#discharging surveyor

[aimsurveyors]

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[whatdoesshedotothem]

Friday 16 November 1832

6 50

11 10

very fine frosty morning F48° at 7 ½ am – sent off (to be in the p.o. before 12 for todays’ post to York and be at Malton tonight) my letter wrote last night to ‘Mrs. Norcliffe Langton hall Malton’ – breakfast with my father at 8 ¼ in ¾ hour - off to Lidgate at 9 - sometime with Pickles who began the job I let him yesterday filling up the bed line of brook - at Lidgate at 10 ½ - at 11 took Miss W- out - walked up and down the Cliff Hill fields - then to Lightcliffe to see Miss W-‘s stable there to put up the carriage in on a Sunday and that wants repairing - then sat 25 minutes with her aunt at Cliff Hill - saw her to her own door and came away at 1 ¼ - we had talked quite as if her going with me abroad was fixed   she said she did not like going felt as if she should never return and never durst let me leave her a moment in a foreign country    I parried all her arguments and she seeming to submit began to talk of arrangements leaving her servants on board wages etc I see the best way is to speak as one having authority    she said I was right on Wednesday that her cousin would come within twenty four hours did come that night  no suffering till Thursday morning then severe for a few hours  the discharge thinner and lighter coloured  said this was very good and I was delighted    she says she cannot believe Mr A- so bad as I think him but seems satisfied enough to get rid of him - at 1 35 with Pickles again filling up the old brook - had one of our new Southowram surveyors about the Pumplane - said I did not want to be hard on the town, but they must make up for the damage they did in carting stones down to mend the road with - but anything that satisfied my tenants would satisfy me, only that I should not allow the town to mend the road, but they must pay my tenants for mending it - then had Jonathan Mallinson about raising the brook bank a little and then went with Pickles to at the new Lower brea road - a drain must be driven under the embankment for the same of getting up the water from the brook to Mytholm (the Stag’s head) or I shall be losing the right –

 Miss W- had the Miss Wilkinsons yesterday gave Lydia tore before her and destroyed the bond or note of hand for 200 lent to Mr Fenton

 ordered Pickles to lag up near the dam stones which are giving way at one end, and make all safe - George Robinson then came to us - looked over and measured the new bridle road he wishes me to make from the Lower brea road across Pearson’s brow in the Mytholm, to come out just above the mill - saying that I might then stop up the whole of the road thro’ the lower brea wood yes! it would be shorter than coming by Wellroyde all thro’ the wood, but then the bridle road by Wellroyde that I want to stop makes a difference of 60 yards against us taken where the new road would enter Pearson’s brow - the fact is this alteration would be a great improvement to Robinson’s mill - but told him it could not be done now - then looked about getting water at the far end of James Smiths’ upper brow - the water does not certainly break out there - if impossible to agree with Wilkinson Pickles wants me to get water for Lower brea from Pump, about 400 yards to carry in pipes - returned along my walk and came in at 5 - a few minutes with my aunt - found on my desk parcel from Miss W- a book the natural history of Enthusiasm, and a packet 3 2/3 pages latter clumsily sealed up in a while sheet post paid from Mr Ainsworth another rhodomontade fore[more] abject and foolish than before dated the fourteenth therefore before he could have received my letter sent off that night   which will suffice for answer   what a fool the man is  -  dinner at 6 5 - afterwards wrote the above of today - for ½ hour before breakfast and after dinner read the 60 pages of preface and life of Plutarch and the 1st 20 pages of the work itself (i.e. Life of Theseus) of volume 1 Langhorne’s Plutarch that Miss W- happened to send on Monday to disguise the parcel that had come from Mr Ainsworth – went into the other room at 9 ½ - read the courier – came upstairs at 10 ¼ - very fine frosty day – F45 ½° now at 11 20pm

[solentconsult]

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[solentmarineconsultant]

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[wutbju]

Ronald (Ron) John Van Hee was born April 21, 1934 in Great Falls, Montana. He was the son of Louis and Edith (Spoon) Van Hee and had one younger brother, LeRoy. He attended schools in Spokane, WA and Lewistown, Montana and graduated from Fergus County High School in Lewistown in 1952.

Ron started playing every sport he could at an early age. In high school, he was an all-state athlete in football, basketball, track, baseball and softball. He played football in the East-West Shrine Game, set records in track, and received a full sports scholarship to the University of Montana which he attended for two years. He stayed active in sports most of his life, playing American Legion baseball, pitching softball in the army, at Bob Jones University and in city leagues. He still worked out at the gym until he was in his mid-eighties. When not playing sports, he worked for a grocery store, at a freight company, the railroad, as a "soda-jerk", as a surveyor for the U.S. government and fought forest fires for the Forest Service.

His sophomore year in college, he began to wonder what purpose his life had. Ron decided to join the Army in 1954. After basic training, he was sent to Idar-Oberstein, Germany where he was in the Security Police and guarded the depot through which supplies traveled to Korea. He was there two and one-half years and visited thirteen different countries on leave time.

Ron was raised in church, was active in various Christian organizations, and taught Sunday School. He appeared to be a Christian but was really trusting in his own goodness. When a buddy encouraged him to attend Bob Jones University when he was discharged, he thought "Why not? Maybe I will go into Christian service." In the Fall of 1957, he became a student at Bob Jones University. It was there he recognized he was a sinner and trusted Christ as his Savior. He graduated in Jan. 1960 with degree in Religion.

His first Sunday at BJU he met Janis Polsley. They were married Aug. 21, 1959 in Denver, CO. They not only shared a zeal for serving God, but both loved people, loved children, the outdoors and outdoor activities, good literature and more. Their love has endured for almost 65 years (married almost 63 and dated two). They have two children, Kimberly and Timothy, and three grandchildren, Bethany, Timothy and Cassandra Wallace. Ron loved his family deeply and always took time for them.

After college graduation, he attended Denver Univ. for some medical training-in case God called them to the mission field. God called him instead to be youth pastor at Calvary Baptist Church in Connersville, Ind., where he taught and led the teenagers and could hold the attention of 200 children in Children's church. (He had been trained by working two summers with Neighborhood Bible Time.) He also served on the Indiana Governor's Youth Council.

In 1962 he became pastor at Pear Park Baptist Church in Grand Junction, Co. While there, he got the church financially stable, helped it grow its attendance and led it out of the Conservative Baptist Convention. He then pastored the First Baptist Church in Elkhart, KS. and Fellowship Baptist in Garden City, KS, again seeing them stabilize and grow. He built active youth and children's ministries.

In 1976, he was led to pastor a young church plant in Rock Springs, WY which was on the edge of "Mormon territory" and was pretty much run by the mafia. The family had some interesting adventures in this "wild west", mining and oil/gas town the first few years they were there. But under Ron's leadership, Grace Baptist Church saw literally hundreds of people put their faith in Jesus Christ and grow into soul-winning Christians. A thirty-year building loan was paid off in eight years and building improvements made. Young people dedicated their lives to serve God and are on mission fields or in pastorates today. The church survived "boom and bust" cycles, but each time members moved, others were trained to take their place. Ron pastored at Grace Baptist Church thirty-five years.

Ron's love for young people, as well as the outdoors, carried over to an investment in camp work every where he lived. He was willing to do anything from kitchen duty to being camp director. He served on the board of directors for Red Cliff Bible Camp for many years. He also served on various boards and committees including Northwest Baptist Missions, Independent Bible Baptist Mission, and International Congress of World Evangelism. While pastoring in Rock Springs he had a television program entitled: "The Bible Speaks."

Ron was passionate about missions. He not only supported Missionary work personally but taught the churches he pastored to give generously to various mission works-with finances, encouragement and hospitality. Though in his early years in the ministry, he sometimes held evangelistic meetings for other churches, he began to switch primarily to mission conferences. He preached about missions in many states and some foreign countries. He often said, "Missions is the heart of God. God only had one Son and He sent him to be a missionary and share the news of salvation."

Ron was invited to preach at Christian colleges, Bible Conferences, camps, etc. He made mission trips to Brazil, Mexico, Canada and England. He loved to preach God's Word and took advantage of every opportunity to do so. But he also loved sharing God's Word personally and looked for opportunities to hand out gospel tracts and verbally share the good news of salvation, person to person.

After fifty years in the ministry and thirty-five years at Grace Baptist in Rock Springs, Wyo., Ron resigned in 2010 as pastor of the church. In 2013, he and Jan relocated to Grand Junction, CO.

But Ron and Jan had given their whole lives to God, and they had more life to give. It seemed only natural that they would go into mission work. They became associate missionaries with Northwest Baptist Mission. Ron filled pulpits and held meetings for the mission churches. He was also contacted by Arabic Bible Outreach Ministry requesting that he be field representative in the western states, educating churches on Islam and how to reach the Muslim world for Christ. He and Jan spent the next ten years traveling in a dual ministry until their health began to fail.

In 2019, Ron learned he had cancer and started to battle with it. He turned his focus to reaching the medical profession with the gospel while staying as active as possible in Pear Park Baptist Church. He and Jan started a new senior adult ministry in the church in April. His Savior called Ron to his eternal home on Sunday, July 31, 2022. This humble man who endeavored to put Christ first in everything was no doubt Welcomed Home with the words of our Savior, "Well done, Thou good and faithful servant." Ron was preceded in death by his parents, Louis and Edith (Spoon) Van Hee and his bother LeRoy Van Hee.

Ron is survived by his wife Janis (Polsley) Van Hee, his daughter Kimberly (Bryan) Wallace, son Timothy (Tina) Van Hee, 3 grandchildren Bethany Wallace, Timothy Wallace, and Cassandra Wallace.

Memorial service is to be held at Pear Park Baptist Church, August 5, 2022, at 11:00 A.M., 3102 E Road, Grand Junction, CO 81504.

Private Military ceremony and interment at Veteran's Memorial Cemetery on Wednesday, August 10, 2022.

[iwan1979]

Dishonest and Unprofessional “Roy & Partners” law firm

In mid March 2022, I was involved in an accident where I was hit by a cab during cycling. Afterwards being recommended a solicitor/law firm called ROY & PARTNERS at Chinatown Point to assist in the settlement. I went through the review and there is a lot of 1 star feedback from Google Reviews. However, I decided to proceed since it's recommended by the surveyor of AXA.

The overall experience was pretty disappointing involving dishonesty and unprofessionalism.

I should have noticed that during the arrangement to meet up which has to be rescheduled with the excuse of aircon breakdown. Not to mention that I have to wait for the lawyer to arrive in his office for like 10 mins. Though lawyers are supposed to be punctual given tardiness is punishable in court. After hearing my story involving potential high cost damage, he changed his fee from $500 to $800 which is the excuse that more work needs to be done. I agreed to pay a premium in hope of getting premium service, which turned out I was wrong.

Throughout the engagement for the first month, it's pretty unpleasant where I have to keep chasing to confirm if they have received my email or review my explanation. Even messages from whatsapp or sms were not replied to on a few occasions. Till I get tired and let them contact me whenever needed. After around 6 months, I finally got the settlement offer from the other party, which is less than the 50% amount that we submitted for the claim. Both Roy Monoj Kumar and his team (Joshua Koh) called me thrice to convince me to take up the offer with the excuse that the initial claimed figure is a bloated amount. When I told them that I was considering proceeding to court, they used scare tactics such as I might not win the case and will have to pay all the fee as well as sending me some law rules in order to discourage me from pursuing it. After further consideration, I decided to accept the offer in order to close the case ASAP.

Then I am required to come down to their office to sign the settlement documents. When I went through the discharge voucher, I noticed the amount was a few thousands larger than the settlement amount told to me hence i questioned Joshua. He told me that it's a lawyer fee to be claimed from the other party. In order to convince me, he took out the printed email communication with the other parties. In the email I found out that the amount this firm told the other party is $500 more than the amount told to me. After I questioned him, he gave some unreasonable excuses and promised to include extra $500 for me. As I don't want to waste my time, I agreed and left the office after taking a pic of the printed email thread. On the way back home, I noticed in that email thread that Joshua requested a discharge voucher with an amount 2x of my settlement amount and similar to my initial claim amount. I decided to question them only after they transfer the claim amount to my bank. After I received the fund, I emailed them to ask for clarification of that 2x discharge amount which they requested from the other party. However, there is no reply at all till now. Hence I spent my time writing my experience to share with the rest for their consideration before engaging them. The link to their review: https://www.google.com/search?q=%22roys+and+partner%22+review&newwindow=1&sxsrf=ALiCzsZYtlCBu0Zv8RagHaLf80L_lT0QCw%3A1670259862319&ei=liSOY96OE53B3LUPsa2J0Aw&ved=0ahUKEwjesZru-uL7AhWdILcAHbFWAsoQ4dUDCA8&uact=5&oq=%22roys+and+partner%22+review&gs_lcp=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&sclient=gws-wiz-serp#lrd=0x100401504e5645bf:0xbdd621dd986d5f62,1,,,

[walkingthroughthisworld]

Henry Ossian Flipper was born in Thomasville, Georgia, on March 21, 1856, into slavery and spent his formative years in Georgia. Following the Civil War, he attended the American Missionary Association Schools in his home state. In 1873 Flipper was appointed to the U.S. Military Academy, and in 1877 he became the first African-American to graduate from the institution. He was commissioned a second lieutenant and assigned to the 10th Cavalry. From 1878 until 1880 Lieutenant Flipper served on frontier duty in various installations in the southwest, including Fort Sill, Oklahoma. His duties included scouting, as well as serving as post engineer surveyor and construction supervisor, post adjutant, acting assistant and post quartermaster, and commissary officer.

In 1881 Lieutenant Flipper's commanding officer accused him of "embezzling funds and of conduct unbecoming an officer and a gentleman." As a result of these charges, he was court-martialed.

He was acquitted of the embezzlement charge but was found guilty, by general court martial, of conduct unbecoming an officer. On June 30, 1882, he was dismissed from the Army as required by this conviction.

As a civilian, Henry Flipper went on to distinguish himself in a variety of governmental and private engineering positions. These included serving as surveyor, civil and military engineer, author, translator, special agent of the Justice Department, special assistant to the Secretary of the Interior with the Alaskan Engineering Commission, aide to the Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, as well as an authority on Mexican land and mining law.

He wrote and published several works. His first publication was an autobiography, The Colored Cadet at West Point ( New York: Lee, 1878; reprint, New York: Arno, 1898). His memoirs, Black Frontiersman: The Memoirs of Henry O. Flipper, first Black Graduate of West Point (Fort Worth, Texas: Texas Christian University Press, 1997) were compiled and edited with introduction and notes by Theodore D. Harris. His other works included Spanish and Mexican Land Laws: New Spain and Mexico for the Department of Justice in 1895.

Throughout the balance of his life, Henry Flipper maintained that he was innocent of the charges that resulted in his court-martial and dismissal from the Army and made numerous attempts to have his conviction reversed. He died in Georgia in 1940.

In 1976 descendants and supporters applied to the Army Board for the Correction of Military Records on behalf of Lieutenant Flipper. The Board, after stating that it did not have the authority to overturn his court-martial convictions, concluded the conviction and punishment were "unduly harsh and unjust" and recommended that Lieutenant Flipper's dismissal commuted to a good conduct discharge. The Assistant Secretary of the Army (Manpower and Reserve Affairs) and The Adjutant General approved the Board's findings, conclusions and recommendations and directed that the Department of the Army issue Lieutenant Flipper a Certificate of Honorable Discharge, dated 30 June 1882, in lieu of his dismissal on the same date.

On October 21, 1997, a private law firm filed an application of pardon with the Secretary of the Army on Lieutenant Flipper's behalf. Seven months later, the application was forwarded by the Acting Assistant Secretary of the Army (Manpower and Reserve Affairs) to the Office of the Pardon Attorney, Department of Justice, with a recommendation that the pardon be approved. President William Jefferson Clinton pardoned Lieutenant Henry O. Flipper on February 19, 1999. In pardoning this officer, the President recognized an error and acknowledged the lifetime accomplishments of this American soldier.

Letter from Lt. Henry O. Flipper to Representative John A. T. Hull Regarding a Bill Introduced to Congress to Reinstate Lt. Flipper into the Army and Restore His Rank

Record Group 233: Records of the U.S. House of Representatives Series: Committee Papers

Henry O. Flipper Member "Association of Civil Engineers of Arizona" Deputy U.S. Mineral Surveyor Consultations on Mexican Land and Mining Laws Notary Public Santa Fe, New Mexico, October 23, 1898. Hon. John A. T. Hull, Desmoines, Iowa. Dear Sir: I send you, in this mail and under separate cover, a printed copy of the Brief I have prepared in my case under Bill, H.R. 9849, which was so kindly introduced in the House for me by the Hon. Michael Griffin, at the last session of Congress. In May last I submitted to you and to the members of the Sub-Committee a type-written copy of a Brief I had hastily prepared in Washington. I have carefully rewritten and revised that Brief and now send you a copy for your perusal and consideration. In coming to Congress with my case, I do so because there is no individual or other tribunal to which I can go, no official or other official body with power to review the case and grant or refuse my petition. In coming to you, to the Committee and the Congress, I do not ask that aught be done for me from motives of mere sympathy and yet I cannot help feeling that all of us can and do sympathize with those who have been wronged. I am sure that, after reading my Brief through, you will understand and appreciate the struggle I made to rise above the station to which I was born, how I won my way through West Point and how I made as honorable a record in the Army as any officer in it, in spite of

J. A. T. H. -2- the isolation, lack of social association, ostracism and what not to which I was subjected by the great majority of my brother officers. You will recognize also the almost barbarous treatment to which I was subjected at the time I was accused and tried. It will not be possible, I apprehend, for you or any member of the Committee to wade through the 1000 or more pages of the record, nor is it necessary, but, if you should do so, you will readily be convinced that the rime of being a Negro was, in my case, far more heinous than deceiving the commanding officer. My utter helplessness and conviction then arose from that cause and without the generous assistance of yourself and the other gentlemen of the Committee, in Committee and on the floor of the House, I shall be equally helpless now. I believe my case is a strong one as well as a meritorious one and one that will commend itself to you for approval and will enlist your sympathy and support. I ask nothing because I am a Negro, yet that fact must press itself upon your consideration as a strong motive for the wrong done me as well as a powerful reason for righting that wrong. I ask only what Congress has seen fit to grant to others similarly situated. I ask only that justice which every American citizen has the right to ask and which Congress alone has the power to grant. In my Brief I offer for your consideration two cases,

one occurring before my trial and of which I should have had the benefit as a precedent, and the other occurring after my trial. They will show you how white officers of long years of experience and of high rank have been treated for the same offense as that for which I was tried and dismissed. I also present six precedents in which Congress has granted to dismissed offers precisely what I am asking. I do not believe Congress ever had before it a case as deserving of favorable action as my case, and for that reason I do not hesitate to appeal to you and to ask you to champion it for me and to see that both the Committee and the House take speedy and favorable action and pass the bill just as Mr. Griffin introduced it without amendment of any character. You will have my gratitude and that of my entire race, as well as the satisfaction of having righted a great wrong done to a member of a harmless but despised and friendless race. Relying upon you, as I do, I have the honor to be, Very truly yours, Henry O. Flipper [handwritten signature]

[pittarchives]

Life and Business in 19th Century Allegheny County, Pennsylvania: The Daily Diaries of Moses Chess

This post was written by Ben Snyder, a graduate Library and Information Sciences student in the School of Computing and Information Sciences and 2021-2022 Pitt Partner Graduate Intern for Archives & Special Collections.

Moses Chess (1820-1895) was a farmer, businessman, and land surveyor who lived in Chartiers Township, Allegheny County (now the Westwood & Oakwood neighborhoods of Pittsburgh). Chess had a busy life, filled not only with his work and business, but also with meetings for the various societies he was a member of, including the Western Pennsylvania Exposition Society and the Allegheny County Agricultural Society, and visits with many friends and family. As a means of keeping track of and recording all this, Chess consistently kept a daily diary for most of his adult life, beginning a new one each year at least as early as 1853 and continuing until the year of his death in 1895.  

Chess’s diaries typically follow a routine form, briefly recording anyone who’s visited, society meetings, transactions, work, and the daily weather. While often businesslike, his personal life also enters his writings; in his younger years in the 1850s he typically records his regular church attendance, including who preached at the service and what Bible verses were used. He’ll also note such events as picnicking on the 4th of July and his children’s first day of school. These diaries thus offer a unique perspective on Pittsburgh and its surrounding areas in the latter half of the 19th century—in relation both to its economic conditions and the rhythms of daily life for someone in Chess’s social position.

A more unique diary in this collection is the one Chess kept specially for a trip he took to Europe in the summer of 1867. After his initial voyage across the Atlantic, he was able to travel quickly by train (representing a still fairy early example of this industrial-era tourism), visiting cities and towns in Ireland, England, Scotland, France and Switzerland over the course of three months. During his trip Chess showed his commercial mindset, recording information on the commodities he encountered in cities like Belfast, Liverpool, or London, with special attention to textile goods.  

(Above) A list of goods and their prices that Chess took note of in Belfast, from “European Travel Diary, April 2, 1867 - August 25, 1867,” Moses Chess Diaries and Papers, AIS.2021.04, Archives & Special Collections, University of Pittsburgh Library System.

Chess stayed for a few weeks in Paris during the Exposition Universelle of 1867, the second world’s fair in the city. The international character of the event inspired some reflection on Chess’s part, writing on June 14th: “One peculiarity I sensed was that each nation (except perhaps Americans) admired the productions of their own country more than that of any other.” In an earlier entry, on June 12th, he complains of the lack of English speakers in Paris and the high prices charged at restaurants, sounding not too different from a modern-day tourist.

1867 wasn’t the only time Chess recorded his travels. In 1855, he took multiple trips sailing the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers, transporting freight. These trips would often culminate in Chess staying in New Orleans for a couple days, where he’d record some observations. On January 19th of 1855, during one of these stays in New Orleans, he notes attending a slave auction and minstrel show: brief reminders of the racist society he was operating within.

While much of Chess's diary during these sailing trips represents his typical attention to work and business—mostly dedicated to noting how adventitious sailing conditions are and when and where he’s discharging freight—his diary also has brief moments that indicate some of the real risks involved in such mercantile undertakings at the time. In a series of entries from May 24th to the 26th he notes burying many people due to a cholera outbreak. At the end of the diary for that year, in the “Memorandum” section, he would write down the directions for a cholera treatment.  

(Above) A treatment for cholera, from “Daily Diary, 1855,” Moses Chess Diaries and Papers, AIS.2021.04, Archives & Special Collections, University of Pittsburgh Library System.

His diaries over the years contain many similar recipes and directions for medical treatments, for such things as diarrhea, smallpox, and diphtheria. These could be valuable evidence for popular medical treatments in the U.S. in the latter half of the 19th century—but they also give hints of the more human vulnerabilities and struggles lying behind these otherwise routine diaries.

(Above) A treatment for smallpox, from “Daily Diary, 1883,” Moses Chess Diaries and Papers, AIS.2021.04, Archives & Special Collections, University of Pittsburgh Library System.

Evidence of illness can appear in other ways as well. One of the unexpected interests of these diaries for me has been when Chess wasn’t writing any entries—sometimes for over a month, although only rarely. These incidents often seem to represent a period of illness. For instance, his diary for 1889 suddenly ends early on December 11, with next year’s diary only picking back up on January 27th with Chess noting a doctor had advised him “to make a trip south as soon as possible.” Chess didn’t seem to heed this advice, continuing with his business—and writing 6 more years’ worth of diaries in the process. In 1895, however, the gaps in entries became larger again, with his final entry being written on November 20th. In it, he notes that someone visited in the afternoon: “No business transacted as I remember.”

These diaries can be a valuable primary source for researchers interested in these topics, offering a wealth of daily information and some unique observations. They can be found in the Moses Chess Diaries and Papers collection, which is housed and available for researchers to access at the Archives & Special Collections at our Archives Service Center location on Thomas Boulevard.

Works Cited

Moses Chess Diaries and Papers, AIS.2021.04, Archives & Special Collections, University of Pittsburgh Library System.

[fuckyeahthomaspynchon]

They discharge the Hands and leave off for the Winter. At Christmastide, the Tavern down the Road from Harlands’ opens its doors, and soon ev’ryone has come inside. Candles beam ev’rywhere. The Surveyors, knowing this year they’ll soon again be heading off in different Directions into America, stand nodding at each other across a Punch-bowl as big as a Bathing-Tub. The Punch is a secret Receipt of the Landlord, including but not limited to peach brandy, locally distill’d Whiskey, and milk. A raft of long Icicles broken from the Eaves floats upon the pale contents of the great rustick Monteith. Everyone’s been exchanging gifts. Somewhere in the coming and going one of the Children is learning to play a metal whistle. Best gowns rustle along the board walls. Adults hold Babies aloft, exclaiming, “The little Sausage!” and pretending to eat them. There are popp’d Corn, green Tomato Mince Pies, pickl’d Oysters, Chestnut Soup, and Kidney Pudding. Mason gives Dixon a Hat, with a metallick Aqua Feather, which Dixon is wearing. Dixon gives Mason a Claret Jug of silver, crafted in Philadelphia. There are Conestoga Cigars for Mr. Harland and a Length of contraband Osnabrigs for Mrs. H. The Children get Sweets from a Philadelphia English-shop, both adults being drawn into prolong’d Negotiations with their Juniors, as to who shall have which of. Mrs. Harland comes over to embrace both Surveyors at once. “Thanks for simmering down this Year. I know it ain’t easy.”

“What a year, Lass,” sighs Dixon.

“Poh. Like eating a Bun,” declares Mason.”

-Thomas Pynchon, Mason & Dixon

[corkcitylibraries]

Cork History | St. Peter’s Church

by Michael Lenihan

The oldest part of the Crawford Gallery once housed the former Customs House which was one of the oldest civic buildings in the city. The northern wing was built of red brick and limestone and was constructed in 1724. It is likely to have been the work of a Dutch architect as it is in the Dutch style and as such is one of the few relics of the close mercantile connections between Cork and Amsterdam in the eighteenth century. An earlier Custom House had existed on the same site c. 1680 on the then known East marsh.  It was demolished in 1724 as it was considered to be too small for the work it entailed. In 1750 the Historian, Charles Smith describes the Old Custom House as a large elegant building which consisted of three storeys and the angles, door case and window frames were of cut stone as was the cornice and balustrade forming a parapet. It was of the Doric order and was then considered the work of Sir Ed. Lovett Pearce Surveyor to the British Government.

St Peter’s Church 1633

Smith describes the internals of the building as having several offices for the management of the affairs of the customs and excise of the port, together with an elegant apartment for the collector who resided there. Located on the other side of the building were the store houses, while the quayside was complete with cranes and other utilities for discharging goods. Sir Richard Cox was the collector for the year 1750.The Custom House was donated to the Royal Cork Institution in June 1832, but it was then in a very poor state of repair. Several bodies in Cork had applied for the use of the building including the Governors of the South Charitable Infirmary for its use as a general hospital. Other interested parties were the paupers of the Green Coat Hospital. Some Cork barristers also requested a room so that they could register freeholders of the city.

The building was eventually extended with Galleries and rooms to form the Crawford School of Art. This new extension was a clever integration of two separate buildings dating from the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. The maritime amenities in the city were moved down river to Lapp’s Island where a new Custom House was erected in 1818.

 St Peter’s Church 1960s

As early as the twelfth century St. Peter’s Church located at the North Main Street was one of the most important ecclesiastical sites in the medieval city of Cork. This area is steeped in history. The earliest map of Cork namely the Tower of London Map c.1545 clearly shows St. Peter’s Church, and its adjoining laneway with tower in situ. The early church was a gothic structure containing several small chapels and oratories. Its historic importance is recorded by such major events as the election of the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland. Francis Tuckey in his Cork Remembrance of 1837 chronicles that in 1381 the Bishops of Ossory, Cork, Cloyne, Lismore and Waterford and Limerick, the Earl of Ormond and Mayor of Cork assembled at St. Peter’s Church. The unanimous decision of the delegation was the election of John Colton Dean of St. Patrick’s and Lord Chancellor of Ireland to the position of Lord Lieutenant of Ireland. Unfortunately by 1683, the church had fallen into some disrepair and the old belfry was taken down and completely rebuilt.

In 1750 when the historian Charles Smith visited the church, he recorded gravestones dating back to 1500.  The most influential of Cork families were buried in St. Peter’s graveyard over the centuries. The oldest existing headstone dates to 1683 recording the death of William Rogers. In the year 1753, it is recorded that Francis Taylor was buried in St Peter’s graveyard to the rear of the church at Grattan Street and in the following morning much to the astonishment of a passersby, he was found sitting up in his grave, his cap and shroud torn to pieces.  His coffin was broken, one of his shoulders much mangled, his hands were full of clay and blood was observed running from his eyes. This was the result of being buried alive and he was extremely lucky to survive his entombment. The name Francis Taylor appears again in the burial register of 19th September 1776, could this be the same person who had survived an earlier internment 23 years previously? In a further coincidence, a Joseph Taylor published a book in 1816 entitled ‘The Danger of Premature Internment, Proved From Many Remarkable Instances Of People Who Have Recovered After Being Laid Out For Dead, And Of Others Entombed Alive.”  This book was a best seller taking advantage of the wide spread fear of premature burial. Is it possible that this author may have been a relative of the Joseph Taylor who was buried alive in Cork in 1753?

In 1782, the old church was demolished to make way for a new building.  Whilst St Peter’s was being rebuilt, the railings and figures on the Deane family vault were removed for safekeeping. Unfortunately, for the Deane family some opportunistic thieves struck and stole the leaden coffins of Sir Matthew Deane and his lady wife. The new church was completed in 1788, but the foundations could not support the heavy metal belfry and it had to be removed.  By 1816 the church walls had bulged considerably and the parishioners considered it unsafe to attend service. Down through the years many modifications were carried out to strengthen its walls and foundations and having served the people of Cork for over 800 years St. Peter’s was deconsecrated in 1949. After its deconsecration it was utilised as a warehouse by the Munster Furniture Company for storing furniture, but it was badly neglected and heading towards dereliction. Fortunately, it attained a new lease of life when it was restored and it is currently home to St Peter’s Exhibition and Event Centre.

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[skgway]

1832 Nov., Fri. 16

6 50/..

11 20/..

Very fine frosty morning. Fahrenheit 48º at 7 1/2 a.m. – Sent off (to be in the post office before 12 for today’s post to York and be at Malton tonight) my letter written last night to “Mrs. Norcliffe Langton hall Malton” ) – Breakfast with my father at 8 1/4 in 3/4 hour –

Off to Lidgate at 9 – Some time with Pickles who began of the job I let him yesterday, filling up the old line of brook – At Lidgate at 10 1/2 – At 11 took Miss W– [Walker] out – Walked up and down the Cliff Hill fields – Then to Lightcliffe to see Miss W– [Walker]’s stable there to put up the carriage in on a Sunday and that wants repairing – 

Then sat 25 minutes with her at Cliff Hill. Saw her to her own door, and came away at 1 1/4. We had talked quite as if her going with me abroad was fixed. She said she did not like going. Felt as if she should never return and never durst let me leave her a moment in a foreign country. I parried all her arguments and she, seeming to submit, began to talk of arrangements, leaving her servants on board wages, etc. 

I see the best way is to speak as one having authority. She said I was right on Wednesday, that her cousin would come within twenty four hours. Did come that night, no suffering till Thursday morning, then severe for a few hours. The discharge thinner and lighter coloured. Said this was very good and I was delighted. Says she cannot believe Mr. A[insworth] so bad as I think him, but seems satisfied enough to get rid of him –

At 1 35/.. with Pickles again filling up the old brook – Had one of our new Southowram surveyors about the Pump lane – Said I did not want to be hard on the town, but they must make up for the damage they did in carting stones down to mend the road with – But anything that satisfied my tenants would satisfy me, only that I should not allow the town to mend the road but they must pay my tenants for mending it –

Then had Jonathan Mallinson about raising the brook bank a little and then went with Pickles to look at the new Lower Brea road – A drain must be driven under the embankment for the same of getting the water from the brook to Mytholm (the Stag’s head) or I shall be losing the right –

Ordered Pickles to log up near the dam stones, which are giving way at one end, and make all safe – George Robinson then came to us – Looked over and measured the new bridle road he wishes me to make from the Lower brea road across Pearson’s brow in the Mytholm, to come out just above the mill, saying that I might then stop up the whole of the road thro’ Lower Brea wood. 

Yes! It would be shorter than coming by Well-royde all thro’ the wood, but then the bridle road by Well royde that I want to stop makes a difference of 60 yards against us taken where the new road would enter Pearson’s brow – The fact is, this alteration would be a great improvement to Robinson’s mill – But told him it could not be done now – 

Then looked about getting water at the far end of James Smith’s upper brow – The water does certainly break out there – If impossible to agree with Wilkinson Pickles wants me to get water for Lower brea from Pump, about 400 yards to carry in pipes –

Returned along my walk and came in at 5 – A few minutes with my aunt. Found on my desk parcel from Miss W– [Walker], a book the natural history of enthusiasm, and a packet 3 2/3 pages letter clumsily sealed up in a whole sheet postage paid from Mr. Ainsworth – Another rhodomantade fore [more] abject and foolish than before. Dated the fourteenth, therefore before he could have received my letter sent off that night which will suffice for answer. What a fool the man is. 

Dinner at 6 5/.. – Afterwards wrote the above of today – For 1/2 hour before breakfast and after dinner read 60 pages of preface and Life of Plutarch and the 1st 20 pages of the work itself (i.e. Life of Theseus) of volume 1 Langhorn’s Plutarch that Miss W– [Walker] happened to send on Monday to disguise the parcel that had come from Mr. Ainsworth.

Went into the other room at 9 1/2 – Read the courier – Came upstairs at 10 1/4 – Very fine frosty day – Fahrenheit 25 1/2º now at 11 20/.. p.m.

[sideways in margin] Miss W[alker] had the Miss Wilkinsons yesterday, gave Lydia tore before her and destroyed the bond or note of hand for 200 lent Mr. Fenton.

Plutarch's Lives,: Translated from the Original Greek, with Notes Critical and Historical, and a New Life of Plutarch, Volume 1 by John Langhorne and William Langhorne

Natural History of Enthusiasm by Isaac Taylor

[top10mtechinstitutenoida]

Gear up for a Bright Future with Automobile Engineering

On the off chance that you have a characteristic interest for vehicles, arithmetic, mechanics, and hardware, Automobile Engineering is the correct branch for you. Car Engineering is a part of vehicle designing, joining components of mechanical, electrical, electronic, programming, and security designing as applied to the plan, production and activity of cruisers, autos, and trucks and their separate designing subsystems. It additionally incorporates alteration of vehicles. Assembling area manages the creation and collecting the entire pieces of vehicles. The investigation of car designing is to configuration, create, manufacture, and test vehicles or vehicle parts from the idea stage to creation stage. Creation, advancement, and assembling are the three significant capacities in this field.

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This field offers broad assortment of chances for the competitors and it incorporates creation plants, car producing enterprises, administration stations, private vehicle organizations, state street transport partnerships, engine vehicle offices, insurance agencies etc.With the PC aptitudes and information in CAM (Automation), CAD (Computer Aided plan), ERP, Automobile specialists may secure position openings in PC supported businesses as Designers. Vehicle Maintenance Engineers are offered the post of general oversight of mechanics in a workshop, plant and carport. B. Tech applicants in vehicle designing with a MBA degree could go to the front line in advertising the board professions.

There are a ton of open entryways for the certified people and they can pick a profession in car industry, which prompts wonderful future. By and by, with so numerous unfamiliar car organizations, for example, Audi, Volkswagen, Renault and so forth zeroing in on India as a base for assembling vehicles, the expansion for a profession in car industry is rising rapidly.

Occupation B. Voc. in Automobile Engineering: The top schools at NCR are thinking of the courses that are Entrepreneurship situated Skill improvement courses have been started by All India Council for Technical Education (AICTE), Ministry of HRD, Government of India to advance "Make in India activity". These courses will be controlled by AICTE affirmed foundations, where separated from specialized educating, prepared assets will widely hand hold understudies and give explicit aptitudes, making them confident to start their own new businesses. Lone ranger of Vocation (B. Voc.) is acquiring significance as interest for ability based schooling is the need of great importance. The present business is searching for assets that are prepared to convey from the very beginning of joining.

Vision: The vision of these projects is to fabricate a solid association with the Automobile Industry to encourage understudy's employability and business venture through the On-the-Job Training (OJT) and advance a feeling of development, envisioning the Society's necessities and assumptions in the field of Automobile Engineering.

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B.Voc. in Automobile Engineering is a 3-year undergrad program, the qualification models is least 45% imprints in 10+2 from a presumed board or its comparable assessment.

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Vocation openings for car engineers don't stop just inside India. They can have a fruitful vocation in the Automobile business in western nations like USA, Germany, United Kingdom and so on They can likewise seek after professions in oriental nations like Japan, Republic of Korea which are monster major parts in vehicle businesses. Since the Automobile business is a colossal industry, there is a wide scope of chances for car engineers. The business is filling by a wide margin giving countless chances of development to the car architects to develop, and have a splendid and effective profession ahead.

[davenportinfo]

Montana Freight Delivery Legend by John Davenport

Homer Davenport Jr. was born on March 8, 1967 at Silverton, Oregon, to Timothy Davenport and Florinda Davenport, whose family owned a big Oregon ranch. The family, which also included Homer Davenport's older brother, Orla, lives on a large Oregon ranch. Before Homer Davenport's birth, three infant deaths had already happened. During the birth of Homer, a bullet accidentally grazed Orla's leg, leading to the death of the infant. Nobody was hurt in this accident.

After the accident, Homer Davenport became very attached to his grandmother, Florinda, because she protected him during his time in the Army. Florinda Davenport became a very close friend and companion of Colonel George Davenport, who was the thirty-one-year-old general commanding the forces that were trying to defeat the Civil War at the Battle of Seven Pines. Besides serving as an officer in the army, Davenport went into business for himself, creating a successful ranch in Idaho and Utah. The most famous of these ranches was Palmer, Davenport, & Son, which had a contract with the U.S. Army to supply tents for the soldiers stationed at Fort detachment in post.

Davenport became very good friends with Meriwether Lewis Clark, the photographer, painter, and writer who had hired him to take some portraits for the Surveyor of the West. Davenport's pictures were used by Clark on several of his photographic portraits of the Civil War soldiers stationed at Fort Detonation. These pictures helped to boost Clark's reputation as a good photographer and helped him persuade the United States government to allow him to photograph parts of the Civil War and to get a commission for the pictures. Davenport assisted Clark in preparing the bulk of his book of photographs.

Davenport married Lucinda Fillipus, the daughter of a well-to-do family in Idaho. The two had twelve children and they fathered a number of children of their own. Davenport took an active part in raising the children, particularly his daughter, Ellen Davenport Smith, whom he raised with her mother until she was eleven years old. He served as a mechanic while Ellen served as a nurse.

Davenport later became interested in the history of the civil war. When he completed and published a book on the subject, The Civil War in the Pacific Southwest, he began working on a book about the Oregon railroad bridge that was destroyed in that battle. Because of his association with Clark, Davenport knew that the general needed help when constructing that railroad bridge. Davenport wrote a letter to General George Armstrong Custer requesting that he commission General commanding the Oregon expedition, Major General Alexander S. Williard, to construct a new command center at Ketchum, Idaho.

General Custer declined the commission, but Davenport continued to work on the project, eventually contributing to it. The General built a storeroom on the site of the present-day Snake River College in Snake River, Montana, which Davenport designed and constructed. When construction of the dam at Ketchum was complete, Davenport took the opportunity to submit an unusual, but excellent proposal to the United States Army. Davenport hoped that the Army would use the plans to build another command center at Missoula or to send troops to the territory under the command of General Sherman.

Although General Sherman declined Davenport's proposal, he did issue a secret order to his corps commanders, stating that they were not to accept any gifts from any individual or company requesting them for supplies. As it happened, Missoula was not the only place where Davenport applied for supplies. Two weeks later, an actor by the name of Thomas More sent a telegram to General Sherman requesting supplies. Davenport wrote back to say that although he was no longer a soldier, that he was still a friend and wished to offer his services as a contractor to the Army. He was discharged without receiving any payment for his services.

In an interesting episode, Davenport is said to have dressed as a Realtor and traveled to Missoula with his friend, Mr. Palmer, who was trying to sell some land in that town. Davenport dressed as Palmer and tried to solicit money from the people who owned the land. Mr. Palmer apparently ignored Davenport, because Mr. Palmer did not want to deal with "needy" individuals. Davenport then dressed as Mr. Palmer and began pitching his services.

[grandcimandalaresidence-blog]

How to Check Property Ownership and Legalities?

The real broker or broker ought to even be terribly aware of the legal aspects of property possession, leasing, purchase, disposal, and renovation. only if each location is special and distinctive, care ought to be taken to spot and work inside any restrictions and tips impacting the property and therefore the business.

So let's check up on a number of the key problems that impact the property de jure.

1. First and foremost the property title must always be looked for any encumbrances, liens, and alternative interests that may impact the owner or the long run of the property. If any such documentation is registered on the title, then copies ought to be sourced and reviewed. Even be aware that some documentation might not be registered on the title, and nevertheless still have connation and lawfulness. the present possessor ought to be responsive to each registered and unregistered interests with regard to the property. You can buy property in Grand cimandala

2. Any documentation supporting occupancy ought to even be checked for occupancy, rental payments, currency against the prevailing residence profile, and impact on the property within the future. each lease ought to be thought to be a private document with individual impact each on the tenant and therefore the landholder. This means that the lease ought to be separately analysed. This becomes a very important side of property relinquishing once shopping for a property. browse the leases totally.

3. Look for secondary documentation with reference to supplementary occupancy like automobile parking, signage, storage, communication systems, and accredited areas. while it's common for tenants to own leases, the secondary documentation will be tied to the lease and therefore the tenant occupancy. What you are looking for is alternative financial gain streams, rentals, alternative impacts on occupancy, and the other risks or threats to the performance of the property.

4. Access to the property should be legal and sensible. This involves the doorway ways in which to the property for purchasers and occupants. the principles and laws as they apply to road usage and access points ought to be reviewed. The key question is whether or not there area unit any restrictions on access at any time each to and from the property.

5. The services and amenities provided to the property can embody water, gas supply, electricity provide, communications, drainage, and roadways. you ought to be trying to find any restrictions, encumbrances, or obligations as they relate to those services and amenities.

6. Survey details for the property involving the situation of boundaries and therefore the location of enhancements area unit crucial. In several circumstances it pays to own a surveyor check any documentation against the prevailing boundaries and building locations.

7. The rights of approach and encumbrances involving or serving neighboring properties, or services and amenities within the space ought to even be checked. Rights of approach and encumbrances will have real impact on the property usage.

8. The as engineered drawings for the property can facilitate with to any extent further property changes and enhancements. they're conjointly of high price once it involves residence match out. you'll show the tenant specifically what services area unit on the market and the way they ought to connect with them.

9. Bank guarantees and any monetary bonds with reference to the tenants ought to be known and set. ought to the property be sold  within the future, it's these documents that may be needed to support and integrate with the prevailing lease documentation.

10. Leasing incentives area unit a typical event in today's property market. they're Associate in Nursing agreement between the tenant and landholder for a few compensation or profit that was negotiated at the time of leasing. The key issue here is that they will continue for a few years and not be discharged. Any incoming vendee ought to hunt for these incentives as they may okay impact income.

11. Matters of insurance and risk will impact the property operationally. once the property contains variety of tenancies, it's the leases that replicate and management matters of risk. each sensible property ought to have a specially designed lease that permits for the approach during which the property is operated and the way the tenant will its own business.

12. Environmental matters area unit continuously of concern in any investment property. they will be pricey to rectify and conjointly carry with them historic liability. once a property is sold  or purchased it's common to own consultants aware of environmental matters to appear at any risk factors that apply.

13. Insurance at the time of sale ought to be rigorously monitored. it's the danger and liability of the vendor, and therefore the risk and liability of the vendee that become debatable once any claims area unit created between contract and time of settlement. while some contracts handle this matter effectively, it's necessary that each parties shield their own interests.

14. Service and maintenance agreements for the property will okay carry over to the new possessor at time of sale. This will be a result of some parts of machinery Associate in Nursingd plant in an investment property can be terribly giant and dear, thence the upkeep program is unfold across a extended amount of contract. This is often helpful to the owner however it's to be known once any property is sold .

15. Building compliance to construction and safety codes could be a major matter in property acquisition. Disobedience will dictate nice expenditure and alterations to the property. The native building authority is that the best place to begin once it involves understanding construction and safety codes applying to a property.

[lecho]

Celebrating Black History in 2020! Henry Ossian Flipper (1856 - 1940) - First African-American Graduate of West Point.

Born near Thomasville, Georgia on March 21, 1856, Henry O. Flipper rose to prominence as the first African American graduate of the United States Military Academy at West Point in 1877. Despite being born into slavery to Festus, a shoemaker, and Isabella Flipper, Henry was reared in a family that emphasized excellence, and he and his younger brothers all became respected members of their communities as a military officer, AME bishop (Joseph), physician (E.H.), college professor (Carl), and farmer (Festus, Jr.).

Commissioned a 2nd Lieutenant in the U.S. Army upon completing West Point, Flipper was transferred to the l0th U.S. Cavalry Regiment where he became the highest ranking and most famous of the Buffalo Soldiers (African Americans in all-black regiments) stationed at Western military installations.  Flipper’s assignments included Fort Sill, Oklahoma, and Fort Elliott, Fort Concho, Fort Davis, and Fort Quitman, all in Texas. Flipper earned distinction during the the Victorio Campaign which pitted the Apache leader Victorio against the U.S. Army in Texas and New Mexico between 1879 and 1880.  There he was assigned to A Troop under the command of Captain Nicholas M. Nolan.  While on that assignment he became the frirst officer of color to lead Buffalo Soldiers in battle.

Trained as an engineer, Lt. Flipper was known for his design of a drainage system at Fort Sill, Oklahoma (popularly known as Flipper’s Ditch and now a national monument) which minimized malaria by removing standing water.

Flipper’s military career ended when Flipper was accused of embezzling $2,000 in government funds while serving as quartermaster at Fort Davis, Texas.  Flipper was charged with taking the funds and then lying about it when confronted.  He was tried and acquitted of all charges except “conduct unbecoming an officer and a gentleman” at a U.S. Army court-martial at Fort Davis on September 17, 1881. Despite appeals by Flipper’s supporters who argued that his close association with Mollie Dwyer, the sister-in-law of Captain Nolan, was the real motive behind the charges and the harsh sentence (two white officers were found guilty of embezzlement but neither was dishonarably dismissed from the Army) was racially motivated, President Chester A. Authur refused to alter the court-martial verdict.  Flipper was discharged from the Army on June 30, 1882.  He spent much of the rest of his life challenging the charges and attempting to clear his name.

After his dismissal from the U.S. Army, Flipper lived primarily in El Paso, Texas until 1919 where he worked as a civil mining engineer, surveyor, translator, newspaper editor, historian, and folklorist in Arizona, New Mexico, and Mexico.  His success in these areas was partly because of his fluency in Spanish.  In 1921 Flipper came to Washington, D.C. as the assistant to former U.S. Senator Albert Fall of New Mexico when the Senator was appointed Secretary of the Interior by President Warren G. Harding.  By 1923 he was employed by Texas oilman William F. Buckley Sr. to worked as an engineer in the petroleum industry in Venezuela.

Flipper authored two autobiographies: The Colored Cadet at West Point in 1878 and Negro-Frontiersman, The Western Memoirs of Henry O. Flipper (completed in 1916), which Theodore D. Harris edited and published in 1963.

Despite his many accomplishments, Lt. Flipper is most remembered in history as a casualty of racism in the military for his court-martial trial primarily on the charge of embezzlement at Fort Davis. Flipper retired to Atlanta, Georgia in 1931 and died there on May 3, 1940 at the age of 84.  Thirty-six years later, in 1976, Flipper was posthumously granted an honorable discharge by President Jimmy Carter.  He received a full presidential pardon in 1999 from President Bill Clinton.

https://www.blackpast.org/african-american-history/flipper-henry-ossian-1856-1940/