#dream psychology sigmund freud summary

[genshinnrambles]

[4.1] The Primordial Sea Pt. 2: Creation as the Key to Sin

EDIT (1/20/2024): to you, reader of the future, past me was very very wrong about this theory! like, misunderstood the lore levels of wrong. so take this post as fanfic if nothing else, it is not correct especially in the understanding of how imagination played into Caterpillar’s creation. Sorry for the blunder!

In 4.0, I wrote two theories: one was a short speculative theory on the nature of the Primordial Sea, and the second was a theory about Rhinedottir and the reason she is considered a “sinner.” With 4.1’s release, including the Archon Quest and the world quest Unfinished Comedy, I believe there is now enough information for a short follow-up theory that synthesizes them and makes one more attempt to understand 1) what it means to be a “sinner” in Teyvat, and 2) what it means to be “born with sin.”

SPOILERS: Fontaine Archon Quest up to the end of Act IV, Ancient Colors, and some dialogue from the end of Unfinished Comedy, which is a world quest with the NPC Caterpillar in the Fortress of Meropide. You have been warned!

edit: please excuse some formatting errors I’ve noticed that are only visible on mobile with some of the bulleted lists. on web, the post seems to be okay. I will fix these asap!

First I’d like to summarize the two previous theories and their main findings/points. They’re linked above if you’d like to read them in full, but it’s not necessary to follow the rest of this post.

In the Primordial Sea theory, I theorized that it could be either of these two things:

The blood of some higher being.

Who: Either Nibelung or the first Hydro Sovereign, based on the weapon ascension material lore from Fontaine

Why: 

The copious End of Evangelion references in the Fontaine AQ, including how Primordial Seawater behaves so similarly to LCL, which is the blood of Lilith, who is the progenitor of humanity in Evangelion

Several life forms in Genshin have arisen from a higher being’s blood too such as the Melusine and the Jinn (technically, in the latter’s case).

The “water” in Elynas is described as “blood” by Jakob, a very peculiar description given all of the above

The amniotic fluid of the egg that hatched the Primordial One

Why: Idk man it just seemed like a possibility at the time.

Needless to say, as time goes on I’m more convinced that it’s likely the first option, blood. I have even more reasons beyond the above to believe so, but they will be outlined in another theory I’m working on right now about the Urstone in Yoimiya’s second story quest.

In the theory about Rhinedottir and the meaning of “sin,” I used Sigmund Freud’s psychoanalytic theory of dream interpretation as a framework to understand how Rhinedottir is “positioned,” so to speak, as an alchemist and creator of life. In summary:

Freud thought the psychological significance of dreams was to fulfill wishes that we haven’t fulfilled either because we have repressed them into the unconscious or cannot fulfill them in real life for one reason or another

He thought that the reason we dream is that the “wish” is attempting to be remembered and acknowledged by our ego – the dream is produced as the wish tries to cross the boundary between the conscious and the unconscious (and this boundary is “where” dreams occur)

A wish is, in essence, a thought – and dreams are the translation of a thought into images.

With this analogy in mind, here is how Rhinedottir and her dragon children fit into it:

Teyvat and everything under the rule of the Seven is the conscious/ego

The Abyss and everything outside of the rule of the Seven is the unconscious

Elynas and Durin and all of their unnamed siblings are repressed/unfulfilled wishes. A direct reference to this is actually made in the lore text for Festering Desire, where Rhinedottir does seem to explicitly refer to them as unfulfilled wishes.

Rhinedottir, then, is the “dreamer,” because she translates these “thoughts” into “images” with the power of alchemy.

The reason that this makes Rhinedottir a “sinner” is because “sinning” and “dreaming” have a pre-existing association in Genshin. An example would be the Sinshades of Tokoyo, which are afterimages of the strong emotions of Enkanomiya’s former citizens.

Freud believed these “strong emotions” are what underlie an unfulfilled wish.

The “afterimage” is a translation of the “thought” or “strong emotion” that Istaroth preserved into something with “form.” 

Just like a dream (if you exclude daydreams, I suppose) only happens at night, when the “censorship” that protects our ego from repressed thoughts is weakest, the Sinshades only appear during Evernight when the Hyperion sun is extinguished.

I largely stand by everything in these two theories still, but I think what Rhinedottir theory fails to do in its current state is make clear that sinning is about more than just "dreaming," but creating life.

The Meaning of Sin: Imagination

Caterpillar, the NPC who exists somewhere between the boundary of human and Hilichurl, has something very interesting to say at the end of Unfinished Comedy when we ask him about his master, Rene (who he calls “Narzissenkreuz”), and whether or not Rene “created” him:

Caterpillar: Also, it is not quite correct to say that he "created me." Traveler: How so? Caterpillar: Creation is a feat for a god... If we may call the one above a "god." Caterpillar: In the tenets of Narzissenkreuz, do you know what is most critical in creating someone? Paimon: What is it? Caterpillar: It's imagination. Imagining a person, down to the last detail, akin to an Oceanid imagining a creature in the wild. Caterpillar: There's a story that tells of a powerful mage-priest imagining his own son, only to realize he himself was the product of someone else's imagination.

Now, I cannot emphasize enough how huge this dialogue is for solving the Archon Quest’s mystery. “Imagination” is the key – it is, at its core, just like the process of dreaming: translating thoughts into images. The only difference is that dreaming is an unconscious process that happens when we’re asleep, while using your imagination is an active, conscious process.

The other key is that creation is a feat for a god, so if someone usurps that power, they have “sinned.” Creation is so closely related here and in general to using your imagination and dreaming, translating thoughts into images and giving them “forms,” so to be “born with sin,” I think, can’t be anything short of this: being created with a power that does not “belong” to your creator.

So, let’s think about the Primordial Sea again and the prophecy: the Primordial Sea is supposed to be the origin of all life forms, and just as it gave rise to them, it will someday devour them again and cleanse their sins. If Fontainians are the only ones who dissolve when they touch Primordial Seawater, then this origin from the Primordial Sea is either so diluted in other humans in Teyvat as to be inconsequential, OR this origin is truly unique to Fontainians alone. In other words, the specific way that Fontainians were created is fundamentally different from how other humans in Teyvat were created. They were created by a power that was “usurped,” meaning that their creator is not a "true god," if we go off what Caterpillar said.

At the end of Act IV, Neuvillette uses what remains of his Authority of Hydro to push back the Primordial Sea and overrule its imminent sentencing, if only temporarily. Now, I’m still very hesitant to say that this Primordial Sea/Blood belongs to the former Hydro Sovereign Scylla, if only because it seems that Scylla and the God-King Remus went to the Primordial Sea together in the Broken Goblet of the Pristine Sea lore. Otherwise, Scylla is kinda the prime suspect here.

But to be honest, I think I was also wrong to say the Primordial Sea only ever had one “origin,” though I do think even more so now that one of those origins is a Sovereign (whether that’s Scylla or Nibelung [hmmmmmmm] or whoever). What I missed from the weapon ascension material lore is the allusion that the primordial sea is a mixture of both pure water and “ichor.” It seems that what Remus, the Usurper-King, used to create his kingdom was the ichor:

“Combining the immortal stone with the Ichor essence extracted from primordial water, and carved into a race as black as iron— with arcane lithos for skin and Ichor for blood, never again fearing the curse of returning to the primeval past…” –Wine Goblet of the Pristine Sea

And that ichor that Remus extracted is likely abyssal in nature too. This is clear from the effects of Sinthe on people who ingest it - euphoria, difficulty controlling emotions, similar to getting drunk (which, yes, its namesake is likely Absinthe). As said in A Drunkard’s Tale: "What you humans call wine, we wolves call the abyss."

This also ties back to Rhinedottir and how she created her dragons. The “medium” that Rhinedottir uses to “dream” is her alchemy, and the ingredients she used seems to have been abyssal in nature as well, hence the special “blood” or “ichor” that ran through both Durin and Elynas’ veins. 

The Pure Water is likely what makes the Primordial Sea respond to Neuvillette’s authority, the “dragon” part of the Primordial Sea. So what’s up with the Abyss likely being in there too? What’s really going on here, and how is it connected with the whale?

I’m especially curious about this bit from Golden Bird’s Shedding:

“It was at this very moment that the golden era suddenly ceased, plunging down into ceaseless war and rebellion. The throne chamber was filled with cries of conquest and destruction and the agony of the barbarian tribes, and the God King awoke, startled.”

…because that sounds an awful lot like Deshret “waking up” amidst the wars in Gurabad, especially this short excerpt from Staff of the Scarlet Sands:

“"The Sand King sleeps alone in secret dreams, drawing up new theorems." "None shall have to drink salt water in the King's realm, for everything in the new world shall be good." 

Did Remus find Forbidden Knowledge too? And if so…where/how?

I said this was going to be short, so I’m gonna wrap things up here despite there being more rabbit holes to go down. But I think this is it - the bearer of the “original sin,” the original sinner of Fontaine if you will, was likely Remus, who usurped the power of creation. This is the only reason that I can think Fontainians are different from other humans in Teyvat . One last thing to note is that, from the Wine Goblet of the Pristine Sea, it does sound like the prophecy predates even Remuria itself and that Remus was trying to transcend that fate by creating his golems. Maybe Remus even first heard of this prophecy from Scylla when they went to the sea together. This is why I'm trying to be so specific - he was the first to try and transcend this fated end in Fontaine.

As for how or why these “sins” persist, why or how they keep being reborn after the great flood reclaims the "ichor" that was stolen from it....I think only the Golden Troupe and Rene de Petrichor knew. 

On the bright side, let’s say everybody gets dissolved in the finale of Act V and Furina really is the only one left, weeping on her throne: as long as she remembers everyone, can imagine them down to the last detail, she should be able to bring everyone back. But if it goes that way, the cycle would probably just repeat. Surely she has another plan?

Anyway, thanks for reading! If you have a different take I’d also be happy to hear it, as this doesn't come close to covering everything and I'm sure there's still a lot of holes re: Remurian civilization details.

[lebihanto-universe-blog]

Be Irresistible, Click Here Click the link to start your 7-day free trial and get 25% off a premium membership: NEW ... relationships can be tricky many spend their days dreaming about finally meeting that so-and-so who will justify their existence and fill that hole in their heart most of our media is characterized by the romantic pursuit portraying love as a battleground of risk hope and making someone your everything and much of our free time is filled up with swiping on dating apps going out to bars and clubs and talking about our romantic interests all in the openly cynical and yet privately hopeful possibility of finding love and then once you're in it at least fifty percent of the time it becomes an uneven affair of hurt feelings and missed expectations you engage in the desperate mental gymnastics of someone trying in their earnest to find a reason to stay to somehow turn a blind eye to the possibility that this just isn't working out [Music] the famous existentialist author wrote extensively about the asymmetrical expectations that characterize many relationships she believed love to be an inherent component to the human condition we wish to be with another to be heard to be affirmed in who we are and yet time and time again this very desire leads us astray into relationships that scar us and make us forget who we truly are for bouvois this common occurrence only further justifies the necessity of a sort of ethics of love a project that she would pursue throughout her life today's video is sponsored by blinkist sometimes i need to pour over quite a few books before i can decide on a topic for a video research can also be quite difficult since i need the time to read through so many pages of info for a while i relied on my mediocre speed reading abilities to do this that is until i found blinkist which condenses entire books and more importantly powerful ideas into just 15 minutes of the most important highlights blinkist lets you save time money and helps you discover and understand the world around you faster than ever blinkist has over 3 000 non-fiction books 14 million active users and lets you access all of your titles well offline now there's also shortcasts that condense popular podcasts to the heart of each episode i enjoy blinkist when i go for walks right now i'm listening to sigmund freud's the interpretation of dreams a famous book that details freud's own theory of the unconscious and reveals what would later become his idea of the oedipus complex i found the book to be an interesting summary of freud's most popular ideas and would highly recommend it to anyone interested in the history of psychology click on the link below and the first 100 people will get unlimited access for one week to try it out this is a seven day trial that is completely free and that you can cancel at any time you'll also get 25 off if you want the full membership [Music] bouvois saw the very ambiguity of love as a gateway to exploitation this is apparent in the gender differences that define love boys generally speaking were encouraged to have projects for their lives to see love as part of life not all of it and to believe that success was possible in more than one part at once girls by contrast were encouraged to see love as life itself and to believe that to succeed at other things might make them less lovable whereas men see freedom as their true calling whatever that calling may be women are taught to see love as their key to freedom this naturally leads to some level of asymmetry in romantic expectations men have been generally taught to seek their romantic interest as somebody who will vitalize them and challenge them unlocking their true potential but nonetheless submitting to the man's power they appear to provide almost mystical help to the man reminiscent of the popular stock character of the manic pixie dream girl who acts as a quirky attractive and spontaneous woman who encourages the male protagonist through their

resistant and yet yielding validation of the man's true essence we can see this trope in breakfast at tiffany's and a deconstruction of this trope in 500 days of summer bouvoir quite poignantly defines this issue early on the average western male's ideal is a woman who freely submits to his domination who does not accept his ideas without some discussion but who yields to his reasoning who intelligently resists but yields in the end this of course isn't limited to one gender or the other but is rather the norm as presented in media the manic pixie dream boy is also a common trope for both genders bouvois as well as a list of many other thinkers discourages us from viewing love and relationships as the key to salvation we should not rely on another to make us feel whole like money material goods social approval and countless other culturally constructed ideas that promise us freedom or happiness treating love as a means to an end will more often than not lead to an unsatisfactory relationship this argument is brought forth in becker's the denial of death who sees the age of secularism as becoming increasingly reliant on romantic relationships as fulfilling our two ontological motives of feeling special and unique and also belonging to something larger whereas god used to give us the assurance that we are valuable and good we now seek such fulfillment in another human the only issue is that they too are human with their own quirks and existential anxieties such relationships often end in resentment or boredom serving only to distract individuals from facing their fear of meaninglessness and death head-on what might these unhealthy relationships look like uva presents us with two forms of failed love narcissism and devotion the relationship of narcissism quite plainly is loving oneself and loving in the other the love they have for you this is apparent in the manic pixie dream girl fantasy of the man who likes the idea of their partner and enjoys the encouragement and validation that comes with being with them this fulfills the ontological motive of feeling unique and special however their lover is still nothing more than a small character in their life story they neglect the fact that there is another in the relationship with their own potential and good waiting to be encouraged and cultivated simply put the narcissistic relationship is self-serving and dehumanizing it often ends in the other feeling neglected and unwanted on the other hand is devotion if narcissism is making your partner into a side character in your life journey devotion is letting your partner write that story for you this is apparent in the love is everything fantasy socialized in girls where the other is to be treated with the utmost devotion and given total autonomy the devoted is there to serve the other entirely and acts as a gift to the lover this fulfills the ontological motive of belonging to something larger how special is it that this person has chosen you you may even believe that it's meant to be slowly forgetting yourself in the attempt to maintain a relationship that is anything but destined instead you continually make compromises allowing your true love to slowly define who you are thus making it ever the more difficult to leave you have made them your everything each side both narcissism and devotion is present in any relationship to like someone a bit too much or to also want some space isn't unnatural but bouvois is addressing the issue when these turn pathological neither is true love but rather reflections of individuals who do not know themselves quite enough neither may be acting maliciously but the damage can be nonetheless tremendous ethical love then is an equilibrium a balance between absolute self-interest and absolute selflessness as bouvois notes it is to simply walk side by side mutually helping each other a little we give ourselves but without losing ourselves we share each other's lives all the while respecting the fact that the

good you see in the other cannot be restricted but should rather be free to grow unencumbered by your own idealistic expectations you love them for who they are this can of course be corrupted when one sees the other as inferior or superior and so a healthy relationship is one that is based upon and driven by a sense of equality and a shared sense of support despite her concerns with hetero relationships i don't feel like the essence of simon dubova's project of ethical love is exclusive to the love between a man and a woman instead i believe that to strive for something she sees as both rare and yet possible of a love in which both partners are equal is a project relevant in any space where human connection is yearning to flourish [Music] you ...

[marklyfan]

of bad habits and hesitations

summary: mark has a bad habit of second guessing himself in everything, especially when it comes to you.

pairing: mark x fem!reader

genre: college!au, friends to lovers!, fluff, angst, comedy

warning/s: profanities

teaser, part 1, part 2, part 3

"According to Freud’s theory, dreams depict unconscious thoughts and desires. He also....” Bull. Freud was a fraud. He was full of shit. You wanted to prove him wrong so bad. But he’s probably in hell right now, smirking, having a blast because of your misfortune. You could only imagine him saying, "I told you so.” Asshole.

You sigh. Your professor’s voice turns into a background noise while you drown in your very much unsolicited thoughts. The phrases longings of the subconscious mind and sexual instincts and motives were enough to put you in a profound contemplation.

Last night, you had a dream about Mark, a friend of yours, although you're not so sure if you can even consider him that because you only ever hung out when your mutual friends were around. But that's really not your main concern. In your dream, you and Mark... you were together. You were being domestic, lovey dovey and all that. You woke up this morning catching your breath because what the hell was that? The first thing you thought about was Sigmund Freud's The Interpretation of Dreams, a reading assignment in your major. You find yourself disagreeing (and quite frankly, disgusted) with some (read: most) of the late neurologist’s propositions. And man does the universe love keeping your smug attitude down to a minimum.

Why Mark of all people? It’s not like you have feelings for him... well... do you? Oh, for fuck’s sake. You barely even know the guy! Your friends are starting to get in your head.

A few weeks ago, Haechan, one of your friends, jokingly suggested that you and Mark should date each other since you're both single. You just laughed because you know you weren't ready to enter a relationship with anyone anytime soon. And Mark just smiled, like he always does. He laughs a lot too. He does this thing with his nose and you just think that he looks cu- oh hell, no. Nope.

You were pulled out of your trance when you hear shuffling, the sound of backpacks being carried on shoulders. Your classmates are already starting to leave the lecture hall. So much for zoning out. You're supposed to be focusing on your lectures even more now that finals are around the corner. Yet, you spent your morning thinking about a guy who's essentially a stranger to you if you're being honest. All because of a dream? Why are you making such a big deal out of it anyway?

You stand up and put your things in your bag. You were putting your earphones on when you notice a familiar figure standing outside. Jeez, speak of the devil. A very good-looking one. Mark is wearing a plain white t-shirt, ripped jeans, and a pair of converse. Very casual and very... dazzling. You snap out of your thoughts, again, when Mark waves his hand at you.

"Hi," he says, out of breath. It seems like he ran and oh boy, his sweat-dripping hair- You blinked twice.

"Hey!" You laugh nervously. You seriously need to get it together. "What's up?"

"Uh... the group wants to eat out tonight at the new restaurant a few blocks away from campus." You see his hesitation but then he continues, "They told me to get you, uh, Haechan said they're running a little late so we might wanna... go first," he scratches the back of his neck.

Is this some kind of a deliberate ploy where your friends pretend to be late and end up leaving you both alone? You are so going to give Haechan hell. Is he really serious about setting you and his friend up?! You swear you're gonna kick his balls until they dro- "You know... so we could save seats?" He adds, eyeing you carefully. He must have seen your face starting to crumple.

"Oh," is the only thing you manage to reply. Oh. You shake your head slightly. "Yeah, of course. Let me get my things first."

You know, for a psychology major, you're pretty delusional.

a/n: i'm not really sure where this is going but i just had to post it because it's long overdue 😭 if you liked it please let me know in the replies or here!! should i continue this one or not I HONESTLY DON'T KNOW 😵‍💫 this is inspired by steve lacy's bad habit! it's been stuck in my head ever since it came out and it doesn't help that mark recommended it on bbl 🧎🏻‍♀️

© 2022 marklyfan all rights reserved. do not copy, distribute, or translate my works.

[izzystitchlover3]

Narrative Research: Session 3 - Id, ego, super-ego

Our cast list so far: Mr. Utterson Mr. Enfield Mr. Hyde The unnamed doctor The unnamed girl (about 8 or 9 years old) The girl’s family Bit Part

The story is told (so far) from Utterson’s POV – but is he the protagonist (the main character)? Even critics are undecided about this. In Chapter 2 we meet new characters...  Dr. Hastie Lanyon (old friend of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Utterson)  Poole (Jekyll’s loyal servant)

Plot summary: Chapter 2

• Utterson muses on the oddities of Jekyll’s will: it always seemed like ‘madness’, but Now it suggests ‘disgrace’. (Gay lover? An illegitimate child?). • Utterson visits Dr. Lanyon hoping for fresh information – he’s partly comforted (their falling-out is ‘only’ over science), but learns nothing new about Hyde. Back home, Utterson spends a restless night, dreaming fitfully about Jekyll and Hyde... • He begins to ‘haunt’ the street outside Hyde’s door, hoping to see a reason for his friend’s ‘strange preference or bondage. (What might he be looking for? Evidence of ‘sex appeal’? A ‘family resemblance’ between Jekyll & Hyde?) • Finally, the two men meet and, like the other witnesses, Utterson cannot explain his loathing for Mr. Hyde. • Their conversation sheds little light on the curious situation. • Utterson pays Jekyll a visit but is relieved that the doctor is away from home. • Utterson reflects on Jekyll’s situation: the doctor was ‘wild when he was young’; Hyde must be ‘the ghost of some old sin, the cancer of some concealed disgrace’ returning to ruin him. • He worries that time is running out for ‘poor Harry Jekyll’. And he thinks of his own past...‘... groping in all the corners of memory, lest by chance some Jack-in-the-Box of an old iniquity should leap to light there’ (1979, p. 42).

Remember: Jekyll and Hyde are the same people. Jekyll deliberately creates Hyde to behave ‘badly’ (and get away with it). ‘Henry Jekyll [...] is nobody’s hero... He represents the ‘cry of Victorian man from the depths of his self-imposed underground’ (Saposnik, 1971).

In the final chapter, we learn that Jekyll cannot reconcile ‘an impatient gaiety of disposition’* with his ‘imperious desire to carry [his] head high’ (1979, p.81). In other words, he wants to appear better than everyone else.

Emotion Categories: ‘appetites’ relating to ‘base’ desires (such as ‘lust’) and ‘sentiments’ which were seen as voluntary & associated with moral behavior. When it was used, the word ‘emotion’ related to movement, or disturbance, usually of a riotous political nature. We carry some of this meaning into English today: ‘emotional’ people are seen as ‘out of control’, less rational. According to Hewitt (2017) language ‘offers the clearest view of how cultural attitudes shape our personal experiences of feeling’.

A 21st Century Shaming (watch with an open mind): TED (2015) How one tweet can ruin your life/ Jon Ronson

The id (‘Es’): ‘Primitive, unorganized, emotional: “the realm of the illogical”’ (Storr, 1989, p. 60). Governed by the ‘pleasure principle’. Represents the unconscious.

 The super-ego (‘Uber-ich’): our internalization of cultural rules (how we ought to behave). Usually works in opposition to the id.

The ego (‘ich’): represents the conscious mind & the ‘reality principle’. Able to defer gratification. ‘Mature’ and ‘reasonable’. ‘Acts as an intermediary between the id and the external world’ (Storr, 1989, p. 62).

Ego/Super-ego Utterson?

Id Jekyll? Hyde? Lanyon? Enfield?

Stevenson was inspired by Europe’s most famous hypnotist – Dr. Charcot at the Salpêtrière asylum in Paris. Charcot became famous for hypnotizing women with hysteria. Under hypnosis, their symptoms seemed to disappear...

Hysteria = a particular set of physical symptoms with no physical cause (e.g. loss of speech; paralysis of a limb; muscle spasms). Vast majority of sufferers were women.

Freud visited the asylum as a young man. The hypnotic experiments showed him the power of the unconscious mind. Many patients seemed to develop a double personality under hypnosis... But, after Charcot’s death, some patients admitted they were only faking... And Freud eventually stopped using hypnosis. With his colleague Josef Breuer, he invented a ‘talking cure’ called ‘psychoanalysis’. Psychoanalysis aims to unearth unconscious (i.e. hidden) desires & memories through ‘free association’ and analysis of dreams.

In Dream Psychology (1920) Freud wrote about the curious category of ‘those dreams which have never been dreamed’ – by which he meant dreams in fiction. A Freudian interpretation of Utterson’s dream could be interesting...

Un Chien Andalou (1929, dir. Salvador Dali and Luis Bunuel) - Based on the dreams of director Luis Bunuel, the film is considered a Surrealist classic

Resources used:

• Freud, S. and Jensen, W. (2015) The Collected Works of Sigmund Freud. [ebook] PergamonMedia.

• Freud, S. and Phillips, A. (2006) The Penguin Freud Reader. London: Penguin Books.

• Grant, A. (2008) Robert Louis Stevenson’s Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde. New Lanark: Waverley Books.

• Harman, C. (2006) Robert Louis Stevenson: a biography. 2nd edn. [ebook] London: Harper Perennial.

• Hewitt, R. (2017) A Revolution of Feeling: The Decade that Forged the Modern Mind. London: Granta Books.

• Saposnik, I. (1971) The Anatomy of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde in Studies in English Literature. 1500–1900. Vol. 11. No 4, Nineteenth Century, pp.715–731.

• Stevenson, R.L. and Linehan, K. (ed) (2003) Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde. New York and London: Norton & Company.

• Stevenson, R.L. (1979) Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde and Other Stories. London: Penguin Classics. Reprint, 1999.

• Storr, A. (1989) Freud: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Reprint, 2001.

[teatimewithtess]

Entry 10: Wednesday, July 17, 4:55 pm

One of the most frightening aspects of humanity is our actual humanity: the part we can control consciously and the part we can control unconsciously. Many scenarios occur where I brawl with the thoughts and the reality of our nature in the environment. What is the real real? Is there a dependence on other humans? If so, are we giving in to something violent and uncontrollable? What, as a race, can we universally define to be good or bad?

Recently in my studies of philosophy and psychology, I encountered Carl Jung. Currently, I am investing most of my time in Analytical Psychology: Its Theory and Practice because the idea of conscious and even multiple consciousnesses intrigues me to the point of addiction of reading specific word. Within this book is a series of lectures and post-discussions after each lecture. Carl Jung leads each lecture by introducing visual figures to represent his ideas in a clear collected manner, while also providing certain examples of experimentation to provide his support for those ideas. One of the largest ideas that Jung developed was the connection between conscious and personality. On the other hand, Jung encountered the antithesis of himself: Sigmund Freud, an Austrian Neurologist that is to be understood as the founder of psychoanalysis.

Psychoanalysis is a system of psychological theory and therapy which aims to treat mental disorders by investigating the interaction of conscious and unconscious elements in the mind and bringing repressed fears and conflicts into the conscious mind by techniques such as dream interpretation and free association (source Dictionary.com). Sigmund Freud contradicted Jung entirely; within the discussion of lecture two in Jung’s collected works, many doctors question the correlation between Jung’s idea of conscious and Freud’s idea. Jung simply stated that the doctors were misinterpreting the entire idea. One could say he was not fond of Freud.

C. Jung defines consciousness as the relation of physical facts to a fact called the ego- a complex datum which is constituted first by a general awareness of your body, of your existence, and secondly by your memory data. One of the biggest ideas that we should consider is each personal definition of a conscious or if we are simply not able to even comprehend such a power, and the question if we should be able to understand. At some point in time, emotions are going to control people’s biases, and will ultimately be a type of faulty reasoning and understanding. At what point do we accept the idea that we cannot understand the true potential of the human existence because perhaps we are not meant to?

When I finish this book, I will post a fully in depth summary, my own thoughts, and questions I would ask him and questions in a general respect.

Currently I am reading:

The Interpretation of Dreams by Sigmund Freud

Analytical Psychology: Its Theory and Practice by C. G. Jung

- Tesu :)

[liyasaustrianlitblog]

Week #4 Blog

Interpretation of Dreams

Sigmund Freud

Pages read:0-30

Word cound331

Summary

In the book “Interpretation of Dreams' ' by Sigmund Freud, he discusses dreams and the way to interpret them, speaking on how there are psychological ways to interpret dreams. HE speaks on the different ways people have interpreted dreams in the past, some by supernatural beliefs and being the mental activity of the person asleep, He speaks about how dreams can be an escape from reality.HE talks about how dreams were seen as prophecies or revelations. HE speaks on how things happening in real lids, can affect dreams like feeling really hot on your leg can make you dream about being on fire.

Critical Analysis-

The most important quote to me in this page range was "It frees us from reality, Extinguishes normal recollection of reality, and places us in another world and in a totally different life, which at bottom has nothing in common with reality." I chose this quote because it reminded me of why I liked to dream when I was younger. I always felt like dreaming was a place where we can choose what we want to happen and do and I liked having that control in dreams. This quote is also a reason why a lot of other people like to dream, it helps the escape reality to a safer place in their heads where nothing is real,

Personal Response-

The reason I choose this book is because the author Sigmund Freud is a famous psychologist whose ideas aren’t always the best. But he has been writing on some psychological Ideas, and I wanted to see if his ideas on dreams were right. He has already started with how people viewed dreams in the past that hasn’t really interested me so much. But the ideas of Dreams and what's happening outside of dreams connecting is very interesting and I do believe that it's true. I have been able to see Sigmund Freud analyze his dreams which hasn’t been the most interesting, but it is just because his dreams are boring.

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[Summary] The Age of Insight: The Quest to Understand the Unconscious in Art, Mind, and Brain, from Vienna 1900 to the Present - Eric Kandel

I. Purpose of the Book :

-          Plays the role as a dialogue between Art & Science : how psychological and biological insights (brain science) can enrich our relationship to Art ?

-          Help us to understand how brain becomes consciously aware of Perception, Experience, Emotion.

--> The more we understand about the biology of Perception, Emotion and Empathy, the better we understand why artistic experiences affect every human culture

II. Introduction :

-          Vienna 1900 = European cultural capital (just like Constantinopel during Middle Ages and Florence during Renaissance)

-          The vibrant cultural life and economical opportunities of Vienna attract talents, especially Jews/ with abolition of travel – restriction --> talent diversity (free interaction between Jews and non-Jews contributed to the burst of creativity)

-          Modernism borned here, with insights into the irrationality of everyday life, as reactions to Enlightment’s emphasis on rationality of human behaviour (and a big confidence in Reason and Science)

-          Modernism was inspired by biology (which said “The primary biological function of any organism = reproduce itself”) --> Sex must be in the centre of human behaviour

-          3 characteristics of Modernism :

+ view of Human mind as being largely irrational (unconscious conflicts are present in EVERYONE in their EVERYDAY actions) à Question : what lies below the surface appearance of people ? (erotic/ aggressive feelings ?_

+ self-examination : explore our own private thoughts and feelings

+ integration of knowledge between Science and Humanities/Art

-          3 Viennese artists moved away from 3D outside world and move towards the multidimensioinal inner- and unconscious self : Gustav Klimt, Oskar Kokoschka, Egon Schiele.

III. Klimt :

-          “Adele Bloch Bauer” – price 135$ million – why ?

--> Mystery of womanhood, beauty and sensuality

--> Klimt was fascinated with Darwin’s idea of the Cell (Adele’s dress = male’s and female’s cells – sperm and oval eggs)

-          Klimt’s paintings of women pleasing themselves show women’s sensual life – lost in their own fantasy world, between reality and daydream --> increasing awareness of women’s sexual self-sufficiency --> create modern female type

-          With the increasing polularity of photography, Klimt’s drawings focus on the inner (un-selfconsciouse) life of women >< reality of photography, models performing for the camera

--> Photography released Painters from the need to copy nature – new aim of Painting = portray Emotions

--> The limitation of paintings – flat surface – was regarded by Modernists as positive : Flatness (2D), in contrast to Photography (3D), is the only condition that paintings share with no other art !

-          “The Kiss” = Klimt’s most popular painting, why ?

--> Convey fused physical desire : the lovers’s clothes are represented with sexual icons (rectangle = sperm, oval = egg, fertility)

IV. Oskar :

-          1st Austrian expressionist painter (2 themes characterize Expressionism : Sexualty & Death)

-          Oskar painted with the belief that “Truth in Art based on seeing the Inner reality” : focus on models’s expression/ gesture/ attitude, strip away from social façade

( “Vater Hirsch” - Oskar Kokoschka)

-         Oskar’s method : encourage models to move, talk, be absorbed in their own thoughts, unaware of the artist’s presence

-          Expressionism’s character = use of exaggerated imagery (of face, hands, body) & unnatural, symbolic colors --> heighten the viewer’s subjective feeling when looking at art and reveal other internal reality – psychic conflicts

(>< Impressionists (like Van Gogh) focused on the fleeting outward appearance of people and things in natural light, learned color-mixing to capture the atmospheric sensation of outdoor natural light)

-          Oskar’s 4 main ideas into personality through Portrait :

+ portrait = learn about other people’s psyche

+ learn about one own’s psyche (self-discovery)

+ portraits reveal 2 opposite poles of emotion : Approach & Avoidance

+ hand-gestures communicate emotions, express psychological state & unconscious erotic/ aggressive impulses              

V. Egon :

-          He brought his own deep anxiety (a frightening aloneness even in union) upon everyone he painted                                        

-          Egon’s method = simplify the painting’s background --> the figures look like they pop out of the canvas --> create a sense of isolation   

-         Egon drew many self-portraits (To understand others’s unconscious processes, one has to know one’s own) : he drew himself with missing genital, or in the act of masturbating, often naked, whole body looking starved and awkward; distressed and pale skin to convey despair and decay from within

The most truthful pictures = ones that show their subjects naked, diseased, painfully exposed, angry and deformed Nothing is ugly in Art, except which is without character : which offers no Outer and Inner Truth”

-->       Egon’s paintings = illustration of Sigmund Freud’s thesis : Human’s reality is essentially sexual                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      

VI. Sigmund Freud :

-          Freud did self-analysis (30 minutes at the end of every working day) as a life-long attempt to know what lies beneath the surface --> DREAMS

-          To understand a person’s Present, one must understand that person’s Earliest experiences in childhood (both real and imagined)

“Irrationality isn’t abnormal; it’s the universal language of human’s unconscious mind”

-       “Emotions influence our capability for rational action” – While we USED to believe that emotions = IRRATIONAL = contrast to moral/RATIONAL – Why ?

--> Emotions are central to consciousness and conscious judgement – We use information from unconscious responses (our feelings about sth) to plan conscious and complex actions/ decisions

VII. On Art Criticism/ Analysm :

-          Art shouldn’t be only viewed in terms of abstract ideal conception of beauty, but also in terms of the style that prevailed during the historical period, in which it was created

-          What arouses a viewer’s emotions in a work by 20th century artists is different from what arouses that viewer’s emotions in a work by 17th, 18th, 19th century artists

-          Riegel = 1st art historian who systematically applied scientific thinking to art criticism – he combined psychology & sociology into art history

To appreciate what’s unique to each cultural period, we need to understand each period’s intention and purpose in Art (and not be limited in any single simple aesthetic standard)

-       Sometimes, paintings are rejected for being too radical, pornography, ugly 

Truth is complex and not always beautiful; it can even be painful to comprehend

--> What one historical period considers ugly, another considers beautiful

-       Art doesn’t stand still. As a society evolves, so does its art. The idea that “Contemporary art should maintain the standards of antiquity” encourages viewers to reject anything that’s new & difficult as being ugly.

-       However in some contexts, only “new” is considered as beautiful, whereas “old” are ulgy

VII. WHAT IS  “BEHOLDER’S INVOLVEMENT” ?

-       Definition of art : “ART is an institution, to which we turn when we want to feel a shock of surprise; a training in mental gymnastics which increases our tolerance of the unexpected.”

-       Art is incomplete without the perceptual & emotional involvement of the viewer. Here we define the "beholder's involvement" = his/her visual perception = his/her emotional response incorporated into art-criticsism.

-       2 sensitivities are required of the viewer : 

+ empathy - the viewer loses oneself in a painting, be at one with the subject

( Art allows us to participate in storytelling just like Fiction – both allow us to learn sympathy, to experience the world from a new perspective – both improves our understanding of social/ emotional cues - which are important for survival)

+ abstraction = retreat from everyday's complexities & follow the symbolic language of painting's forms and colors

( Mr. Bean caricature by Chairgoh on deviantART)

-       With the appearance of caricature - the artist no longer concerned with mastery of techniques required to represent reality

--> the artist is no longer manual worker, but creator.

-       The visual brain isn’t a picture-book. It’s not when we see a tree – there will be a tree-like picture in the brain – what in the brain is actually a symbolic representation, a hypothesis of the world in symbolic form 

(Symbol = something that stands for something else, like a word – nobody would mistake the word “dog” for an actual dog)

-       Our perception of the world is a fantasy that coincides with reality

Humans are intensively visual creatures, we live in a world that is largely oriented to sight. Without vision we’ve no Art.

-       Vision requires light. The light our eyes capture = electro-magnetic radiation

-       The appearance of an object depends on the contrast between the object and its background, not on the intensity of the light source 

--> How brain perceives colors ? It adjusts to the difference in lights – Same red tie looked different in white/ blue shirt because the ratio of wavelengths is different

--> Light and shadow are reliable indicators of an object’s 3D

-       The eyes are importand signifiers of emotions – those who have difficulty scanning the eyes of other people (people with autism/ damage to amygdala – part of the brain which regulate emotions) -also have difficulty recognizing people’s emotional expressions (not like common belief that they are unable to experience emotions

Inability to recognize specific features of visual world result NOT from defect in the eye,  but from defect in BRAIN-REGIONS that affect ability to combine aspects of vision into meaningful pattern

-       Some consequences of damage to specific regions of brain : unable to perceive Depth/ Motion, Colors, recognize friend/family based on Face (can only recognize based on their voices) – lose the ability to connect face & identity

-       Most people can’t even recognize/ remember fingerprints – but faces (without conscious effort) – WHY ? 

–-> Face-perception = most informative stimuli we perceive (Infants are more likely to look at faces than objects, normal newborns fix their attention on other people’s eyes, while autistic newborns focus on people’s mouths)

--> Human brain has more areas for face-recognition (6 discrete regions) than any other visual object

-       What aspects of infants’s facial structure that elicit biological caring responses from parents ? 

– Large heads, large eyes, bulging cheeks

IX. Gestaltspsychologie's (Gestalt = "form" in German) 

-       2 concepts based on visual perception (to combine with art criticism) :

+ the whole is greater than the sum of its parts

+ our ability to grasp sensory information fully as a whole and give it meaning is inborn

--> Our brains create much of what we see by adding what “ought” to be there (we see above a triangle while there isn’t one)

-       In perceiving an object/ scene/ person/ face, we respond to the whole rather than to individual parts.

--> When we look up at the sky, we see a flock of geese flying as a single entity, not as individual birds

The properties of many of the parts are determined by the intrinsic structural laws of the whole

Just as perception is ordered and structured, so are works of art

-       When we see an artwork, what we see is not just the sum of sensory elements, but also our past experiences with similar images

-       Every image is subjective, there's no "innocent eye" : all visual/ beholder's perception is based on classifying concepts & interpreting visual information, the act of seeing is fundamentally interpretative

-       We unconsciously interpret images right when we view them

Every painting owes more to other paintings the viewer has seen, than it does to the world actually being portrayed (on it)

-       Cultural symbols (recalled from memory) is critical for the production/ viewing of Art – Memory plays critical rold in perception of Art

-       Brain processes images by generalizing & categorizing them. Without categorization, raw perception is meaningless

-       Brain couldn’t establish categories without memory. 

We are who we are because of what we learn and what we remember

X. Deconstruction of Form : all natural forms can be reduced to 3 figural primitives - cube, sphere, cone

--> Cubism (Picasso, Kondinsky, Mondrian..) simplifies objects, portray not the object's appearance but its essence

--> Mondrian = search for the universal aspects of form – drawings contain only straight lines and dots – geometric forms and colors have meaning of their own

XI. On Creativity :

-       To be creative in one thing doesn’t mean a person can be creative in other things.

-       Creative mindset isn’t centered entirely on Intellect (IQ), but the ability to relax/ mind-wander/ be flexible

-       Creativity needs both :

+ Preparation (consciously working on a problem)

+ Incubation (let your mind wanders unconsciously; thinking is less goal-inbound)

-       Creative people have moments in which they experience a free communication between their unconscious – conscious selves

-       Writers are 4 times more likely to have maniac-depresive disorder than other people/ not-creative people 

--> Creativity and Maniac thinking both have Fluidity and Capacity to combine ideas

CONCLUSION :

Important insights come from Writers, Poets, Artistics, as well as from Philosophers, Scientists.. all contribute to our full conception of Mind 

Without Shakespears, Beethoven, Klimt,.. one wouldn’t know how the unconscious processes that Freud explained feels like.

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Don’t Snooze on Dream Psychology

Picture it, fall 2011: A brilliant-senior English main drawn to the metaphysical, mystical, and downright mysterious enrolls in an elective course on dream psychology. Little did she know that these new learnings would offer her with the instruments to achieve illuminating, actionable solutions to a situationship on the outs and different urgent dilemmas her overactive thoughts couldn’t fairly clear up.

Yes, mentioned co-ed is yours actually, and this course was arguably the very best I’d taken in my eight years pursuing larger schooling. I used to be lucky to reconnect with my former professor, psychologist Patricia Simko, PhD, who nonetheless teaches in regards to the psychology of desires at The New School in NYC. Here, she helps elucidate what desires are all about and why they’re way more essential to your well-being than you could notice. Plus: information and interpret your desires to seek out readability and launch concerning real-life issues.

The Science Behind Dreaming

Some sleep scientists might even see desires primarily as a neurological operate. But psychologists and the spiritually inclined usually see their deeper which means. “Dreams are a snapshot of what’s going on in our lives: what we’re doing, what problems we have, who we love, what occupies our time, and other messages,” Dr. Simko explains. “It’s our way of communicating with the unconscious mind.” Dream content material can embody unfinished enterprise for which we search closure, in addition to every day residue and upcoming duties or occasions.

Dream Mechanisms

Aside from a small inhabitants bothered with issues together with Charcot–Wilbrand syndrome (CWS), everybody desires. Dreams happen through the REM (speedy eye motion) phases of sleep, which happen in cycles all through the night time. (R.E.M can also be a killer tune by Ariana Grande, however I digress.) “REM sleep isn’t particularly heavy sleep. It’s characterized by low amplitude, high frequency energy waves,” Dr. Simko explains.

Next, she continues, “Dreams are a result of energy firings near the visual cortex at the base of the brain, which may explain why dreams are typically visual in nature.” Another enjoyable truth she mentions is that our main muscle teams are briefly paralyzed whereas dreaming. Thankfully, our our bodies have developed this adaptive mechanism to maintain us from bodily enacting this interior exercise.

The Importance of Dreaming

In addition to offering the potential for psychological perception, dreaming is a vital operate important to our well being and well-being. Dr. Simko refers to seminal research on dream psychology displaying that we endure from dream deprivation even earlier than from sleep deprivation. She additionally notes that newborns spend round half of their sleep time in pro-dreaming REM states, which is twice that of adults. This discovering exhibits optimistic correlations with infants’ cognitive growth, reminiscence and language formation, and extra.

More lately in 2017, psychologist Rubin Naiman revealed a paper entitled “Dreamless: The Silent Epidemic of REM Sleep Loss.” He explains that fashionable people are dream-deprived, noticeable penalties of which can vary from irritability, despair, and weight acquire to compromised reminiscence and immune features. In sum, full sleep cycles and wholesome habits that promote dreaming are important for the right functioning of our minds and our bodies alike.

What are the advantages of studying ABOUT DREAM PSYCHOLOGY?

For many, desires are sometimes complicated or incoherent. “Time and space don’t exist in the unconscious,” Dr. Simko explains. “They’re structures in the material plane, created to help navigate our material world. Alternatively, the unconscious doesn’t know about such structures and doesn’t need it.” Hence why, as a rule, desires don’t sometimes cohere to logic and rationale. Another motive why desires appear nonsensical? “A lot of dream content comes across via symbols and other disguises,” she continues. Essentially, the underlying messages of your desires don’t usually correlate to that which meets the (resting) eye.

By studying extra about dream psychology, you will get a deeper sense of what’s happening with your self and others, illuminating what’s unclear in your acutely aware thoughts in waking life.

Dream Psychology 101

Origins of Dream Theory

Dream principle started with Sigmund Freud, the daddy of psychoanalysis. “Freud knew that dreams came from the unconscious, in which we can’t know explicitly what goes on,” Dr. Simko explains. But even additional, “he believed we’re governed by forbidden instincts—mainly the sex drive and libido—and felt that dreams carried hidden messages of desired sexuality.” Freud’s up to date and longtime champion, Carl Jung, acquiesced to Freud’s dogma till he realized that Freud himself refused to stick to the introspection he demanded of others. Contrarily, Dr. Simko summarizes, “Jung theorized that dreams aren’t just meant to disguise sexual longings, but open up the whole of the unconscious mind.”

Call me biased, however total, I discover that Jung’s tackle dream psychology is extra constructive and humane—and fewer restrictive and gratuitously taboo—than Freud’s. At any fee, each have contributed unparalleled perception into the sector of psychology and the area of interest of desires.

Key Concepts

According to Freud, desires include each manifest and latent content material. Manifest content material is the precise subject material of your desires, whereas latent content material dives deeper into symbols, associations, and different meanings past the superficial. Even additional, he theorized different disguises that may cloud reasoning in desires. “Condensation takes traits from a number of issues or individuals in life and places all of them collectively in a single dream image,” explains Dr. Simko. For occasion, when you dream a few buddy sitting at your boss’s desk along with your mother’s purse, that dream individual may doubtlessly signify all or any of these three individuals. Next, she continues, “Displacement is one other dream software whereby we take a attribute that’s essential to us and exchange it with one other, much less conflictual one.” Prime examples of displacement embody something express that’s then recalibrated for PG-friendly viewing, or changing one thing that induces worry with one thing else inoffensive.

Common Dream Symbols

There are infinite dream symbols and explanations thereof. But as a primer, maybe essentially the most noteworthy symbols are these involving a home and a automobile, which Dr. Simko says signify the self: “The condition of each points to your own. Is the house beautiful and in a nice neighborhood? Are there unexplored rooms? These answers all point to subjective reality.” Similarly, she continues, the automobile factors to the self in movement. “If the car is nice, you probably feel pretty good. If it’s rundown, you may be as well. Or if you’re not even driving it, someone else may be calling the shots in your life.” Other *elemental* dream symbols contain climate and nature, which mirror your emotions. A sunny day will typically be optimistic, whereas rain can maybe point out disappointment or perhaps a clear slate.

How to GUIDE and Interpret Your Dreams

Adopt Proactive Bedtime Rituals

Before sleeping, Dr. Simko suggests setting the scene for a fruitful night time of dreaming. “The unconscious is highly intuitive and open to suggestions,” she says. You can repeat affirmative ideas, comparable to I’ll know I’m dreaming tonight or I’ll dream about X to know Y. Next, she says it helps to examine desires to essentially get in the appropriate mind-set. To be taught extra about dream psychology, Dr. Simko extremely recommends the next titles:

And after all, it’s at all times good to comply with wholesome p.m. protocol. Avoiding alcohol, abstaining from display time, and meditating are only some tried and true bedtime habits that may result in rewarding desires.

Ask the Right Questions

Upon waking, write down your desires earlier than you neglect them. (And sure, neglect you doubtless will with out actively and purposefully recalling them.) When Dr. Simko’s sufferers and college students search to interpret their desires, she at all times asks the next questions:

What involves you, and what are your associations?

“Look at the story of your dream. Make a simple summary and then associate,” Dr. Simko advises. While she says it’s useful to base your interpretations in established paradigms of dream principle and psychology, she notes that symbols received’t be the identical for everyone. Some are common, whereas others are extra uniquely decided by the person. “A rose, for instance, would have a similar connotation for most people, whereas a river might not,” Dr. Simko explains. Within this instance, a river would possibly invoke calm and serenity for some, however can sign worry for individuals who can’t swim or if the waters are turbulent. Learn what such symbols imply to you, after which make associations from there.

What did you’re feeling and sense within the dream?

“Feelings aren’t disguised in dreams,” Dr. Simko explains. So when you’re unhappy, scared, or joyous in a dream, it’s a mirrored image of your precise emotions IRL—even when you don’t notice it when awake. Once you hone in on these dream emotions, she advises that you consider what they remind you of, and what in your life makes you’re feeling the identical method. From there, you may synthesize key takeaways and motion factors.

Final Thoughts

Sure, naysayers might even see this all as hocus pocus. But I’m nonetheless in awe, almost a decade later, of the profound affect immersing myself in dream psychology had throughout a troublesome stage of my life. It allowed me to return to phrases with strained dynamics that may in any other case take hours of remedy and prolonged bathe cries to excise out of my system. Nostalgia apart, I eagerly encourage you to present dream psychology a go. Who is aware of? You may very well be snoozing on a world of untapped potential that’s totally inside your very self.

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Psychoanalytical Criticism: Hamlet

Psychoanalytic criticism adopts the methods of psychoanalysis developed by Sigmund Freud. Psychoanalytical criticism argues that literary texts, just like dreams, express the secret unconscious desires of the author. One may psychoanalyze a particular character within a literary work, but it is usually assumed that all such characters are projections of the author's psyche. William Shakespeare;s "Hamlet" is usually used with Freudian critics as every character can represent one of Sigmund Freud;s theories. One such character from "Hamlet" that is well suited for this is Ophelia. Ophelia is not in the spotlight most of the time, nor do we see much of her, but that is whats most important about her. Shakespeare left many questions for the reader regarding Ophelia. It is never clear why she is doing one action during the play. For example, why does she go insane and delusional after her father is killed by Hamlet, almost like she is in her own world? Was she actually insane, or was she just pretending to be? Did she really love Hamlet? So many questions are left from the play that the reader must figure out for themselves. There are two Freudian theories that can apply well to Ophelia, Oedipus Complex and the Theory of Repression. Oedipus Complex ;denotes the emotions and ideas that the mind keeps in the unconscious, via dynamic repression, that concentrate upon a boy;s desire to sexually possess his mother, and kill his father.; (Oedipus complex) The Theory of Repression ;is the psychological attempt by an individual to repel one's own desires and impulses towards pleasurable instincts by excluding the desire from one's consciousness and holding or subduing it in the unconscious.; (Psychological repression) It is not apparent that the Oedipus Complex could apply to Ophelia until her father dies and you start comparing her relationship with her father, to her relationship with other characters in hamlet summary.

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UGC NET Yoga Syllabus July 2018

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UGC NET Yoga Syllabus July 2018

UGC NET Yoga Syllabus July 2018

1. Foundations of Yoga : History, Evolution of Yoga and Schools of Yoga 2. Basic Yoga Texts : Principal Upanishads Bhagavad Gita, Yoga Vasishtha 3. Patanjala Yoga Sutra 4. Hatha Yoga Texts 5. Allied Sciences : Anatomy and Physiology, Diet and Nutrition, General Psychology and Counseling 6. Yoga and Health 7. Therapeutic Yoga – Disease Wise and Evidence based 8. Applications of Yoga 9. Practical Yoga: Asana, Pranayama, Dharana Dhyana, Bandha, Mudra, Shat Kriya 10.Methods of Teaching Yoga

Best books for UGC NET Yoga July 2018

BOOK PUBLISHER UGC-Net: Yoga (Paper II & III) Exam Guide Ramesh Publishing House Yoga UGC-NET Objective Type Questions OSD Publication YOGA QUESTION BANK OBJECTIVE & DESCRIPTIVE QUESTION [HINDI MEDIUM] OM SHREE DIVINE PUBLICATION

UGC NET Yoga Syllabus July 2018

Syllabus of Yoga for NET Examination of UGC

1. Foundations of Yoga :

History, Evolution of Yoga and Schools of Yoga

• Origin of Yoga, History and Development of Yoga; Etymology and Definitions, Misconceptions, Aim and Objectives of Yoga, True Nature and Principles of Yoga • Introduction to Vedas, Upanishads, Prasthanatrayee and Purushartha Chatushtaya • General introduction to Shad-darshanas with special emphasis on Samkhya and Yoga Darshana, Yoga in Vedanta • Introduction to Epics – (Ramayana, Mahabharata), Yoga in Ramayana, Yoga in Mahabharata • Introduction to Smritis and Yoga in Smritis; General introduction to Agamas and Tantra, Yoga in Tantra; Concepts of Nadi and Prana in Tantra, Kundalini, Effects of Kundalini Shakti and Shatchakra Sadhana • Yoga in Medieval Literature, Bhakti Yoga of Medieval Saints, Yoga in Narada Bhakti Sutras. • Yoga in Modern Times: Yogic Traditions of Ramakrishna and Swami Vivekananda, Shri Aurobindo; Yoga traditions of Maharshi Ramana and Swami Dayanand Saraswati • Yoga in Contemporary Times: Brief Introduction to important Yoga Paramparas (lineages) Yoga Parampara of Sri T. Krishnamacharya, Yoga Parampara of Swami Shivanada Saraswati, Swami Rama of Himalayas, Maharshi Mahesh Yogi and their contributions for the development and promotion of Yoga. • Introduction to Schools (Streams)of Yoga: Yoga Schools with Vedanta Tradition (Jnana, Bhakti,Karma and Dhyana), Yoga Schools with Samkhya-Yoga Tradition (Yoga of Patanjali) and Yoga Schools with Tantric Tradition ( Hatha Yoga, Swara Yoga and Mantra Yoga) • Elements of Yoga and Yogic practices in Jainism, Buddhism and Sufism

2. Basic Yoga Texts :

Principal Upanishads Bhagavad Gita, Yoga Vasishtha

Principal Upanishads

Brief Introduction of Ten principal Upanishads as the basis of Yogic contect; Ishavasyopanishad: Concept of Karmanishta; Concept of Vidya and Avidya; Knowledge of Brahman; Atma Bhava; Kena Upanishat: Indwelling Power; Indriya and Antahkarana; Self and the Mind; Intutive realization of the truth; Truth transcendental; Moral of Yaksha Upakhyana; Katha Upanishad : Definition of Yoga; Nature of Soul; Importance of Self Realization; Prashna Upanishad: Concept of Prana and rayi (creation); Pancha pranas; The five main questions; Mundaka Upanishad: Two approaches to Brahma Vidya-the Para and Apara; The greatness of Brahmavidya, The worthlessness of Selfish-karma; Tapas and Gurubhakti, The origin of creation, Brahman the target of Meditation Mandukya: Four States of Consciousness and its relation to syllables in Omkara. Aitareya: Concept of Atma, Universe and Brahman. Taittiriya Upanishad Concept of Pancha Kosha; Summary of Shiksha Valli; Ananda Valli; Bhruguvalli. Chandogya Upanishad: Om (udgitha) Meditation; Sandilyavidya, Brihadaryanaka Upanishad : Concept of Atman and Jnana Yoga. Union of Atman and Paramatman Bhagavad Gita General Introduction to Bhagavad Gita (B.G.). Definitions of Yoga in B.G. and their relevance & Scope; Essentials of B.G – the meanings of the terms Atmaswrupa, Stithaprajna, Sankhya Yoga (Chpt.II), Karma Yoga (Chpt.III ), Sanyasa Yoga and Karma Swarupa (Sakama and Nishkama) etc; Samnyasa, Dhyana Yogas (Chpt. VI); Nature of Bhakti (Chpt.XII), Means and Goal of Bhakti-Yoga; The Trigunas and modes of Prakriti; Three Kinds of Faith. Food for Yoga Sadhaka, Classification of food (Chpt.XIV & XVII) Daivasura-Sampad-Vibhaga Yoga (Chpt.XVI); Moksa-Upadesa Yoga (Chpt. XVIII)

Yoga Vasishtha

Highlights of Yoga Vashitha, Concept of Adhis and Vyadhis; Psychosomatic Ailments; The four Gatekeepers (Pillars) to Freedom; How Sukha is attained the Highest State of Bliss; Practices to overcome the Impediments of Yoga; Development of Satvaguna; Eight limbs of Meditation; Jnana Saptabhumika.

3. Patanjala Yoga Sutra

Introduction: Yoga, it’s meaning & purpose & Nature of Yoga; Concept of Chitta, Chitta-Bhumis, Chitta-Vrittis, Chitta-Vritti nirodhopaya Abhyasa and Vairagya as the tools Chitta-Vikshepas (Antarayas), Chitta-prasadanam, Prakriti and its evolutes. SAMADHI PADA : Types and nature of Samadhi: Ritambharaprajna and Adhyatmaprasada; Samprajnata, Asamprajnata, Sabeeja & Nirbeeja Samadhi, Difference between Samapattis and Samadhi; Concept of Ishvara and qualities of Ishvara. SADHANA PADA : Concept of Kriya Yoga of Patanjali, theory of Kleshes; Concept of Dukhavada; Drishyanirupanam, Drasthanirupanama, PrakritiPurushaSamYoga; Brief Introduction to Ashtanga Yoga; Concept of Yama, Niyama, Asana, Pranayama, Pratyahara and their usefulness in ChittavrittinirodhopayaH. VIBHUTI & KAIVALYA PADA: Introduction of Dharana, Dhyana and Samadhi, Samyama and Siddhis; Four types of Karmas; Concept of Vasana; Vivek Khyati Nirupanam, Kaivalya.- Nirvachana.

4. Hatha Yoga texts

• Introduction to Hatha Yoga and Hatha Yoga Texts. Siddhasiddhanta paddhati, Hatha Pradeepika, Gheranda Samhita, Hatha Ratnavali and Shiva Samhita. Aim & objectives, misconceptions about Hatha Yoga, prerequisites of Hatha Yoga (dasha yama and dasha niyama), Sadhaka and Badhaka tattvas in Hatha Yoga; Concept of Ghata, Ghatashuddhi, Concept and importance of Shodhana kriyas in Hatha Yoga; Importance of Shodhana kriyas in health and disease; Concept of Mattha, Mitaahara, Rules & Regulations to be followed by Hatha Yoga Sadhakas;

• Asanas in Hatha Texts: Definition, pre requisites and special features of Yoga-asana; Asanas in Hatha Pradeepika, Hatha Ratnavali, Gheranda Samhita; Benefits, precautions, and contraindications of different Asanas;

• Pranayama in Hatha Texts: – Concept of Prana & Ayama, Pranyama; Pranayama its phases and stages; Prerequisites of Pranayama in Hatha Yoga Sadhana; Pranayama in Hatha Pradeepika, Hatha Ratnavali & Gheranda Samhita; Benefits, precautions and contraindications of Pranayama.

• Bandha, Mudra and other practices: Concept, definition of Bandha and Mudras, in Hatha Pradeepika, Hatha Ratnavali and Gheranda Samhita; Benefits, precautions and contraindications. Concept, definition, benefits and Techniques of Pratyahara, Dharana and Dhyana in Gheranda Samhita; Concept and benefits of Nada and Nadanusandhana in Hatha Pradeepika, Four Avasthas (stages) of Nadanusandhana; Relationship between Hatha Yoga and Raja Yoga; Goal of Hatha Yoga. Relevance of Hatha Yoga in contemporary times.

UGC NET Yoga Syllabus July 2018 5. Allied Sciences –

General Psychology, Essential Anatomy and Physiology; Dietetics and Nutrition

General Psychology

• INTRODUCTION: Brief History of modern Psychology Major Perspectives in Modern Psychology Key data collection methods in Psychology • Introduction to Altered States of Consciousness Sleep: Stages of Sleep, Circadian Rhythm, Sleep Disorders; Dreams: The Content of Dreams; Hypnosis, Biofeedback • Behavioral Psychology: Psychology as a Science of Behavior; Definition of Behavior; Psychic forces and human behavior, behavior and Consciousness, Psychological basis of behavior; • Personality: Nature and Types of Personality; Determinants of Personality: Heredity and Environment; Facets and Stages of Personality Development; Personality Theories of Sigmund Freud, Alfred Adler and C.G. Jung, Carl Rogers; Assessment of Personality: • Cognitive Psychology: Sensation, Perception, Attention, Memory, Learning, Feeling etc.; Their definitions and types, Intelligence and its’ measurements; Emotional Intelligence and Social Intelligence. • Mental Health; Means of mental health; Positive Mental Health; Causes and Consequences of Conflicts and Frustrations; Introduction to Common mental disorders; Depressive disorders; Anxiety disorders; Serious mental disorders; Sleep disorders; Mental retardation; Alcohol and drug abuse; Suicide, attempted suicide and suicide prevention.

Introduction to Human Anatomy and Physiology

• Introduction to cell, tissue, organs and systems; Basic cell physiology-Cell- Introduction, Cell Organelles, Cell membrane, Movement of the substances and water through the cell membrane, Bioelectric potentials. • Musculoskeletal systems: Skeleton – names of all bones, joints and muscles, cartilage, tendon and ligaments, types of bone, joints and their functions; spine, muscles and their functions; Skeletal muscles – Properties of skeletal muscles, Muscular contraction and relaxation, Neuromuscular junction, Sarcotubular system, Smooth muscle- mechanism of contraction • Digestive and excretory system: Anatomy of digestive system, excretory system (component organs) and their functions; Gastro intestinal system- General

structure of alimentary canal, Gastric secretion, Pancreatic secretion, Gastric motility-digestive peristalsis Gastrointestinal hormones. • Renal physiology- Structure of kidney, Nephrones, Juxtra glomerular filtrate, Reabsorption, Secretion-mechanism of secretion, Concentrating and diluting mechanism of urine, Dialysis • Nervous system and glands: Structure and properties of neurons, subdivisions of nervous system and their functions, types of glands (endocrine and exocrine glands), important endocrine and exocrine glands and types of hormones their functions. • Sensory nervous system, Motor nervous system, Higher functions of the nervous system, Synapse, Reflexes Cerebrospinal fluid, Blood brain and blood CSF barrier • Cardiovascular and respiratory system: Components of cardiovascular and respiratory system; functions of cardiovascular and respiratory system; Circulatory system- Functional anatomy of the heart, Properties of cardiac muscles, Conducting system of the heart, Pressure changes during cardiac cycles, Capillary circulation, Arterial and venous blood pressure; Respiratory system-Mechanism of breathing, Ventilation, Regulation of respiration, Transport of gases, Hypoxia, Artificial ventilation, Non respiratory functions of the lungs • Immune system: Component organs of immune system, Functions of immune system; Endocrinology-Endocrine glands, hormones, their functions; • Reproductive system: Anatomy of male and female reproductive systems • Stress physiology- how acute and chronic stress disturbs the normal physiology Dietetics and Nutrition • Basic concepts and components of food and nutrition Understanding Nutrition, Basic Terminology in Relation to Nutrition Requirement, Human Nutritional Requirements; Concept of food, Acceptance of Food, Functions of Food; Components of Food & their Classification; Macro Nutrients –Sources, Functions and Effects on the Body; Micro Nutrients – Sources, Functions and Effects on the Body; Fat Soluble Nutrients – Sources, Functions and Effects on the Body; Water soluble Nutrients – Sources, Functions and Effects on the Body; Significance of Carbohydrate, Proteins, Lipids, Vitamins, Minerals and water in the body; Antioxidants and their Role; • Yogic concept of diet and its relevance in the management of lifestyle • Nutrients, proximate principles of diet, balanced diet concept; Carbohydrates, proteins, fats – sources, nutritive values, importance; Minerals-calcium, iron, phosphorus etc. Vitamins – sources, roles, requirements • Food groups. Cereals & Millets –Selection, Preparation and Nutritive Value; Pulses, Nuts and Oil Seeds- Selection, Preparation and Nutritive Value; Milk and Milk Products- Selection,

Preparation and Nutritive Value; Vegetables and Fruits- Selection, Preparation and Nutritive Value, Fats, Oils and Sugar, Jaggery- Selection, Preparation and Nutritive Value • Food and metabolism. Energy- Basic Concepts, Definition and Components of Energy Requirement, Energy Imbalance Concept of Metabolism, Anabolism, Catabolism, Calorie Requirement-BMR, SDA, Physical Activity; Metabolism of Carbohydrates, Lipids and Protein; Factors Affecting Energy; Requirement and Expenditure, Factors affecting BMR.

UGC NET Yoga Syllabus July 2018 6. Yoga and Health

• Definition & Importance of Health According to WHO; Dimensions of Health: Physical, Mental, Social and Spiritual; • Concept of Health and Disease in Indian Systems of Medicine i.e. Ayurveda, Naturopathy • Yogic Concept of Health and Disease: Concept of Adhi and Vyadhi; Meaning and definitions, • Concepts of Trigunas, Pancha-mahabhutas, Pancha-prana and their role in Health and Healing; Concept of Pancha-koshas & Shat-chakra and their role in Health and Healing; • Role of Yoga in preventive health care – Yoga as a way of life, Heyam dukham anagatam; Potential causes of Ill-health: Tapatrayas and Kleshas, Physical and Physiological manifestation of Disease: Vyadhi, Alasya, Angamejayatva and Ssvasa-prashvasa. • Mental and Emotional ill Health: Styana, Samshaya, Pramada, Avirati, Bhranti-darsana, Alabdha-bhumikatva, Anavasthitatva, Duhkha and Daurmanasya • Yogic Diet – General Introduction of Ahara; Concept of Mitahara; Classification in Yogic diet according to traditional Yoga texts;; Diet according to the body constitution ( Prakriti) – Vata, Pitta and Kapha as also Gunas. • Concepts of Diet Pathya and Apathya according to Gheranda Samhita,Hatha Pradeepika and Bhagavad Gita; Importance of Yogic Diet in Yog Sadhana and its role in healthy living; Diet according to the body constitution ( Prakriti) – Vata, Pitta and Kapha as also Gunas. • Yogic Principles of Healthy Living: Ahara, Vihara, Achara and Vichara; Role of Yogic Positive Attitudes (Maitri, Karuna, Mudita and Upeksha) for Healthy Living, Concept of Bhavas and Bhavanas with its relevance in Health and well-being

7. Therapeutic Yoga – Disease Wise and Evidence based

• Yogic Practice*- Management of the disease through suitable yogic practices – Yogic diet, Asanas, Shatkarmas; Pranayama; Meditation; Notional corrections through yogic scriptures and counseling; Yama and Niyama; Stress(emotions management) Life style prescriptions – Moderation in Ahara, Vihara, Achara and Vichara. • Integrated approach of Yoga Therapy in the treatment of diseases ** Systemic anatomy, physiology of the related System; Pathophysiology, Stress and disease; Medical Management; Mechanism of imbalances at psychological, pranic, physical, endocrinal, autonomic levels;psyhocneuroimmunological aspect of the disease model; Disease specific parameter; what, why and how of each Yogic practice*; Prevention. Evidence research done on the particular disease; • General Parameters and questionnaires to evaluate Health status – GHQ, Prakriti, Guna, PSS, STAI. ** Integrated Approach of Yoga therapy for the following Common Ailments: • Respiratory disorders – Allergic Rhinitis & Sinusitis: COPD: Chronic Bronchitis, Tuberculosis: Evidence research done on the particular disease • Cardiovascular disorders: Hypertension:, Atherosclerosis / Coronary artery disease: Ischemic Heart disease – Angina pectoris / Myocardial Infarction/ Post CABG rehabilitation: Congestive Cardiac failure, Cardiac asthma: • Endocrinal and Metabolic Disorder – Diabetes Mellitus (I&II); Hypo and Hyper- Thyroidism; Obesity: Metabolic Syndrome • Obstetrics and Gynecological Disorders, Menstrual disorders: Dysmenorrhea, Oligomenorrhea, Menorrhagia: Premenstrual Syndrome: Menopause and peri-menopausal syndrome: Yoga for Pregnancy and Childbirth: Complicated pregnancies: PIH, Gestational DM, Ante-natal care, Post-natal care; PCOS: • Gastrointestinal disorders APD: Gastritis – Acute & Chronic, Dyspepsia, Peptic Ulcers, Constipation, Diarrhoea, Irritable Bowel Syndrome: Definition, Etiopathogenesis, Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Ulcerative colitis • Cancer: types, clinical features, Side effects of Chemotherapy, radiotherapy • Musculo-Skeletal Disorders: Back Pain: Lumbar Spondylosis, Intervertebral disc prolapse (IVDP), Spondylolisthesis, Spondylitis, Psychogenic- Lumbago, Neck pain: Cervical Spondylosis, radiculopathy, Functional neck pain, All forms of Arthritis: Rheumatoid Arthritis, Osteoarthritis • Neurological Disorders: Headaches: Migraine, Tension headache; Cerebro vascular accidents: Epilepsy; pain; Autonomic dysfunctions; Parkinson’s disease • Psychiatric disorders: Psychiatric disorders: Neurosis, Psychosis: Neurosis: Anxiety disorders: Generalized anxiety disorder, Panic Anxiety, Obsessive Compulsive

Disorder, Phobias: Depression: Dysthymia, Major depression, Psychosis: Schizophrenia, Bipolar affective disorder.

UGC NET Yoga Syllabus July 2018 8. Applications of Yoga

• Yoga in Education: Salient features of Yoga Education, Factors of Yoga Education; Teacher, Student and Teaching, Guru-shishya parampara and its importance in Yoga Education; Value Education, its meaning and definitions, types of values, value-oriented education and modes of living, role of value oriented education; contribution of Yoga towards development of values; Salient features of ideal Yoga teacher, role of Yoga teacher in value-oriented education, role of Yoga in development of human society; Yogic Concepts for the Development of Four Fold Consciousness – Civic Sense, Patriotic Urge, Service Zeal and Spiritual Growth;

• Yoga for Stress Management: Introduction to Stress, Concept of Stress; Solutions through Mandukya karika – Relaxation and stimulation combined as the core for stress management; Practice of Stimulation and relaxation; Yoga and Stress Management; Concepts and Techniques of Stress Management in Ashtanga Yoga of Patanjali and Bhagavad Gita, specific practices for stress management, breath awareness, shavasana, Yoganidra, pranayama and meditation, imapct of yogic lifestyle on stress management. • Yoga for Personality Development – Yogic attitudes for personality development, Ashtanga Yoga and personality development, personality development with spcial emphasis on Panchakosa. Memory and Concentration; Short-term, long-term memory, stages of memory foundation and maintenance; Yoga modules to improve memory; Barriers to concentration; creativity eastern concept, silence and creativity; yogic approach to creativity; yogic practices for creativity development; Facets of intelligence; concept of intelligence according to Yoga; Yoga practices for IQ development; Practices for Anger Management;

9. Practical Yoga

Yogic Practices – Asana, Kriya, Mudra, Bandha, Dhyana, Surya Namaskara (Techniques, Salient Features, Benefits)

• Shatkarmas Dhauti (Kunjal), Vastra dhauti, Danda dhauti, Laghoo and Poorna sankhaprakshalana, Neti (Sutra and Jala), Kapalbhati, Agnisara, Nauli • Suryanamaskar- Suryanamaskar must be practiced traditionally and the variation in Suryanamskar may be taken into consideration based on the convenience of patients for therapy. • Asnas (yogic postures) Standing Postures Ardhakati chakrasana, Hastapadasana, Ardhachakrasana, Trikonasana, Parivritta trikonasana, Parsvakanasana, Veersana, Sitting postures Paschimottanasana, Suptavajrasana, Ardhamatsyendrasana, Vakrasana, Marichasana, Malasana, Badhakanasana, Merudandasana, Akarna dhanurasana, Gumukhasana, Prone postures Bhujangasana, Salabhasana,

Dhanurasana, Urdhvamukhosvanasana, Makarasana, Supine postures Halasana, Chakrasana, Sarvangasana, Matsyasana, Shavasana, Setubandhasana, Balancing postures Vrikshasana, Garudasana, Namaskarasana, Tittibhasana, Natrajasana • Pranayama Breath awareness, Sectional breathing, Nadishuddhi, Bhastrika, Ujjai, Cooling pranayama (Sitali, Sitkari and Sadanta), Bhramari, Pranayama (with Antar & Bahya Kumbhaka) • Practices leading to Meditation: Pranav and Soham Japa, Yoga Nidra (1,2,3), Antarmauna, Ajapa Dharana (Stage 1,2,3), Practices leading to Breath Meditation, Practices leading to Om Meditation, Practices leading to Vipassana Meditation, Practices leading to Preksha Meditation • Bandhas and Mudras: Jivha Bandha, Jalandhara Bandha, Uddiyana Bandha, Mula Bandha, Maha Bandha, Yoga Mudra, Maha Mudra, Shanmukhi Mudra, Tadagi Mudra, Vipareet Karni Mudra • Contemporary Yogic Practices – Yogic Sukshma Vyayama, Cyclic Meditation (S-VYASA); Mindfulness based Stress Reduction Technique (Kabatzin); Mind Sound Resonance Technique (S-VYASA); Raja Yoga Meditation (Brahmakumaris); Transcendental Meditation (Mahesh Yogi); ZEN Buddhist Meditation; Yoga Nidra (BSY); Savita Ki Dhyan Dharana (DSVV)

UGC NET Yoga Syllabus July 2018 10.Methods of Teaching Yoga

• Teaching and Learning: Concepts and Relationship between the two; Principles of Teaching: Levels and Phases of Teaching, Quality of perfect Yoga Guru; Yogic levels of learning, Vidyarthi, Shishya, Mumukshu; Meaning and scope of Teaching methods, and factors influencing them; Sources of Teaching methods; Role of Yoga Teachers and Teacher training Techniques of Individualized; Teaching Techniques of group teaching; Techniques of mass instructions; Organization of teaching (Time Management, Discipline etc) • Essentials of Good Lesson Plan: concepts, needs, planning of teaching Yoga (Shodhanakriya, Asana, Mudra, Pranayama & Meditation); • Models of Lesson Plan; Illustration of the need for a lesson plan; Illustration of the need for a content plan; Eight Step method of Introduction as developed in Kaivalyadhama. • Evaluation methods of an ideal Yoga class; Methods of customizing Yoga class to meet individual needs. The student will have demonstrations and training in the above mentioned aspects of teaching methods. • Yoga classroom: Essential features, Area, Sitting arrangement in Yoga class • Student’s Approach to the teacher: Pranipaata; Pariprashna; Seva; (BG 4.34)

  Best books for UGC NET Yoga July 2018

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UGC NET Yoga Syllabus July 2018

[cheezzscarlett-blog]

Book Summary <The Interpretation of Dreams>-Sigmund Freud

Keywords

Psychoanalysis (정신분석학)

Neurosis (신경증)

Hysteria (히스테리)

The unconscious, preconscious, conscious (무의식,전의식,의식)

Id, ego, superego (이드,자아,초자아)

Thanatos, egos (죽음의 본능, 삶의 본능)

Oedipus complex

Defense mechanisms (방어기제)

Libido

Repression, Distortion, Censorship (억압, 왜곡, 검열)

Regression (퇴행)

Fixation (고착)

Summary

[Section. 1] 

Dream contains what we are not aware of.

Insignificant, minor, and fragments of memories are materials for dream. It suggests that anything mentally belonged are unable to disappear and can be come up whenever.

Dreams are originated from stimulation.

External, internal, internal physical, or psychological stimulation cause dreams.

Dreams have psychological distinctiveness

Saltus, leap in a situation, ridiculous incidents happen. Strangeness is because of distortion.

Psychoanalysis is the best method for the interpretation of dreams.

Free association test: without censorship, bias or prejudice.

[Section. 2:  Dream- Wish Fulfillment + Distortion]

e.g. Funeral dream - Death of someone (Distortion) / Facing someone again (Wish)

[Section. 3: The material and sources of dreams]

Recent / Peripheral / Memories from childhood

Typical dreams:  Naked / Death / Exam / ...

Oedipus complex 

[Section.4: Dream work]

Condensation

Displacement: Displace to something insignificant

-  Sort of defense mechanisms / Distortion of dream

-  Occur due to censorship (Inner psychological defense)

-  To reach dreams, need to escape from resistance of censorship

Visualization (& Simplification) : Opposition and contradiction

Symbolization

Dream contains emotion: Even after dreams, the emotion still leaves

Despite irrationality, still meaningful

[Section.5: The psychology of the dream processes]

Usually forgotten once waking up: because of the resistance of censorship

Regression to something familiar

-  Censorship-> Irrationality (Need to condense, visualize, understandably shown)

-  Regression 

1) geopolitical (recognize->store as memory->unconscious)

2) temporal (past->present)

3) formal: general, familiar

-  Dream is regression to remote past, replaying the wishes from childhood, employing the way of psychological expression at that time

-  Immemorial human nature which is not reachable directly, makes an effect on dreams. That is, via dreams, people may be able to expect to perceive the origin of mind.

Fulfillment of wishes -> Solve the inner problem

-  Source of wishes: Wishes from day moved to night / Suppressed wishes from day moved to the unconscious / No wishes during day

Dream shows the condition of inner mind

Dream shows the unconscious

[Reference: Freud, Sigmund. The Interpretation of Dreams. Oxford University Press, 1999. & 안병웅. 꿈의 해석-감춰진 인간 정신의 숨은그림찾기. 풀빛, 2006.]

[rorytabron1425-blog]

The Treatment of Sex Pot - An Analytic Approach

It Is well known among people in the 12-step sex applications that of the dependence, sex is the toughest to master. Far from the notion that sex addiction is that the "fun" one, the suffering of dealing with this affliction is tremendous. The compulsion is so compelling that it is typical for members of their sex recovering groups to be unable to maintain any continuous time of sexual sobriety, giving way to grief and despair. Before treatment, sexual enactment is the addict's only supply of safety, enjoyment, soothing and acceptance. It vitalizes and connects. It relieves loneliness, emptiness and depression. Sex addition was called the athlete's foot of the brain: it's an itch always waiting to be scratched. The scratching, however, causes wounds rather than alleviates the itch. Furthermore, the percent of individuals Who go to treatment or a 12-step app is rather tiny. The majority of sexual compulsives reside in isolation full of feelings of shame. Nearly 100 percent of the men and women who visit me for an initial appointment, if it be for compulsive use of prostitutes, phone sex, a fetish, cross dressing, or masochistic encounters with dominatrixes, relay which beneath the shame they believe in telling me their story, they also experience a sense of freedom that comes from finally being able to share with another human being the concealed, shameful, and sexually compulsive acts which imprison them. That is a condition that gradually Bleeds away what the individual holds dear. The lifetime of a sexual addict gradually becomes very small. The liberty of self is impaired. Energies are all consumed. The rapacious need for a specific sort of sexual experience drives the enthusiast to devote countless hours in the world of his dependence. Inexorably, the compulsion begins to exact higher and greater prices. Whether it be online indulging in sensual fantasies with fantasy people, being on the phone to the gender hot-lines, or frantically searching the internet and the S&M nightclubs for someone who will act out a special, ritualized fetish dream, or even cruising the bars looking for your "one" who will have sex in a public toilet, or visiting dungeons to be whipped, flogged and humiliated, and sex addiction is a catastrophic illness that requires an enormous toll. Friends slip away. Financial security crumbles as sums as large as $40,000 or $50,000 a year are spent on gender. Then there's perpetual fear of exposure. Relationships with partners are ruined, as the appeal of intimate sex with a partner pales compared to the intense "high" of indulging into the darkened and devious planet of sexual compulsion. What is a sex addict? Gender dependency, of course, has Nothing related to sex. Any sexual activity or clear "perversion" has no significance outside of its emotional, unconscious context. A very simple definition of sex addiction is not dissimilar to definitions of different addictions. But a very simple definition of the complex and intractable condition does not suffice. What sets sex dependence apart from other addictions and makes it so persistent is that the subject of sex rolls on our innermost unconscious wishes and fears, our sense of self, our individuality. Present treatment may include involvement in a 12-step program, going to an inpatient clinic, working with the Patrick Carnes material, aversion therapy, or the use of medications to stave off hypersexuality. Most therapy is cognitive-behavioral, designed to help the individual to control or repress the instinct for a period of time, usually out of a desire to comply with the group standards of the 12-step meeting or a necessity to please the therapist. While I understand the efficacy the 12-step programs to provide structure and support, in my opinion, the reason that relapse is so widespread is the treatment modalities don't effect long-term structural character change that eliminates the compulsion at its origins. Current treatment does not aim to transform psychic energies so that the reality sector of their mind dominates the character so that the urge to behave can be controlled and understood. Is just like that of other addictions (recurrent failure to restrain the behaviour and continuation of the behavior despite progressively harmful effects), sexual compulsion is put apart from other addictions in that gender involves our innermost subconscious fantasies, fears and conflicts. It involves a individual's derailed developmental process that happened as a result of inadequate parenting. Therefore, permanent growth and change are most likely to happen in the arena of contemporary psychoanalysis, which reproduces understanding and repair of these unconscious dysfunctional relational patterns together with the evolution of a more unified and structured sense of self. This new character restructuring can better self-regulate feeling countries without the use of a destructive defense such as sexualization and can find significance, joy, closeness, meaningful goal setting and accomplishment from attainable and appropriate sources in life. The remainder of this Paper will give a brief summary of the historical psychoanalytic perspectives regarding sexual deviance, and will then articulate the present analytic understanding about the dynamics and treatment of sexual compulsions. Any Discussion of historic psychoanalysis must, ipso facto, begin with Sigmund Freud. Unconscious castration anxiety happens in the individual's present-day consciousness in the kind of fear of confrontation, retaliation, or rebuke, a feeling of inadequacy, and doubts about gender identity. Sex addiction, according to Freud, is a defensive way to cope with a tenuous sense of masculinity combined with unrelenting anxiety about sex, women, closeness, aggression, as well as competition. Analysts that followed Freud held varying perspectives. Sexual compulsions derive from an insatiable need for acceptance, prestige, power, bolstering of self-esteem, love and security that are experienced as being mandatory for survival. The enthusiast experiences the absence of sexual acting out as a threat to his own existence. Characteristic of Any enthusiast is a long history of a distressed mother-child relationship. An unempathic, narcissistic, depressed or alcoholic mother has low tolerance to the child's stress and frustrations. Nor is unable to provide the compassion, attention, nurturing and support that foster healthy development. The effect in after life is separation anxiety, fear of abandonment and a sense of impending self-fragmentation. This anxiety sends the sex enthusiast running to his eroticized, fantasy cocoon where he experiences security, safety, a diminution of stress in addition to the quelling of a subconscious desire to set up and keep the overlooking, yet crucial tie to mother. This approach is doomed to collapse. Inevitably, another person's needs begin to impinge on the dream. The end result is frustration, disappointment and isolation. Intrusive and careful. She may be seductive, perhaps using the child for a replacement for an emotionally unavailable spouse. The child perceives the mother's inability to set appropriate boundaries as seductive and as a huge disillusionment. Later in life, the addict is hypersexual and has trouble setting boundaries. Real intimacy is advocated as a engulfing burden. The disillusionment of not having proper parental boundaries is performed later in life from the addict's unconscious belief that the principles don't apply to him with regards to gender, although he may be regulated and compliant in other parts of his life. A Significant theme for all dependence is that they Have experienced profound and chronic need deprivation throughout youth. Addicts in general sustain emotional injury within the realm of the mother-infant interaction as well as with other associations. Intense social anxiety is the result of this early-life psychological need deprivation. In later life, the individual experiences anxiety in most intimate relationships. Since the sexual addict has anxiety about being unable to get what he needs from actual people and because his desperate hunt for the satisfaction of unmet childhood needs necessarily lead to disillusionment, he inevitably returns to his own reliance on sexual dreams and enactments to relieve anxiety about connection and intimacy and as a means to achieve a sense of self-affirmation. Sex, For the addict, starts to be his primary price and also a confirmation of his sense of self. Feelings of inferiority, inadequacy, and worthlessness magically vanish while sexually preoccupied through acting through or out spending countless hours on the internet. However, using gender to satisfy self-centered needs for approval or validation precludes using it to fulfill with the intimacy needs of a precious other. Characteristic of this type of narcissism is the screening of other human beings less complete people who have their own emotions, desires and desires, but instead as deliverers of desperately needed satisfaction that shores up a fragile sense of self. This sets up a cycle wherein his narcissism prevents him from deriving satisfaction from mutual, mutual relationships in real life. Sexualizing, once again, is returned to as a magic elixir wherein his demands are magically met without needing to negotiate the exact real vicissitudes of romantic relationships. A After spending years of living a poisonous youth household, he went to his own world of fantasizing and bliss as a way to soothe and protect himself. "When I was a child, I was obsessed with beautiful girls in the publications. When I managed to date, I went through a single girl after another. In adulthood, I knew there was anger and despair I did not need to confront. I went to peep shows and that I visited prostitutes. Many a night I would spend hours in my car circling the block searching for just the right street-walker to give me oral sex in my vehicle. I cried all the way home" He met a woman whom he designated as "ideal - my Redemption, my salvation." While still engaged, he started picking up hookers for oral sex in the vehicle and began compulsively using telephone sex. His present relationship is breaking up since he Picked a woman for her youth and beauty (which represented well on his narcissistic self). They moved in together and the beautiful, youthful, sexy female began become real and having demands of her own. He admits that he never felt warmth or love for her; she was only a provider of his narcissistic needs. Since the connection deteriorates, he fights the impulses to come back to sex with strangers that do not make demand on him. 38-year-old married guy, has a compulsion to visit prostitutes. Three years to the treatment, he was eventually able to discuss his anger towards his mother for depriving him through neglect and also for never touching or caressing him. "When I was very young I'd put a blanket My dad as a kind of soothing that I was not getting out of my parents. The rest of my life was a battle to discover other ways to soothe myself. When I found prostitutes, I thought I was in heaven. I am able to get sex now and be in total control. I could have it instantly, any way I want it, whenever I want it. I do not need to bother myself with the woman, so long as I cover her. I do not need to concern myself with rejection and vulnerability. This is my restricted joy world. This really is the ultimate antithesis of this deprivation of my youth." The Use of sexualization for a defense is a common theme that runs through the psychoanalytic literature. A shield is a mechanism that the young child devises to psychologically survive a poisonous family atmosphere. While this way of protecting himself functions well for a time period, the constant use of it as an adult is harmful to the person's continuing functioning and sense of well being. By losing himself in sexual Fantasies and always seeing others as potential sex partners, or by sensual net enactments, the sex addict can significantly reduce and control a wide array of threatening and uncomfortable psychological conditions. Most addicts control or bind potentially overpowering anxiety via the addiction process. Diminution of melancholy, anxiety and anger are a number of the pay-offs that operate to facilitate and maintain life in the erotic cocoon. I quote another patient which Illustrates a case of narcissistic personality together with the usage of sexualization for a defense. He's a 52-year old handsome, successful single guy. "I went on a date the other night. She desired sex. I Didn't. It's predictable. I don't think I could also maintain an erection . While a spend untold hours compulsively websurfing to live within my erotic fantasies, as it becomes real, when you find somebody who appears to be the embodiment of your sensual pre-occupation, interest soon wanes as her desires and needs come into the picture. From time to time, I

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The Treatment of Sex Pot - An Analytic Approach

It Is well known among people in the 12-step sex applications that of all the dependence, sex is the toughest to master. Far from the idea that sex addiction is that the "fun" one, the anguish of managing this affliction is tremendous. The compulsion is so compelling that it is typical for members of the sex recovering classes to be unable to maintain any constant time of sexual salvation, giving way to grief and despair. Before therapy, sexual enactment is the enthusiast's only supply of security, enjoyment, soothing and approval. It vitalizes and joins. Sex addition has been called the athlete's foot of the mind: it is an itch constantly waiting to be scraped. The scratching, nevertheless, causes wounds rather than alleviates the itching. Furthermore, the percentage of individuals Who go to treatment or a 12-step app is quite tiny. The majority of sexual compulsives reside in isolation full of feelings of shame. Almost 100% of the people who visit me to get an initial appointment, if it be for compulsive use of prostitutes, phone sex, a fetish, cross dressing, or masochistic experiences with dominatrixes, relay which under the shame they believe in telling me their story, they also experience a sense of freedom that comes from finally being able to share with another human being the concealed, shameful, and sexually compulsive actions that imprison them. That can be a condition that slowly Bleeds away what the person holds dear. The lifetime of a sex addict gradually becomes very small. The liberty of self is diminished. Energies are all consumed. The rapacious demand for a particular kind of sexual encounter compels the enthusiast to devote untold hours in the world of his addiction. Inexorably, the compulsion begins to exact higher and higher costs. Whether it be on the internet indulging in sexual fantasies with fantasy people, being on the phone into the gender hot-lines, or searching the net and the S&M clubs for somebody who will act out a special, ritualized fetish fantasy, or even cruising the bars searching for the "one" who will have sex in a public bathroom, or going to dungeons to be whipped, flogged and humiliated, sex addiction is a devastating illness that takes a massive toll. Friends slide away. Hobbies and activities once enjoyed are dropped. Financial security crumbles as sums as large as $40,000 or $50,000 annually are spent on sex. Then there's endless fear of exposure. Relationships with partners are destroyed, as the allure of romantic sex with a spouse pales in comparison to the intense "high" of indulging into the dark and devious planet of sexual compulsion. What is a sex addict? Nothing to do with sex. Any sexual act or apparent "perversion" has no meaning outside of its emotional, subconscious circumstance. A simple definition of sexual addiction is not dissimilar to definitions of different addictions. But a very simple definition of this complex and intractable condition doesn't suffice. What sets sex dependence besides other addictions and makes it persistent is the field of sex rolls on our innermost unconscious wishes and fears, our sense of self, our individuality. Present treatment might include participation in a 12-step program, going to an inpatient clinic, working with the Patrick Carnes material, aversion therapy, or the use of drugs to stave off hypersexuality. Most therapy is cognitive-behavioral, made to help the individual to control or repress the instinct for a period of time, usually from a desire to abide by the group norms of the 12-step assembly or a need to please the therapist. While I understand the effectiveness the 12-step programs to provide structure and support, in my estimation, the rationale that alcoholism is indeed widespread is the treatment modalities don't affect long-term structural personality change that eliminates the compulsion at its origins. Current treatment doesn't aim to transform psychic energies so that the reality sector of their brain dominates the character so the impulse to behave can be understood and controlled. Is just like that of other addictions (perennial failure to control the behaviour and continuation of the behavior despite progressively harmful consequences), sexual compulsion is put apart from other addictions because sex involves our innermost unconscious wishes, anxieties and conflicts. Sex addiction is a symbolic enactment of deeply entrenched unconscious dysfunctional relational patterns with others and self. It involves a person's derailed developmental process that occurred as a consequence of inadequate parenting. Therefore, permanent growth and change are likely to occur in the arena of contemporary psychoanalysis, which seeks repair and understanding of those unconscious dysfunctional relational patterns along with the development of a more unified and organized sense of self. This new personality restructuring can better self-regulate feeling states without using a damaging defense like sexualization and will find meaning, enjoyment, intimacy, purposeful goal setting and accomplishment from attainable and proper sources in existence. The remainder of this Paper will give a brief summary of the historical psychoanalytic perspectives regarding sexual deviance, and will then articulate the current analytic understanding about the dynamics and therapy of sexual compulsions. Any Discussion of historic psychoanalysis must, ipso facto, start with Sigmund Freud. Unconscious castration anxiety happens in the person's present-day awareness in the form of fear of confrontation, retaliation, or rebuke, a sense of inadequacy, and doubts about gender identity. Gender addiction, according to Freud, is a defensive method to cope with a tenuous sense of masculinity together with unrelenting anxiety about sex, women, closeness, aggression, as well as competition. Analysts that followed Freud held varying views. Sexual compulsions derive from an insatiable need for approval, prestige, power, bolstering of self-esteem, security and love which are experienced as being mandatory for survival. Characteristic of Any enthusiast is a long history of a distressed mother-child relationship. An unempathic, narcissistic, blue or alcoholic mother has low tolerance for the child's anxiety and frustrations. Nor is unable to supply the empathy, attention, nurturing and support that foster healthy development. This stress sends the sex enthusiast running to his eroticized, fantasy cocoon where he encounters safety, security, a diminution of stress in addition to the quelling of an unconscious desire to set up and maintain the missing, yet essential tie to mother. Average of the individual is the hope that he can come across an idealized "other" who can embody, actualize and make concrete the longed for endlessly nurturing parent. This method is doomed to collapse. Inevitably, another individual's needs start to impinge on the fantasy. The result is frustration, loneliness and disappointment. Intrusive and attentive. She may be seductive, possibly using the child as a replacement for an emotionally unavailable spouse. The child perceives the mother's inability to set appropriate boundaries as seductive and as a massive disillusionment. Later in life, the enthusiast is hypersexual and has trouble setting boundaries. Real intimacy is advocated as an engulfing burden. The disillusionment of not having appropriate parental boundaries is performed later in life by the addict's unconscious belief that the principles do not apply to him with respect to sex, although he may be compliant and regulated in other elements of his lifetime. A Significant theme for many dependence is that they Addicts in general sustain psychological injury within the realm of this mother-infant interaction in addition to with other relationships. Intense social anxiety is the result of this early-life emotional need deprivation. In later life, the person experiences anxiety in all intimate relationships. Since the sex addict has anxiety about being unable to get what he needs from real people and because his desperate hunt for the fulfillment of unmet childhood needs necessarily lead to disillusionment, he inevitably contributes to his own reliance on sexual dreams and enactments to alleviate anxiety about relationship and closeness and as a means to achieve a feeling of self-affirmation. Sex, For the enthusiast, begins to be his principal value and also a confirmation of his sense of self. Feelings of inferiority, inadequacy, and worthlessness magically disappear while sexually preoccupied , through acting out or through spending countless hours online. On the other hand, the use of sex to satisfy self-centered needs for acceptance or validation precludes with it to fulfill with the intimacy needs of a cherished other. Characteristic of this kind of narcissism is that the screening of additional human beings less complete people who have their own feelings, wants and desires, but rather because deliverers of desperately desired satisfaction that beaches up a delicate sense of self. This sets up a cycle wherein his narcissism prevents him from deriving gratification from mutual, mutual relationships in real life. Sexualizing, once again, is returned to as a magical elixir wherein his demands are met without needing to negotiate the very real vicissitudes of romantic relationships. A Client of mine, a 48-year-old attractive only person, is in the process of this breaking up of yet another connection. After spending years of living a poisonous youth household, he went to his own world of fantasizing and masturbation as a means to soothe and shield himself. "When I was a child, I was obsessed with beautiful women in the magazines. When I was able to date, I moved through one woman after another. In adulthood, I knew there was anger and despair I didn't want to face. I went to peep shows and I visited prostitutes. One night I had sex with a transvestite. He met a woman whom he designated as "ideal - my Redemption, my salvation." While still engaged, he started picking up hookers for oral sex in the car and started compulsively using phone sex. His current relationship is breaking up since he Chose a girl for the youth and beauty (which represented well on his narcissistic self). The remainder of the story is predictable. They moved in together and the gorgeous, young, sexy female started become actual and having demands of her very own. He admits that he never felt heat or love for her; she was merely a provider of his narcissistic needs. As the relationship deteriorates, he fights the impulses to come back to sex with strangers that do not make demand on him. Another customer of mine, a 38-year-old married man, has a compulsion to visit prostitutes. Three years to the therapy, he was eventually able to talk about his anger towards his mother for depriving him through negligence and also for never touching or caressing him. He can now make a connection between visits to the prostitutes and his hostility against mom for depriving him of sensual pleasure. He has lost in the mire of his parents' constant feuding. "When I was very young I'd put a blanket My genitals as a sort of soothing that I wasn't getting out of my parents. The rest of my life was a struggle to discover different ways to soothe myself. When I found prostitutes, I thought I was in paradise. I am able to get sex now and be in complete control. I can have it instantly, any way I need it, whenever I need it. I do not have to bother myself with the girl, so long as I cover her. I don't need to concern myself with rejection and vulnerability. This is my restricted joy world. This is the ultimate antithesis of this deprivation of my youth." The Usage of sexualization for a defense is a common theme that runs throughout the psychoanalytic literature. A shield is a mechanism the young child devises to emotionally survive a noxious family environment. Although this way of shielding himself works well for a time period, the continuous use of it as a grownup is harmful to the individual's ongoing functioning and feeling of wellbeing. By losing himself in sexual Fantasies and always seeing others as potential sex partners, or from sensual net enactments, the sex addict is able to significantly reduce and control a wide variety of threatening and uncomfortable psychological conditions. Most addicts restrain or bind potentially overwhelming pressure through the addiction procedure. Diminution of depression, anxiety and rage are a number of the pay-offs that operate to facilitate and preserve life in the sensual cocoon. I quote another individual which Illustrates a case of narcissistic personality along with the use of sexualization as a defense. He's a 52-year old handsome, effective single man. "I went on a date the other night. She wanted sex. I Didn't. It's predictable. I really don't believe I could even maintain an erection anymore. While a spend untold hours compulsively websurfing to live within my erotic dreams, as it becomes real, when you find someone who appears like the embodiment of your sensual pre-occupation, interest shortly wanes as her desires and needs come into the picture. From time to time, I