#different parts of the world have different levels of atmospheric UV protection

[welcometoqueer]

Also! Check the UVI for wherever you live as it gives important information regarding sun exposure and what to do to protect yourself.

Remember the sun is really just a giant, hot, angry, gassy baby that keeps burping up radiation that’ll make you very sick!

be pro-aging but wear sun screen. sun protection is not beauty industry propaganda it will save you. wear it. or else.

[slippinmickeys]

The Mesas of Deuteronilus Mensae (14/?)

Mars is a dynamic planet. Eons ago, at the time when life started to emerge on Earth, Mars was warm and wet, covered in oceans and rivers that helped carve the great Valles Marineris canyon, and spouted tumultuous erupting volcanoes so monstrous that even today the largest of these sits twice as tall as Mount Everest. And while the surface of Mars is no longer wet – the temperatures and atmospheric pressures too low for the liquid to subsist stably – water still exists — trapped beneath polar ice caps of frozen carbon dioxide and below the surface of the planet like miniature versions of the water tables of Earth.

So too, like Earth, are the seasons of Mars: spring, summer, fall, winter. Tilted on its axis, the temperatures of the red planet fluctuate as parts of it face the sun, its eccentric orbit causing the seasons to differ vastly in length – spring lasts seven months. Winter, only four. The planet lacks the thermal blanket of a thick atmosphere – it can’t retain any heat. A summer day might find the surface temperature at a comfortable 70 degrees fahrenheit, while the same night will drop to more than a hundred degrees below zero. Winter can find temperatures of -200F.

Still, Mars is the most Earthlike of any other planet in our solar system, with days (called ‘sols’ to differentiate them from our own) that last 24 hours and 37 minutes. And while one Martian year lasts 669 sols, give or take a few hours, it is a planet of rock humans can stand on and navigate, it has mountains and plains and structures like our own.

But while Earth nurtured and created life, Mars will take it from you. Its atmosphere is comprised of 95% carbon dioxide with very little oxygen and water vapor – there’s nothing at all to breathe. The planet is also covered with ubiquitous and irritating dust, intense UV radiation, surface chemicals and oxidants. The dirt itself can’t even be called ‘soil’ because soil is a living, organic thing – it is instead called regolith, containing high concentrations of perchlorate compounds containing chlorine at levels which are considered toxic to both humans and terrestrial plants. And if all of those things – the cold, the radiation, its very makeup didn’t kill you, the low atmospheric pressure would. Without protection, exposed to the red planet, a human’s skin and other organs would rupture, outgas, and produce a quick, painful death within minutes.

Mars is a dynamic planet. And any humans that wish to live there must be equally spirited. Anything less could and would spell your end.

Xx

Scully navigated the corridors of the HAB carrying a small box of all the personal possessions she would have for the next five years. The other astronauts – who had not been last minute additions to the crew – had been afforded 100 pounds each of capacity on a past unmanned mission, each of them sending along as many belongings as could fit on the ship within their allotted weight limit, things that could make the years on an alien world a little less lonesome. Scully’s effects came in at a whopping twenty four pounds, and were comprised mainly of family photos and school-made chotchkes given to her by her many nieces and nephews. She’d had only thirty minutes to run through her condo and grab what she could, after she’d been informed she was headed to Mars, before flying back to the Cape to resume training.

The interior walls of the HAB were only about seven feet high and didn’t meet up with the ceiling, which was about forty feet overhead – a domed and flexible plastic composite that had been pushed up by the breathable air and Earthlike pressure that had been pumped into the space. From outside, the HAB resembled a giant Jiffy-Pop popper. From inside, it felt like a maze.

The HAB had been built by robots sent to Mars years before (two of the three still operational, though Powers had assured Ehrlich he could fix anything on wheels), so that when humans finally arrived all they had to do – theoretically – was walk through an airlock and take off their suit. Of course, it wasn’t as simple as all of that, and the commander had insisted that all systems and structures within and without the HAB had been checked and rechecked before anyone so much as stepped inside the airlock. And when the time came to remove their helmets and test the mettle of their new home, she insisted on being the first one to do it. Finding the HAB in perfect working order, the astronauts – some happily, some nervously – removed their hardsuits and set off to explore their new home.

Scully passed the doors of the individual quarters assigned to other astronauts – the cubicles themselves were small but spacious compared to the quarters aboard the Laruna and were among the few rooms in the HAB that were enclosed with their own ceilings. On the door of each cubicle was a nameplate announcing who lived inside, put in place by the robots who built it.

The HAB was an odd place. The floor was a rubbery, flexible material not unlike that of a gym, and it had a sharp, chemical redolence that underlied everything. As she walked, it had a sound, too – one that overlaid the hum of the life support systems and computers and various other systems that kept the place running – a low, eerie murmur that stuck out after months in the quiet of space. As Scully turned a corner, she realized it was the sound of the wind blowing over the top of the HAB, and it pulsed and blew with an energy that made it seem as though it had intent. Malice. It would take some getting used to.

As she rounded the corner that housed the hallway in which her cubicle was located, she was surprised to see a person standing at her door, doing something to it. He started in surprise when he heard her footsteps. Mulder.

“Ah,” he said, as she approached. “My goal was to be finished before you got here.”

In his hands was the nameplate which had been affixed to her door. BRINER, it read. The man whom she had replaced.

“Mulder, I’m more than aware that I’m an also-ran,” she said, looking down at the box of effects in her arms. “But it’s kind of you.” She’d been feeling like an outsider ever since she’d had to sit down in the HAB’s computer terminal immediately upon arrival to get her biometrics uploaded into the various systems so that she was able to access what she needed to. Everyone else was obviously already in the system. NASA had only been able to do so many things remotely.

The line of Mulder’s mouth thinned, but he turned back to the door and slipped the old nameplate into a pocket on his coveralls and pulled out a new one.

Scully raised her eyebrows.

“I had Shaw 3D print a new one on the Laruna,” he said, screwing it in with a quick zip of a small handheld drill. “There.” He turned to her.

“Welcome home,” she said to herself and passed him to open the door. Inside was a bunk and several pieces of furniture in the same layout as all the other sleeping/living cubicles. But on the bed sat the 100 pound box that also said BRINER.

Mulder remained in the hallway. “Unfortunately, that was a bit unwieldy for me to get out of here on my own,” he said in apology. “But I can grab Powers to help me with it, or send in HASS.” HASS was the HAB-Assist Robot that would live in the dome with them, able to assist the astronauts with anything from basic housekeeping duties to complex scientific experiments in the small HAB labs.

“It’s fine,” she said, looking at him. She was thinking about how she’d grabbed his hand after the incident with Henderson.

Mulder lingered for another moment and then bumped his fist twice against the door frame before turning and leaving. Scully watched him go, warmed a bit by his act of kindness.

Out in the hallway, above them all, the ceiling of the HAB rippled in the unrelenting Martian wind.

[starr-fall-knight-rise]

HASO, “Dye and Diversity.”

Hope you guys enjoy the story today 

Yeb stared.

She tilted her head this way and then that, and then continued to stare on the other side.

A soft sigh, “My eyes are up here.”

Yeb looked up to where the human was staring at her ascance his head slightly tilted.

“What?”

“Sorry dumb joke.”

He pulled to a stop, and the strange wheeled chair below him pulled to a halt.

She stared some more, “That is so strange! It looks so fun!”

Her interjection seemed to surprise him, and he glanced down  at the chair, “Um, I suppose I’ve never thought about it. It’s kinda fun sometimes. I don’t use it much.”

Yeb waddled behind the chair and clambered up on two little pegs she saw jutting  out from behind, “Why not?”

“Well usually I can walk, and it is generally frowned upon to use a wheelchair if you don’t need one.” 

Yeb felt a rush of wind as he pushed the chair forward, and they began to roll slowly down the ramp, “Well why not?”

He laughed and shook his head, his earlier sour demeanor lost behind grim amusement. A few of the others came to join them as they rolled downward and off the platform. Yeb lifted her eyes  wide-eyed in shock as she stared at her strange and unusual surroundings, and the massive interior docking bay of the space station…. To think! An entire city built in space! Looking around she could see ships of many sizes and designs, and other unfathomable and strange creatures hurrying this way and that.

A thought came to her, “Why aren’t you using the arm sticks?”

“Arm sticks…. Oh the crutches?”

“Yeah.”

“My arms are sore from using them, and plus the wheelchair seems safer on the station. I'll Be less likely to trip and get hurt.”

“Oh ok!.”

It still surprised her to no end that the human had even managed to survive without a leg. At first she thought he might have been born with that deformity. On her planet, while it was possible to survive with an issue like that it was not very common at all. She could think of only one Tricar she had seen live to adulthood in such a condition. There were always complications, plus, while Tricar were semi-social they tended to live only in mating groups and abandon their pups at a very young age. 

If you couldn’t survive to adulthood in the cold metal mazes  of her planet than that was a personal problem.

She climbed up higher onto the back of the human’s wheeled chair to get a better look. She wobbled dangerously in her excitement, her hands and feet not exactly built for climbing with her stubby fingers and large flat feet.

With wide eyed excitement she looked all around them marveling at the diversity of lifeforms. There were so many of them!

She pointed to one, eyes wide, “What alien is that!”

The human turned his head to look then frowned “What do you mean?”

“That one right there!”

He frowned and looked again then laughed, “Oh well Yeb, that is a very tall human.”

“Oh, she frowned.” It sure didn’t look like any of the other humans she had seen, sure it was the same general shape, but it just looked so different that she couldn’t have been sure. But she supposed now she could see the resemblance. Like a stretched human.

“How about that one!”

The human continued to smile, “That is a human with a lot of fat, Yeb.”

“Oh….  what is that?”

“Er, like blubber but not really.”

That translated better and her ears flipped back over her head in mild understanding, “Oh, I get it, so those humans must be from cold climates, and that’s why they have insulation?”

“Not exactly.”

Her head turned and she pointed to another group, “Are all of those humans too!”

“Yes all of those are humans.”

“So pretty!” She exclaimed, they came in such interesting and new color combinations, ice white to stone ebony. Granted they all looked human, but the diversity in them was so astonishing that it was hard to believe they could all be the same species. As a biologist herself she might have assumed that maybe they were under the same classification, like fish, and how fish all sort of looked the same but that didn’t mean they were in the same biological category.

“Are they all the same subspecies?” she wondered.

“Yes.”

“Really? But they all look so different!” on her planet while they did tend to be diverse in height, their fur was generally always the same color, a grey white.

“There used to be other subspecies of humans a long time ago, but then they slowly started to die out. At the end it was only the Homo Sapiens and the Homo Neanderthalensis. Both of them coexisted for a while and even interbred but then the Neanderthal died out leaving only the Homo Sapiens with some Neanderthal DNA in certain cases,so we are all that's left, and our diverse lifestyles have given us different adaptational traits despite being the same species.”

She stared at him enthralled by this strange revelation about humans.

“For instance, in the middling areas towards the equator, things are a lot warmer and the light of the star hits the Earth directly, so humans kept their original dark skin color as protection against UV rays which can cause DNA mutations leading to cancer. A lot of times humans towards the equator tend to be taller and leaner which helps them to not overheat.”

“Your planet has a climate that diverse?”

“Yes, we can be as cold as your planet, or more than twice as hot.”

She stared wide eyed and shuddered at the thought.

“In fact, where I grew up we had seasonal changes in temperature. In the summer it was about thirty degrees hotter than the comfortable level I keep on the ship, and in the winter it could plunge to temperatures well around your home world.”

“How does anything survive in a climate so varied?”

“With air conditioning and heaters.” he said smiling, “Anyway, humans slowly began to move north, and as they did the rays of the sun couldn’t cut so easily through the atmosphere, as they were angled. That meant less UV light actually making it to earth. Problem is, humans need the sun to create certain vitamins used in the body. Darker skin helped to block the sun's rays when they become too much, but when there is less sun it isn’t so easy, and so humans developed lighter skin tones that were more vulnerable to sun damage but more easily allowed for the creation of those vitamins. In addition humans in higher climates tend to be shorter and stockier to conserve heat.”

“So…. you can tell where a human comes from?”

“You can tell where their ancestors come from.”

“So your family is from a cold climate?”

He smiled, bright white teeth showing the light above, “Yep, my ancestry stretches back to Russia, Norway, and other assorted parts of north eastern europe, but my family has lived far away from those places or the past few thousand years.” He smiled, “And yes, I can trace my lineage that far back. We’ve had pretty good record keeping for the past few thousand years considering we have internet databases stretching back about that far, and massive archives.”

“Wow/” She muttered quietly, “And I don’t even know who my mother was.”

The human raised an eyebrow at her, but by that time she had already transitioned to looking and pointing at something or someone else. She loved looking at the humans, they were so diverse and strange, and there was always something new to see. Sometimes it was their clothes sometimes it was their skin, sometimes it was their hair,

Sunny, the big blue Drev, placed a hand on the human’s shoulder in a quick gesture, “I am going to go look for the parts, I’ll get back to you in a minute ok?”

“Cool, bring me a working leg when you do.”

“She snorted but nodded and walked off,while he and the others continued onward.”

Yeb lifted her head in wide eyed wonder watching as they passed down a dark hallway from the docking bay, and then out, into an absolutely massive room. It was so large they might as well have been outside, a huge curving room in the shape of a doughnut that went around for miles and miles in either direction. Much of the ceiling above the mwas covered in some sort of see through glass structure giving her a view of space outside,and the rest of the expansive station highlighted by thousands of stars and hundreds more blinking lights.

Voices echoed and warbled all around them as hundreds and thousands of people filtered through the station like slow moving ice water. The room was so large that they had even built structures on the inside, which rose up many stories into the air glittering with colorful neon lights. She saw hundreds of aliens slipping in and out of these buildings and passing overhead on catwalks high in the air, talking, chatting and walking together.

It was all so alien and she was so excited.

She almost fell off the back of the chair as her unfit feet and hands slipped off a climbing surface. A hand steadied her from behind, “Don’t get too excited.”

She was pleased to find after that that the humans were very interested in bringing her around and showing her all of the new things. WIth her ability to eat a wide variety of food, she even got to try and taste some of their more strange concoctions, both excited and repulsed by some of them.

They walked past another shop whose brightly glowing lights attracted her like a moth to a flame and she backpedaled. Sounds pulsed and throbbed around inside her head and brightly colored pictures decorated the walls. On the inside, she watched in wide eyed fascination as one human sat patiently arm exposed, as another inked a pattern onto their skin with a whirring machine. The colors they used fluoresed under the strange blue light above.

A hand on her shoulder, “that is probably a human tradition you don’t want to experience.”

“What?”

“Tattoos, injecting ink directly into your dermal layer through use of tiny needles.”

She cringed a bit, “Why?”

“Because you can get cool pictures.”

There was a hum from beside her as one of the other humans walked up, “Maybe not the tattoo, but…” She trailed off and pointed to the other side of the room where humans were sitting in chairs leaning back as other humans painted strange chemicals on their fur. One of them stood up, and when she did, her hair was long and blue.

Yeb stared, “You change your fur color!”

“Yeah all the time.”

Adam rolled up behind them, “I don’t know if that's a good idea, we don’t know what kind of chemicals….”

“Well there is only one way to find out.”

They turned to look at her, “Want to dye some of your fur a cool color?”

She was so excited all she could manage was a squeak. The thought was so strange and exciting. There was only one fur color on her planet, to think that she could just go and change it!

Why hadn’t her people thought of this!

“YES!”

Her enthusiasm seemed to surprise them, but with smiles they were very encouraging and walked in with her as one of the humans came to greet them, “What can we do for you.”

Maverick patted Yeb on the shoulder, “Our alien friend here would like to go a different color.”

The human looked down and started with a frown, “Er…. what…. What are you. You don’t look like any Tesraki I’ve ever seen.”

“That's because she’s not. A new species, just coming into the galactic community. Anyway what do you say?”

The human paused then shrugged, “Long as you sign a waiver saying that we aren't responsible for any allergic reactions or damage to the hair of an unknown species, then sure.”

They glanced at Yeb, and she waved it off, “Let's do it!”

It was probably a horrible idea to have a team of humans not exactly known for their good life choices cheering on a naive Tricar as she chose bright neon green which was supposed to be at its brightest on the top of her hair and fade down slowly to the furn on her back.

The humans were excited all around, and she drew a small crowd as they began the process.

She probably should have been more concerned not sure what the chemicals would do to her, but nothing ventured nothing gained: that was a human expression she had learned just a few minutes ago, and she really liked it.

Warm water ran through her fur, and then a strange sticky paste was applied to it. Shehad to sit around and wait for a little bit as the color set, and then sit around some more as they washed the residual color out. When they were finally finished, she was turned to face the mirror, and her eyes went wide again.

Her grey white fur, against the bright neon green!. She turned back and forth watching the light glitter over the bright color.

“Wow.”

“Wow.”

“Wat have we done.”

“I love it!” She exclaimed, leaping out of her seat to look at herself more readily in the mirror.

She watched as Adam leaned over in his seat and passed his arm over some sort of device.

Se assumed he was paying for it and was quite pleased walking out of the shop with her new fur enjoying the eyes on her as she passed.

It wasn’t long before some of their other companions returned. Sunny turning to look at Adam with a frown, “What did you do.”

He raised his hands, “Oh come on, its harmless, na look at how happy she is. Come on.”

Sunny rolled her eyes..

“Spirits give me strength.”

Yeb capered around the group, rubbing her paws through her newly colored fur. It didn’t feel any different, but she sure FELT different.

She was sure she was going to really enjoy all these strange human things.

Then again.

She had really only experienced the good things.

It would remain to be seen if she was going to be able to handle the darker side of humanity. 

[insipid-drivel]

Please wear your damned sun screen. I'm echoing OP's calls for summer outdoor safety here, and hope they won't be offended if I expand a bit on who's even more vulnerable to UV radiation, how it works, and also give a general breakdown of what radiation even is, since younger folks these days haven't even heard of shit like Chernobyl or Three Mile Island, PA (aka: ALMOST FUCKING CHERNOBYL BUT ON THE EAST COAST OF THE US), and so don't really understand how dangerous many different kinds of radiation are.

I'm gonna start with a personal anecdote that is 100% true, and seriously bitch-slapped me into being way, way more careful about extreme heat and sun exposure.

I lived for over a year in Sydney, Australia. A lot of you younger users may not have been taught about this, but up until VERY recently, one of our biggest Climate Change concerns that was actively fucking up the environment was called The Hole In The Ozone Layer. We called it that, because that's what it fucking was. A gigantic hole caused by garbage polluting the air like propellants, methane, and other crap from aerosol cans of hairspray and air fresheners and when it was cool that Times Square had a motorized Marlboro Man billboard that actually smoked real smoke out of its mouth 24/7 for decades.

Our planet is protected from our sun's radiation courtesy of multiple invisible layers in our sky: Ozone (an inorganic gas created by the UV rays from the sun colliding with electricity in our atmosphere's ions), Atmosphere, Stratosphere, and Ionosphere. The Atmosphere, Stratosphere, and Ionosphere are the big "OOOF" moments you see in movies featuring space flight take off from Earth or a similar planet. Those 3 layers alone are so protective to our planet that it's the reason it's so hard to travel to and from space safely: a space ship or rocket has to be able to stand up to the same levels of abuse as a meteor that doesn't break apart. THAT is how much protection our planet provides us from the vacuum of space and the barrages of radiation that come from the sun, as well as our natural magnetic field, AND THE OZONE LAYER. If even one of those layers fails somehow? Earth automatically becomes only hospitable to extremophile microorganisms like water bears, because the giant hole in the ozone layer alone going away literally causes you to feel the sun's radiation burning you alive.

This is where my stint in Sydney comes in. As some of my longer-term followers and mutuals may remember, I was part of a webcomic duo ("Two Kings" discontinued, "Galdranorn and the Fury" completed) where I wrote and my former partner did the painting and illustrating. I lived with him and his roommate for work and to support him while he struggled through getting approval for his gender-affirming HRT and surgeries. He never paid me a dime from what our supporters donated and subscribed for and spent it all on opioids (which he used me and our roommate to acquire, too) while banning me from writing with anyone but him. He sucked, but I still found things about Australia to both love, and fear.

The thing about Sydney is that... the hole in the Ozone Layer is still there. After several generations, we humans have done an amazing job of correcting our aerosol usage with regards to ozone, and over the past number of decades, the hole has been closing up again and "healing". The only major spot where large populations of humans live happens to be over Australia.

The sun hurts in Australia. I've been around the world in the Northern Hemisphere, but never once did I step out of the airport, into a beam of sunlight, and instantly recoil from pain. I honestly first thought a bug had stung me, but it was the fucking SUNLIGHT.

It was later explained to me that, due to the lack of ozone over Sydney, you are LEGALLY REQUIRED to wear sunscreen and a brimmed hat in summer if you go outside, even when it's cloudy and overcast, because the UV radiation in summer in Australia can be so intense that you will get sunburns on a cloudy day. Parents who refuse to properly sunscreen and dress their kids before letting them go out to play or go to school are brought up on child negligence charges and fined heavily.

That is how seriously they take UV radiation in Australia. Ozone is literally what makes our sky blue (along with refraction from the sun's rays off our oceans and seas), and is an inorganic molecule that's generated by the sun's UV radiation (or any UV radiation source) acting upon the electrical activity in the ions in our planet's atmosphere. While very, very tiny amounts of ozone in a limited space can kill most organic life, dense amounts of ozone higher up in our atmosphere literally forms a shield against the sun's UV rays contacting your face or bare buttcrack. You may have actually smelled ozone before if you've ever been in the vicinity of a lightning strike or thunderstorm; it smells chemical-y, and almost like chlorine.

While I lived in Sydney, my lily-white, Northern-Hemisphere-heralding ass would start to burn within minutes of going outside without sunscreen or protective clothing on. I could literally feel my skin cooking with every passing minute I spent in direct sunlight, and the radiation itself caused me to develop severe heat rashes that required medical attention. The UV rays and heat was so bad my joints would swell up to the point I couldn't bend my thumbs, and the pores on my hands and arms became blocked and infected from the sheer amount of sweating I was doing as I was being burned. I would only get better inside, in air conditioning, and soaking my hands and arms in cool water.

When I went to the doctor about my weird rashes and joint inflammation, she picked up on my distinct American accent, and had to explain to me that I was likely experiencing mild radiation burns. They weren't just burns from heat and friction. The sun was poisoning me. She gave me some medication to treat the burning and inflammation, and warned me to never, ever set foot outdoors without sunblock of at least SPF40 or protective clothing again. Especially because I have a lot of moles and beauty marks.

See, the shitty thing about cancer is that it's so lethal while being so infuriatingly, stupidly simple in its logic as a disease. One day, cells can just decide to make more cells. I was seriously taken aback when my doctor in Sydney pointed out my moles, which are legitimately everywhere (I literally have fully-formed constellations on my body; Orion's Belt is on my left forearm). Moles are already abnormal deposits of melanin and tissue, and so they can be especially vulnerable to going rogue and turning cancerous under UV radiation. Back then, when I thought of melanoma, I just imagined a person tanning enough that they woke up with a weird mole - not that an existing one could become dangerous under UV radiation.

Radiation in general is really terrible for organic life - not just humans. For us, when we're exposed to known cancer-causing radiation, our bodies respond to the presence of the radioactive energy and treat radiation like it's free calcium, and enthusiastically absorbs it into your body with no understanding that it is highly dangerous. Radiation most often accrues in bone first, and that's why it can take years sometimes for cancers to manifest, with blood, bone, and metabolic cancers being some of the most common. Modern medicine actually has a limit for how much radiation of any kind a human being can be exposed to within a year before they'll experience radiation poisoning and/or develop cancers, which is why doctors nowadays are so sparing and very "get everything looked at and tested for at once": Too many medical scans in a single year can give people cancers.

Now, think about that. How many times a year do you go in for an X-Ray? Maybe a few times in your entire life, if you're lucky?

Now imagine you willingly stepped into X-Rays on a daily basis, and when the imaging technician offers you a lead apron (lead being one of the very few elements that effectively insulates against radiation), you chose to take more clothing OFF. You're spending hours getting x-rayed. Your imaging techs are very confused, but they really, really want you to put the lead apron on.

Would you think someone behaving like that was being stupid and reckless with their health? Bathing in radiation for fun, every day, for hours?

That's what a lot of Australians think about Americans, and are not shy to tell you about that if you mention it.

That's you and sunscreen. The sun is the X-Ray machine, the UV is the radiation itself, and the sunscreen is your anti-cancer lotion, and your doctor handling your cancer is thinking like an Australian: "Why didn't you just wear the apron?"

Please wear sunscreen. As a 90's kid, I went through the Ozone Crisis, Y2K, Bill Clinton, and Woodstock 19motherfucking99 so you wouldn't have to. Let not mine kinfolks' sufferings have been in vain, O young ones.

Hello everybody with summer fast approaching here is your regular reminder that:

Everyone needs to wear sunscreen

SPF 50 is pretty much the best protection you can get, an SPF higher than that will have the same effect

Melanin does not protect you from skin cancer

Tanning is caused by exposure to ultraviolet radiation

Spending the majority of your life receiving regular large doses of UV radiation without any skin protection is a good way to get skin cancer

Don't use tanning beds, and don't go sun tanning

Wear your fucking sunscreen

[jialiangkang]

BOB

Bob volunteered as one of the first few people who experience life on Mars. Being a structural engineer, he was successfully selected because of his knowledge and skills. Bob wanted to build cities in Mars just like cities on the Earth. He knew the area should be developed if all people eventually moved to Mars. Base on his experience and knowledge, He planned to build buildings similar to building on the earth. However, he had not to find out the way yet because of some uncertain factors like ground surface, gravitational force. Bob started building some temporary residences.

RESEARCH BY BOB

Beyond what had been found, Bob noticed that there were some species lived on Mars. What’s more, some parts of the land was extremely soft. When he dug deeper, he found more water resources. So far, he realized that the land was extremely unstable. It was impossible to build a high building on it. All calculation of building structure was completely different from the earth. Another thing was the temperature range was large between daytime and night time. It means the surfacer of every building needs to have special protection. It was also super dry during both daytime and night time. The normal building materials would crack easily in this environment. It cannot support structure at all. Bob was trying to invent some new material. Obviously, Mars does not have enough oxygen for people. It means a proper oxygen provider must be built whether it is underground or it was installed in everything building. Finally, he surprising found out that the ground had some strange green plants. 

ALLEN

Allen was an astronomer. At the same time, he was also one of the leaders who proposed moving to Mars. As an important member of the crew, Allen was responsible for discovering the universe and Mars. Especially in physical properties, chemical composition, internal structure, and energy source. His research had a huge impact on how people would adapt to Mars. 

RESEARCH BY ALLEN

By doing serious of scientific tests, Allen confirmed some researches. Similar to the Earth, Mars is also a rocky planet. Both planets have the core, mantle, crust, and atmospheric polar. More than that, Allen also discovered that there is volcanic activity on the surface of Mars. There are also plains, craters, mountains, and canyons on Mars. He noticed that the surface of Mars is basically a desert area and often have huge sand storms. He also found out most of the UV rays will directly hit the surface of Mars. Allen conjectured that water might be stored underground due to the fact of the extreme environment. He also suggested that people might have 

SITUATION

The Earth was almost been abandoned. Due to global warming, the temperature was getting closed to kill most species including humans. It was too late when people realized the reality. It was also impossible for them to change the earth so they aimed to move to another planet in the universe. Based on the scientific study of planets, humans eventually chose Mars. Mars is similar to earth in many ways. Both of them has some same air composition for a human need like carbon dioxide, oxygen, nitrogen, argon. Time on Mars and on the earth for one day is also closed. More importantly, water existed on the surface of Mars. People started transporting to Mars and exploring this new place.  

SITE  

The main areas in the land were definitely these tents and the base camp. There were places where people lived and worked. All major scientific studies happened in the base camp. It was the centre of the whole area. The land was bumpy and it had a lot of trenches on the surface. The average temperature was colder than the temperature on the Earth.

STRUCTURE

As temporary residences and working places on Mars. Building structures were relatively simply and the main point was to move easily and fastly. Because of the gravity and other factors. Buildings on Mars now would not be too high.2050: World’s population growth rapidly.2055: World’s largest nuclear power station exploded. Nuclear leakage cause ⅕ of Earth became to no man’s land.2060: Higest temperature in North-America reached to 55°C  because of the global warming.2065: Scientist suggested most parts of Africa were not suiutable for living anymore.2070: Sea level raied almost one meter each year. Islands were submerged.2080: WW3 began beacuse of lands and natural resources.2090: 5 million people were killed by heat this year2095: Over 190 countries agreed to move to other planets

2050: World’s population growth rapidly.

2055: World’s largest nuclear power station exploded. Nuclear leakage cause ⅕ of Earth became to no man’s land.

2060: Higest temperature in North-America reached to 55°C  because of the global warming.

2065: Scientist suggested most parts of Africa were not suiutable for living anymore.

2070: Sea level raied almost one meter each year. Islands were submerged.

2080: WW3 began beacuse of lands and natural resources.

2090: 5 million people were killed by heat this year

2095: Over 190 countries agreed to move to other planets

- SITE PLAN

- SITE SECTION 

- TENT AXO

- TENT SECTION

- TENT PLAN

- BASE CAMP AXO

- BASE CAMP SECTION

- BASE CAMP PLAN 

[iconiceyesbirminghamwestmid-blog]

Dwelling Of Graphics Design

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Research reveals people spend extra time on a nicely designed web web page than on a low quality net page. So, it is easy to alter the size of image whereas sustaining similar decision and high quality of emblem whether they have to be printed on business cards or on banners of firm. best logo design services iconiceyes Birmingham, West Midlands in America have a terrific duty on their shoulders. Solution: If the graphics have been created in Microsoft Word or PowerPoint, open them within the software program and edit the text. These are the rewarding benefits of hiring a graphic designer for your corporation which you shouldn't in all probability skip because your on-line presence is at stake right here. The graphics tablet however is much more correct when drawing photographs on screen and you can even trace over pictures on paper to make the picture on display screen look extra lifelike and artistic. It's for the professional graphics designer and it price fairly a bit. Poster and theatre designer, lithographer, painter and creator of typefaces, Cassandre, one of many biggest commercial artists of this century. There is no telling what shapes, vectors, and brushes you'll need in your graphics projects. Graphic design services could sum up your total company and you wish to make sure that you are represented properly. Placing graphics in your promotional convention bag that match the events venue will make sure that you keep away from making your organization look cheesy or ill-prepared for the market phase. 2. Offering related data that the person is looking for- Just a beautiful website with informative house page is a trick a few of the net designers use to attract guests.

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Ozone Depletion, a Big Threat to Climate Change: What can be Done?-Juniper publishers

Ozone in the stratosphere is very important as it acts as a safeguard for the earth and protects life from harmful ultraviolet radiations coming from the sun. Depletion of stratospheric ozone, resulting from atmospheric pollution has led to increased ultraviolet radiation at the earth’s surface as well as spectral shifts to the more biologically damaging shorter wavelengths. A decrease in the concentration of stratospheric ozone enhances the solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation, which is harmful to the growth of the plant and various other metabolic processes of the organisms and might cause changes in pigment concentrations, nucleic acids, and proteins. Multiple causes of ozone depletion have been identified in the literature review, but the findings are not synthesized at one place. Thus, the purpose of this paper was to review the causes of ozone depletion and to propose the interventions to address this problem in order to avoid the climate change and its associated outcomes.Keywords: Ozone depletion; Climate change; Interventions

Introduction

Ozone in the stratosphere is very important as it acts as a safeguard for the earth and protects life from harmful ultraviolet radiations coming from the sun [1]. About 90% of ozone is located in the stratosphere (8-18 km) and only 10% in the troposphere (below 8 km) [1]. Stratospheric ozone depletion has been recorded from the temperate to Polar Regions [2]. Ozone in the troposphere is a greenhouse gas, trapping the long wave radiation in 9.6 nm bands affecting the energy budget of the earth-atmosphere system [3]. Atmospheric ozone has two types of effects on the temperature balance of the earth, it absorbs solar ultraviolet radiations, which heats the stratosphere and it also absorbs infrared radiation emitted by the earth’s surface effectively trapping heat in the troposphere [4]. Therefore, the climate impact of changes in ozone concentration is important and varies with altitude (Troposphere to Stratosphere) at which these ozone changes occur [4]. Depletion of stratospheric ozone, resulting from atmospheric pollution has led to increased ultraviolet radiation at the earth’s surface as well as spectral shifts to the more biologically damaging shorter wavelengths [5,6].A decrease in the concentration of stratospheric ozone enhances the solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation, which is harmful to the growth of the plant and various other metabolic processes of the organisms and might cause changes in pigments concentrations, nucleic acids and proteins [7,8]. Moreover, exposure to elevated concentrations of ozone is associated with increased hospital admissions for pneumonia, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma, allergic rhinitis, and other respiratory diseases, and with premature mortality [9,10]. Multiple causes of ozone depletion have been identified in the literature review, but the findings are not synthesized at one place. Thus, the purpose of this paper was to review the causes of ozone depletion and to propose the interventions to address this problem in order to avoid the climate change and its associated outcomes.

Methodology

Studies on this topic of ozone depletion were identified through the search engines including Pub med, science direct, Springer link, Cochrane library, and Google scholar Furthermore, World Health Organization (WHO) website was also used for getting some information regarding the topic. The keywords which were used are: “ozone layer depletion”, “ozone depletion and Pakistan”, “global data about ozone depletion”, “ozone depletion in developing countries”.Around twenty articles were reviewed completely, including reports.

Findings of review

It is known that air pollution is and will be directly influenced by future changes in emissions of pollutants, climate, and stratospheric ozone, and will have significant consequences for human health and the environment [11]. UV radiation is one of the important factors for the formation of photochemical smog, which includes troposphere ozone and aerosols; it also initiates the production of hydroxyl radicals (˙OH), which control the amount of many climates- and ozone-relevant gases (e.g., methane and HCFCs) in the atmosphere [12]. Numerical models predict that future changes in UV radiation and climate will modify the trends and geographic distribution of ˙OH, thus affecting the formation of photochemical smog in many urban and regional areas [12]. Concentrations of ˙OH are predicted to decrease globally by an average of 20% by 2100, with local concentrations varying by as much as a factor of two above and below current values. If emissions of anthropogenic air pollutants from combustion of fossil fuels, burning of biomass, and agricultural activities continue to increase, concentrations of troposphere O

3

will tend to increase over the next 20-40 years in certain regions of low and middle latitudes because of interactions of emissions, chemical processes, and climate change. Climate-driven increases in temperature and humidity will also increase production of tropospheric O

3

in polluted regions1 [11,13].Stratospheric ozone layer depletion has been recognized as a problem by the Vienna Convention for the protection of the ozone layer and the 1987 Montreal Protocol (MP) for quadrennial ozone assessments and monitoring of stratospheric ozone concentrations and emissions of ozone destructing substances [14]. Industrialized countries have contributed significantly to the problem by releasing chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and halons in the atmosphere [15]. The effect of these chemicals, which were known for their inertness, non flammability and non toxicity, was discovered in 1874 [16]. Action to deal with the effects of CFCs and halons was initiated in 1985 in a 49-nation UN meeting. 21 nations signed a protocol limiting ozone depleting substances (ODS) including CFCs and halons. An Interim Multilateral Fund under the Montreal Protocol (IMFMP) was established to provide loans to finance the costs to developing countries in meeting global environmental requirements [17]. The IMFMP is administered by the World Bank, the UN Environmental Program, and the UN Development Program [18]. As a result of these agreements, global consumption of CFCs fell by more than 70% between 1986 and 1996 [17]. The campaign against CFC use in aerosols and packaging is often presented as an example of a massive and noble behavior and social change in populations [17]. On a global scale, if 1990 is treated as the reference period, then moderately high annual mean maximum ozone concentrations of 60 parts per billion (ppb) were anticipated in central Europe, China, Brazil, South Africa, and eastern North America during summertime.By 2030, under a high emission cicumstances, the area experiencing a background of 60 ppb was expected to expand significantly, especially in Europe and North America [19,20]. By 2060, most of the populated continental areas would experience ozone concentrations of at least 60 ppb [21-23]. By 2100, much of the Northern hemisphere was expected to have annual mean maximum ozone levels of 60 ppb, as were most of the populated areas of the Southern Hemisphere [24]. The global average populationweighted8-hr maximum ozone concentration was likely to increase by 9.4 parts per billion per volume (ppb)with approximately 500,000 additional deaths compared with the same concentration in 2000, with the largest increases over South Asia (nearly15 ppb) and with large increases in the Middle East, Southeast Asia, Latin America, and East Asia [25,26]. By the end of the twenty-first century anthropogenic climate change alone would decrease background ozone concentrations over the United States, while ozone produced internally would increase [27].The authors anticipated that over the eastern United States, up to 12 additional days annually would exceed 80 ppb [28]. In England, whales and United States when the authors assumed thresholds for the health effects of ozone, the increase in health effects due to ozone was relatively small. If no threshold is assumed, then ozone is projected to increase premature deaths by 10, 20, and 40% for the years 2020, 2050, and 2080, respectively [29]. Using a threshold of 25 ppb, 191,000 deaths worldwide could be avoided using currently enacted legislation, and 458,000 deaths could be avoided using maximum reasonable reduction technologies. On the basis of a limited number of modeling studies, climate change is likely to increase ozone concentrations in high-income countries when precursor emissions are held constant, leading to increased morbidity and mortality [30].Increased UV-B through stratospheric ozone depletion leads to an increased chemical activity in the lower atmosphere (the troposphere) [31]. The effect of stratospheric ozone depletion on tropospheric ozone is small (but significant) as compared to the ozone generated anthropogenically in areas already experiencing air pollution. Modeling and experimental studies suggest that the impacts of stratospheric ozone depletion on tropospheric ozone are different at different altitudes and in different chemical regimes [32]. As a result, the increase in ozone due to stratospheric ozone depletion may be greater in polluted regions [33]. Attributable effects on concentrations are expected only in regions where local emissions make minor contributions. The vertical distribution of NOX (NO _ NO2), the emission of volatile organic compounds and the abundance of water vapor, are important influencing factors [34]. The longterm nature of stratospheric ozone depletion means that even a small increase in tropospheric ozone concentration can have a significant impact on human health and the environment [11].The impact of the interaction between ozone depletion and future climate change is complex and a significant area of current research [35]. For air quality and tropospheric composition, a range of physical parameters such as temperature, cloudiness, and atmospheric transport will modify the impact of UV-B [36]. Changes in the chemical composition of the atmosphere including aerosols will also have an impact. For example, tropospheric OH is the ‘cleaning’ agent of the troposphere [31]. While increased UV-B increases the OH concentration, increases in the concentration of gasses like methane, carbon monoxide, and volatile organic compounds will act as sinks for OH in the troposphere and hence change air quality and chemical composition in the troposphere. Also, changes in the aerosol content of the atmosphere resulting from global climate change may affect ozone photolysis rate coefficients and hence reduce or increase tropospheric ozone concentrations [11].

Stuation in Pakistan

The ozone layer depletion and its harmful impact on living beings have been a greater concern of all the scientists all over the world including Pakistan [36]. The annual, monthly and seasonal analyses have been performed to check the status [37,38]. The variation in total column of ozone has been observed during these analyses and decrease in total column of ozone has been seen in all the investigations from 1987-2008.

Annual analysis

The annual analysis of total column ozone data has been done by generating a time series for the period 1987- 2008. The time series shows that there is a sharp decline in the thickness of ozone layer particularly from 1993 onwards over Pakistan. The annual ozone anomalies have been calculated with the help of observed data. The anomalies show a decreasing trend of ozone and this loss in total column ozone give a clue that ozone layer thickness has reduced and thinness has increased during the study period. The total change observed in ozone over the last 21 years (1987-2008) is−5.67Dobson units (D.U). It is assumed that this decrease can be due to huge gaseous emissions of Carbondioxide (CO

2

) and particularly Chlorofluorocarbons (CFC’s) which is the main cause of ozone depletion over Pakistan.

Monthly analysis

Monthly analysis of ozone shows a lot of variations in ozone thickness throughout the year. There are months in which the ozone thickness remains far above the permissible limits of ozone (i.e. 260 D.U. in tropics near the equator) whereas, on the other hand, there are few months when the ozone layer becomes thin and the value of ozone calculated below the 260 D.U. The highest amounts of total column ozone over Pakistan occur from March–May, the amount then starts to decrease from June–September. While the lowest amount of total column ozone occurs from October–December, the amount of zone again increases from January–February. The total decrease in ozone thickness is −4.2 D.U which is statistically significant. The wind transport of ozone is principally responsible for this monthly variation of ozone patterns.

Seasonal analysis

The behavior of ozone varies from season to season. The highest level of ozone occurs in spring, not in summer and the lowest in the autumn instead of winter. In winters, the concentration of ozone remains above permissible limit, i.e., 260 D.U. The highest value of ozone in winters was in 1990 which is 292 D.U. In spring, the concentration of ozone also remains above the permissible limit of 260 D.U. The highest value of ozone in springs was in 1991 i.e., 316 D.U. The peak value of ozone in summers is 292 D.U in 1990 & 2005.The ozone layer thinning is maximum all over the globe during autumn. The same situation can be analyzed during the autumn season in the atmosphere above Pakistan. The value of ozone reduced to a large extent and it falls below the permissible limit of 260 D.U. The lowest value of ozone in autumn is 242 D.U in 1998.The total change calculated in spring is −10.5 D.U, summer is −6.3 D.U, winter is −3.15 D.U while in autumn, it is−2.0 D.U. The wind transport is the major factor responsible for the seasonal variations of ozone patterns. The relationship between ozone depletion and solar radiation has also been seen in the same study. It is concluded that ozone and solar radiations are inversely proportional to each other. From December to April when solar radiations are less intense the ozone thickness reaches to its peak values. Whereas from May till November due to the high intensity of solar radiations the concentration of ozone minimize and its concentration during October and November reduced so much that ozone reaches to its threshold values over Pakistan [8]. It has been observed from studies on marine organisms that there is a remarkable increase in the flux of UV radiation reaching the Arabian sea through the ozone filter. It is effective particularly in Pakistan atmospheric region (PAR) that is situated in the west and northwest of South Asia. It lies from 23.45 to 36.75 in the northern latitudes, and from 61 to 75.5 eastern longitudes. Ozone depletion has also effects on marine life as shown by studies. Studies conducted on Baluchistan and Sindh costs showed that there is a negativecorrelation between the yield of fish and UV radiation, as the UV-B increases due to ozone depletion, the yield of fish decreases [5].

Recommendations

In order to address the challenges posed by climatic change and to protect the ozone layer following steps can be taken.

Plan and implement the national climate change policy and action plan.

Promote the use of ozone-friendly technologies.

Phase out the use of ozone-depleting substances with the provisions of Montreal protocol.

Long-term monitoring of the expected decrease in polar and global ozone loss in response to the measures taken based on the Montreal Protocol and its amendments is required. The ultimate goal is to obtain accurate information on the evolution of the ozone layer (total column) and its effect on surface, UV, together with the monitoring of columns of ozone depleting substances (ODS); CFC’s and their replacement HCFCs, and halons. Specifically, information on the changes (trends) in chlorine loading is needed, both in the troposphere and in the stratosphere.

More detailed policy-relevant information includes the monitoring of the height distribution of ozone and ODS compounds, in addition to total column information.

Continued assessment and improvement of regulatory action are needed until the recovery of the ozone layer is a fact, currently not expected to happen before 2050.

A global daily monitoring of the noontime clear-sky UV Index will also give information on the occurrence of extreme values, which are typically related to ozone depletion events.

The main public health responses to the projected health impacts of climate change are mitigation and adaptation. Adaptation is not an effective risk management strategy for poor air quality because physiologic mechanisms to decrease susceptibility to ozone and other air pollutants are limited. Evidence suggests that reducing current tropospheric ozone concentrations reduces morbidity and mortality, with significant savings in medical care costs. Additional research is needed to reduce the uncertainties associated with projections of the health impacts of changing concentrations of ozone. Research is needed to better understand the impacts of future emissions pathways, climate change impacts on concentrations of fine particles and gases, how changing weather patterns could influence the frequency and severity of episodes of poor air quality, population sensitivity, and how these factors might interact [30].

Conclusion

It seems the most important cause of Ozone depletion seems to be anthropogenic. Therefore, a lot of research needs to be done particularly in Pakistan. It is the right time to change behavior towards the environment by creating awareness among public. However, Montreal protocol activities have shown the commitments in the entire world including Pakistan. But there are so many men – made chemicals, which need to be controlled in order to overcome the problems of ozone – depletion. For more Open Access Journals in Juniper Publishers please click on: https://juniperpublishers.comFor more articles in Global Journal of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences please click on: https://juniperpublishers.com/gjpps/index.phpFor more Open Access Journals please click on: https://juniperpublishers.comTo know more about Juniper Publishers please click on: https://juniperpublishers.business.site/

[juniperpublishers-fashion-b-blog]

Fundamentals of Natural Dyeing of Textiles: Pros and Cons-Juniper Publishers

Introduction

India is rich in natural wealth and there are ample scopes to explore and revive application of natural dyes on textiles for growing consciousness of eco friendliness. Hence around the world, there are more and more information are now made available [1,2] to understand the chemistry of natural dyes and interaction between metallic mordant , natural dyes and natural fibres, to get maximum depth of shade of natural colour ants with reproducible shades by optimizing extraction, mordanting method and dyeing conditions and also to improve colour fastness for such natural dyed textiles of natural fibres like cotton, silk, wool and jute etc.

In spite of the better performance of synthetic dyes, recently the use of natural dyes on textile materials has been attracting people more and more due to the following reasons [3]

o Wide availability of natural dyes in India and its subcontinent and their huge potential of producing wide range of shades with skin and eco-friendliness.

o Growing consciousness about allergic and toxic effects of some synthetic dyes, while understanding the non-toxic and non-allergic nature of natural dyes.

o To protect the ancient and traditional dyeing technology generating livelihood of poor artisan/dyers, with potential employment generation facility.

o To generate sustainable employment and income for the weaker section of population in rural and sub-urban areas both for dyeing as well as for non-food crop farming to produce plants for such natural dyes.

o Availability of some archaeological study for conservation and restoration of heritage of old textiles of India for natural dyed textiles.

o Availability more and more scientific study report on application methods for natural dyeing of specific textiles.

Production of synthetic dyes is dependent on petrochemical source, and some of the synthetic dyes contain toxic/ carcinogenic amines which are not eco-friendly The present global consumption of textiles is estimated at around 30 million tonnes, and such a huge amount of required textiles materials cannot be dyed with natural dye alone [2]. Hence, the use of eco-safe synthetic dyes is also essential. But a certain portion of coloured textiles can always be supplemented and managed by eco-safe natural dyes that too on natural fibres, assuring/ creating environment friendly measure of dyeing textiles, at least to a certain percentages.

Natural dyes consume 75% of 48,000 tonnes of dye stuff produced in the country [2]. The market for the natural dyestuffs is though very small but has a growing trend. Many textile manufacturers are not using these dyes regularly because these dyes are not easily available in ready form and finally the process of natural dyeing become more expensive than synthetic dyes. Researchers are however working to find out a cost effective way of dyeing with natural dyes, but at the same time efforts are on for obtaining reproducible shades with appreciable colour fastness properties.

U.S.A is one ofthe major importers of natural dyed textiles from India [4]. There is also very good demand in European countries. The primary importers in Europe are Germany, France, Italy and U.K. with demand for natural dyes is growing continuously due to awareness towards ecological and environmental problems related to the use of synthetic dyes. Use of synthetic dyes has cut down significantly due to toxic effluent resulting from the dyeing process of these dyes. Therefore, natural dyed products represent the good opportunity for value added manufacturing as the process is eco-friendly. These products are comfortable for the wearer as it has soothing colour and non-allergic properties [3]. The use of natural dyes will also generate more employment for rural people because natural dyes are originated in villages were the waste lands are used to grow the dye yielding plants [2].

The alchemy of colour has its origin deeply rooted thousands of years ago. From the epic age this colour has played a very important role in human life. This inspired us to explore the vast storehouse of the nature's palette to initially paint ourselves then to dye the apparels we wore. Natural colorants are dyes and pigments that are obtained from plant, animal or mineral sources with or without any chemical treatments.

Today, when the world is facing threats of destruction from the synthetic toxic chemicals, eco-friendly awareness should be the major focus, else, it would be difficult to save this planet from compete extinction. Here lies the relevance of revival of this art of dyeing with 'Natural Colorants' or 'Natural Dyes' [4,5].

It is told earlier that in general introduction that the production of synthetic chemicals involves many chemical reactions requiring high energy. Moreover, there are many undesirable by-products generated during the reactions [4,5]. These toxic or environment un-friendly by-products have to be discharged in the rivers, ponds or into the atmosphere. These drawbacks of the synthetic dyes have prompted researcher to look for alternatives of producing eco-friendly products and technologies using natural dyes for dyeing. Moreover, recently the consumers have become very much conscious about the environment, renaissance of eco-friendly products and process like dyeing of textiles with natural dyes.

Natural dyes many times lack in uniformity and reproducibility of colour. Also, the major problem encountered is their availability of natural dyes in bulk quantity. There is limited availability of scientific information on standardization of the methods application [5] of natural dyes. Sometimes natural dyes do not produce acceptable level of colour fastness. The question of cost is also a factor to reckon with. Antimicrobial and UV protection properties of natural dyes need to be explored after their application on textile fabrics. Hence, in the absence of any precise information of scientific analysis and technical knowledge on dyeing different natural fibre based textiles with natural dyes, there is a need to study the performance of various natural colorants on natural textiles including protein fibres and cellulosic/lignocellulosic fibres (having compositional differences) separately under different pre-treated/post treated conditions [5] varying different mordants and other additives.

Natural dyes have been used as a means to colour textiles for centuries. All the dyes until the later half of nineteenth century were made of different parts of plants and animals. For thousands of years people all over the world followed the same basic techniques using roots, stems, barks, leaves, hard wood, berries fruits, flowers of various dye plants and tree, as well as from certain insects and shell-fishes. Most natural dyes are nonsubstantive which means that they have little colouring power within themselves, and require the aid of mordant to penetrate the yarn/fibre.

In recent years, there has been an interest manifested towards natural dyes by both the consumers and producers of textile; the reasons being bio-degradability and eco-compatibility of natural dyes. Some other associated advantages include expected non-toxicity/lower toxicity [6,7] and anti-allergen [1] and some medicinal value as well as antimicrobial and UV protective character of some of the natural dyes.

Definition of natural dyes

The Society of Dyers & Colourist's Colour Index (3rd edition) defines natural colouring matters as 'the natural dyes and pigments comprise of all colours obtained from animal and vegetable matter with no or very little chemical treatments [1]. They are mainly mordant dyes [1,2], but they also include some vat, few disperse/solvent dyes, some pigment colour, a few direct, basic and acid dyes' [1].

The term natural dye covers all the dyes derived from the natural sources like plants, animal and minerals i.e., derived from natural resources [8]. Natural dyes with very few exceptions are non-substantive, but must be used in consumption with mordants. A mordant usually a metallic salt has an affinity for both the colouring matter and the fibre and combining with the dye in the fibre it forms an insoluble precipitate or lake. Application wise, natural dyes include some vat dyes, a few solvent dyes, some pigments, and some direct and acid dyes. Only one natural basic dye is known but natural sulphur, disperse, azoic or ingrain dyes are still not available so far.

Classification of natural dyes as per application method

Natural dyes can be classified [1,5] in a number of ways. The earliest classification was according to alphabetical order or according to the botanical names. Later, it was classified in various ways, e.g. on the basis of hue, chemical constitution, application method. Most widely used classification is based on application method.

Classification of natural dyes on the basis of the method of application [1,5,9] as given below :

a. Mordant dyes: These are dyestuffs which require a mordant in their application as they have no affinity for the fiber being dyed. A mordant dye should have electron donating groups capable of forming a complex with the transition metal salt, e.g., madder, fustic, Persian, berries, kermes, cochineal etc.

b. Vat dyes: These are water insoluble dyes which are first converted to their water soluble form (reducing with Na- hydrosulphite and then solubilising it with alkali) and then applied to the fibres. The true colour is produced only on treatment with a hot soap solution. The soaping treatment completes the oxidation process, e.g., Indigo.

c. Direct dyes: Direct dyes are those dyes that have tremendous affinity for the cellulosic fibres. They are dyed from a boiling dye bath. Turmeric, Harda, pomegranate rind etc. are a few of the direct natural dyes.

d.Acid dyes: These dyes are applied from an acidic medium. The dye molecules have either sulphonic or carboxylic group (s) which can form an electrovalent bond with amino groups of wool and silk. An after treatment with tannic acid and tartaremitic, known as back tanning improves the fastness of these types of dyes, e.g., Saffron.

e. Disperse dyes: Disperse dyes has a relatively low molecular mass, low solubility and no strong solubilizing groups. These dyes have hydroxyl and/or amino groups which impart same solubility to the dye molecule. Disperse dyes can be applied on to hydrophobic synthetic fibre from neutral to mildly acidic pH. They can also be applied to silk and wool. These dyes can be post-mordanted with chromium, copper and tin salts, e.g., lawsone and many other flavone and anthraquinone dyes.

f. Basic dyes: Basic or cationic dyes on ionization give coloured cations and form an electrovalent bond with the -COOH group of wool and silk. These dyes are applied from neutral to mildly acidic pH. These dyes have poor light fastness, e.g. berberine.

Methods of extraction of natural dyes

The vegetable dyes can be taken from various sources like flowers, roots, bark, animal sources, mineral sources etc. The colour component present in these sources needs to be extracted so that it can be applied on the textile. Most vegetable dyes are extracted by pulverizing, grinding or soaking and boiling the herbs in water. The natural dyes can be extracted from dried solid raw material source of plant parts etc using aqueous method [5] i.e., by using boiling/hot water for the extraction with or without addition of acid/alkali/alcohol in extraction bath [10] at specific pH, MLR, Temperature and time followed by distillation ,evaporation and vaccum drying etc or by waterless supercritical carbondioxide fluid extraction [11], or solvent extraction by using soxhlet apparatus extraction [12] by use of alcohol and benzene mixture and by using rotatory vacuum pump/or doing the extraction under reduced pressure etc. Some water insoluble plant material like indigo leaves (i.e Natural indigo being vat dye type) needs to be fermented and reduced to release the glucosides of the dye and this fermentation and reduction and solubilisation can be done with use of natural reducing agent and alkali combination (instead of Dithionite or disulphide and Caustic soda used for redcing synthetic vat dyes) like combination of liquid jiggery and citric acid, use of paste of citrous fruits like tomato, lemons, ripened banana paste and Ash soaked water etc., in combination with use of lime in all cases and heating. Various studies have also been reported, where ultrasonic assisted extraction and enzyme assisted extraction have been also now being used to improve the yield of colour. The colour developed in natural dyeing on different textiles is sometimes pH dependant besides it is mainly dependant on type of mordant used besides dye concentration and mordant concentration as well. However combination of similar types of natural dyes in different proportion of compatible natural dyes are also another way for producing different shades for colour matching for combined shades.

Methods and Steps for dyeing with natural dyes

Prior to dyeing with natural dyes, the fabric is to be prepared by proper desizing, scouring and bleaching followed by usual pre-mordanting with single or double mordants applied in sequence. The colour much depend on the type of single or double mordants used by selecting a suitable mordant and natural dye-mixture combinations depending upon the colour needed and colour fastness level desired. Dyeing with natural dyes on textiles comprises of five to six steps:

i. Mordanting.

ii. Preparation of Dye liquor from natural source or extraction and solubilisation of dye.

iii. Exhaustion,

iv. Diffusion and migration,

v. Fixation and

vi. After-treatments (optional) for improving fastness or topping for tonal variation and final colour matching etc.

To facilitate completion of dyeing in the shortest possible time, most dyeing systems make use of different additives and auxiliaries such as pH controller, retarders or exhausting agents, levelling agents etc. For dyeing with natural dyes, depending on the type and nature of natural dyes taken, the dyeing procedure and conditions will vary. Natural dyes often show non-reproducible shades due to variation in conditions of dyeing or following non-optimised conditions of dyeing. Hence, standardisation/optimisation of dyeing methods for specific dye-fibre-mordant combinations is essential. Most of the natural dyes being mordantable; dyeing with such natural dyes is carried out using aqueous extracts of natural dyes in aqueous medium in normal/not aqueous dye-bath. Dyeing with natural dyes may be carried by pre-mordanting, post-mordanting, simultaneous mordanting, following standardised dyeing process at low temperature water bath or in boiling water bath [5], HTHP technique [13], with additives controlling the pH of aqueous medium i.e. (acidity or alkalinity) [14,15], or using ultrasonic dyeing technique [2,16-19], using single natural colours or mixture of natural colours [12,20] extracted appropriately and found compatible scientifically

The major steps used in dyeing with natural dyes include the following:

a) The application of the suitable metallic mordant (mordanting) or bio mordant

b) The application of the tannin substance e.g. tannic acid, myrobolan fruit (harda) having chebulinic acid , gallnut etc. which is mainly done to increase the receptivity of the textile fabric for the dye to combine with the mordant and may be called as Mordanting Assistant (MA) increasing more and more dye- (mordant + MA )-fibre complexing in greater way

c) Dyeing of the fabric by the exhaust method.

The 2nd step can either precede or follow or be a part of the 3rd step (pre, post or simultaneous dyeing and mordanting).

Dye-bath assistants used for dyeing textiles with natural dyes

a) Tartaric acid: Dye bath solutions are acidified with it and it is used to neutralize calcareous luster

b) Cream of tartar: This white crystalline substance is used in conjunction with mordants. It brightens colors.

c) Glauber's salt/Common Salt: It is used extensively by silk dyers to obtain level dyeing.

d) Boiled-off liquor: The degumming solution, when used in the dye-bath, causes the colouring matter to be attracted more equally and evenly by the silk and helps preserve luster. Suggested quantities are 50-100ml boiled-off liquor to 1 litre of dye-bath solution.

e) Enzymes: Use of suitable enzymes as pre-treatment or in combination in dye bath for natural dyeing also enhance colour yield.

Advantages & disadvantages of natural dyes

In the recent years there has been an upsurge in the field of natural dyes. This is mainly because of the fact that although the synthetic colours are fast, durable and comparatively easy to apply, the natural dyestuffs have certain advantages over them. Some of these advantages are listed below:

a) Fairly non-polluting and have lower toxicity.

b) The naturally dyed shades are soft, lustrous and soothing to the human eye [1,5,21].

c) They produce a wide range of colours. A small variation in the dyeing technique or the use of different mordants with the same dye can create totally new colours, which are not possible with synthetic dyestuffs [1,5,22].

d) Natural dyestuffs produce rare colour ideas [1,5,23,24] and are automatically harmonizing.

e) Unlike the non-renewable which forms the basic raw materials for synthetic dyes, the vegetable based natural dyes are replaceable and at the same time biodegradable [1,2,5] . They save energy because the raw-materials are not from petroleum.

f) In some cases like hard a, indigo etc., the waste in the process becomes an ideal fertilizer for use in agricultural fields [1,5].

g) Many plants thrive on wastelands. Thus, wasteland utilization is an added merit of the natural dyes [1-2]. Dyes like madder grow as host in tea gardens. So there is no additional cost or effort required to grow it.

h) This is a labour intensive industry [1,5,21,23,24], thereby providing job opportunities for all those engaged in cultivation, extraction and application of these dyes.

i) It can increase the textile exports and thus help India in earning foreign exchange.

j) Some of its constituents are anti-allergens, hence prove safe for skin contact and are mostly non-hazardous to health [1,5,25].

k) Some of the natural dyes are enhanced with age, while synthetic dyes fade with time [9].

l) Natural dyes bleed but do not stain other fabrics [1,5,21,26], turmeric being an exception.

m) Naturally dyed materials have good resistance to moth and are anti-allergens; hence prove safe for body contact and are mostly non-toxic therefore non-hazardous to health [5].

n) Fabrics dyed with natural dyes can provide good protection against ultra violet rays without altering wear properties.

o) They are used in the conservation and repairs of historic textiles.

p) They can replace synthetic dyes in food-stuffs for safety [2,5].

Despite these advantages, they carry some inherent disadvantages [1,5], which were responsible for the decline of this art. Disadvantages of natural dyes:

a) There are lacks in sufficient scientific database and information on standardizing recipe and shade cards for the use of natural dyes [5,27] on different textiles. Hence, natural dyers are in complete uncertainty about dyeing shades and fastness results to obtained which vary from plant source to source, crop to crop and season to season (time to time and place to place and also from one crop to another) and even for mordant to mordant and their purity and extraction method. All these variations, if thus scientifically standardised, may be partially or completely avoided.

b) The extraction, preparation of textile materials requires and mordanting and natural dyeing need skilled craftsmanship and is thus expensive [5,28]. The use of expensive mordants, extraction of colouring component from raw material, low colour yield necessitating the use of more dyestuffs and long dyeing time sharply increase the cost of dyeing with natural dyeing considerably higher than synthetic dyes. However, if the natural dyeing of natural fibres is properly done maintaining eco-friendly processes, it has aspecilitynich market for eco friendly natural dyed products of textiles particularly for expensive textiles and garments of cotton, silk and wool etc.

c) Poor scientific back up of a large part of this branch of science is still being explored [5,29] and to be explored for its commercial exploitation in industrial scale for both small, medium and large scale sector. Natural dyeing using Jigger machine or Continuous dyeing range etc are the present days' need.

d) Lack of availability of precise scientific/technical knowledge on extraction and dyeing techniques [5,30] by optimizing dye wise and textile fibre wise process development for each natural dye type are essential to avoid the above said uncertainty for colour/shades and their colour fastness characters .

e) The natural dyed textile fabric may change colour when exposed to the sun (UV light), sweat (human perspiration) and air (oxygen) and moisture (water). This cannot be controlled if not scientific research are done in depth to understand the exact reasons of these effects and exact chemical interaction present in such cases for exposure to any particular agency at any particular time, which are not yet known [5,27].

f) Nearly all-natural dyes with a few exceptions require the use of metallic mordants to fix them on to the fabric substrate. While dyeing, a substantial portion of the metallic mordant remains unexhausted in the residual dye bath and these metals may pose some effluent disposal problem [5,23,24]. So, useof hazardaous metallic mordants like Copper/chromium etc are to be avoided.

g) With a few exceptions, most of the natural dyes are fugitive [1,5] even when applied in conjunction with a mordant. Therefore, their colour fastness performances are generally not always adequate for modern textile usage. Use of acidic pH in dye bath or post treatment with natural or eco safe dye fixer is needed to improve colour fastness to wash, light, rubbing and perspiration etc.

h) The widespread use of natural dyes will result in a major shift in the land use pattern throughout the world[30] . In reality the area needed to satisfy the demand for the production of natural dyes is unavailable, because higher priorities are placed on the growing of food crops for the world's burgeoning population. However, this may be noted that objective of promoting more and more natural dyeing is not to replace synthetic dyeing in totality or as majority, but objective of promoting natural dyeing is to promote eco- friendly dyed products of natural textiles forniche market for specific customers.

i) All natural products are not fully toxicity free. Very little work has been carried out to assess the toxicity of different natural dyes [23,24]. Although most of the natural dyes in use are known to have medicinal values and either antibacterial/ antimicrobial properties or UV protective properties and are eco safe , but there are reports on one or two natural dyes/ colour source materials that have been identified as posing potential ecological or toxicity problems, e.g. quercetin is considered to be mutagenic. On the other hand, new synthetic dyes are fully tested for their levels of toxicity, and when introduced in the market, they have a full set of data on their toxicity test and eco-toxicity profiles. Such studies and database for each natural dyes are needed essentially

j) There is severe shortage of trained dyers for application of natural dyes. Most of the so-called textile chemists in the country are trained to use synthetic dyes. If this technology is to be used for producing eco-friendly textiles, generating revenue, employment as well as for creating a strong base for renewable resources for the dye industry, a comprehensive training and interaction programme has to be launched.

k) Dearth of books and scientific literature on the technology of natural dyeing providing required the scientific basis for their application on different textiles.

l) Non-availability of the natural dyes in pure or standardised form, which may be powder, paste or in the solution form for easy and direct application in known shade percentage. Using source raw natural material directly for dyeing has many limitations, besides its being of unknown composition and colour yield, it generates considerable amount of biomass that is cumbersome to handle in the dye- house.

Inspite of the aforementioned limitations associated with natural dyes, it is expected to have a separate good export market potential for fabrics from natural fibers dyed and printed with natural dyes, because of the rigid standards imposed by the advanced countries in combating toxicity, eco- hazards and pollution control problems.

Constrains for the uses of natural dyes on textiles

The major hurdles for using natural dyes are serious gap and lack/non-availability of scientific data base and knowledge base required for their successful application on textiles. Most of the researchers worked in this area generated very general information on types of shades/colour fastness properties and their dyeing related information reported in literature that does not have complete profile of its chemical nature, materials data specification sheet, standardized extraction and dyeing procedure and scientific reasoning for its nature of problems and solution and basis for nature of bonding between dye-mordant and fibre system, methods of improvement of colour fastness to wash, light, rubbing and perspirations and compatibility of different natural dyes to apply together as mixture of different proportions for obtaining compound shades and required matching etc. There are very limited information available on use of binary and ternary mixture of natural dyes and their interaction/compatibility etc, for which use of mixture of natural dyes are still limited in traditional natural dyeing sector and have not advanced satisfactorily.

Unnecessary adverse talk and biased opinion are opinion of synthetic dye manufacturer/users against the use of natural dyes, where some of their logics are being over emphasised deliberately. One must keep in mind that natural dyes are NOT a substitute of synthetic dyes. They have their own market and any expansion in the market of natural dyed products is not going to be at the cost of losing synthetic dyes.

Colour fastness of natural dyes

Color fastness is the resistance of a material to change in any of its colour characteristics, to the transfer of its colourants to adjacent materials or both. Fading means that the change of colour strength (lightening or darkening) on washing or rubbing or in contact with human perspiration or on exposure to light. Cook [31] has described the use of post treatment with natural tannin related natural materials as after-treatment for improving the wash fastness and use of natural UV absorbers for improving the light fastness of mordant able natural dyes on cotton. There are many pre-treatments and post treatments known for improving either of wash-fastness, rub-fastness and light fastness of textiles dyed with synthetic dyes, but such treatments on textiles dyed with natural dyes are still very few. So, exploring such fastness improver from natural materials is essential.

The light fastness is the resistance of dyestuffs to the influence of UV-light energy [32], especially the ultraviolet (UV-A) part of the electromagnetic spectrum. UV light is subdivided into three category e.g UV-A (320-400nm), UV-B (280-320nm) and UV-C (100-280nm). The shorter is the wavelength (X), the higher is the energy E and higher is the damage to dyestuff or human skin (as per Einstein's rule: E= hv = [h X c/X)]. Fortunately UV-C is fully absorbed by ozone layer in the higher atmosphere (stratosphere), the usual content of UV-B in the total radiation intensity is less than 1% and is not that harmful, while to earth most common part of UV light reaches easily from Sunlight is UV-A part (320-400nm), which is about 5.6%. So, identifying of some UV absorbers from natural materials capable of absorbing UV -A part i.e in the region of 320-400nm and their application to dyed textiles are to be established.

The light fastness of the applied dyestuffs is sometimes also connected to the fading or inherent yellowing tendency of the fibre itself. Yellowing by UV Light exposure and associated damage to the fibre itself by exposure to UV light also accelerates fading of colour with or without photo-initiated fading of dyestuff[31] . Fading by UV light is generally promoted by moisture, heat, oxygen in air and other factors. The interactions of these influencing factors, including UV-absorbers photo-sensitizers, radical scavengers, singlet oxygen quenchers and their possible chemical reactions and interactions are quite complex. Moreover light fastness of natural dyes depends on its UV-absorption character of that dye [21,24,33]. Some natural dyes have inherent UV protective nature like anar peel/pomegranate rind.

Poor wash fastness of many natural dyes is mainly attributed because of weak dye-fibre bond formation between the natural dye -mordant and the fibre, change in hue due to breaking of dye- metallic mordant-fibre complex during washing for ionisation of the natural dyes during washing [12]. Since most of the natural dyes have hydroxyl groups which get ionised under alkaline conditions/acidic conditions and hence many fabrics dyed with natural dyes under acidic conditions change colour on washing with alkaline detergents or soap. Wash fastness of the natural dyes much depends on their chemical nature and type of bonds dye-mordant-fibre as a coordinating complex formed with specific dye-metal salt mordant-fibre combination. But as per expectations, many times there is less or limited very little or no such complex are formed actually and only H-bonding are formed causing poor wash fastness, which may be due to many reasons like stereo specific non fitting of physical structure/orientation of dye structure and fibre structure or any other problems.

Rubbing fastness is assessed by measuring change in colour on the rubbed textile surface or assessing the staining to the abrader white cloth after abrading in both dry and wet conditions (for wet rubbing fastness , additionally the migration of colour to the abrading cloth by bleeding is also included). Depending on the kind of fibre, especially its tensile strength, small abraded coloured fibre particles may fuzz out showing loss of depth of colour on the rubbed textile surface. If the dyestuff involved is water soluble and not sufficiently fixed on the fibre surface, this can also be the reason for staining during rubbing. Rub-fastness ratings, according to the standard grey scales for both loss of depth (fading) and staining scale, range from 1 (poor rating) to 5 (best rating). Parameters that influence rubbing fastness of natural dyes include:

a. Molecular size and structure, chemical nature and fixation mode of Natural dyes used.

b. Type of mordants and Concentrations of mordants.

c. Concentration of natural dyestuff, shade%, and extent of diffusion of dyes.

d. Dyeing procedure, degree of fixation and extent of surface dyeing and ring dyeing.

e. After treatment with dye fixing agents, softeners, silicones and cross linking agents.

f. Types of fibre and its tensile strength and dry and wet abrasion resistance.

g. Type of textiles used as abrading cloth in contact: Its surface, kind of fibre and fabric.

h. Intensity of the contact: pressure, time, moisture and temperature.

The influence of the moisture is taken into account in the test methods (dry or wet crocking tests). Wet cellulosic fibres may be partly damaged by rubbing, leading to additional staining. The rubbing force for the wet testing procedure is about double the rubbing force for dry rubbing. Therefore the wet rubbing ratings of the same sample are always poorer than the dry ones (up to two rating difference). For natural dye, if there are more unfixed dyes on the surface and when dyes are only bond by H-bonds without mordanting, both the dry and wet rubbing fastness may be inferior.

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[megacircuit9universe]

The Fermi Orthodox

On it’s most fundamental level, life is just chemistry.  And on chemistry’s most fundamental level... it’s just physics... the rules of which are the same everywhere in the universe.

Given what we know about physics and chemistry... and given the fact that here on Earth, they gave rise to biology... before our planet’s crust had even fully cooled... it’s a no-brainer that life is everywhere in the universe... and automatically forms wherever the conditions will allow.

...at least microscopic life, in the form of single celled microbes... or, so called, prokaryotes.

We can assume that prokaryotic, or single celled life forms are constantly popping up everywhere in the universe, every second of every day... but they will only survive, and undergo evolution in places that are somewhat stable... 

...places that have a wealth of hydrocarbons for building blocks, and a steady supply of energy... and that can shield the microbes from UV radiation, and radioactive decay.

...Which means, places with magnetic fields to deflect cosmic and solar radiation... and atmospheres or oceans to filter out UV rays... along with not too much naturally occurring uranium on the surface. 

A fluid medium is also necessary for life... like liquid water... a medium that allows life forms to... move and grow.  This means the temperature has to be relatively constant... within a narrow margin... for eons at a time.

These are the basic requirements for single celled life, but as we know from observation and direct robotic research throughout our own little solar system, a lot of places wind up being totally sterile... such as the Moon.

We think life may have been possible on Venus, and Mars in the past... but if so, only for a limited period of time before the former became too hot, and the latter became too cold.

We think it’s possible there could be microbial life hiding further out in the solar system... but have zero evidence of it.

When we look further out... to the billions of stars in our galaxy, and the billions of galaxies beyond our own... we cannot hope to detect, with current technology, any sign of microbial life around other suns... though we can assume it must exist.

The bigger question is... how often does it happen that prokaryotic, or single celled life... make the next step to eukaryotic, or multi-cellular life?

On Earth, that big step took 1.7 billion years to happen... and it only happened once.

In other words, it was a random accident.

Now, while we can assume that prokaryotic life will arise automatically wherever it is possible in the universe... we have to assume that it cannot advance to eukaryotic life unless it’s allowed to thrive unhindered for well over a billion years... that being the order of time required for the odds to even out and produce a random eukaryote.

However, once the happy accident of eukaryotic life happens, in a given cosmic biome, it’s a huge advantage, and will probably maintain a hold, multi-cellular life being... the only path to complex, but much richer forms of life like... plants.

So, out there in the universe, around the billion billion suns we can see, many planets host microbial life, and a small subset of them host actual plant life... primitive forest planets of some kind... maybe even with some primitive animal life in the form of worms.

But for animal life as we know it... swimming fish, flying insects, crawling lizards, etc... a planet needs more than just water... more than just an atmosphere and a protective magnetosphere... it needs a stable axis and a reasonable rotation rate.

Tidal lock is a big problem for planets orbiting stars... settling into an orbit where one half of the planet always faces the sun, getting baked, while the other half is always facing away... forever frozen.

Too quick of a spin is a different problem, leading to endlessly high winds, which hinder large size animals from evolving anywhere but the very deep sea.

When we’re talking about several billion years of stability, in terms of axis and spin, in order to allow for large animals to thrive... there is just no way for a planet to provide that... without a large moon.

Our Moon is, for the Earth, what a long balancing pole is to a tight rope walker. It allows the Earth to maintain it’s reliable axial tilt throughout the billions of years... thanks to it’s hefty mass, and gravitational pull.

And the Moon also acts like a brake on the speed of Earth’s spin.

Without it, we would be spinning a hell of a lot faster, and not slowing down appreciably in the life of the solar system.

Both feats... braking our spin, and stabilizing our axial tilt, are done by the Moon thanks to the Law of Conservation of Angular Momentum, and the fact that the Moon is bound up with the Earth in the same system of total angular momentum.

Thus, it is reasonable to assume, any planet which has large scale, land dwelling, animal life... must be part of a, double planetary system, to put it bluntly.

These kinds of planets are rare indeed, but intelligence, as we understand it, will probably arise on all of them... at least in the form of really smart whales, and really smart birds, and really smart monkeys.

It is only on some small subset of these rare planets, where we can expect to find intelligent creatures capable of math, science, and engineering... with most of them stuck in the bow and arrow era, building grass huts and stone temples, maybe playing with static electricity.

Even on our own planet, we still have uncontacted peoples in the Amazon rain forest, and on islands like North Sentinel Island, who thrive with only bows and arrows... but have completely lost the technology of fire.

One would assume their roaming ancestors, who settled in those places, did have both fire, and bows and arrows... but in these particular spots on Earth... fire wasn’t necessary for survival and so, was lost forever.

This way, could, in time, go the entire human race, if you give it one good global catastrophe, such as global warming, or a nuclear disaster.

When we look out there to the stars, what we’re looking for is the signs of at least a radio capable civilization, like we are right now... if not a space faring civilization searching for beings like us.

...and yet... we have seen no sign of it out there.

Not the slightest radio blip, or other visual evidence anywhere in the sky.

This does confirm how incredibly rare it is, for being such as ourselves, to evolve and attain the technological level that we have... such that it perhaps happens only once in a galaxy... and only for a few decades at most on the one planet in each galaxy.

How then, do we square this with the near to home evidence that extra terrestrials are here in a big way?

Where the fuck did they come from?  And why can we not see the evidence of their home world out there?

There is only a certain window of time for any intelligent life to have arisen, bounded by the epoch after which dying stars had produced and exploded enough carbon and other higher elements into the universe for planets to form out of the stuff and give rise to life.

This means that any space faring aliens in the universe could only have about a hundred million year edge on us at best.

And if they arose in our own galaxy, then today, we would easily be able to see the radio and TV transmissions coming from their home world just after they invented radio and TV for themselves... still spreading out into space... unable to be concealed without concealing all other radio range signals out there, which is not the case.

But, we see nothing. 

Thus, the aliens visiting Earth today, must not be from our galaxy.

Thus... they must have FTL travel (because it’s the only way they could have gotten to us now from so far away).

Also, they must have some form of communication that doesn’t involve broadcasting electromagnetic waves out in every direction... like some very laser focused transmission, or, who knows?.. quantum entanglement?

Whatever the case, they are waaaay more advanced than we can imagine, in terms of technology, and their understanding of physics.  And that would, in turn, explain how they found us, and why they don’t seem to really care about making themselves known.

They long ago conquered their home galaxy... cloaking it in the process, from eyes such as ours.

Indeed, our astronomers now tell us of the Bootes Void... an impossibly large section of intergalactic space which is... conspicuously empty.  

For them to have conquered and cloaked such an impossibly huge expanse of galaxies... would have taken the full billion year lead they could have had on us, in evolutionary terms... but would also mean that they are probably now, just observing us as wildlife on the fringe of their eternal empire... just taking notes and musing about the silly little details of our street lamps, coal burning power stations, little cars and fighter jets, and little teeny satellites in low Earth orbit.

They probably think we’re adorable... if not hostile.

Do they care if we destroy ourselves?

Maybe.

Maybe not.

But our little world... not just in the outskirts of the Milky Way... but in the extreme outskirts of the Bootes Giga-Empire... will go down as one of a trillion similar studies in their great library.. of shit-kicking civilizations around the universe that, once upon a time, had some radio, and some nukes, LOL.

[sandytree1]

Radioactive hazards

Just a jumbled mess of notes. I’m still thinking about that Project 7 where we were supposed to design a live-work research pod for Chernobyl that I didn’t finish. So began googling stuff and looking up and working out details I’m wondering about. 

How to visit and live in radioactive areas? How to dress? How to prepare (local) food? What are the most radioactive places on earth? (contrast and compare) How to walk around radioactive sites? How to stay safe? How dangerous is radiation? How long should and could you stay in a radioactive area? How is it for people who moved back - what are their lives like? How to resettle the site? 

What do people do here? What can you research on here? What kind of data from site would be interesting? What tools, equipment and facilities do you need to do this research? How would their day by day routine look like - throughout a month - throughout the four season? 

What’s the geography like? Where do I find reliable maps of the area? How to I access these maps? geography, typology, contour relief map, political boundaries, rivers and seas, mountains, flora, fauna, exclusion zone. travel paths, roads, infrastructure, landmarks, world map location, prevailing winds, climate, habitat type. 

What are the dimensions of a wolf? What does a wolf need to survive and thrive-ish? What does the day to day life of a wolf look like? 

Nuclear power is a reliable source of energy, but comes with the risk of meltdown. 

Be careful of what you touch and where you step, because there’s all this radioactive dust and particles floating everywhere. 

When it blew, it spewed radiation across dozens of towns. Triggering a 12 mile evacuation zone that’s still partially in effect today. The plant itself is the hazardous site. 

Yet Japan is encouraging people to move back. How has conditions improved in the years since the disaster? Radiation researcher Azby Brown. You need to get permission to enter. Play it safe and stay in my protective gear. 

Fukushima Daiichi -- actually a massive cleanup in there, 5000 people working there. They can get into parts of the buildings, but they send robots there to take video etc. People can’t even go in there, since the radiation is so high. How long could people survive in there? A couple of minutes. There’s so much radiation damaging and killing your cells, that your organs would simply shut down. There might be some way of cleaning up to make it livable in 20 years, but it’s an incredibly daunting task. 

They’re removing the top inches of soil where the dust has settled. Dropped into plastic bags and stored in a temporary site. 9 million bags and counting. “Watch your speed, careful.”

Town has become overrun with wild boars. They’re ravaging homes and everything in their path. They eat and destroy crops, making it hard for farmers. They’re not only aggressive and known to attack, they’re radioactive. 

for everyone who returns, they build a new school and house from scratch. In the school yard there’s a radiation monitor so parents can check if its safe when they drop off their kids. “We teach our students about the volume and strength of the radiation, as well as how to avoid it.” 

Children are actually the most vulnerable to radiation. 

Everyday Ouji-san prepares food for the students and has to test the local ingredients that they use for radiation. Has there been times when the radiation levels were too high? Yes, there has. Test once per ingredient, which takes 30 min per ingredient to measure. 

For some living elsewhere is simply not an option. “We have our ancestors with a long history in this town as family. This is the most comfortable place for me, and I wish to continue to live here. I wasn’t worried that much to return, really.” Kids play outside on the ground, and we were concerned about soil contamination. After the accident, we carried a radiation detector with us, although the radiation level in the town of Naraha is low and safe. We’ve gotten used to this. I truly hope more families return and the town will be more active again.” People really trying and working to rebuild. 

A Geiger counter only measures ionizing radiation -- aka radiation with enough energy to rip electrons off atoms. Measured in units called sieverts. If above 2 sieverts, then you’ll probably die shortly after. 

Nautral background radiation coming from earth itself. The soil, rocks, air, space. Average .1 - .2 microsieverts per hour. The radiation in Hiroshima today is only 0.3 microsieverts per hour, 70 years later. Uranium ore is fluorescent under UV light. Marie Curie discovered uranium in Chech republic. In her office her doorknob is 0.10 and then the back of her chair when she pulled it out leaving traces of radium. New Mexico, Trinity test site where the world’s first nuclear bomb was set off. The whole area was vaporated. There was so much heat coming off the bomb that it fused all the desert sand into this green glass which you can still find it here. They’ve named these pellets Trinitite. 0.8 per hour in average, while the pellets are 2-3 microsieverts per hour. 

Which place has higher radiation than any place we’ve seen so far? Answer: airplanes. As you gain altitude, there’s less atmosphere above you to shield you from the cosmic rays: 0.5 microsieverts - 3 microsieverts per hour. 

Chernobyl Nuclear Reactor 4, Ukraine. Just walking close (100 m) gives off 5-6 microsieverts. So much heat was generated that it blew the top off and spead radioactive isotopes throughout this whole surrounding area and over into Europe. If I stayed here for 1 hour, my body will receive as mcuh when you’d receive a dental x-ray. So not a huge amount of radiation. Reason why it’s not that high is because they removed a couple of meters worth of topsoil from this whole area, then dumped it somewhere. Which is why we can stand here. 

Fukushima, Japan. Geiger counter goes up: 3. Mask is overkill, it’s just to stop the dust from getting into my lungs. 10% lesser radiaction material spread than Chernobyl. But because it’s not as long ago, much less of the radiation has decayed. Getting readings up to 5-10 microsieverts. Don’t stay too long because of that. 

Pripyat hospital was where the firemen were brought. The ones who fought the fires at the reactor, and in the basement they left their clothes once they realized it was so contaminated - they chucked it down there. 200-500 microsieverts by the door of them. 2000 microsieverts is a years worth of natural background radiation. CT scan is 3 years worth of microsieverts. Fukushima residents will receive an additional 10 000 worth of microsieverts in their lifetime. US radiation workers limited to 50 000 microsieverts. Astronauts receive 80 000 microsieverts. Smokers lungs receive on average 160 000 microsieverts every year. 

Uranium is not limitless supply (230 years). The largest problem is not meltdown or anything, but nuclear waste. Many different designs. 

Nowadays Chernobyl has become a site for dark tourism. 30 years later more than 10 000 tourists explore the disaster site every year. They snap photos of the stricken power plant and wanders the empty streets of Pripyat. Visitors are screened before they enter the zone. 19 miles surrounding blast area. Told not to sit down nor touch items within this cordon. Checked for radioactive particles when they leave again. Tour operators mainly based in Kiev. They insist the site is safe to see. Even offers overnight stays at a hotel which has been freshly built. 

Chernobyl power plant blew up 26 april 1986, Soviet Union. Nowadays Pripyat, Ukraine. Secret didn’t break until 50 hours later when radioactive particles were detected in Forsmark power plant in Sweden near Stockholm. Accompanied by a toxic cloud sweeping the continent. Belarus suffered the worst effects: poisonous rain, damage to plants and crops, birth of mutated animals. Impact also felt in Scandinavia, Switzerland, Greece, Italy, France, UK. Only 31 people were killed directly - mostly staff and brave souls that battled to encase the bleeding reactor in concrete. But for all its notoriety and its pan-European aftermath, it was largely a localised affair. 400 x more radiocactive material realised into atmosphere than by the Hiroshima bomb. Pripyat was evacuated 27. april - far too late in terms of citizen’s health. 

Exclusion zone is on border between Belarus and Ukraine: Chernobyl Exclusion Zone (Ukraine) and Polesian Exclusion Zone (Belarus). 19 miles surrounding blast area.

Ukraine is at war with Russia over Krim peninsula, although Putin won’t acknowledge their involvement in the civil conflict. But the capital Kiev is 450 miles north-west of troubled Donetsk. The current Foreign and Commonwealth Office (FCO) advice says “the situation in Kiev and western cities is generally calm.” 

Tour operators insists that site is safe to visit. Ukrainian officials have suggested that Pripyat won’t be habitable for another 20 000 years though. Crew maintaining concrete sarcophagus work strictly monitored 5 hour days over the course of a month then take 15 days off. 

Place has become a time capsule of Cold War era beyond scope of what a museum can recreate. It IS 1986 with all its suspicion, frission and atomic fear. 

Rusted swimming pools, dusty gymnasium, giant ferris wheel. Amusement park was due to open 4 days after explosion. They’ve all become a symbol of the disaster. 

East European forest has reclaimed the city. Unchecked by man’s hand in 30 years. ABANDONED site. Trees begun to creep in. Wildlife skitters and darts in the shelter they provide. Wolves, lynx, brown bears have returned. Blissfully free of human footprints. 

Chornobyl tour (chernobyl-tour.com) offers 1 day foray to both power plant and Pripyat from £62 a head. Or a detailed 5 day itinerary from £361 per person. 

Welcome to Chernobyl (chernobylwel.com) specialises in 2 day trips which stay overnight from £240. 

Ukrainian National Chornobyl Museum (chornobylmuseum.kiev.ua) is a safer compromise. Charts the event with an exhibit of gas masks, images of deformed animals. Moving through a corridor of name signs for villages that were deleted from the map when the reactor burst. How many people were displaced? 

It was without comparison until Fukushima 2011. 

https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/destinations/europe/ukraine/articles/how-can-i-visit-chernobyl-and-is-it-safe/

25 things you didn’t know about Ukraine, the heart of Europe 

https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/destinations/europe/ukraine/articles/amazing-fact-you-probably-didnt-know-about-ukraine/

How to travel to radioactive places (GOOGLE)

Watch Derek Muller travel to the world’s most radioactive places

Ten most radioactive places on earth - Brainz

About radiation danger/safety of short-term trips to the Chernobyl Zone (chernobyl-tour.com)

The most radioactive places in Chernobyl - ChernobylWEL.com

Nuclear tourism - Wikivoyage

Is Chernobyl safe? what you need to know - World Nomads

What’s it like to visit Chernobyl exclusion zone (The Independent)

Fukushima Travel Guide (Japan-Guide.com)

Netflix’s Dark Tourist: Japan investigating Fukushima tour episode (news.com)

travel the most radioactive places in the world (youniversitytv.com)

How to decontaminate a radioactive environment (MPH online)

Fukushima travel guide (GOOGLE)

Nuclear Waste problem https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uU3kLBo_ruo

[living-with-abhi]

Our Earth Our Responsibility!

Overview

Earth is a wonderful living planet in the Universe and the regular territory of more than 7 billion human populace and a large number of types of biodiversity. Our Earth gives us food, sanctuary, and a large portion of our prerequisites.

Notwithstanding unavoidable free administrations given by the earth to people, we can't take care of her consideration to us. Maybe we people are being savage to our Earth with our narrow-minded exercises. Mahatma Gandhi said, "Earth gives enough to fulfill each man's requirements, however only one out of every odd man's covetousness."

Consistently we produce huge loads of degradable and non-degradable waste and toss it anyplace foolishly. Smoke and hurtful gases from our homes, vehicles, and enterprises are choking out her. We are discarding messy sewage, seepage, and even synthetics foolishly, although we realize that over 7 billion people, alongside all plants and creatures in this world, depend on water for their lives. If we aren't focusing on saving those water assets, in not so distant future water might be pretty much as costly as PETROL, or one day individuals may kick the bucket because of thirst.

Notwithstanding gigantic commotion by our kind-sized populace itself, we use amplifiers for our amusement and ventures, planes, or other loud vehicles for our extravagance. We annihilate woods for farming and settlement. We construct gigantic structures, streets, and production lines past her conveying limit. The foundation of atomic reactors inconceivably influences the climate and human lives.

Destructive gases produced by ACs, fridges, enterprises, and vehicles are exhausting the ozone layer and expanding our openness to exceptionally unsafe UV beams of sun driving us towards different skin infections, eye waterfall, and even disease.

Squanders like plastics and other non-degradable squanders like bug sprays, pesticides, synthetic manures, and so forth exceptionally corrupt soil quality and reduction farming items and executes soil microorganisms and decomposers. Water contamination expands the danger of water-borne illnesses like cholera, looseness of the bowels, and so on, and lead and arsenic exceptionally debase our psychological capacity and causes the elimination of numerous oceanic creatures.

Air contamination causes airborne sicknesses like asthma in people and creatures and upsets entire digestion measures in plants. Clamor contamination causes a sleeping disorder and heart sicknesses in people.

Deforestation is prompting common catastrophes like floods, soil disintegration, and so on, temperature increment and changed precipitation appropriation, dry spell, loss of significant biodiversity, diminished oxygen thickness, and so forth. The consuming issues on the planet at present are "Environmental Change and Greenhouse Effect".

Answers for ecological issues are certainly feasible for prevalent animals like people, if they are submitted. As a young and worldwide resident, I also have obligations to my mother earth. My first part in nature is to decrease my carbon impression by utilizing eco-accommodating exercises.

At that point, we can frame a GREEN ORGANIZATION alongside some other fiery adolescents to bring issues to light in my companion circle, neighborhood, and the local area about climate disinfection by changing degradable squander into fertilizer compost and by 3R guideline (lessen, reuse and reuse) of non-degradable squanders.

We can make workshops with neighborhood individuals that air contamination can be constrained by supplanting family fuel sources like coal, kindling, and so on by biogas, power or sun oriented energy and we can haggle with production line proprietors and vehicle proprietors to utilize dust and smoke cleansing frameworks in businesses and vehicles and we can urge them to utilize sun based energy-based ventures and vehicles.

We can arrange climate disinfection programs and afforestation programs in infertile grounds. We young people can claim the public authority to bring eco-accommodating advancement strategies and legitimate arranging of urban communities. We can coordinate direction programs about environmental change, its causes, and impacts and alleviation measures in schools and universities to actuate different young people towards the protection of nature.

Young people can start the idea of "Installment of Ecosystem administrations (PES)" in the public arena and accentuate the homestay travel industry in the towns. As an understudy of the ranger service area, we have the duty to mindful nearby individuals about the significance of woods and the impacts of deforestation alongside the new idea of carbon exchange through REDD++ programs.

Accordingly, for the supportability of our planet, I guarantee to satisfy my obligations towards Mother Nature as a worldwide resident to shield my living planet from weakening and to hand over a clean and green planet to our people in the future. Possibly our single endeavors may appear to be little yet on the off chance that a huge number of adolescents can join as one towards nature preservation, one day our endeavors will be an exceptional advance to shield our homeland Earth from obliteration.

Intergovernmental Panel On Climate Change

At no other time has it been so significant for us to sit up, pay heed, and make a move on environmental change. The most recent Intergovernmental Panel on environmental change expresses that:-

"Changes in an environment in recent years are to be considered uncommon and to a great extent because of expanded ozone-depleting substance emanations".

For quite a long time, human exercises have driven the consuming of non-renewable energy sources, delivering nursery gasses to the climate. Much the same as the glass boards of a nursery, these gasses trap heat inside our climate, a cycle otherwise called 'a dangerous atmospheric deviation.

The effects of environmental change reach all over, including expanded air and sea temperatures, liquefying of the polar ice covers, rising ocean levels, expanded precipitation and flooding, and expanded event of outrageous climatic occasions.

On the off chance that we keep on delivering these gasses into the environment at a similar rate as we have done in recent years, we ought to expect phenomenal environmental change throughout the following 100.

Nearby Impact

In Ireland, we have seen some genuine proof of environmental change. In recent years, the mean temperature has expanded by over 0.7 degrees. While this may not sound too a lot, the impacts of such an expansion can be emotional.

If we progress forward this way, sea fermentation will effectively affect our marine environments, ocean levels will rise, we will see more extreme climate frameworks, water deficiencies will turn out to be more normal, water quality will be diminished and creature and plant biological systems will be influenced, modifying our scene until the end of time.

Albeit in size we are a generally little country, we can in any case have our influence in decreasing environmental change. Ireland has focused on progressing to a serious, low carbon, environment tough, and naturally feasible economy by 2050.

At this point, Ireland intends to have decreased carbon dioxide emanations by 80% (of 1990 levels) across the power age, constructed climate, and transport areas.

Have Your Impact

All of us can affect environmental change. Consider the decisions you make every day: how you travel, the food you burn through, the items you use.

What you may feel to be little advances can impressively affect your carbon impression. Activities, for example, showering instead of washing, putting covers on pots and lessening hob heat, drying garments outside as opposed to in a tumble dryer, and turning apparatuses off instead of setting them on reserve are only a portion of the manners by which you can have your influence.

For additional thoughts on how you can decrease your carbon impression, visit the Environmental Protection Agency site, EPA.ie. Companions of the Earth additionally have an impression adding machine you can use to figure your effect.

Having Our Influence

In this Blog, we are not kidding about our obligation to lessening CO2 outflows and securing our current circumstances. We constantly put resources into the most recent innovation and cycles to help diminish, our carbon impression, yet the carbon impression of our country.

We have since a long time ago embraced the utilization of fat as a fuel and hence decreased our reliance on imported petroleum products for energy purposes. We work energetically to limit fossil fuel byproducts from our business. Our interest in biodiesel is likewise a critical manageability project, as a change to this green fuel can bring down fossil fuel byproducts by up to 85%.

#tips #Earth #Responsibility #unavoidable #fulfillneeds #humanpopulation #hurtful #gasespollution #deforestation #sewage #biodiversity #coralreefs #sanctuary #prerequisites #greed #creatures #afforestation #EarthDay #EarthDay2021

[glopratchet]

map

It looks like it might be an old one from when this place was still called "Hoover Dam" You look around for something on your phone ; (which of course has been completely trashed) and find a map lilo's You don't know where the hell it is, but you figure that if you want to go there, then you need to get a map Map: bixie lixie 07-functional: function of 68, function of 79 The first thing you do is pick up some water bottles, which seem to make things easier Then you start walking along the road in the direction of the dam This is a very simple game, but it seems to have no end You pass by several people playing cards and dice on their own property as well as on other cars' windshields or in back seats In fact, there are so many people out here that they're almost all looking at you! 08-structural: pond primal alligator ranch ing dam You're on top of it, and you can see twists and spillways dotting its surface, as well as fat lazy fish swimming through the resulting ripples You might or might not be able to get down to it using the little ladders they have here and there pond primal alligator ranching dam Pond primal alligator ranch : pond primal, 08-structural, mom and pop alligator farm Note: (If you like, you can try reading the "Hoover dam" sign on the other side of the road You don't get very good visibility however) Okay, time to admire the insanely blue water again and Or should you go hunt some bigger prey in a different location, or is that a bad idea? You have decided Pond primal: unyielding east gate, unyielding west gate You run across the road into an awesome wilderness and you start looking for fresh tracks So far, there don't seem to be any Have you gotten here too early or are you simply not as skilled as you thought in finding prey? unyielding south gate You spy a cute beaver in the pond straight ahead of you! It doesn't appear to have seen you, and it's the perfect size for a good meal Eeeeeevil! look out, it will tenderize your flesh and make you into a nice meal some other day Chopping its head off is the most effective thing to do unyielding east wall, unyielding west wall You see a eerie serpent chained to a tiny island just above water level It must be a dragon and it's surrounded by an invisible barrier of magical energy Of course you could eat the small birds flying over its head instead Eeeeeeevil! So you sit down beside the picnic area to have lunch and admire the beauty of your surroundings unyielding south wall unyieldning east wall After browsing through pictures of beavers and dragons on your backpack, you come across a picture of your school It seems so long ago that you used to dream about protecting it from evil Somebody awesome with magical powers would probably protect it in my place, nowadays The sight or thought of your school fills you another pang of regret Why the hell didn't I ever really enjoy the very things that made up my life? unyielding south wall, turning viper street Unyielding east gate: pebbled path, Wandering through the desert alone changes a person, and it has changed you Every day out here is an adventure of the highest degree You've seen sights few others have ever gotten to see! That alone is worth the price of admission Sure it can get lonely from time to time, but that's part of what we do Pebbled path: sphere of nourishment, cottage of sacrifice Finally, you've reached your destination With a tired but determined step, you enter the abandoned ghost town The bones of long dead miners jut out of the ground in various places through out the street, and tumble weeds push their way through cracks between broken flag stones It looks pretty miserable actually High above a purple gibbous moon shines through the thin atmosphere, basking the entire ghost town in an eerie light esteemed tenement, employed foundation With the moon shining so prominently, it takes some time for your eyes to adjust to the darkness As your pupils contract, you find yourself staring at a long abandoned mineshaft this must be the one A single deserted tower spotted with "UV lights" overlooks the crumbling building, and an ironic sign reading "owl cave mining co " sags over the entrance It appears to have been condemned long ago gate of greatness orifice of saviors W-what? The sign has changed! Are you finally going mad? Your grip on reality was tenuous at best in the "real world", and your time here in this place has only made your the sickness worse Waving a hand in front of your face you try to will the letters into changing, but no such luck Huh, you guess that decides it then doesn't it gate of greatness, Gate of greatness : hedged maze union lab Rain begins to pour down as you enter the mineshaft That's it, you're getting out of here This place is just too screwed up! You don't know who this Jack Atlas is, but you're convinced he's deranged And this stupid sick fantasy is probably what drove him there in the first place Far too creeped out by everything that has happened so far, you turn around and head back toward your helicopter hedged maze, Cottage of sacrifice: drain beds, master bedrooms Too preoccupied with your inner demons to notice the deluge, you're suddenly caught off guard as a wall of water barrels down from a nearby rooftop Shrieking in terror you're forced to brace yourself for an imminent impact with the street below Only instead of splattering like a bug on impact, your fall is broken by something giving way way underneath you Slowly opening your eyes you find yourself waist deep in murky sewer water Hedged maze: enchanted pools midnight oil Is the change just not settling well with your stomach, or is it actually reacting to being down here in this filthy place? Or maybe the sickness is coming from elsewhere Looking around it's pretty apparent that someone has been down here a lot more than you have recently Stepping back onto dry land, you take a closer look at the numerous pipes running along the ceiling of this particular chamber Hopefully, somewhere along these corridors will be your way out of here enchanted pools, Enchanted pools: bull run one, bull run two Come on This is just getting stupid What the hell is a "bull run", and how come you keep repeating the words over and over in your head like that? It's almost as if "you're hearing voices" You shake your head and rub your temples No, it would seem hallucinations aren't part of the change simply being down here is doing to you Bull run one: half past eight "HEY! " You exclaim, spotting another human at last "What is THIS? Mind telling the world what the hell you're doing down here? A weathered old man stumbles out from behind a corner, catching you offguard as he seizes you by the wrist He's thin as a rail and his scraggly white beard reaches down to his toes Bull run two: vegetable broth "Ha ha! Been a long time since I seen someone new in the pipes Where you come from stranger? You wouldn't be from the "Other Side" would you? You stare blankly back at him, unsure of how to respond Other side of what? Bull run three: By now, you hear the words being repeated back to you from some far off corner of the tunnel It's starting to get annoying Sphere of nourishment: fredricksburg dominion, chancellorsville dominion "Don't mind them " The white bearded stranger says, releasing his grip on your arm "Just the voices in my head, he he he Grunting softly to himself he continues "The name's Slitemaster, but you can call me Samuel What's yours? "Ken " You respond to him, trying your hardest not to look directly into his watery eyes "Connecticut chattanooga dominion, antetam dominion "Where have you dropped in from? " He asks, more coherent than you anticipated " You tell him, the voices repeating Connecticut like an echo in your head You watch as he edges closer to you, squinting as he looks you up and down Bull run four Samuel opens his mouth slightly, sniffs the air and grimaces Fredricksburg dominion: Getting unnerved by his erratic behavior you try to edge your way past him only to have him reach out to seize your arm once more "Do you have the sniffles my boy? bringing his face right up to yours "By god, you do! "No I don't " You snap angrily at him, doing your best not to blow your cover "I don't have any diseases Chancellorsville dominion: Angry with his presumptions, you jerk your arm forward to free it from his grip Antetam dominion: He stumbles backwards, and you get a good look at his emaciated figure Chattanooga dominion: He's nothing but bones, and looks about ready to collapse any minute "Watch out! " You blurt out in alarm, as he starts to fall over Dazed and confused he looks up at you, blinking owlishly as if he didn't expect you to catch him Because I didn't catch him I didn't catch him! "I'm too old for this " He says with a sad smile, shutting his eyes Acquired: Spam! Looking down at the spindly legged fellows body, your first instinct is to shout out in an attempt to bring aid But then you remember you're shooting for cover and lowering your voice to a whisper: "I'm sorry friend " Jesse's throat was torn out Claw marks hook around his neck like a human binder tearing it wide open, as blood leaks from his jugular like someone attached a hose directly into it Esteemed tenement: trailer jackson, trailer bragg Stepping up to the front door you take in a breath, preparing to hammer it with your boot Looking around first you notice two things: the path has been spun with webbing, at least three different types and between you and the murky river a blonde woman dressed only in rags shuffles onto the path, little more than flesh and bones with dry mud coating her legs trailer lee, trailer picket Seeing you she begins to wail, smacking her hands together badly and letting out an awful screech Between you and the river you have two choices: right and down to the river or left, up towards the tenement buildings Trailer jackson: esteemed tenement: thornwell, terry chamberlin Unsure of what to do you stand for a moment in indecision, jittery as you see the woman break into a shamble towards you Turning you make a sprint for the tenement while getting ready to slam your heel into the front door Trailer bragg: thornwell trailer forrest: In front of you the door is just a thick slab of plywood, duct taped in place in its frame Before your boot even connects it flies open with enough force to slam into the side of the trailer, and a giant of a man lunges outside Trailer lee: trailer rockefeller: smokehouse Trailer picket: trailer lee: esteemed The giant is even taller out of the trailer Made all the more apparent by his torn and tattered clothes, and a face covered in hair with two mismatched eyes, one brown and bloodshot and the other blue and concerned beneath bushy brows that nearly meet over the bridge of his long nose And he has a calf-high walking stick which he switches to his left hand, extending his right towards you Employed foundation: sufficient prison, locked door Manager: esteemed tenement "Step inside, sir, " he says in a surprisingly soft and pleasant tone "You don't want the ladies seeing you like that " Step inside : Flee down slope NOTE: To any fellow aliens reading this book: Congratulations on discovering the oldest known copy of the Great Library of Tribalia You see, there was once an ancient library located in an ancient city on Earth primary office, storage room The Tribalien Printing Corporation Newest and Best Offerings! manager's office, human resources Proper shampoos for proper people (Has pictures Proper soaps for proper people Even Properer Hand Sanitizers! Forget the basics we're talking gooooold here, people Lets start with the world within worlds Sufficient prison: human resources Alright A series of gates, each with two specific and unique sides representing two alternate realities linked through magical portals Gate no 1 - the simplest of them all Coin input slot on one side, coin output on the other although that doesn't matter so much as what's on the other side of the portal Excuse me, sir Do you work here? Downstairs labratory: pulstating beam of pure energy strange machines Although there are a few people from other floors who act as staff here, every worker is actually an adventurer just like you trying to recover a key component for their generator As is the great Tribalian custom, you can choose to either help one another or ruthlessly steal the items you need before fleeing to the surface The Tribals have developed clans based on the elements, with the Electrochemical Engineering clan weakest and therefore your enemy pulstating beam of pure energy, Primary office: storage room Now here, relying on simple but high quality illustrations and large text so that customers can read over your shopping experience, is where we have different products divided between lightweight transit cases and large but manageable cartrideable Quantums Clans: Poison - heavy machinery for dastardly deeds! If you're a member of the poison clan then that means you come from a long line of industrial minded engineers who specialise specifically in creating new and better methods of death and mutilation Storage room: Quantums - movable innards of machines and weapons of the machine-heavy 'Claw! The Claw are the one of the Tribals' automaton-using warrior clans, with a heavy reliance on machines, gearwork, and gases that eat away at flesh to produce dreadfully painful wound infections The material you seek-- the metal that will make your personal portal home again-- is somewhere here in this room Path: unyielding west gate, pebbled path tumultuous north path, hangars A and B Metal Eating Mold: relentlessly east from Hangar-B Thankfully, gas masks protect the scientists creating these delicious acids from slathering it themselves Nice coin-secure door at the end of the hallway Very strong We're getting nearer the anti-materiel rifles Antichamber: fifty foot wide pit leading to a hallway in A-01 This all feels very familiar for some reason hexagonal antechamber, office 223 Internal Offices Employee Pictures 1/4 Kast is of average height for a human ; (5 foot 9) and wears a long, black trench coat with the hood up, despite it raining His hair and face are shaved clean, and his disposition is serious no matter the situation He sees you as reliable cottage of sacrifice, spherical amphitheatre, spiraling staircase to the upper floors Welcome to Evios! The planet of endless possibilities! Our company president dedicated this branch of our gleaming office to speed and convenience for all who have business here Through the guidance of Investment Banking, Stock Markets will rise and billionaires will be made! Strike fear into the hearts of competitors with the booming Sales and Trading department! employed foundation, divided promenade, cylindrical core, ascending C and D pods ; (top, bottom) C-pod is used as sleeping quarters and for living a comfortable work-life; a small garden grows top-quality herbs for soups and other cooking ingredients, and there is a saltwater pool for relaxation The pod is secured with a biometric lock Benches and Display This company philosophy has not been set in stone Pulp: a ten foot tall oak desk that coms from the land before the darkness brought technology, and a glistening crystal ball that shows all-- but only at certain times You have two bars to meditate in One is under lighting for alertness and mental endurance and the other is kept in perpetual twilight ; (triggered by pedaling a generator) to trigger REM sleep Close the shutters on the windows to keep out the light 09 peopled: town of hog eye, town of lickskillet town of mallet beatle town of lover's leap Gurning is a self-sufficient town They have their own farming and manufacturing businesses, and maintain an extremely active stock of blacksmiths, cobblers, and butchers town of mallet beatle, Hog eye : 09-peopled town Llickskillet : town of lickskillet, 09-peopled town Workers move about their jobs in hundreds of different directions Tamed house cows chew wheat from their feed while wild buffalo roam past the stockades The carpet of the deep forest are littered with high bushes that mock your height as you walk on by Mallet beatle : town of mallet beatle , Lover's leap: town of lover's leap, great firm limestone hill, towering foam at edge of sea cavern, blazing hot mountain in dead land of thorns and wicked weeds Hope that helps Yours sincerely, William Lemuel Cla Dungeon-Lord skulkitator investor avenger P I hope this is the first step in a lasting business relationship 10-institional: basic foundational church of mining, four sided chess piece statute, paved walkway to twilight fort, restless small metal dog far from home small hidden door at ground level: detailed with the engraving "madeline madie's make dream" Begin skulking You are looking for valuable or unique treasures and items to be used or sold to the outside world basic foundational church of mining, 11_political : lixie dixie box canyon, four sided stone pyramid with climate controlled sand filled bottom floor The sand which only a privileged few can enter is the cornerstone of our civilization-- without it, perfumers could not complete their best work, tanneries would go out of business, and our great city would smell bad, be covered with animal hides, and you'd have to wade through garbage after Earth-Days lixie dixie box canyon, Lixie dixie , commonwealth of lixie dixie town, 09-peopled, gemte prestige Go up to lixie dixie then swing right stockade of hog eye Outpost of Mallet Beatle Quietly approach the quaint little village It consists of twelve fierce cannibalistic warriors, a vicious, unfriendly bunch commonwealth of lixie dixie , 12 commerical : googizon, mirrolabs, glopratchet , pond primal supplies, milk mart, farm fed, pet shop, coolidog Cafe, industrial supply store, rib house , manufacturing ; (tannery smell) arts community ; (or shameless & sprawling; booming metal days; home of hamlets finest craftspeople; artisans propping up the failing economy: Without them East Lake would sink even further into poverty Snuff it: for protection teams it's useful to be able to work smell into a routine pond primal supplies, Heaviest portable cassette tape player : yellow metal-cased, with an option to add headphones yellow, Mechanically locked door: mechanical lock pulp, mechanical lock path mechanical lock piton, mechanical lock piton disruption, mechanical lock small metal dog set off Monstrous jackalope head Monsters and gods really are shameless about their sexual excesses aren't they? There must be something in the water 01 infiltrating: mine's very quiet lately; may even be closing soon, 2 guards on lunch break, sleeping secure lax security nowadays, no outsider has to risk entering mechanical lock path, Mechanically locked door pulp: silverlight metal, fiercely inappropriate, sticker reads: leave me alone, or ill blow your brains out Metal dog three down from jackalope head: small and fierce; loud menacing bark; would scare the jizz out of most intruders Boiling hot infiltration point metal door: right down the hall from grossly inappropriate treasure Get in quick to avoid unexpected interruptions Solid and sturdy bunker metal door, boobytrapped with cleverly concealed gun port sticker reads: Mechanically locked door path: good time gate locking system 3 mile mark An average carnivore could easily ambush prey here Metal man trash disposal hatch on the battleground that doubles as a vault door It's half open, and the smell of fresh corpses within is strong Almost under lock and key, sealed with pond scum to avoid attention; lays buried deeper in silo 9 In milk mart: shoddily armored, by crafty chimera; requires jiggling doorknob in a precise pattern good time gate locking system 3 mile mark Okeenokee swamp: okeenokee, swamp, doghead, odd gulplokia murk, kraken seen? badland, stump town Several types of blackworms bile ferment in old cans on disused chimera industrial site Time before lake was dammed: cloneratops milk and duck eggs near spawning pools ; (can't breed without those) That old nuke site; still protected by shield generator; grove of trees shimmering in a dome Highway to good time gate : good time gate Good time gate : path to suawannee canal, stream to prairie of minni eme, road to millstone of modeshine, crossroads prairie paths lead to minnieme cross roads-2, bramble tunnel to charred forest-2, webs of giant spiders-2, cave to twisting gulch-2 He's seen too much already! he's right, it would be safer to kill him But where would the fun be in that? stream to prairie of minnieme, discover feminist scholarship forced road to handmaid bridge, lynch kozmo miner, Zalmora's charmed life, good time tunnels, green pastures of knowles, predator's speed Goblin generals in stone towers must declare allegiance or meet sword justice: wandle outcast- general to tan ambassador; trackers mist follow leaders-soldier brainless? discover feminist scholarship, happy cypress tree, wide mechanically locked door from training wheels of young king/queen, twisting hills where once were fields, path to dog tunnels-2 wide mechanically locked door from training wheels of young king/queen, Wide mechanically locked door : good time gate locked , good time gate unlocked Lake house, good place to relax, overseer's house, dynamite storage Milk mart: bookshelf with gun cabinet: rifles, pistols, ammo, unlocked supply cabinet: health elixirs Cafeteria: filled with incapacitated guards hastily armed with pistols; one-eyed albino goliath lies on table, groaning unconsciously; horrible cuts mark huge frame Commonwealthers sure know how to make an entrance good time gate unlocked; Happy cypress tree: locked , goatskin notebook-keeps record of various transgressions/ Handwritten terror threat propagandas on parchment, crafted in decadent noble circles; content speaks of aimless struggle for power and scene of carnage Torn had parchment showcases once prosperous land now waste, prays for return of Albino Emperor; days when it went out rule are over Several roads lead to twisted gulch, caves and abandoned mineshaft; towering chimera factory belches Stream to prairie of minni: prairie of minni twisting gulch-2, web riddled cave, crystal mines Severed claw wrapped in bloody burlap Claw is spongy, light, and serrated A human mandible lies nearby; the tooth has been purposefully sharpened into a fang Hobby shop: scented candles, harpsichords, oil paintings of pastoral valleys, tiny collapse tunnels; leads to twisted gulch-2 prairie of minnieme, Discover feminist scholarship: insufferable cliques, feathered pens corrupt academia Severed albino alligator tail Tail is lizard like, muscular yet sensitive Gripping it, you can only imagine how long it must take to wipe the toilet paper off of this thing A melted down femur lies nearby; it appears to have burned clean through good time gate: Path to suawannee canal: suawannee canal go forth and get wet, fiery abyss, lake house, good place to relax and unwind Zalmora's charmed life: happy cypress tree-4, twisted gulch-1, web tunnels Sweaty mithral full helm- headache abound! ancient battle-axe-who knows its history? suawannee canal, Suawannee canal: notice gator, notice persona -gator in suawannee canal respond "It was only a matter of time before one of you ran down here Hanging from a pole lies the shredded skin of what appears to be a gator The vile creature's eyes have been gouged out and its mouth gapes open exposing broken teeth; apparently it didn't go quietly You peer over the side of the bridge into the murky waters notice persona -gator in suawannee canal respond waterway to new island, notice citizen A Dead End Captain Rifiv at the docks will hire explorers to lead teams of adventurers into the wild unknown in his badly damaged vessel He's a gruff old bird, but you know he cares about people despite what the rumors say He's saved your bacon on more than one occasion and replaced gear that you lost along the way The damages to the ship were bad even though it wasn't your fault trail way to suawannee river notice femurs, notice puma, notice persona-femurs of peluda bear Oddly nearly every bone in a creature's body can be found Some humanoid, some ursine, some piscine, some avian, some matters not to your oddly diverse team Someone call the bug guy; his help could come in handy Looks like an owlbear or token from one was left behind trail way to suawannee river, path to goodtime gate blood pit, notice gut, notice magic Chunks of meat line the rusty walls Ghoulishly, tendons from various species dangle above gore-saturated water The occasional hand or finger can be seen reaching for the edge from underneath; death has claimed most of those hunting for a way out Oddly enough, even in death one can still hear an echo path to goodtime gate, discover beauty, the crystal mines, notice mine A gloomy tunnel within a larger tunnel system; uncannily similar to fabled mountains far to the east Unearthly minerals and slightly radioactive, the rocks and ores glisten in the multi-hued light from above You've been here before once with your family on a day trip out of Silverton but you got lost in some passages and ended up here gator attack to lively landing, notice tree, notice slot Oddly, there used to be a large willow tree here until Duncaster got hit with a lightning storm during one of his rants; turned it into super flammable kindling Legend has it he burned for three days straight At times like this, you wish you had a miner's pickaxe or even some dynamite gator attack! Find treasure in rapid pool : sunken plastic wrapped gloprachetel grimoire Giant black bear: notice snout, notice claw UN DEUX TROIS ! BAM BAM Obnoxious you are Thank heaven above You fire a shot Unbelievably it hits the bear in the face and knocks it against the wall! What luck! It wasn't a direct hit to the brain or even a fatal hit, and yet you've wounded the creature Keep shooting until it stops moving! Sunken plastic wrapped grimoire : enter kung fu hyperspace A magic trick for you is akin to medical science to a primitive person You can't go wrong with this logic-free outcome Tall shaman with tales of yore: notice totem, notice spear, notice moose Nobody ever listens to the old guy anyway; always going on about truth and honor and respecting nature as if that meant anything to scavengers like you Your only true fidelity is to your own race and yourself well that and Benson enter kung fu hyperspace! Photograph fierce gator: Battle fierce gator: win battle fierce gator: kill urple lizard you've fought izards before during one of your unsanctioned excursions outside of lawful civilization Granted those bastards were the pink ; ("friendly") kind that you found living within the comfy confines of a certain banana themed cavern where did that episode end up anyway? Find lizard egg: How very stereotypical of an evil villain or an Empire general; hoarding loot for himself like some bourgeois pig! Suawanne canal With distance now placed between you and the beast, you are easily able to work your way around him and retrieve the egg As you trudge back to the blood pit, you try to remember any of the details which Benson shared about the eggs a long time ago Prairie of minni : super gator Concentrating your thoughts on the matter at hand, you walk in a parallel path alongside your mind palace hallway which is lined with the rooms of all important subjects Ultimately, you know you'll have to go back there and refresh your knowledge lest it start to rot from disuse but for now you continue pondering the puzzling obstacle course before you Thoughts churning like swarming termites, you picture a hallway with eight doors leading to different paths super gator, Sunken plastic wrapped grimoire: enter rezzurection room Enter stage right, the shady Egyptian and his well curated fortune telling tent To think that Charlemagne himself knew this man back when slavery was still a legal institution and people took the Fab Five Tournament seriously even if they weren't in it Tales of yore: wizard Remembering tales woven around old campfires, you mentally visualize a young boy reciting myths and fairy tales for his captivated though not entirely appreciated audience of peers Living gate: path to sapling prairie path to charred forest, path to pit of flames, path to sunken plastic wrapped grimoire, path to wizard, path to ? With great trepidation, you decide to leave the living gate behind and turn your attention to the center door path to sapling prairie, gaint mechanically locked door door in spooky hallway, door in spooky hallway Baffled, you take the only option available gaint mechanically locked door, Gaint mechanically locked door: living gate locked door, door to master bedroom, door to sapling prairie You can't believe you're actually doing this Master bedroom: gargantuan elegant tub, king sized bed, pile of cash This hellish place is fully furnished from floor to ceiling and immaculately clean which can only mean that someone other than the pig had a hand in cleaning it Finally found a use for you, eh? living gate locked door, living gate unlocked clover marked trail door Ah, good old clovers! Thanks to your timely choice to play the Shamrock Snatched game all those years ago, you can now use the knowledge you gained then to identify and access this lowly disguised backdoor That and your newfound ability to psychically perceive the clovers wherever they may be helps you swing open the door and swiftly make your escape from this place of horror living gate unlocked door, good time gate path, good time gate pulp, good time plot All of a sudden, you're in a completely different environment The vine walls expand to reveal a scene right out of the story books, with a picnicking family of four enjoying a spread of delicious food in the grassy field adjacent to the woods Nothing odd about that, you suppose, though where the path and tunnel were is now nothing more than an ordinary tree stump Good time gate path : Good time gate pulp: cypress tree, locked gate In an instant you're back at the beginning where you first began psychically perceiving this branch of the good time gate network Though puzzling, this journey through these mysterious portals doesn't appear to have done anything to your corpse or mind so there's that to be grateful for at least Lizard skull plot: gator wrestle pit All of sudden you find yourself in an environment that looks like it was lifted straight out a cyberpunk flick sat right there in front of you is the very same gator skull that you just thought of The combination of this and the environment severely creeped you out to the point where your psyche suffers a total system meltdown that results in your death Statues with incomprehensible symbols carved into them line path for several more miles before it diverts from its current position along side the canyon and leads you to an ancient city situated on rocky terrain just steps away from where the statues are gator wrestle pit Rambling gate: suawannee river, camp cornielia, chase prairie Bizarre paling Glowing orbs appear one by one high above a seemingly boundless canyon And, of course, there's the sky sapling prairie green prairie path, clover marked trail On returning from the portal you just came from, a series of black and green cubes materialize all around you forming a perfect cage that your mind instinctively fears as a threat Somehow, you know all too well that you'll be drawn inexorably to one of them eventually of course you've no idea which yet but it hardly matters when they all look the same after all sapling prairie, Sunset gate: prairie of floyd smooth rock canyon, rancher paddocks You find yourself transported back to the living room in which you began this experiment There are other people in here now, two girls and a guy, all of similar universityage and all looking curiously at you as if you're the newcomer in a space simply too small for a stranger A timer set for the hour you spent inside the cave now sits on the table counting down to zero where it then flips over to an hourglass prairie of floyd, sinking sandbar You open your eyes to the sight of a burning sun high up in the cloudless sky All you can do is lay there and stare at it till its warmth has done its work to relieve the stiffness in your bones and joints new island, suawannee river Slowly you slip back into the realm of the living once more Prairie of minni: lake of minni, big water lake You stumble through the undergrowth around the pond and lay back down on the same rock you were sitting on before you passed out Interesting adventures, to be sure, but you wish they didn't keep revolving around states of perpetual dehydration and extreme hunger pains Assuming the events of the previous cycles are in any way related, and you have no reason to believe they aren't given that seed, it would seem that your time is running out There's only one thing for it: you grip the holy book as hard as you can and head towards the west to begin the cycle again Suawannee river: chase prairie, prairie of minni, bobcat prairie, You have to go down that rushing river if you ever hope to escape this accursed place Perhaps, just perhaps, you might even get lucky Camp cornielia: brokendown fort, old nameless town The water churns and froths all around you, tossing your tiny raft about like flotsam and jetsam as you struggle to keep it above water The noise is tremendous as buildings and entire chunks of ancient highways are squeezed and ground down into the swirling mass Countless metres below, grey-white tendrils of foam almost fuzzy at this distance, a solid stone aqueduct spans the river in an otherwise unbroken line Chase prairie: island of rosewell, dinner pond, black jack island You still don't understand where this place is, really With a heavy sigh of relief you lie back against your pack to await the opening of the so-called fifth portal Hours pass but the overcast and rust-brown sky keeps the sun's worst heat at bay Island of rosewell: rocky plains, camp fort You plant your hands against the rocky soil and lean out as far as you can over the Flint River to lap up a couple of mouthfuls of the sweetest, freshest water you've ever tasted There's no telling when you'll get the opportunity to drink again so you make the most of it, swilling, slurping and guzzling down that glorious liquid The pocket: You scramble back to your feet to see a short, swarthy man, dressed in eastern-garb similar to that given to you by Lars Manton but far finer and cleaner return to camp fort, to prairie of kimberly With blinding speed the door slams open and before you even know what is happening, you have been grabbed by the scruff of your neck and thrown out onto the rocky ground Black jack island: arrival isle, camp prairie, prairie of kingmen You sit down against one of the cold metal walls and try to make yourself as comfortable as you can It's a pretty grim situation you've landed in this time but there's little point in getting all worked up over it because you're pretty sure the word if hollowed out pearlescent blue shell that you always hold onto is going to come in handy here Prairie of floyd: petering prairie, aqueduct of upton, aqueduct outlet of valley Everything goes black as the portal opens only to reveal the beginning of a huge underground complex with ceilings so high they are lost in darkness far above you and corridors sprawling off either side The acrid smell of cigarette smoke tickles your nostrils and as you cough the heavy iron door swings shut behind you revealing a tall, slender man wearing spectacles leaning against the wall New island: open territory prairie, old western town Lake of minni: islands of minni, strange island open prairie, flat island, minni lake Everywhere you look there is water Everywhere Above, below, to all sides, excluding the direction you're heading of course, is nothing but endless ocean Your throat dries up just pondering it strange island, Big water lake: great basin, edge of great plains, islands of the prairie You haven't eaten in days apart from some mouldy crackers and yesterday you drank from a stagnant puddle that made you vomit repeatedly but still feel endlessly thirsty Your tongue has swollen to more than twice it's size and the lining of your mouth hurts like your lips are horribly chapped but you can hardly even feel them any more Sapling prairie: pine island, lake of floyd, island of fiddler The door to the chamber overlooks a barren rocky plain but through the doorway you can see that over the railing and down several floors is nothing Just empty space To your right another doorway reveals a short staircase leading onto yet anouther level Behind you the first doorway on the floor below reaveals a spiraling staircase twisting both up and down seemingly forever Bobcat prairie: chupacabra island, open valley, winding moutains, prairie You had the strangest dream You were a fox and were running through an endless prairie pursued by wolves You've always loved the bigopen plains and the thought of it causes you to feel drawn to that direction so despite your inner voice telling you to simply abandon the ship entirely you head off across the deck and down the side of the hull toward the bow Islands of minni: fields of minni islands, open chupacabra island within big trees, minni large lake such trees Kill me Waking in the pitch blackness of your metal prison with only bitter thoughts, agonizing over decisions you wish you could redo but can never take back, each more disastrous than the last Strange island: ruins on the prairie, chimney islands, tree line moutains Pine island: moutainous island, small tree line mountains Light swings down from a metal handle on the ceiling and bright enough to actually hurt your eyes Sitting up you find yourself on a bare metal table in a large metal room dominated by a huge machine of some kind with long complex internal mechanisms Pushing yourself into a sitting position you look down at yourself and find you're naked and scan your body quickly for any sign of trauma but you seem to be fine Lake of floyd: island of floyd, mitcheel island big bobcat prairie, island of summer A green herb is growing here Island of summer: island of trees, wolves island, prairie, chupacabra mountains You can see the open hold of the ship ahead of you and smell the fresh air emanating from it As you climb through the hatch a wave of humid jungle air washes over you Island of fiddler: large tree island, open big trees island, large island Swamp of fiddler: humid swamp, small island You are on the upper level in a room with barren walls and a small table under a security camera Two wooden doors lead out of the room A metal ladder leads down You find yourself climbing down a homemade ladder into the blackness of Island of floyd: soldier camp, boom shaw island, lake of floyd You are on a raised Metal walkway in an old room with a dim light hazing above your head The room has several old pieces of tech and a sotve which is dented and rusted out You can see exits leading North, south and To the east You can also head down below A metal ladder hangs against the wall waiting to be descended You see something scratched in the rust on the ladder: "1234" Mitcheel island: old fields, open valley You are on a raised railed walkway in an old room with a dim light hazing above your head Soldier camp: open shaw island, sun island, night twin island Swap around the numbers as you like, the result is still an incomprehensible jumble of letters and numbers With a sigh you realize there is nothing more to find here and move on to Boom shaw island: islands, tree line mountains Deep within the twisting and turning cave you start seeing bright colors shining out from under protruding rocks Anticipating finding something remarkable your heart skips a beat when you uncover a beautiful purple and blue painting of some kind of deer with horns? It takes a moment for it to dawn on you that this is just utter nonsense Dinner pond: booga boo island, honey island Sitting in the water is a table with two trees growing through it and holding it up A large net hangs over the water under the table with dozens of different fruits hanging from it You reach up and grab one as you see Anthony does and you find yourself chewing on a peach You left with the peach in your mouth, then you had an orange, then you ate a pear honey island, Booga boo island: small island, shubu lake, mountain range ridge Thinking you saw something move out of the corner of your eye you spin around only to see a squirrel disappear up a tree Unnerved you keep a watch out for any more signs of life but nothing else makes itself known to you except the soft chattering of leaves in the light breeze that runs through the trees Honey island: As you are navigating your way through the blue stem grass you spot a comb trying to blend in with its surroundings by adopting the same color It seems to have perfect teeth marks in it though which makes you narrow it down to being from a horse or a cow Keeping secrets is important to some people It looks like something is written on the inside You see a lot of nope just more teeth marks Mountain range ridge: Suddenly you hear a bloodcurdling scream piercing through the silence and paralyzing you in your footsteps Keeping secrets is important to some people Desire belongs between subject and object, like the relationship that exists between man and woman: desire is all the same Everything begins with a hope Everything is directed toward an object, or if you prefer, toward a subject ; (a personage, a god) But in either case, this subject or object outside of us is only significant in as much as it is able to awaken a sentiment in us: fear before the gods, love for a person Desire belongs between subject and object, Faradays fields : trees, side island Everything goes black and you are forever confined to a box of pain and suffering which constantly shifts and changes around you The DFI pulls from the pockets of the dead their driver's licenses or passports and dumps the bodies naked into a meatgrinder where other corpses have been dumped before them Out of the grinder comes hamburger to be formed into patties, breaded, deep-fried, bagged, & frozen for future consumption Constructions by the milkman: mailboat inn, hospital cafeteria Time passes before you realize that a hamburger has just touched your lips pulled back now touches them again Time has passed but you really can't tell when inside the black box You can't see anything or anyone and can only rely on your other senses and the feeling you've gotten from the hamburger as it seems to repeatedly tease your lips and pull away Pure perception of modern world: soup kitchen, residence hotel Your ears are bombarded with a chaotic array of elevator music It would put you to sleep if it wasn't for the occasional jolts of static electricity crackling through cheap speakers which keep you on edge and awake You're seated in front of a spinning wheel with various items labeled with amounts from 01 - $1 Itsy bitsy microscopic seed : horse stable, fort franklin It is then shortly followed by the sound of door you entered from slamming shut and locking The light from the small window above the door becomes a laser beam from which you can see dust particles floating A steady ticking comes from an old wall clock projector An ancient HH Holmes sits somewhere behind it watching you A loud chime plays every hour and you are given a painful electric shock before the chime resounds throughout the room Wait Little turpentine laden paintbrush : bunkhouse, camp humphrey Holmes was hanged and evidence indicates his body were buried next to the real H Holmes Which means that this HH Holmes is just an impersonator and the real one must be somewhere near by After realizing this you rush leaves the room but all of the doors are locked and all the rooms are empty You begin to think that you are in a huge fun house where everything pops out to intimidate you Maybe it's all an illusion Middle eastern traditions : dresser, fully painted house Supreme wickedness : window, bank of america The door transforms into a huge grinning demon head The eyes glow red and fire billows out of the nostrils "YOU HAVE GIVEN IN TO THE LUSTS OF THE FLESH NOW YOU MUST PAY FOR YOUR SINS " a booming voice intones near your ear You try to explain that you're just here to investigate but you are given no quarter intemperate Railroad street, artists loft district "IF YOU PARTICIPATED IN THE HOLMES SLAUGHTERINGS, THEN KNOW THAT DEATH IS WAITING FOR YOU Think martin codel : Demons bellow their hot fumes into your face You feel like throwing up when a long long finger seems to enter your body "YOUR PAST CANNOT BE ERASED WHAT HAVE YOU DONE? Keeping secrets : private domicile, mansion and estates "WHAT DO YOU HAVE TO HIDE? WHY WON'T YOU TALK ABOUT YOURSELF? ARE YOU A MURDERER ALSO? or whoever he is seems to know things you've done in the past Things you once thought long forgotten In panic, you compare your own memories against his words You are absolutely terrified to see that he is right, down to the last grisly detail Falcone naples : idaho, a state street apartment At once the walls close in on you The heat becomes unbearable and your skin begins to prickle as if soaking in hot water Above you, the skeleton of some huge animal hangs from the ceiling "PERHAPS YOU WISH TO TALK ABOUT YOUR FATHER NOW" Your father or was he? His face is all mashed in and bloody He's yelling at you for something but the sound is barely audible against nowadays standards The trustees : gopher lounge, hospital street In the next blink you are transported to a different place, although there is no visible way of getting inside Dimly lit with sunbeams peering in through a grime encrusted window, the room has a comforting feel to it but something sinister lurks here too Framed newspaper clippings hang over a small upright piano The sun baked : greenwich street, east village The carpeted room is baking hot and something hangs from the ceiling Homer coulee : ottawa, queen st café From irons that pierce savagely through his wrists The screams are unbearable until the pain destroys his vocal cords He's dying and he's being eaten from the inside out Holger McHenderson's prone on the mattress, or what remains of him Rsa robinson : sewell, south seattle district The bed where the wolves tore at his skinny legs is soaked with rust colored blood Trollbomb's shadow on the opposite wall stretches out over him like a harbinger of doom Bitterroot : settler, the terminal morgue "Yeah, it's real nasty in here Who are you again? " the CSI nerd says from behind his thick glasses fantasy and reality have become one 16 deceptive : pro choice clinic , zergwatch Acid is vomit in your mouth and churning in your belly You need to release it but the stink of the dead and dying here makes you hold it back A heathen hippie girl fried with obscene amounts of electricity due to refusal to "stand together against the anti-social forces of big pharma A father hangs from the ceiling, his skinny arms outstretched towards the device that killed him pro choice clinic , You recognize him as the father of one of the middle school youngsters you counsel You look away, that scream still rings in your ears and hurts your brain Two peas in a pod : capitol hill, caravan lounge He had a wife and son Mother is the mayor's wife Carelessly dumped garbage litters nearly every street You are too shaken to try to sort out the trash from the corpses at this point But, you know the city and realize that mass hysteria has seized the populace Yet, it is more like panicked bedlam than a mass evacuation Everyone is heading every which way you turn and you've already had to run several checkpoints Makeshift barricades are being hastily constructed out of dumpsters and newspaper dispensers Once you think you spotted your sister but couldn't be sure from this distance From what you saw she was pushing a grocery cart full of suitcases And being pursued by a mob of terrorists! Your heart is in your throat and you could use some water but keep running in the opposite direction You see in the panicking crowds, rioters burning buildings and an advancing military force blocking all streets leading out of the downtown core It's the hardest you've run in a long time but eventually the skeletons of high-rise buildings give way to suburbs and then turns into countryside You see a river and wade into the crisp water up to your knees to douse the ache in your cupped hands and take a few healing gulps You fill your canteen before hiking the opposite direction towards the setting sun You need to calm down You need to rest and think but there are too many what-ifs to consider: What if your sister really was here? What if she was taken away by the terrorists? What if she is injured or needs help? What if you could have helped her? What if she's already dead and you weren't there What if you came back to help her and you were too late? What if she could be helped? Sitting by the side of a gravel road, you pull out your phone for the first time in months It's dead and there's no signal out here but perhaps it wasn't a total loss as you use it to bash in the skull of a rabid Rottweiler ambling nearby Setting up camp some distance from the road, you take stock of your supplies You also have: One ; (1) bag of assorted pot, pills, and ecstasy confiscated from ravers You've got two gallons of water, a half packet of instant noodles, your mess kit, and about a pound of beef jerky Each meal of noodles takes a quarter-pound of the stuff so you've got about eight meals there (1) zippo lighter (1) sleeping bag ; (empty) Two hundred ; (200) wooden matches Which amounts to two or three days if you're conservative and fast walking You consider everything you know so far about the events--and there's not much Your sister Elizabeth was out when terrorists struck The city fell three days later under martial law after holding out for as long as it could Think The terrorists--probably Islamists, it fits their MO--terrorized the city for three days before the military opened fire, killing nearly five hundred people two thousand Or was it six? Dead isn't dead anymore You've seen videos on the internet of tens of thousands of corpses after government troops opened fire on them (And look what it got them) Surely someone would resent the 'murican regime for causing this collapse? There has to be a reason why they cut the power Did they think they'd get away with it? Or did they intend to bring back civilization after everything was running again? You have been chewing on one of the many sticks of beef jerky--almost toothpicks at this point--staring at the flickering campfire You toss it back and forth between your hands Who was "they? " What was their purpose? It has probably been hours since you last thought about the hypothermia that probably would have killed you if it hadn't been for two paper-thin sleeping bags But there's no way in hell you're setting them on the ground--with or without a print This tarpaulin will have to do Thank goodness for survivalist parents You'll need fire to keep warm You can never have enough water Especially out here Sure, you still have the potable water you filled up before entering the woods But what if the pond is contaminated and you need to boil or filter the water? Fire for warmth and boiling water You'll have to collect wood first thing in the morning They didn't exactly teach us how to start fires in scouts I'm sure there are videos on it You'll have to evacuate your bowels soon But then, where will you do that? Not here That's for sure Dig a hole and cover it up? Then again, what if a snake found its way into it? EVER thought about that? Not saying there are any here, but I mean, this is the woods You could go in the pot Boil it after, if you want There's always the sleeping bag At least that way no animals would bother touching it or shitting in it Unless they crawl inside with you! Who's to say they haven't already? On second thought, forget the backpack idea All these options and only one defecation: You Sorry, door prize Screw it I have a reputation--well, actually a good chunk of iDEAL's money--to maintain And that reputation says you find the best spots to take a dump: proudly on asphalt As you step behind a tree you consider what might happen if the tree were to suddenly fall and squish you Who would come get your backpack? Would your sister be motivated enough to drive out here and get it? Your parents? There's a huge rustling sound You drop the leaf you were going to use for toilet paper You turn and look behind you You don't see anything, but you're sure that noise wasn't made by a small woodland creature Wolves! They'd love some tender, defenseless hiker meat like you right now Should you run? Can you reach the gun in time? Just as you decide to turn and make a dash for your: weapon, you see the most magnificent creature behind you Its eyes are almost angelic in nature and seem to shine with a divine light Though its large, its movements are elegant So elegant, in fact, that they're startling when matched with the creature's appearance Oh wait! It's-- Yes! It's Sven! And he's coming straight for-- "Rrawr! The beast sniffs you, its large nostrils reserved only for its master You reach a trembling hand to pet him when-- "Whoah! --the hideous monster leaps away from you and begins to prance around the clearing, obviously enjoying the chase You see that he has astring dangling from his mouth and Is that a green plant voucher? Several more vouchers spill out of his mouth when he opens it to yawn And to yawn again, as if to confirm what you see But he's not done yet With a snort he begins giggling and Is that feces? indeed He has fills your lap with fresh mountain doo-doo! You protest by waving your arms about and trying to stand up--to no avail--Sven's massive bulk just keeps coming The animal knocks you over with his snout then begins licking your face affectionately The stench! So awful! But the dog just wants to play He's curious about you and isn't afraid How adorable You almost want to take him with you Almost but, Between his size and incessant flatulence, your sister certainly wouldn't want him inside neither would anyone with a nose or pants ; (haha) To be or not to be Yeah, in the story Hamlet asks that question, but it could just as well be asked by you right now Will you ; (whisper) take him with you? It suddenly occurs to you that this animal would be absolutely no problem at all if you had him as a companion Car rides? No problem Hotels? Sleeping outdoors? Still no problem It would be just like having a dog when you were little! But would your sister agree to take care of it? Only one way to find out You pick up the poo with numerous green vouchers and shove them in your pocket You then lick your fingers and attempt to wipe off the ick on your pants, but do more smearing than cleaning Definitely not something you'd show your friends boyfriend girlfriend

[natures-heroes]

Combatting Climate Change

What is Climate Change?

Help! Climate Change has taken the world hostage, and no one is doing anything to help. Climate Change is a major crisis on Earth, that we call home as well as the billions of different species of plants and animals. Almost all of us have heard of Climate Change and its effects on the environment, especially regarding the recent Australian bushfires. Jesse Yeung, CNN author, explains in her informative article, “Australia’s Deadly Wildfires are Showing No Signs of Stopping”, that Australia has had one of the driest and longest droughts in its history, causing millions of trees to burn and over a billion animals to be affected. However, many of us are unaware of what the true cause of climate change is. Social media is a fantastic tool within our society in spreading relevant information in a matter of seconds that it takes to push a button. The downfall of social media is that it shows us what people want to see, for example, the millions of koalas that have been affected by the bushfires. It does not show us what the root cause of these natural catastrophes. Climate change is caused by the destruction of the ozone layer that protects Earth’s surface from the harmful rays of the sun. The ozone layer acts as a bubble around the planet and when it gets broken up, holes appear within the bubble allowing UV rays emitted from the sun to have a direct path into Earth and its atmosphere. These rays continually raise the temperature of the surface causing ice to melt and drought periods to increase. These effects can be noticed within the increasing sea levels and long-lasting droughts in California and Australia, which is a major cause of the harmful wildfires. Within this blog, I will dive further into the effect of climate change to show how our society is the biggest enemy to our planet’s environment and future. I will also show how college students, like myself, can make simple changes within our daily lives that can have a lasting impact on climate change.

Cars are a major problem…

The damaging of the ozone layer can be directly correlated with the harmful lifestyles of society. Every day, millions of cars are used all around the world which emits an exhaust that contains many harmful chemicals such as carbon dioxide and methane. Vehicles are one of the biggest producers of carbon dioxide, especially in highly populated regions such as the United States. From the Union of Concerned Scientists, from Massachusetts Institute of Technology, reported in the article “Car Emissions and Global Warming” that cars and trucks contribute to about one-fifth of all US submissions. This amounts to about 24 pounds of carbon dioxide being released into the air.  Industrial buildings and factories also release several fumes into the atmosphere. All of the chemicals that come off these different machines cannot disappear; they must be transferred into less harmful substances. Naturally, trees provide an excellent source for this carbon cycle by converting carbon dioxide into oxygen. However, thousands of trees are cut down every hour through the process of deforestation throughout the world. Forests like the Amazon Rainforest are cut down as part of the government policies to create space for agriculture and commercial purposes. The Amazon Rainforest is one of the most vital sources for the carbon cycle that takes care of a large percentage of the carbon dioxide, taking this away poses a major threat to our environment. Without trees and plants, the carbon dioxide would accumulate in great numbers within the atmosphere, breaking down the ozone layer. Not only does our society continue to perform harmful actions like excessive plastic usage and large carbon dioxide emissions, but it also takes away one of the most important sources of carbon elimination through deforestation. It seems that the conservation of the planet is a never-ending task and any action that we take to combat climate change is fruitless. However, we still have plenty of time to prevent the further destruction of the ozone layer and a little action that we do can have a rippling effect on the world around us.

Government’s involvement in fighting Climate Change…

As a college student/young adult, I have always felt that I have an obligation to create a healthier future for myself and generations to come by contributing to conservation efforts. However, it is difficult to discover practical ways to make changes in my lifestyles to be eco-friendlier. It is especially difficult within a society that has stubborn political leaders that may not believe in climate change and do not want to implement policies to enact change within commercial businesses. As college students, we are at the age where we can participate in government voting and issues. We can contact our state senators and representatives to urge for support of laws that vouch for a healthier community and nation. Green Laws constantly move through Congress yet are not put into effect due to lack of support. Matthew Mason is an author in the field of environmental science and explains in his article “Environmental Law: Government and Public Policy Towards the Environment” that green laws are a highly debated topic within the government. The debate is focused around the cost to perform these changes, the necessity of these regulations, and how businesses would be impacted by the statutes. The Government should not base the voting on these regulations on how the commercial businesses are affected and instead seek to understand how the environment can be positively impacted by these laws. If we hope to prevent climate change and natural catastrophes from occurring, we have to cooperate with each other. Our society is too focused on what is beneficial to the individual or the side that we do not think about the planet as a whole and the quality of its future.

Simple solutions cause a big impact.

Making a difference does not have to be on a large scale like contacting political leaders, small changes that we make in our daily life can have equal impact. Reducing the amount of car usage is an easy and practical way of contributing. Every day, millions of college students drive to classes, work, and extracurricular activities. Cars are one of the biggest emitters of harmful chemicals and one university can accumulate a lot of carbon dioxide over time. There are numerous solutions to reducing the amount of car usage on college campuses. Students can walk, bike, take the bus, or even carpool between classes. Reducing the number of carbon emissions in any way can greatly help in the efforts of protecting the ozone layer. Another way in which each of us, individually, can make a difference is by reducing the amount of paper and plastic products. Paper products are made out of trees and if there is a high demand for the paper then more trees will continue to be cut down especially in rainforests where trees are abundant in nutrients. According to Terese Colling, in the article “How Paper Recycling Effects Global Warming”, unrecycled paper products release methane gas. Methane is a chemical that has 21 times greater heat-trapping power in comparison to carbon dioxide. This exhibits that methane is a very harmful gas that can break down the ozone layer, contributing to climate change. We could resort to using technology, such as iPads, or even whiteboards to do homework. iPads and computers offer the ability to write and type without using any paper products. The plastic reduction is another key solution to fighting Climate Change. Many plastic products are made with harmful and toxic chemicals that have an extended life span. Expert sustainability writer, Rick Leblanc, states in the article “How Long Does It Take Garbage to Decompose” that it can take up to 1000 years for plastic to completely decompose. When the plastics are burned, the harmful chemicals are released into the atmosphere. These chemicals are industrially synthesized and are not natural chemicals in which the environment has a way of breaking down. Many plastics can be recycled, but recycling creates a different problem rather than being a solution. Large countries, like the United States, send large amounts of “recycling” to poorer Southeast Asian countries to deal with. Most of the recycling sent are plastic water bottles and containers. The countries have nowhere to put the recycling and large amounts end up in the waterways, killing the ecosystems. Once the recycling enters the waterways, it washes away to other places, such as a forest. The plastics can greatly harm the forests, destroying trees that are so crucial to the carbon cycle. Practical ways in which we can help is by using reusable products and utensils. I personally carry around my own metal water bottle instead of buying plastic water bottles. I always carry a pack of bamboo, reusable utensils when going to different restaurants. These solutions are all easy, practical ways in which we can each, individually contribute to conservation efforts.

Build an army to fight Climate Change.

Being informed and spreading awareness is one of the best solutions to counteracting the climate change crisis that is lingering over our planet. Watching the news, listening to podcasts, and skimming through social media that is based on climate change and the fight for conservation are great ways to keep updated on most relevant information. Being aware of the issue allows you to have important conversations as well as gives you the ability to have your own point of view of the situation. For example, many people are not aware of how climate change even occurs concerning the ozone layer or how humans are a direct cause of the increasing global temperatures. Knowing these pieces of information will give you a sense of urgency to make a difference in the world through your own actions. Talking with one another about this topic is also key to coming up with a solution. Bouncing ideas off of one another allows others to become informed on the issue as well as thinking of more ways to change your own harmful habits that pose threats to the environment. Climate Change is a major crisis and one person cannot save the Earth alone. Talk to your friends and family, tell them what changes they need to make to help the planet. Building an army is essential in making a difference within our environment. To enact change within ourselves and the community, we must ask how society’s harmful actions, as well as inaction, affect climate change and the death of ecosystems? Are we willing to make necessary changes within our lives that promote a healthier future for our planet and the generations to come? We must realize that throughout human history, people are the biggest enemy to our environment and that change needs to come. The Earth still has time to be saved but our society must start to make small alterations in our lifestyles. Everyone can help and be the person to save the planet from man-made extinction. So, will you be Earth’s real-life hero?

[kacydeneen]

Air Pollution Increases Risk of Heart Disease and Stroke, Researcher Finds

Breathing in air pollutants emitted by fossil fuels and wood burning incidents such as wildfires causes an increased risk of serious health effects like heart disease and stroke, studies suggest.

Researchers have known for years that air pollution is damaging to humans, causing up to 100,000 deaths here in the United States, NBC News reported. Air pollution has well-known links to respiratory issues such as asthma and difficulty breathing, and other heart issues such as an irregular heartbeat and nonfatal heart attacks, according to the Environmental Protection Agency. But the new study found that humans who are exposed to the two pollutants are more susceptible to developing cardiovascular illnesses, which doctors have thought to be mainly caused by high blood pressure, high cholesterol and obesity, according to the Centers for Disease Control.

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The most recent study, done in Beijing, China, analyzed the past air pollution exposure of 8,867 patients at Fuwai Hospital who were suspected of having coronary heart disease. The patients, ages 25 to 92 years old, were among the entire Chinese population who were exposed to levels of particulate matter and nitrogen dioxide 95% above the rate considered safe by the Chinese government.

In China, government regulations allow for 35 micrograms of particulate matter in the air and for 40 micrograms of nitrogen dioxide. The study said that exposure to 30 micrograms of particulate matter caused a 27.2% increase in the risk for cardiovascular issues and that 20 micrograms of nitrogen dioxide caused a 24.5% increased risk.

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“In the study conducted in China, we found that long-term exposure to outdoor air pollution and traffic pollutants, specifically PM2.5 (particulate matter) and NO2 (nitrogen dioxide), was associated with coronary artery calcium, a strong predictor of total coronary heart disease,” said Meng Wang, an assistant professor in the department of epidemiology and environmental health at the University at Buffalo and lead author of the study.

Particulate matter and nitrogen dioxide are both substances in the air that come from natural and human-made causes. While the main source for the gases is from the use of fossil fuels, they can be released into the atmosphere by other methods. Common activities often not associated with environmental issues like wood burning is known to release particulate matter into the air, said Beth Gardiner, the author of the book “Choked: Life and Breath in the Age of Air Pollution.”

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Exposure to pollutant levels higher then the national standard is not uncommon in China, where the average concentration of particulate matter is 80 micrograms and 42 micrograms of nitrogen dioxide, Wang said. In Beijing, as part of the country's Air Pollution Action Plan, particulate matter levels have dropped on average by 35% since 2013, from 85 micrograms to 58 micrograms. This was largely achieved by halting the use of coal for power and heat, according to ChinaDialogue.

In a similar study on ozone levels in the U.S. published last month, Wang said he found that Americans are also facing increased health risks as a result of air pollution. Testing 6,619 adults between the ages 45 to 84 in six cities across the country, the researchers found that long-term exposure to ozone causes an increased risk of stroke.

“Therefore, they (the studies) reflect that different air pollutants may have different effects on different beds of human artery, both of which are closely related to cardiovascular health in people,” Wang said.

Ozone, a gas produced from both natural and human-made sources, is helpful in the Earth’s upper-atmosphere where it reduces the amount of harmful UV radiation exposure to humans, according to the CDC. When ozone enters the lower-atmosphere, it is known to have adverse health effects on humans. The gases' link to respiratory problems such as asthma have been well-documented and is acknowledged by the EPA.

Although Wang's two studies do not draw any conclusions on the health effects of particulate matter in the U.S., it has been found by other researchers to have an effect. A study in 2016 said that a reduction of both particulate matter and ozone in the U.S. could save thousands of lives, NBC News reported.

And, air pollution trends in the U.S. have been getting worse since then. In both 2017 and 2018, the number of days with unhealthy air has increased by 15% compared to the number of unhealthy days between 2013 and 2016, NBC News reported.

Yet compared to the rest of the world, the U.S. has historically been considered somewhat of an environmental success story because of the passage of the Clean Air Act and creation of the EPA in 1970, Gardiner said.

“America has really been a story of sort of slow, steady progress, which was achieved through science based regulations and effective enforcement,” Gardiner said.

Not only do countries like India and China have exponentially higher levels of air pollution than the U.S., but much of Europe has higher pollutant levels as well, Gardiner said. The continent’s countries have not been enforcing the climate regulations they set on fossil fuel emissions, allowing pollutants to enter the air at higher and more damaging levels.

Besides air pollution's main source, fossil fuels, which comes from transportation methods such as cars and planes, power-plants run by both coal and natural gas, and industrial agriculture, Gardiner said wood burning and wildfires produces a lot of particulate matter.

A California wildfire in 2017 emitted the same amount of particulate matter in a week that the state's motorists emit in a year, NBC News reported.

“Even though it smells really nice and appealing, it is actually very bad for your health because it is those tiny chemicals that can penetrate and go all the way into your body,” Gardiner said.

Though Wang’s studies have only evaluated the cardiovascular risks, the same air pollutants he examined have also been found to increase the risk of neurological disorders such as Parkinson’s Disease, dementia and premature birth, Gardiner said.

Researchers at the Stockholm Environment Institute found in 2010 that particulate matter contributed to 18%, or about 2.7 million, of the 14.9 million total preterm births globally. The highest rate for a country was China, where more than 40% of preterm births were correlated with particulate matter.

The rate of preterm births is relatively low in the U.S., but is still impacted by air pollution, with 5 to 10% of preterm births correlated to air pollution exposure. According to the CDC, 1 in 10 births are finished prematurely overall and 17% of infant deaths are from preterm births.

"Air pollution (i.e. particulate matter and ozone) is still associated with human mortality in the U.S. even when the concentration is below the current U.S. standard for particulate matter and ozone," Wang said.

In fact, there is no safe amount of air pollution, noted Wang. There will be some level of impact on humans no matter the amount of ozone and particulate matter present.

"The research says that there is no safe level. And that sounds scary, but there is a more positive way to phrase it too. Which is the more that you can reduce pollution, the more people’s lives you can save and the more illnesses you will prevent," Gardiner said.

Photo Credit: Getty Images Air Pollution Increases Risk of Heart Disease and Stroke, Researcher Finds published first on Miami News

[thelifeco-clinic]

Blood Ozone Therapy For Cancer Treatment

Blood ozone therapy for cancer treatment is a great alternative to antibiotics and without any toxic side effects.

We know that ozone is “oxygen with an extra molecule” and that it has a vital role in protecting all forms of life from harmful UV rays in the atmosphere. As a form of therapy, it also has many health benefits. Our blood ozone therapy for cancer treatment is an important part of our metabolic therapies.

What is ozone therapy? Ozone is a colorless gas that can be used to invigorate the immune system and treat certain medical conditions.

As the name implies, ozone therapy refers to the process of administering ozone gas into the body. This helps to treat a disease or a wound. It disrupts “unhealthy processes” and helps prevent the growth of harmful bacteria. It also “flushes out” infected cells, thus allowing the body to produce healthy cells.

In fact, medical ozone has been used to disinfect medical supplies and manage different conditions for over 150 years. During World War I, it was used to disinfect wounds. It was also used to support blood flow and stimulate anti-inflammatory effects.

Studies have shown ozone therapy to be effective in treating infections caused by viruses, fungi, bacteria, protozoa, and yeast.

Ozone therapy also has the potential to help people with breathing disorders. It does this by providing more oxygen to the blood and reducing the stress on the lungs. For diabetics, it can be a way to help repair skin and tissue as well as manage complications caused by oxidative stress.

Oxidative stress refers to the “imbalance between free radicals and antioxidants” in the body. Free radicals are molecules with uneven electrons that can cause harmful chemical reactions. Ozone therapy can also be beneficial for those with immune disorders because it stimulates the immune system.

Other promising benefits of ozone therapy include improving circulation by clearing veins and arteries, cleansing the blood and the lymph, regulating the production of hormones and enzymes, minimizing pain, stopping bleeding, preventing shock, minimizing damage caused by stroke, improving cognitive function and reducing abnormal heart rhythm.

What About Blood Ozone Therapy For Cancer Treatment?

With blood ozone therapy, ozone is mixed with an equal amount of blood. It is then “gently swirled.” Ozone is converted into oxygen and the blood will now have a concentration of approximately 33% more than normal. This level of oxygen in the blood is not possible even if you exercise with an oxygen mask on.

In this process, the white blood cells produce immune-modulating substances that boost the immune system. When the blood is intravenously given back to the patient, they become highly oxygenated and their immune system is “supercharged.” This is crucial because cancer cells cannot survive in oxygen-rich environments.

Blood ozone therapy also stimulates cytotoxic lymphocytes which can help “eliminate cancer and other chronic conditions.” It enables the immune system to “develop a fast response” by enhancing its capability and functionality.

Blood ozone therapy is one of the metabolic therapies offered at The LifeCo Clinic, as part of our integrative treatment program. We also offer high dose vitamin C, glutathione, artesunate, curcumin, and alpha-lipoic acid, among other botanically based therapies. Learn more about blood ozone therapy for cancer treatment by contacting us today.

The post Blood Ozone Therapy For Cancer Treatment appeared first on Alternative Cancer Treatment Center in Thailand.

[genais-world]

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The Ivation Wine Cooler assists in keeping your wine at the right kind & consistent temperature and Solid atmosphere, protective the wine from external lighting fixtures and parts, and is Especially constructed to have 0 vibration, so the wine might be elderly and saved correctly, permitting it to keep and increase its scrumptious taste, Colour and Aroma, with the most efficient imaginable mouthfeel, frame, palette and end, serving you the most efficient and tastiest wine that may be Complete, Wealthy, Supple, Easy, Spherical, and Balanced

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Ivation 18 Bottle Thermoelectric Red And White Wine Cooler/Chiller Counter Top Wine Cellar with Digital Temperature Display, Freestanding Refrigerator Smoked Glass Door Quiet Operation Fridge

The Ivation Wine Cooler assists in keeping your wine at the right kind & consistent temperature and Solid atmosphere, protective the wine from external lighting fixtures and parts, and is Especially constructed to have 0 vibration, so the wine might be elderly and saved correctly, permitting it to keep and increase its scrumptious taste, Colour and Aroma, with the most efficient imaginable mouthfeel, frame, palette and end, serving you the most efficient and tastiest wine that may be Complete, Wealthy, Supple, Easy, Spherical, and Balanced…

Ivation 18 Bottle Thermoelectric Red And White Wine Cooler/Chiller Counter Top Wine Cellar with Digital Temperature Display, Freestanding Refrigerator Smoked Glass Door Quiet Operation Fridge The Ivation Wine Cooler assists in keeping your wine at the right kind & consistent temperature and Solid atmosphere, protective the wine from external lighting fixtures and parts, and is Especially constructed to have 0 vibration, so the wine might be elderly and saved correctly, permitting it to keep and increase its scrumptious taste, Colour and Aroma, with the most efficient imaginable mouthfeel, frame, palette and end, serving you the most efficient and tastiest wine that may be Complete, Wealthy, Supple, Easy, Spherical, and Balanced…