Cited Researchers in Chemistry” for the period 1995 to 2005. What makes us different? • Instant Download • Always Competitive Pricing • 100% Privacy • FREE Sample Available • 24-7 LIVE Customer Support

[jcmarchi]

Convert Greenhouse Gas into Valuable Products with Electricity - Technology Org

New Post has been published on https://thedigitalinsider.com/convert-greenhouse-gas-into-valuable-products-with-electricity-technology-org/

Convert Greenhouse Gas into Valuable Products with Electricity - Technology Org

Researchers at Case Western Reserve University are developing ways to convert waste into fuels and other products, using processes that are energy efficient and powered by renewable sources. 

A chemistry lab. Image credit: Chromatograph via Unsplash, free license

More specifically, they’re close to resolving the challenge of converting carbon dioxide (CO2), a major greenhouse gas, into valuable chemicals using electricity.

CO2 can be a useful raw material for making commodity chemicals and fuels. But the process of creating the necessary reaction isn’t easy because it requires high pressures, high temperatures and special materials.

“Our modern society is in critical need of technologies that can capture the CO2 from waste—or even air—and convert it to products at benign conditions,” said Burcu Gurkan, professor of chemical engineering at Case School of Engineering. “Electrochemical conversion of carbon dioxide is an unresolved problem that is more than 150 years old.”

Until now, research has mainly focused on developing catalyst materials and understanding the energy-intensive CO2 conversion reaction in water-based electrolytes. Yet challenges remain because water-based systems have limited capacity for CO2. In addition, the process includes unwanted side reactions, such as hydrogen gas emissions.

But in a study published this fall in the European journal  Angewandte Chemie, the Case Western Reserve research team demonstrated that the ionic liquids they developed effectively capture and convert CO2 in an electrochemical process.

Ionic liquids are salts that melt below 100 degrees celsius. The ones that Gurkan’s group developed are liquid at room temperature. These ionic liquids also are unique in that they have high capacity for CO2 capture and maintain electrochemical stability. As a result, the team achieved the desired electrochemical process.

“Our approach focuses on ionic liquid electrolytes that can alter the thermodynamics and product distribution due to kinetic effects which can be further tuned, thanks to the flexibility in ionic liquid design,” Gurkan said.

The study, led by Oguz Kagan Coskun, a doctoral student in Gurkan’s group, combined spectroscopic and electroanalytical techniques to reveal the fundamental mechanisms necessary for ionic liquids to activate the CO2 reduction reaction at the copper electrode surface.

The group reported needing less energy to drive the reaction and noted that it could lead to creation of a variety of industrially relevant products—without the unwanted side products found in the traditional electrolysis process.

Further, the report explains crucial aspects influencing the properties of the reaction environment for the effective use of CO2. This additional information contributes to a deeper understanding of reaction environment, especially concerning unconventional electrolytes.

The team plans to examine the individual reaction steps further to inform subsequent electrolyte designs. The ultimate goal: better control of the chemicals from the reaction and advance the electrochemical approaches to CO2 recycling.

Source: Case Western Reserve University

You can offer your link to a page which is relevant to the topic of this post.

[jhavelikes]

Fast-scan cyclic voltammetry (FSCV) is cyclic voltammetry with a very high scan rate (up to 1×106 V·s−1).[1] Application of high scan rate allows rapid acquisition of a voltammogram within several milliseconds and ensures high temporal resolution of this electroanalytical technique. An acquisition rate of 10 Hz is routinely employed. FSCV in combination with carbon-fiber microelectrodes became a very popular method for detection of neurotransmitters, hormones and metabolites in biological systems.[2] Initially, FSCV was successfully used for detection of electrochemically active biogenic amines release in chromaffin cells (adrenaline and noradrenaline), brain slices (5-HT, dopamine, norepinephrine) and in vivo in anesthetized or awake and behaving animals (dopamine). Further refinements of the method have enabled detection of 5-HT, HA, norepinephrine, adenosine, oxygen, pH changes in vivo in rats and mice as well as measurement of dopamine and serotonin concentration in fruit flies.

Fast-scan cyclic voltammetry - Wikipedia

[instantebookmart]

Digital Simulation in Electrochemistry 4th Edition by Dieter Britz, ISBN-13: 978-3319302904 [PDF eBook eTextbook] Publisher: ‎ Springer; 4th ed. 2016 edition (May 17, 2016) Language: ‎ English 509 pages ISBN-10: ‎ 3319302906 ISBN-13: ‎ 978-3319302904 This book explains how the partial differential equations (pdes) in electroanalytical chemistry can be solved numerically. It guides the reader through the topic in a very didactic way, by first introducing and discussing the basic equations along with some model systems as test cases systematically. Then it outlines basic numerical approximations for derivatives and techniques for the numerical solution of ordinary differential equations. Finally, more complicated methods for approaching the pdes are derived. The authors describe major implicit methods in detail and show how to handle homogeneous chemical reactions, even including coupled and nonlinear cases. On this basis, more advanced techniques are briefly sketched and some of the commercially available programs are discussed. In this way the reader is systematically guided and can learn the tools for approaching his own electrochemical simulation problems. This new fourth edition has been carefully revised, updated and extended compared to the previous edition (Lecture Notes in Physics Vol. 666). It contains new material describing migration effects, as well as arrays of ultramicroelectrodes. It is thus the most comprehensive and didactic introduction to the topic of electrochemical simulation. Dieter Britz, Ph.D. (Sydney Univ. 1967), Dipl. Comp. Sci. (University of Newcastle, Australia, 1985), Dr. scient (Aarhus Univ., Denmark, 2007). Dr. Britz has gathered longstanding experience in electrochemistry during research stays all over the world: he worked at the CSIRO, Sydney, on corrosion problems, on inorganic ion exchangers at the University of New York at Buffalo (1967-68), he performed instrumental work at the University of Kentucky, Lexington, USA (1968-70), investigated corrosion and electrosynthesis at the Nuclear Research Centre in Jülich, Germany (1970-75), and performed data analysis of turbulence signals at Newcastle University, Australia (1975-78). In 1978 he accepted the position of Assoc. Professor at Aarhus University in Denmark, from which he retired as Emeritus Assoc. Professor in 2001. In Aarhus, he has worked on a number of projects, focusing on corrosion, electroanalysis and digital simulation. Jörg Strutwolf received the Diploma and Ph.D. degrees in the Theoretical Chemistry Group, University of Bielefeld, Germany. He has specialized in the investigation of interfacial transport processes by theoretical and experimental methods. His current research interests include the dynamics and reactivity of soft interfaces, the combination of microfluidics and electrochemistry, numerical modelling of transport and reaction phenomena in electrochemistry (mainly in co-operation with Dieter Britz), electrochemistry at the nanoscale, and nanostructuring of interfaces for sensor application. Currently, he is a Visiting Scientist at the University of Tübingen, Germany. He has worked in numerous electrochemistry groups, e.g. at University College London, U.K., University of Warwick, Coventry, U.K., Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain, and Tyndall National Institute, Cork, Ireland. What makes us different? • Instant Download • Always Competitive Pricing • 100% Privacy • FREE Sample Available • 24-7 LIVE Customer Support

[dekresearch]

Understanding Pt Counter Electrodes and Ag/AgCl Reference Electrodes

Ag/AgCl reference electrodes and Pt counter electrodes are essential for precise measurements and trustworthy analyses in the field of electrochemical investigations. These electrodes are crucial parts of the electrochemical cells used in a variety of tasks, such as corrosion research and electroanalytical tests. Let's examine each electrode's relevance and contributions to the field of electrochemistry.

[greatebookstoreblog]

Digital Simulation in Electrochemistry 4th Edition by Dieter Britz, ISBN-13: 978-3319302904 [PDF eBook eTextbook] Publisher: ‎ Springer; 4th ed. 2016 edition (May 17, 2016) Language: ‎ English 509 pages ISBN-10: ‎ 3319302906 ISBN-13: ‎ 978-3319302904 This book explains how the partial differential equations (pdes) in electroanalytical chemistry can be solved numerically. It guides the reader through the topic in a very didactic way, by first introducing and discussing the basic equations along with some model systems as test cases systematically. Then it outlines basic numerical approximations for derivatives and techniques for the numerical solution of ordinary differential equations. Finally, more complicated methods for approaching the pdes are derived. The authors describe major implicit methods in detail and show how to handle homogeneous chemical reactions, even including coupled and nonlinear cases. On this basis, more advanced techniques are briefly sketched and some of the commercially available programs are discussed. In this way the reader is systematically guided and can learn the tools for approaching his own electrochemical simulation problems. This new fourth edition has been carefully revised, updated and extended compared to the previous edition (Lecture Notes in Physics Vol. 666). It contains new material describing migration effects, as well as arrays of ultramicroelectrodes. It is thus the most comprehensive and didactic introduction to the topic of electrochemical simulation. Dieter Britz, Ph.D. (Sydney Univ. 1967), Dipl. Comp. Sci. (University of Newcastle, Australia, 1985), Dr. scient (Aarhus Univ., Denmark, 2007). Dr. Britz has gathered longstanding experience in electrochemistry during research stays all over the world: he worked at the CSIRO, Sydney, on corrosion problems, on inorganic ion exchangers at the University of New York at Buffalo (1967-68), he performed instrumental work at the University of Kentucky, Lexington, USA (1968-70), investigated corrosion and electrosynthesis at the Nuclear Research Centre in Jülich, Germany (1970-75), and performed data analysis of turbulence signals at Newcastle University, Australia (1975-78). In 1978 he accepted the position of Assoc. Professor at Aarhus University in Denmark, from which he retired as Emeritus Assoc. Professor in 2001. In Aarhus, he has worked on a number of projects, focusing on corrosion, electroanalysis and digital simulation. Jörg Strutwolf received the Diploma and Ph.D. degrees in the Theoretical Chemistry Group, University of Bielefeld, Germany. He has specialized in the investigation of interfacial transport processes by theoretical and experimental methods. His current research interests include the dynamics and reactivity of soft interfaces, the combination of microfluidics and electrochemistry, numerical modelling of transport and reaction phenomena in electrochemistry (mainly in co-operation with Dieter Britz), electrochemistry at the nanoscale, and nanostructuring of interfaces for sensor application. Currently, he is a Visiting Scientist at the University of Tübingen, Germany. He has worked in numerous electrochemistry groups, e.g. at University College London, U.K., University of Warwick, Coventry, U.K., Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain, and Tyndall National Institute, Cork, Ireland. What makes us different? • Instant Download • Always Competitive Pricing • 100% Privacy • FREE Sample Available • 24-7 LIVE Customer Support

[rnomics]

Printed Electrochemical Strip for the Detection of #miRNA-29a: A Possible Biomarker Related to Alzheimer's Disease

The development of electrochemical strips, as extremely powerful diagnostic tools, has received much attention in the field of sensor analysis and, in particular, the detection of nucleic acids in complex matrixes is a hot topic in the electroanalytical area, especially when directed toward the development of emerging technologies, for the purpose of facilitating personal healthcare. One of the major diseases for which early diagnosis is crucial is represented by Alzheimer's disease (AD). AD is... https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36318963/?utm_source=dlvr.it&utm_medium=tumblr&utm_campaign=None&utm_content=1Zap-74u4XbiV7x0qz5lToBuxtoq00qwwHZUuXSRQOsim8UYds&fc=None&ff=20221118022622&v=2.17.8

[robertmarch82]

“hi, I’m not from the US” ask set (if I'm not too late this..): 4, 7 & 17?

4.favourite dish specific for your country? - It´s really hard to decide. I love typical czech cuisine. I love our “Svíčková na smetaně” - “Roast sirloin in sour cream sauce with dumplings”

“Vepřo, knedlo, zelo” - Roast pork with dumplings and sauerkraut, 

“Pečená kachna s knedlíky a dvěma druhy zelí” - Roast duck with dumplings and two kinds of sauerkraut.

“Hovězí guláš” - Beef goulash and 

“Švestkové knedlíky” - Dumplings filled with plums.

I think, that on the first place I would put Roast duck with dumplings and two kinds of sauerkraut. 

From soups I love typical “Kulajda” - Dill soup and “Zelňačka” - Cabbage soup. 

7.three words from your native language that you like the most? 

That is fun. I am from east part of the Czech republic, Ostravsko and there we have fantastic dialect. It´s historically industrial part of the country, but mines were already closed in 90´s. So people were “raw”, very hard working and dialect is like that. We have amazing curse words: cyp, chumaj, chuj... That is dialect. And standard czech language is very beautiful. I love it. I love mainly czech language presented by our great writer Alois Jirásek. Three words from standard czech: maminka, tajtrlík, studánka.

17.are you interested in your country’s history? 

Very much. I studied history on university. We have so amazing history. Our heritage is rich. Karel Čapek, Jaroslav Seifert, Czech baroque, Tamara and Věra radar system (passive sensor) of thirdgeneration, able to recognize targets of “stealth” type; Semtex worldwideknown explosives, 

Prokop Diviš - lightning rod inventor, Jan Evangelista Purkyně - anatomist and physiologist of the first half of 19th century, discovererof Purkinje cells in the brain (1837), Bedřich Hrozný - orientalist and linguist who deciphered the ancient Hittite language, Gregor Mendel: the founder of the modernscience of genetics, in Czechia born and working, Jaroslav Heyrovský - the inventor of the polarographic method, father of the electroanalyticalmethod. 

Otto Wichterle -inventor of soft contact lenses, 

Antonín Holý - chemist of world recognition, inventorof the most effective drugs in the fight against the AIDS epidemic.  

St.Adalbert of Prague (inCzech svatý Vojtěch): Czechpriest, bishop of Prague, who brought Christianity to nations of Central Europe- Hungarians, Poles, and Prussians. 

PřemyslOtakar II: Czech king, ruler of seven other countries, his reignstretched from Silesia to the Adriatic coast, founder of many towns and citiesnot only in Czech kingdom, but in contemporary Poland and Prussia (13thcentury). 

Charles IV:Holy Roman Emperor. probably the most famous personality of the Czech stateever. He rebuilt the city of Prague as the capital of Central Europe and one ofthe intellectual and cultural centers of Europe. In 1348, he founded theCharles University in Prague, which was named after him and was the firstuniversity in Central Europe and third in Europe. 

Jan Hus - theologian, Catholic priest, philosopher, whobecame a church reformer, an inspirer of Hussitism, a key predecessor toProtestantism and a seminal figure in the Czech Reformation (14–15thcent). 

King George of Poděbrady(Jiří z Poděbrad) - well known for his idea and attempt toestablish common European institutions and supranational insignia. It is seenas the first historical vision of an European unity forgoing the European Union(15th century). 

Comenius(Jan Ámos Komenský) - inventor in educational systems, theory ofeducation, practical educational work, methods of education (17th cent.);  

Jan Žižka: Czech general,a contemporary and follower of Jan Hus, successful Hussite military leader(died 1424). He is considered to be among the greatest military leaders andinnovators of all time. His accomplishments in this regard are especiallyunique and noteworthy as he had to quickly train peasants to repeatedly facehighly trained and armored opponents who usually severely outnumbered his owntroops, and for this, some have considered him to be the greatest general inhistory. Žižka developed tactics of using wagon forts, called vozováhradba in Czech (wagons fortification) as mobile fortifications,predecessors of tanks, with original armament of soldiers, incl.various lightand heavy firearms, 

Josef František - fighter pilotof World War II, the highest-scoring Allied ace in the Battle of Britain (1940), 

Czech words, which became international - robot (invented by Karel Čapek in hisstage-play R.U.R., derived from the word “robota”, which was a compulsoryunpaid work for landowners in the past), pistol(from Czech word “píšťala”), houfnice(English “howitzer”), polka, dollar(from Czech word “tolar”), hocus-pocus,tunel (in the sense of “tunnel the bank” - to rob the bank’s assets bytransferring money elsewhere by its own owners).

Sportsmen: Emil Zátopek - long-distance runner, only person towin the 5,000 metres, 10,000 metres, and marathon in the same Olympics, Věra Čáslavská - sevenOlympic gold medals holder in gymnastics, all in individual events, which is anall-time record among female Olympians, Martina Navrátilová - tennis player, arguably the bestfemale tennis player of all time, multiple winner of women’s singles title atWimbledon, Jaromír Jágr -ice hockey player, the best European player in the history of Canadian-AmericanNational Hockey League, ranking overall 2nd in points, third in goal scores,and first in the number of game-winning goals in all history of NHL.

[bookpandsblog]

CHEMISTRY MCQ

Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs) help in testing the knowledge of particular concept for students so it is established as an important part of most of the examinations. Further, MCQs help student in grasping the significance and application of a particular concept/topic. Most of the university examinations, entrance tests and competitive examinations consist MCQs as a tool of evaluation and hence, thorough practice of solving MCQs is must for a good score in such examinations. The aim of this book is to provide collection of selected multiple choice questions of general chemistry. The book also consists a separate chapter for MCQ of electroanalytical techniques which can be very useful for undergraduate students who are not that familiar with Analytical Chemistry. I hope that the book will be useful for practice for students.

book store link

[ramonamcdanielprinceton]

√DOWNLOAD EBOOK [PDF]]  Electroanalytical Chemistry: Principles, Best Practices, and Case Studies (Chemical Analysis: A Series of Monographs on Analytical Chemistry and Its Applications)  by Unknown

Mobi Free  Electroanalytical Chemistry: Principles, Best Practices, and Case Studies (Chemical Analysis: A Series of Monographs on Analytical Chemistry and Its Applications)  => https://fantasylibrarydigital.blogspot.com/book44.php?asin=B084GM6C3R

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D0WNL0AD PDF Ebook Textbook  Electroanalytical Chemistry: Principles, Best Practices, and Case Studies (Chemical Analysis: A Series of Monographs on Analytical Chemistry and Its Applications)  by Unknown

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[marketresearchhealthcarefuture]

Wearable Sensors Market  Key Player profile, Size, Share, Growth, Trends 2027

 Market Overview

According to MRFR, the Global Wearable Sensors Market is poised to mature at a CAGR of 46.73% and is anticipated to reach USD 11.07 Billion by 2025. The increase of in-home wearable sensors for babies and remote patient control are fast sensor technology developments that are the key drivers of market development. 

Market Drivers & Trends

Global wearable sensors market is mainly being driven by increasing demand for wearables for infants as well as continuous evolvement of sensor technology. Other factors such as increasing personal care and health consciousness for tracking biometrics such as calories burnt, heart rate, and among others, demand for wearable sensor devices, which in turn is bolstering the market exponentially.

Other than this, the rapid expansion of the internet of things (IoT) is also driving the global wearable sensor market. The inclusion of this device, mainly in healthcare and fitness, consumer electronics, and others, are also capitalizing the market. Digitalization has also played a vital role in the wearable sensor devices with improving technology, which has motivated people in changing their lifestyles by raising health and safety awareness factors are stimulating the growth of wearable devices.

Wearable devices come in various forms such as Fitbit, ear wears, smartwatches, wrist wears, and microwear. These devices are technologically advanced, and it caters exact information about health & fitness after wearing. Thus, the inclusion of technology has maturely stimulated the global wearable sensors market with a high prospect in the foreseen years. With high demands of these devices, from across the world, it has become beneficial for the market players to introduce opportunities for the future and capitalize the revenue of the market.

ALSO READ @ https://www.medgadget.com/2020/10/wearable-sensors-market-products-and-services-business-overview-recent-developments-healthcare-applications-share-investment-growth-factors-and-vendor-analysis-by-2025.html

Competitive Dashboard

The prominent players operating in the global wearable sensors market comprises Freescale Semiconductor Inc., KIONIX INC. (ROHM Co., Ltd.), InvenSense Inc., Panasonic Corporation, Analog Devices Inc., STMicroelectronics, ZOLL Medical Corporation (Asahi Kasei Corporation), InvenSense Inc., Measurement Specialties Inc., Robert Bosch GmbH, Infineon Technologies AG., and Texas Instruments Incorporated.

Market Segmentation

Global Wearable Sensors Market, by Type

Motion Sensors

Medical-Based Sensors

Image Sensors

Position Sensors

Pressure Sensors

Inertial Sensors

Other Sensors

Global Wearable Sensors Market, by Application

Smart Wristwear

Smart Glasses

Smart Bodywears

Smart Footwear

Other Wearable Devices

Global Wearable Sensors Market, by End User

Consumer Applications

Healthcare Applications

Enterprise and Industrial Applications

Regional Insights

Geographically, the wearable sensors market span across regions namely, Europe, North America, Asia Pacific, and the Rest-of-the-World (RoW).

Considering the global scenario, the North American region is poised to occupy the most significant share as the region offer room to the most prominent players and is in a position to adopt technological advancements at its earliest. High adoption of digital technology in the U.S. has further intensified the growth of the market in this region. With the booming healthcare infrastructure, the market is estimated to flourish.

The European region occupies the second spot and is anticipated to evolve at a significant pace in the foreseeable future. With advancing technology and purchasing power required for the market growth, the region is anticipated to gain an impetus. Moreover, the conscious awakening regarding healthy lifestyle is considered a major factor propelling the market growth in the long run.

The Asia Pacific region is estimated to expand at the fastest rate as the strong economic growth has infused healthy purchasing power which is estimated to encourage the proliferation of wearable sensors in the coming years.

Recent Development

December 2020: A proof-of-concept for a wearable sensor recording healing in skin wounds was proposed by researchers from Skoltech and Texas University at Austin. The new research investigated using a 'smart bandage' to track those biomarkers during the healing process with electroanalytical techniques, and without the need for bandage removal.

OBTAIN RESEARCH REPORT DETAILS WITH TOC @ https://www.marketresearchfuture.com/reports/wearable-sensors-market-955

RELATED REPORTS

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[loveemilyfan]

Nice Maga Civil War January 6 2021 Shirt

Be kind to yourself. Don't think things that might drag you down. Don't think things about yourself that you wouldn't say to everyone you meet. Keep your chin up, your shoulders back and smile at other people. You will be amazed at how this will help you. Of course, you still have the work of 'getting it together' but if you feel good, you will do better. Hi, I was thinking about doing the same post. I'm 30's too, have a PhD in chemistry / electroanalytical, follow my dream in 20's in the "wonderful science", I'm a lab rat hehe. My contract ended this december, so I'm unemployed now. I live in Brazil, if you follow the news, the worst country for do science

Buy it:  Nice Maga Civil War January 6 2021 Shirt

[juniperpublisherscellscienc-blog]

The Detection Method of Cell-Derived Exosomes- Juniper Publishers

Abstract

Exosomes are small extracellular vesicles (30-100nm) from various cells, and have emerged as a promising biomarker of some diseases. Quantitative detection of cell-derived exosome is appealing and challenging. In recent years, many kinds of methods have emerged for the detection and analysis of exosomes, including electrochemical method, microfluidic technology, microarray chip and colorimetric method. We summarize the current detection methods of exosomes and highlight the development direction of detection method for exosomes.

Keywords: Exosomes; Electrochemical biosensors; Microarray chip; Microfluidic platform; Flow immunoassay; Colorimetric method

Introduction

Exosomes were initially reported in 1983 by Johnstone and colleagues while culturing reticulocytes [1]. It is already very clear that exosomes are cell-derived lipid bilayer vesicles that range from 30 to 100nm in diameter [2], are released by many types of cells, such as immune cells and tumor cells [3].  And Exosomes can be found in most bodily fluid, including blood, urine, saliva, amniotic fluid, breast milk, hydrothoracic fluid, and ascitic fluid, as well as in culture medium of most cell types [4]. Exosomes are also an extracellular subset containing microRNAs, messenger RNAs (mRNA), DNA fragments, lipids and proteins for cell communication [5], are transported through the bloodstream and other body fluids [6]. A series of emerging evidence have suggested that exosomes may play an important role in the interaction between tumor cells and their surrounding cells in the tumor microenvironment. However, the detection of exosomes remains challenging and restricts its clinical application. According to the existing literatures, the review summarizes and analyzes the latest detection methods of exosomes, and prospects the detection technology of the exosomes.

Electrochemical Biosensor

Electrochemical biosensors combine the sensitivity of electroanalytical methods with the inherent bioselectivity of the biological component [7]. Wang et al. [8] developed a nanotetrahedron (NTH)-assisted electrochemical aptasensor for direct capture and detection of hepatocellular exosomes, and provided a proof-of-concept for sensitive and efficient quantification of tumor-derived exosomes [8]. The NTH-assisted electrochemical aptasensor combined the strengths of advanced aptamer technology, DNA-based nanostructure and portable electrochemical devices. Aptamer LZH8 with superior binding selectivity on target hepatocarcinoma cells (HepG2) was used for the proposed electrochemical aptasensor. Yadav et al. [9] reported an electrochemical method to directly quantify the breast cancer cell-derived exosomes in cell culture media [9]. The method exhibited an excellent specificity for human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (+) BT474 cell-derived exosomes (detection  limit of 4.7*105 exosomes/μL) with an RSD of < 4.9% (n=3). Zhou et al. [10] developed an electrochemical biosensor based on aptamers specific to exosome transmembrane protein CD63 for the quantitative detection of exosomes [10]. The biosensors functioned well both in “clean” (HEPES Buffer) and “dirty” (DMEM cell culture media containing 10% fetal bovine serum) solutions with a detection limit of 1x106 particles/mL and a linear range extending two orders of magnitude to 1x108 particles/mL. These three studies only detected exosomes in cell culture media, and didn't involve the detection of exosomes in body fluid samples.

Microarray Chip

Microarrays with biomolecules, cells and tissues immobilized on solid substrates are important tools for biological research, including genomics, proteomics, and cell [11]. Ibsen et al. [12] developed an alternating current electrokinetic (ACE) microarray chip device to rapidly isolate and recover glioblastoma exosomes from undiluted human plasma samples [12]. The detection of the exosome specific pattern of external CD63 membrane protein and internal TSG101 protein17 confirms the presence of glioblastoma exosomes among the collected extracellular vesicles by the ACE microarray chip device. The ACE device achieved the direct detection of exosomes in human plasma. Daaboul et al. [15] presented a method based on Single Particle Interferometric Reflectance Imaging Sensor (SP-IRIS) that allowed multiplexed phenotyping and digital counting of various populations of individual exosomes (>50nm) captured on a microarray-based solid phase chip [13]. The SP-IRIS for the detection of exosomes purified from HEK cell line showed a good correlation for both capture antibodies CD63 and CD81, and detection limits of 5.07x109 particles/mL for CD63 antibody and 3.94x109 particles/mL for CD81 antibody. The imaging method could capture exosomes from a very small volume (20uL) of human cerebrospinal fluid by using antibodies directed against tetraspanins.

Microfluidic Platform

Microfluidic systems can be designed to obtain and process measurements from small volumes of complex fluids with efficiency and speed [14]. Zhao et al. [15] employed a microfluidic ExoSearch chip for diagnosis of ovarian cancer by multiplexed measurement of three exosomal tumor markers (CA-125, EpCAM, CD24) using a training set of plasmas from ovarian cancer patients [15]. The ExoSearch chip combined on-chip continuous-flow mixing and immunomagnetic isolation with an in situ, multiplexed exosome immunoassay, and was applied for ovarian cancer diagnosis via quantifying a panel of tumor markers from exosomes in 20μL of blood plasma within 40min. Zhang et al. [16] developed a microfluidic platform based on a new graphene oxide/polydopamine (GO/PDA) nano-interface for the analysis of circulating exosomes [16]. CD81 mAb served for the capture antibody, and a cocktail of biotinylated mAbs of CD9 and CD81 and EpCAM acted as the detection antibody in the study. The platform was applied to discriminate ovarian cancer patients from healthy controls by the quantitative detection of circulating exosomes directly from 2μL of plasma without sample processing. These two studies provided a feasible microfluidic platform to directly detect exosomes in blood plasma from patients and to facilitate basic investigation of exosomes.

Flow Immunoassay

Lateral flow immunoassay represents a well established and appropriate technology among rapid assays because of its low cost and user-friendliness [17]. Oliveira-Rodriguez et al. developed a novel lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA) for the detection of exosomes based on the use of tetraspanins as targets [18]. The platform was used to detect exosomes purified from different sources, including cell culture supernatants, human plasma and urine, and completed an one-step assay of exosomes in 15 min with detection limit of 8.54x105 exosomes/μL. And the platform selected a blend of anti-CD9 and anti-CD81 as capture antibodies and anti-CD63 labeled with gold nanoparticles as detection antibody. The work achieved a rapid quantification of exosome from different biological samples and  provided promising techniques for clinical diagnosis.

Colorimetric Method

Colorimetry is that a well-designed chemical interaction between the analyte and NPs surroundings leads to a change of color allowing the visual detection of the target analyte [19]. Yao et al. [20] reported a visible and colorimetric aptasensor based on DNA-capped single-walled carbon nanotubes for the detection of exosomes, and estimated the linear range from 1.84x106 to 2.21x107 particles/μL with detection limit of 5.2 x10s particles/ μL [20]. An aptamer specific to exosomes transmembrane protein CD63 was used for the proposed colorimetric aptasensor. The aptasensor was also used to quantify exosomes in serum from breast cancer patients and healthy individuals.

Conclusion and Outlook

The importance of exosomes is self-evident for cancer research. At present, many methods, including electrochemical biosensor, microarray chip, microfluidic platform, flow immunoassay and colorimetric method, provide the detection technology of exosomes. Electrochemical methods afford a sensitive and rapid analysis strategy, but cannot directly detect exosomes in the biological sample. Colorimetric method possesses a simple visual advantage, but is helpless for the direct detection of exosomes in serum. Lateral flow immunoassay is homogeneous and heterogeneous analytical methods which enables the separation of reacted products from unreacted products without any additional precipitation or washing procedure, and provide a promising platform for detecting exosomes. Microarray chip can afford many molecular signatures for cells, tissues and disease states that can be used for disease diagnosis, prediction, prevention and drug discovery, and is more suitable for the analysis and detection of exosomes in complex samples. Microfluidic chip have had a considerable impact on the fields of biomedical diagnostics, and is better to analyze the exosomes in different body fluid. According to the above analysis and summary, the studies of exosomes need to combine various advanced techniques to obtain more comprehensive information of exosomes and to achieve the diagnosis of related diseases in clinical.

Acknowledgement

We gratefully acknowledge the financial support of the Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province (2017J01547 and 2017J01346), the Key Projects of Science and Technology Plan of Fujian Province (2015Y0030), the Scientific Research Project of Fujian Provincial Colleges and Universities (JK2014045), and the Science and Technology Plan Projects of Putian City (2013S01(2)).

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Also i've spent my day at the dork s and we cuddled a lot and he gave me great head so was definitely a good way to spend my last day as a 20 y.o dog. In pic: me and potentiometry revision (i can tell you something about electroanalytical chem: conductometry and voltammetry, also amperometry are some good shit, while potentiometry sucks). I'm studying with pals tomorrow, eating out with my cousin for dinner and going out for a beer and sum more cuddling with the dork later.

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i finally have a copy of my first (collaborative) published paper and i want to cry

its going to be in the journal of electroanalytical chemistry

i hope this helps to shine some light on me when i apply to grad schools bc my GPA is pretty average and so are my GRE scores oops