#definite article adjective endings

[deutschhaven]

Declension Of Adjectives In German

The most interesting thing about German Adjectives isn’t just that they are voluminous but that they may also be declined which in turn makes them complex irrespective of their forms i.e whether they are basic, comparative and superlative Adjectives or those that are derived from either Partizip I or Partizip II. This declension of German Adjectives usually follows a definite pattern which has…

[treecakes]

my german professor gave an assignment and it clearly said “accusative case” and we had to put the case endings on nouns and adjectives and so i did it in the accusative and she said no it’s nominative….. bro what.

[markrosewater]

I just found out that "typal" is replacing tribal? Why? Whats wrong with the word tribal?

The word tribal actually meant two things. Tribal capitalized was a card type pe that allowed us to put creature types on noncreature cards. Uncapitalized tribal is a design term meaning “creature type matters” as a theme. The fact that both meanings used the same word caused some confusion (as longtime Blogatog readers know).

We have cultural consultants we work with, and they communicated that there are groups that were upset our use of the word “tribal”, and asked if we could change it.

As long as we were changing the word, why not correct the problem of confusions of definition. Tribal, the card type, became Kindred. Tribal, the design adjective ended up becoming “typal” (an actual word most people don’t know).

It’s a word we use constantly in designing Magic that gets used a bit when people talk about design themes, so we picked a word that was close in structure so we could keep using it as we have. Typal was originally a placeholder word that just worked so well, we kept it.

I will stress these are the words R&D is using for these two concepts. You are free to use whatever words you like. We’re not trying to change other people’s language. I’m just explaining the terms for you all to understand them, so you get what we’re saying in articles, panels, and on this blog.

[pompadourpink]

Les verbes les plus utilisés

Les auxiliaires

Être - to be (je suis une femme, il est avocat, elles sont plus grande que leur soeur, tu es d'accord avec eux)

Avoir - to have (j'ai trente ans depuis septembre, nous avons deux chiens et un chat, on avait du retard ce matin)

-

Les verbes communs

Aller - to be about to (je vais manger - I'm about to go eat); to go: à + city or article-free country, au + masc. country/location, à la + fem. location, aux + plural country, en + fem. country or means of transportation (je vais à Paris, à Cuba, au Canada, au café, à la mer, aux Caraïbes, en France, en métro)

Attendre - to wait (j'attends son arrivée - I'm waiting for her arrival); + de: expect from (j'attends des efforts de ta part - I'm expecting you to make efforts)

Avoir l'air - to look/seem: ø + adjective (tu as l'air perdu - you look lost), de + infinitive verb (elle a l'air d'être sûre d'elle - she seems confident)

Chercher - to look for (je cherche le chat - I'm looking for the cat); after aller: to get (je vais chercher mon colis - I'm going to get my package); try to remember (je cherche mes mots - "I'm looking for my words")

Comprendre - to understand (tu as tout compris - you got it)

Connaître - to be aware of (je connais bien Montpellier - I know Montpellier well, est-ce que tu as connu les pogs? - were you around when pogs were popular?)

Croire - to believe: + à (real) + definite article + noun (je crois au destin - I believe in destiny); + en (trust) (je ne crois pas en Dieu - I don't believe in God)

Demander - to ask: + à, ask if: si, ask for: de (j'ai demandé à mon frère de lui demander si elle veut venir - I asked my brother to ask her if she wants to come)

Devenir - to become (tu es devenu un beau jeune homme - you became a handsome young man)

Devoir - to have to, to be supposed to; present must, conditional present should (je dois manger - I have to eat, je devrais manger - I should eat)

Dire - to say to: + à (je le dirai à maman - I will tell mum)

Donner - to give: ø + noun, à + person (je donne une pomme à maman - I give an apple to mum)

Ecouter - to listen (j'écoute la pluie - I'm listening to the rain)

Entendre - to hear (j'ai entendu des bruits - I heard some noises)

Essayer - to try: ø + noun (je vais essayer une crevette - I'll try a shrimp), de + infinitive verb (il essaie de conduire - he's driving to drive)

Être en train de - to be in the process of (je suis en train de manger - I'm eating)

Faire - to make something happen/have someone do something for you (je fais nettoyer la cuisine par mon frère - I have my brother clean the kitchen); to do/make: ø + noun, à + verb (je fais mon lit tous les matins - I make my bed every morning, il fait froid - it's cold, ils font à manger - they're making food)

Faillir - to come close from (j'ai failli tomber - I almost fell)

Falloir - to be necessary to (impersonal verb*): ø + verb (il faut partir maintenant - we need to leave now), que + det/noun or pronoun verb (il fallait que tu rentres avant 19h - you were supposed to come home before 7pm)

Finir - to finish, end: ø + noun, de + infinitive verb (je finis de manger - I'm finishing my meal); to end up: + par + infinitive verb (j'en ai marre d'attendre, je vais finir par partir - I'm tired of waiting, I'm going to end up leaving)

Laisser - to let something happen, willingly or not (j'ai laissé refroidir mon plat - I let my meal cool down/get cold); to leave (je vais te laisser - I'll leave you alone, laisse-moi tranquille - leave me alone)

Mettre - to put on (clothes, music), up, something somewhere, someone in a situation (je mets mon bonnet - I'm putting my hat on), take an amount of time (j'ai mis trois heures pour venir - it took me three hours to come)

Parler - to talk to: + à (je parle à maman - I'm talking to mum); to talk about: + de (je parle de l'école - I'm talking about school)

Partir - to go in order to (je suis partie chercher mon fils - I went to go get my son); to leave: à + specific destination/organized trip (je pars à Londres ce week-end), for + vague destination/trip, maybe forced (nous partons pour le Mexique en juin); exiting a location: de chez + person (je pars de chez moi maintenant - I'm leaving home now)

Passer - to pop by to do something (passe me chercher à la gare - come pick me up at the station, je vais passer voir ma tante - I'm going to go visit my aunt)

Pouvoir - to be able to (je peux être là dans dix minutes - I can be there in 10); be likely to/wish to

Prendre - to take: ø + noun, à + verb (je prends un biscuit - I'm taking a biscuit, il a pris à manger pour ce midi - he packed food for lunch)

Regarder - to watch/look, oserve (regarde ça - look at that)

Rendre - to give back (je te rendrai ta clé demain - I will give you your key back tomorrow); to change state (ça l'a rendu fou - it made him crazy)

Rester - to remain (je reste calme - I'm keeping my cool); + chez + person or + à + definite article + location: to stay (je reste chez ma cousine jusqu'à lundi - I'll stay at my cousin's until monday)

Savoir - to know about/how to: que + det/noun or pronoun + verb (ils savent que tu es là - they know that you are here, je sais jouer de la guitare - I can play guitar)

Sortir - to exit (sors de ma chambre - get out of my room); + de: to just have finished something (je sors de table - I just finished my meal)

Tenir - to take/hold (tiens-moi ça - hold this for me); to hold dear (je tiens à toi - I care about you); to hold oneself/resist (tiens-toi droit - stand straight)

Tomber - to fall (over, down, out)/become (je suis tombée malade - I got sick); + sur: come across (je suis tombé sur ta mère - I ran into your mother)

Trouver - to find, come across, get (something you've been looking for), come up with, have the opinion that (je trouve sa robe jolie - I find her dress pretty)

Venir - to come in order to: + pour + infinitive verb (je suis venu pour aider - I came to help); + de: just did something (je viens de rentrer - I just got home) or from (je viens de Paris - I'm from Paris)

Voir - to see: que + det/noun or pronoun + verb (je vois que tu es déjà levé - I see that you're already up), à + appearence + that det/noun or pronoun + verb (il a vu à ton expression que ça n'allait pas - from your expression he could tell something was wrong)

Vouloir - to want to: ø + infinitive verb (je veux m'en aller - I want to go), partitive + noun (je veux du calme - I want some peace and quiet), que + det/noun or pronoun + verb (je veux que tu t'en ailles - I want you to leave)

Les verbes pronominaux

S'appeler - to be called (je m'appelle Rose - my name is Rose)

S'attendre à - to expect (tu t'attends au pire - you expect the worst)

Se demander - to wonder (ils se demandent où on va - they're wondering where we're going)

Se dépêcher - to hurry (dépêche-toi ! - hurry up!)

Se douter - to be suspicious of (je me doutais que tu serais en retard - I was pretty certain that you would be late)

S'excuser (de) - to apologize (je m'excuse de mon retard - I'm sorry for being late)

Se faire - to have something being done to you; passive form of faire + infinitive (je me suis fait virer par mon chef - I got fired by my boss)

Se lever/se coucher - to get up/go to bed (il se lève à 7h - he gets up at 7)

Se mettre - to start to (mets-toi en pyjama - start putting your pyjamas on)

Se mettre à - to start doing something (je me mets à manger - I'm starting to eat)

Se passer - to happen (qu'est-ce qu'il se passe ? - what's happening?)

Se rendre - to go somewhere (je me rends à la gare - I'm going to the station)

Se rendre compte + de + infinitive or + que + conjugated verb - to realise (tu te rends compte qu'il est encore en retard ? - do you realise he's late again?)

Se retourner - to turn around (Orphée s'est retourné - Orpheus turned around)

Se sentir - to feel a certain way inside (je me sens vide - I feel empty)

Se tourner - to turn toward (il s'est tourné vers sa mère - he turned to his mother)

Se tromper - to make a mistake (je me suis trompé de clé - I got the wrong key)

Se trouver - to find oneself (je me trouve belle aujourd'hui - I find myself pretty today, vous vous trouvez devant le magasin - they are standing in front of the shop)

S'occuper de - to take care of (elle s'occupe de lui - she's taking care of him)

-

Les verbes modaux

Can - present pouvoir (tu peux partir maintenant - you can leave now)*

Could/May/Might - imperfect pouvoir (tu pourrais partir - you could leave)

Have to - present impersonal verb falloir + infinitive or que + subjunctive (il faut que tu partes - it is necessary that you leave)

Must - present devoir (tu dois partir - you must leave)

Ought to - present conditional impersonal verb falloir + infinitive or que + subjunctive (Il faudrait que tu partes - You ought to leave)

Shall/Will - simple future second verb (tu partiras ce soir - you will leave tonight)

Should - present conditional devoir (tu devrais partir - you should leave)

Would - present conditional second verb(j'aimerais partir - I would like to leave)

*this verb typically means being able to: "I can't speak French" would be translated as "I don't speak French" or "I don't know how to speak French", using pouvoir means you are physically unable to do so ie I can't run because my leg is broken.

While auxiliary verbs are the first half of compound tenses and moods, semi-auxiliary verbs are used with another verb left in the present infinitive form to express an influence of their meaning, tense, mood, or aspect - some are the equivalent of modal verbs, others are simply verbs of perception. When not followed by an infinitive verb, those are not considered semi-auxiliary anymore.

Stative verbs (to be, to remain, to feel) express a state rather than an action. They usually relate to thoughts, emotions, relationships, senses, states of being and measurements and cannot be used as the introduction of a gerund (je rentre en marchant but je suis en marchant*).

Impersonal verbs can only be conjugated in the masculine form of the third person singular: il doesn't refer to a person (il pleut - it's raining).

Movie: Les 400 coups - François Truffaut, 1959

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[mask131]

The myth of Apollo (4)

As with Dionysos previously (see here), the Dictionnary of Literary Myths of Pierre Brunel offers two different articles about Apollo. Here is the loose (but free !) translation of the second one, « Apollon, the mythical sun ».

APOLLO, THE MYTHICAL SUN

Pontus of Tyard wrote in 1552: “Of all the poetic gods, Apollo is the one that has been the most disguised by the fables and the etymologies of his name.” The mythical figure of Apollo, which has been turned in Western literature as one of the most conventional figures there can be, was considered by ancient mythographers as an extremely complex character, because he was given many names and many properties. Apollo is first and foremost an universal archetype of the Divine, of which literature kept – alternatively as much as indiscriminately – three main names: Apollo(n), Phoebus, Sun. The chronological evolution of the god allows us to isolate and separate the solar god (as a symbol) from his mythological adventures, since the solar Apollo is more present within poetry than within legends.

I/ The names of the Sun

In the Platonic tradition, all the way to the end of the Renaissance, numerous significant and diverse etymologies were invented for Apollo, all reflecting the various functions of the solar god. Within the name Apollo(n), interprets can read as much an idea of destruction as an idea of freeing (from the verb “luô”, to untie) or purification (from the verb “louô”, to clean). This reflects the “drying” effects of the sun, which can be negative or positive – and thus is a survival of the ambiguity of the archaic god.

The interpretations found within the “Cratylus” (see the previous part of “The myth of Apollo”, “The Antique Apollo) allow us to define the four main attributes of the god: medicine, divination (both seen as manifestations of “purification”), music and the art of shooting with a bow. The name Phoebus has been associated by Isidor of Sevilla with the endless youth of the ephebe (e-phoebus), while Cartari (in 1556) linked it to the vital light (phôs, light, bios, vie). For Platon, the name of “Sun” within Ancient Greek meant he who “nuances” the colors (“helios”, the sun in Greek, derived from “aïoleïn”, to nuance) ; and all the ulterior commentators assimilated it with the Latin “Sol”, tied to the adjective “Solus” (the sole, the unique, the lonely), a link which can be found in the neo-Latin languages (in French “soleil” and “seul”, for example). Cartari, who was follow the works of Plotin and Macrobe, linked this precise etymology to the Greek name of Apollo that he translated as “he who is not multiple” (“a” as a privative + “polu”, many) – highlighting again the important idea of unity within the idea of the sun-god.

II/ Main attributes

The mythographers of Renaissance made a very useful synthesis work that offers us in their roughly definitive state the various interpretations of the myth of Apollo, compiling together the commentaries from Antiquity, the interpretations from the Middle-Ages, as well as the point of view of some Oriental civilizations. Within his “Images of the Gods” (1556), Cartari divides the solar myth in a series of elements linked together as part of a long allegorical chain:

1) The sun represents at first, in the diversity and universality of its effects, an archetype of the Divinity. The Assyrians assimilated it to Jupiter as the soul of the world (because through all the other gods, it was always him who was evoked). As such Macrobe noted in his “Saturnals” that all theology always returned to the worship of the sun.

2) As a symbol of eternal youth, as the allegory of the always-new day, of the always-resurrecting light, Apollo is depicted as beardless (except for the Assyrians) and is associated with Dionysos.

3) Because of its central position within the Universe, it is called “heart of the heaven”, by analogy with the vital function of this “pulsing” organ within the human body. The sun is the source of light that communicates their movements to the other astral bodies. It is why Apollo is sitting in the middle of the nine Muses, allegories of the nine celestial sepheres, and with them he embodies the Harmony and the Universe, as a symbol of “symmetry and concordance” (according to Tyard). As such the Music of the Spheres, that R. Lulle will represent through the “Great Lyre of the Universe”, is reflected in Apollon’s association with Music and Poetry (Poetry which was originally simply the art of singing).

4) The rays of the sun are depicted by the arrows of Apollo (just like by those of his sister Diana). They can penetrate the very core of the earth – it is why there is an archaic tradition according to which Apollo is a chthonian or infernal god (and can sometimes be called Hecate, since the primitive gods were without genders).

5) It is due to the purgative and drying effects of his rays that Apollo is also the god of medicine. Mythographers tie this function of the god to the fable of the snake Python killed by Apollo soon after his birth: they assimilated Python to the mythical Flood, as a principal of morbid humidity wrapped around the earth.

6) The attribution of the laurel to Apollo, and the fable of Daphne, are explained by the medicinal virtue of the plant, the always-green plant that never rots, and that the mythographers saw as a symbol of Health. The laurel is also tied to the alchemical symbolism of Humidity, because Daphne was metamorphosed thanks to the intervention of her father, a river-god.

7) Finally, Apollo is the god of divination, because he is the eye of the sky, he sees all and he reveals all secrets (hence why in mythology Apollo was the one who denounced the adulterine love of Venus and Mars). He has the role, within the Universe, of the eye within the human body – he is the “spy of the intellect”, the “censor” or the “rector”, and his eminent position makes him a sign of omnipotence. Cartari described a hieroglyph that designated the sun as a scepter surmounted by an eye – which would identify the mythical sun with the idea of royalty.

Such a synthesis – within which each of the god’s main attributes were defined and linked together – as the interpretative model which was used as a basis for all ulterior poetry. For example take Du Bartas: in his “Sepmaine ou Création du Monde », in 1578, the sun, which is not a god anymore but a mere « ornament of the sky », is always designated by metonymy through a series of names that resume all the attributes of the solar god in his cosmic function: Phoebus with gold hair, the blond Titan, the Torch of Laton, the Archer, Apollo giver-of-souls, the Fountain of Heat, the Life of the Universe, Giver-of-honors, King of the Sky, Eye of the Day, Censor, Torch of Delph, Torch of Delos, he who “makes the face of the world young again”. In a parallel way, from Cartari’s work, the different aspects of the character will be slowly simplified until he simply becomes the god of Poetry, crowned with both sunrays and laurel leaves, sitting among the Muses on top of mount Parnassus, always holding his lyre (which can sometimes represent him in his entirety), distilling the poetic inspiration under the shape of the Hippocrene spring (created from Pegasus’ hoof), a spring that Ronsard will describe as “the fountain of verses”.

III/ The philosophical Sun

Symbol of the Philosophical Gold in the alchemical tradition, uniting the fundamental opposites that are the fire and the water, the dry and the wet ; or a symbol of the divine creative soul within Orphism and Pythagorism, the go of Poetry s the very image of all creation within the Neoplatonic literature, in which Apollo with his lyre is always associated to his “mortal double”, Orpheus. Within the Renaissance, Apollo was the god who inspired the “Poetic Fury”, without which the lyrical production cannot be: it is under his influence that (according to Ronsard’s Hymn to Autumn) the spirit can “penetrate the secret of the heavens” and the soul “rise among the gods”. It is under the sign of Apollo that the soul finds back its celestial origin through the effects of the divine enthusiasm (from the Greek “theos”, god): this is the Orphic origin of poetry. For Ronsard and the poets of La Pléiade, the “inspired Poet” is both the “prophet” and the “priest” of Apollo (hence why in the 16th century it was believed that the Sibyls and the oracles were exceptional poets).

This Neoplatonic interpretation of the myth, which confuses the two main attributes of the god, prediction and lyrical art, this same tradition that shaped the image of Apollo we have today, relies on the commentary by Marsile Ficin of “The Symposium”, which divines four different divine “furies”, associated with four patron-deities. First is the highest, the poetic fury, which is caused by the Muses ; second is the “mystery fury” or the sacerdotal fury, which proceeds from Dionysos  ; third is the prophetic fury, given by Apollo ; fourth is love, and it originates from Venus. Despite the distinction marked within this text between the Muses and Apollo, poets usually invoke indifferently one or the other – the god understood as the “universal principle” and the Muses as allegories that represent the individual repartitions of the poetic virtues. It should be noted that within the Neoplatonic context, Apollo is not opposed to Dionysos – rather their functions are complementary. The god of divination, who is also the god of the penetration of divine secrets, forms a couple with the god who initiates humans to the divine Mysteries ; it is to the point that they are called “brothers” by Pontus of Tyard, who explains the epithet of “Delphic Apollo” by a fake etymology “adelphos”, “brother”, for the “fraternity considered between Denys (Dionysos) and Apollo”.

For the Neoplatonicians, if Apollo is one of the poles of the duality of the world, he is rather opposed as the One, as the universal principle, to Diana, who embodies Nature – that is to say the Multiple. According to the Platonic idea taken back by Giordano Bruno in “Eroici Furori” (1585), the Nature (Diane) is the mirror of the God (Apollo). Apollo is the absolute light whose essence must be hidden, who blinds and kills those that see it directly, and thus he can only be perceived through his reflection. A variation of this idea, developed by Léon Hébreu in 1535) made Apollo the “simulacrum of the divine Intellect”, while the Moon was the “simulacrum of the soul of the World” and acted as an intermediary between the divine plane (the intelligible world) and the corporal plane (the sensible world). This conception has been very influential in term of literary posterity, because it means in a very explicit way, that the sight is a sense that must be valorized: the sensitive vision, the one of the eye, is to be identified with the intellectual vision, the one that allows thanks to the spirituality of the light to distinguish the beautiful from the ugly and the good from the evil. The supremacy of the eye above all other senses will be abundantly developed, in poetic and metaphorical ways, from the 16th to the 17th centuries. Even within the anatomical descriptions of the baroque poets, the eye appears as an intermediary between the sensible and intelligible world, as a double of the Sun, whose light shines upon the minds as much as upon the bodies.

[ranahan]

Sexism in Mando’a, take two: misandry

We’ve talked before about sexism in the canon Mando’a corpus—particularly misogyny, e.g. words like dalab ‘sheath, scabbard’, or sayings like Ke barjurir gar'ade, jagyc'ade kot'la a dalyc'ade kotla'shya ‘raise your children, sons strong but daughters stronger’.

But I don’t think I’ve seen misandry covered yet.

jagyc (adj): male (can also mean macho in context)

ori’jagyc (adj): bullying; also bully, swaggering big-mouth - someone who picks on someone smaller

That is, these two definitions equate masculinity with toxic masculinity (or toxic behaviour in general). Male = macho = masculine in an overly aggressive or unpleasant way. Very male = bully; and what’s more, a bully with a fragile ego.

And. Ugh. That’s a step above equating women with scabbards, but that’s a bar so low that going above it is not a compliment.

Are you really telling me that this is what mando men are like? So much so that the word “manly” also means “macho”? And not just to outsiders (many of whom probably find mandos of all genders overly assertive/aggressive), but to Mandalorians themselves? Come on, now. That’s just the tired old “testosterone = bad” argument (no, testosterone does not make men angry or aggressive any more than oestrogen makes women emotional and hysterical).

Outside of the GFFA, this is not something I personally want to propagate. It’s not a message I want to send to young men who are into military science fiction. That being manly means being toxic, that your gender and identity are just the bad things associated with them. Where does that message leave you? Where’s the call to action, to do better than the previous generations? Where are any of the number of masculine virtues or role models to strive for or to imitate? No—that message just leaves you with the message of “you = bad”, because it’s not like any of us can (or should) change our gender identities, which are core parts of ourselves. No boy wants to be a bully when they grow up, but some don’t have any better role models of how to be a man.

So. Let’s do better! Here are some options:

jagyc (adj): male

That is, just remove the part inside the parenthesis (“can also mean macho in context”).

ori’adyc (adj): bullying; also bully, swaggering big-mouth - someone who picks on someone smaller

Lit. “big guy” or “big child”, basically a gender neutral equivalent of the original.

Here are two words from @booklindworm:

orikaanii (n): bully - lit. big fighter /sarcasm

orikaanyc (adj): bullying

Leaning on the sarcasm here: “aren’t you a big fighter, picking on someone smaller than you?”

And from the MandoCreator Language Team (“pretentious”) & Aay’han community (“royal (sarcastic)”):

aloryc: pretentious; royal (sarcastic)

That is, someone putting on big airs, making themselves more important than they really are, and demanding more respect than they have earned. “Royal” is kind of an odd choice of words in English, but I guess what they’re aiming at is “putting on undeserved airs” (i.e. pretentious) or royal in the sense of “a royal pain in the ass” (lit. “leading” or “chiefly” pain in the ass).

I was originally not a big fan of this word, because what’s the neutral adjective from alor, then? But I ended up just deriving it from the root *al- > alyc or ala to avoid possible confusion, and I think that works fine. I’ve come ‘round to it.

ori’shya te buy’ce: too big for their boots, lit. bigger than their helmet

A swaggering big-mouth. You could also say “ori’shya kaysh buy’ce”, but I think the definitive article te does the same job in context, and you avoid repeating the same word (“kaysh ori’shya te buy’ce” instead of “kaysh ori’shya kaysh buy’ce”). Aesthetic choice, really. It’s easier to say in my mouth, at least.

[blokkan-conlang]

hello. remember me?

so ive been away a long time. i started this blog before i started university and now im about to get my bachelor's in linguistics. now that ive reached the end of my course, i know so much more about linguistic theory and structures than when i started and my mind is overflowing with ideas. now that i have a bunch more free time, ive decided to start work on this project again, and that includes pretty much starting this blog fresh and redoing the entire language (not like i had much to begin with anyway) except for some words that have stuck.

some ideas and plans i have at the moment:

im renaming the language, havent decided what though. ive also redone with phonetic inventory

i want the language to feel block-buildy to reflect the nature of minecraft. therefore this language will be highly agglutinative (many morphemes per word) and will contain complex predication

there's 16 light verbs that will combine with ~32-64 coverbs (havent decided how many), resulting in a total of 512-1024 predicating elements

light verbs will contain tense prefixes as well as the subject suffix

coverbs with contain aspectual/modal prefixes as well as the object suffix

im planning on figuring out if i can have no adjectives in this language, because why not. adjectives will instead be expressed by be/have + [noun], e.g. "happy" = "have happiness". i havent fully decided yet though

there will be a rudimentary noun class system. animate (human/non-human), inanimate (wood, sand, stone, plant, water) and abstract. i havent fully fleshed this out just yet but it may be some kind of definite article situation.

there will be final-consonant mutation depending on the proceding phone -- inspired by the same process which occurs in the bretonic and celtic languages

pronouns are expressed as a clitic that occur as a suffix on verbs (how they will be conjugated), prepositions (to express "to me" or "for me", etc) and directional words ("toward me", away from me", etc). maybe more if i can find more room for them

a proprietive morpheme that will express "with" (much like an instrumental case) and a privative morpheme (without). this will also function like an archaic locative morpheme. e.g. "a bird is in the tree" will be something like "tree.PROP bird exist=3P.SG.ANIM"

anyway, thats what ive been thinking about for the past week. hope youre all well :]

[accio-victuuri]

From this article about One & Only “The "easter eggs" that are not on the screen of "One and Only" are here”

Recently, Entertainment Studio talked to "One and Only" director Dapeng and starring Huang Bo, and shared the stories behind the scenes of 10 movies with everyone here.

"Passionate" is an adjective that is aptly used to describe the newly released movie "One and Only".

This movie focusing on street dance is dazzling, and the last 20 minutes of the national competition are especially hearty, making people's palms sweat;

Outside the shoot, every member of the "One and Only" crew is doing their best for the cause they love, and the soul of the group is burning. Dapeng took the main creator to run desperately across the country, dancing in amusement parks, singing at barbecue stalls, checking tickets in movie theaters, handing out posters in frog suits under the scorching sun, riding bicycles for publicity, taking trains for publicity, and promoting at scenic spots... Wang Yibo fell ill and returned to the team after only two days of rest to continue the roadshow. Like Chen Shuo in the film, everyone is desperate to give, just to get closer to their dreams, and their warm emotions are constantly transmitted to more audiences.

"One and Only" is a film project born under the trend of the times to break prejudice.

"After the release of "Sewing Machine Band", the business of many local piano shops began to improve, because there were many children who went to learn musical instruments. This "One and Only" also carries the blessing of the entire Chinese street dance circle, from the preparation stage to the end of the shooting, the street dance circle is looking forward to and blessing this movie, I believe that this movie will definitely usher in a peak of rapid development of Chinese street dance after its release. They may be children and parents, or they may be people who have been prejudiced against street dance, but they will all fall in love with street dance and the people in the story. Dapeng said.

The best candidate for Bboy

In order to understand the real street dance culture, Dapeng did a lot of homework.

He watched street dance movies all over the world, and interviewed a large number of street dancers of different ages in various cities across the country, from three to forty and fifty years old. In April 2021, during the preparation of "One and Only" and before the start of "Keep You Safe", Dapeng asked all the Bboys he knew the same question-

"If I'm looking for someone to play Bboy, he has to be a well-known actor, he has to be able to act and dance at the same time, and his temperament can be recognized by the Bboy community, who should I go to?"

Dapeng got a unified answer, Wang Yibo.

At that time, Dapeng did not know Wang Yibo, he did not even have a script, and he met Yibo nervously through the brokerage company. In order to prevent his expression from being in place, Dapeng also wrote a letter in advance and handed it to Yibo.

Later, Dapeng received a reply from Wang Yibo and wrote a lot of words. Wang Yibo said that he is very happy to be invited to play this role, street dance and movies are his passion, so doing this thing is a superposition of love. He agreed to star in "One and Only".

With a specific object, the film began to enter a stage of rapid progress. Screenwriter Su Biao printed a photo of Wang Yibo and pasted it above the table, looked at his photo every day, and began to write the script.

The script grows from the double BO

The earliest "One and Only" stories tried different directions. At the beginning, the main line is the relationship between mother and son, about how a mother raises her children, and the "exclamation point" is actually derived from a plot in the early version of the script. When Chen Shuo was young, his mother took him to choose his favorite extracurricular class, and if he didn't learn well, he would put a cross or question mark, and only the street dance chosen by Xiao Chen Shuo himself was given an exclamation point. The exclamation point became a small code word between mother and son, and Chen Shuo finally used it on the stage of the national competition.

In the process of the development of the script, they want to write how Chen Shuo is getting stronger and stronger, then he must have a good coach. The coach's line is getting fuller and fuller, and slowly becomes the protagonist.

At the same time, Dapeng they are going to start looking for actors. An OG who can dance, his acting skills are also brilliant, and the only thing Dapeng can think of is Huang Bo. He had shown every script to Huang Bo before, but he didn't find a suitable opportunity for cooperation, but he didn't expect that Huang Bo agreed very happily this time.

"Brother Bo told me that he could finish his last job within a time frame and have a whole block of time to shoot "One and Only", which scared me. Because it is not even a complete script, only the outline of the story. He seemed to have been waiting for the role, and the invitation process went smoothly beyond my own imagination. Dapeng said.

"So we have the double BO combination. We project our impression of them into the script, maybe you can see that there is a part of Huang Bo's shadow on the characters, and there is a growth trajectory of Yibo, that is because these two characters can be said to be tailored for Huang Bo and Yibo, and the story is grown from them.

This time is different from my previous creative path, I used to write one draft, two drafts and three drafts of the script, and even the punctuation marks I felt very satisfied with before I went to find an actor, but in the end it didn't work, and I acted by myself. "One and Only" was unexpectedly smooth, and it was the most efficient film I created. ”

Chen Shuo and his mother

In the final film, the line between Chen Shuo and his mother was compressed, but it was still the biggest crying point.

"The two of them are still a bit alike, did you feel it?" Dapeng laughed.

Liu Mintao and Wang Yibo each did their homework for the role, and the first rivalry scene they wanted to shoot was the scene where Chen Shuo rushed to the wedding scene to find that it was his mother singing on stage, and he couldn't help but burst into tears.

The crew spent a while to set up the studio scene for the filming of this scene, and ran in a group of extras. As soon as the shout began, Liu Mintao and Wang Yibo quickly entered the situation, and both of them shed tears from their hearts.

Dapeng in front of the monitor was a little confused - a scene that took so much effort to prepare, the result was so easy? He said it would be okay or ... Do it again? But in fact, the first take is used in the end. The two actors have done a lot of homework before this, and their understanding of the characters has been very thorough, realizing the "one take" of this heavy emotional scene.

Uncle's wax figure

Living with them in the film is Chen Shuo's uncle, played by the bald Yue Yunpeng, a character with few scenes but dense laughter.

Because her mother's surname is Du, the team came up with a somewhat nonsensical shop name called "Madame Tussauds Restaurant". There are a lot of wax figures in the store, and authorization is required to shoot wax figures, so the crew first considered Dapeng's friends, Jia Ling, Zhang Xiaofei, Yang Di, Li Xueqin, etc., and also thought of world-class celebrity images such as Monkey King, Einstein, Bruce Lee, and Tyson.

Yang Di not only has wax figures, but he himself also came to play a moving wax figure in a nightmare, which is scary and funny. Li Xueqin could have had a wax figure in the shape of a female ghost in "Keep You Safe", but because it was not sure which of "One and Only" or "Keep You Safe" would be on first, the audience might not get this meme, so they could only remove it first.

"With wax figures and a little bit of my own thinking in it. What kind of people are those who have wax figures, they are all successful people. But my uncle has been sculpting a wax figure of himself, and the closer to the end of the movie, the wax figure becomes more and more complete. If you have a belief in your heart, no matter how ordinary and ordinary people are, you can shape your appearance like your uncle. Dapeng said.

Huang Bo backflipped, Wang Yibo hit closed, and the crew rolled up

For movies dedicated to street dance, the dance part must be burning and fried enough, and it must be able to bring a strong visual and psychological impact to the audience.

Dapeng spent a long time researching how to make street dance look better, he organized a group of dancers to the studio to test shoot, try various equipment and mirror movement, and also hired a new editing director, Zhang Yibo, who had cut "Young You", to cut the dance part, because Zhang Yibo himself is also a dancer.

Most of the members of the exclamation point are real-life top dancers, each specializing in different dances. Between "let professional actors learn to dance" and "ask professional dancers to perform", he chose the latter in order to save the dance. But I didn't expect that the dancers' performances in the final film were also very good, because most of the time Dapeng let them "play themselves", eating the hot pot scene, everyone talked about why they wanted to dance, which is the true voice of the dancers themselves.

And the two leading actors, Huang Bo and Wang Yibo, both showed the highest professionalism and did their best to exceed the required dance moves. In the original script, there was no Ding Lei on the scene, but Huang Bo felt that since he came, it was difficult to jump again. Wang Yibo also strives to jump to perfection every time, and finally jumps with closure.

"Yibo and Brother Bo are very serious, so serious that I don't think it's necessary, for example, Brother Bo has a flip, in fact, you can do it with a stand-in, and you can't see it, but he must do it himself. Spirits can infect each other, there is a competitive atmosphere in the crew, you want to do a backflip by yourself, what should others do?

For the last street dance competition, we filmed at the Hangzhou Olympic Sports Center for 10 days, and the shooting intensity was very large. The movie is cut shot by shot, but the actors can't jump only part of it, the movements are coherent, so jumping over and over again is a test of everyone's physical endurance.

On the penultimate days of filming, they told me that Chen Shuo (Wang Yibo) had an uncomfortable ankle, but he didn't tell me that I only learned about it after several people. Although there was a team doctor on the scene every day, I told Yibo at that time that the movie is edited, and it doesn't matter if a certain time you dance is not so perfect, as long as a few moments are good, and then we can make up for it through other angles.

But he just has to be good from beginning to end, he is too demanding of himself. On the last day, he should have filmed the scene in a closed position.

In order to live up to his efforts, in the end, in the choice of editing, you can go to watch, I try my best to ensure that his performance is a complete camera, not cut. ”

An avid group performer

Dapeng used to watch many group performances in film and television dramas, such as a group of reporters mechanically pressing the camera shutter, and a group of wooden audiences under the concert stage, they would feel very dramatic. The main creator may pay more attention to the protagonist, and the supporting role is just a human flesh background board. This time filming "One and Only", Dapeng felt that the atmosphere creation of the competition scene was the top priority, and it was the key point for the audience to have a sense of presence and thus believe in the story.

No matter how big the scene, Dapeng requires every group audience in the audience to react with passion and commitment.

"Every day I try everything to liven up the atmosphere on the spot," Dapeng said, "The whole voice is dumb, if I can't do it, I will want my sister to go up, and if she can't do it, I will go up to others, and take turns to drive the atmosphere."

One day at 11 p.m., everyone started to get sleepy, and I felt as if the atmosphere was going to fall, so I rushed into the crowd myself. I said, look how I play an avid hip-hop audience. When you go to drive the atmosphere, everyone will be infected by you, and the atmosphere of the game can be more enthusiastic. ”

Dapeng, who did not star in his own movie for the first time, played a fanatical live audience, and he also set his "black photo" as a Weibo avatar

Prepare the last scene as if it were a movie

The last 20 minutes of the hip-hop competition were constantly reversed, and the climax was stacked, and wave after wave raised the atmosphere. How was this scene designed?

"We prepared the last scene as a movie. Although it is an action scene, it also takes on a lot of narrative functions, so that the game is always in suspense, there are constant reversals and accidents, and each round has ups and downs. Before filming this competition, our crew stopped work for a few days, and there were meetings every day, and various departments coordinated how to shoot this game.

Fortunately, we have the best dancers in China, the best dance consultants, the members of the coaching staff of the national team, and they give a lot of ideas. For example, someone was injured on the spot, how to persist with the injury, and impress the judges with spirit, such as the music suddenly stopped, the team's creativity..."

In the end, the exclamation point won satisfactory results with the comprehensive strength of the dance company, Chen Shuo's personal efforts, on-the-spot adaptability, team soul and creativity, etc., and I believe that it will definitely bring unexpected surprises to the audience.

Making a movie is very simple, it is a group of people who go all out for one thing

Chen Shuo in the play and Dapeng outside the play are both inspirational examples of struggle.

Recently, Dapeng turned out an old photo, which was a photo of his back with Wang Yibo at an event in Sina when he first stepped into the film industry nine years ago. At that time, he must not have imagined that one day they would collaborate on a movie.

In the ten days we filmed the National Street Dance Competition, every day burned to the fullest. About one day at the end of work, I found a room, and when there was no one, I cried there myself. It's not sad, it's reluctant to finish filming this scene. Even if this group of people gathers at another event in the future, it is not the feeling at this moment, and I miss the time I spent together. ”

"I thought later, maybe that's why I prefer to make movies. Life is hard, but making a movie is much simpler because it's simple, and everyone is desperately trying to give it their all for one thing.

Have you noticed that Yibo has become more smiling in this crew? Because that's what a twenty-four-five-year-old young man should look like, but he is Wang Yibo, and I know the pressure he faces, so in the crew, I try to make him find more security and trust. I believe that he was also very engaged and happy not to talk about the outcome of the final movie, but only about the summer they experienced together. ”

"This time I am also immersed in the directing work, I hope that this film can have a breakthrough in my career, because it is different, with such a powerful Bo Ge, Yibo, and such a group of the best Chinese dancers, everyone likes actors, I think it will become my best work so far." Dapeng said.

As the exclamation point recruitment slogan writes, "Keep working hard and you'll succeed!" This sentence is also true for each of the creators of Dapeng and "One and Only".

( Note : I removed some parts and paragraphs that focus more on DP and his past works. what is left here is about the movie, wyb and chen shuo. )

[sumerianlanguage]

Hello :) I would like to translate "the path of the shining light" (as in light from the sun/stars) for a writing project and I've come up with Kaskal Zalaga? Am I even close? 🫣 Thanks for your help, your blog has been an amazing source of knowledge!

Hello, and thanks for the kind words! Kaskal means something more like "journey" - for "path" I'd use ngiri, which also means "foot". You can definitely use zalag for "(shining) light", though there are many words for light in Sumerian. If you want more specificity, you can add the adjective shuba "shining" as well.

Putting these together, it'd be ngiri + zalag + shuba + genitive ending, in this case looking like ngirizalagshuba "path of shining light" (there are no articles like "the" in Sumerian). Without shuba it'd be ngirizalaga "path of (shining) light".

[charmwasjess]

3, 6 and 17 for the ask game!!

THANKS ANT THIS WAS SO FUN! :D And I'm still very much accepting writer asks if anyone else wants to send me one, or reblog the list and I'll send you something. <3

3 How do you feel about your current WIP

You know, I'm definitely in that phase of writing Rabbit Heart where I'm too close to it to tell if it's successful in what I'm trying to do, but I'm having a lot of fun with the fic, so that's probably a good indicator!

Dooku and Rael are a BLAST. It's also been eye-opening to write Dooku this young, unsure of himself, with so much to prove. Meanwhile, Rael is feeling just as clueless and lost, but it's coming out in totally different ways, with him trying to push Dooku into giving him the reaction he's dreading.

And then - Dooku and Sifo-Dyas. They're circling each other, boys in newly men-shaped bodies, still playing out the dysfunctional dynamic from their backwards-ass childhood with Lene Kostana. I have written a half dozen iterations of Sifo-Dyas quietly gayly pining for an oblivious Dooku, and this fic I wanted to do differently: I wanted Dooku to fall in love with his friend in real time. Dooku being the initiator, even if it seems clear Sifo-Dyas has loved him forever before this. And that's fun and weird, because I write Dooku as someone not always very in touch with himself in matters of the heart, so he's flailing a little bit, trying to understand why suddenly things have changed, trying to frame his feelings around what has happened to Sifo-Dyas in the larger plot and his reaction to it.

6 the word that appears the most in your current draft

Hah, unsurprisingly, "Dooku" followed by "Sifo-Dyas" and "Rael." Most everything else was articles.

17 talk about my writing and editing process

WILL I EVER :D My favorite!!!!

While I don't typically finish stories before I post them, I do tend to prewrite quite a lot before I feel comfortable starting to post any part of it. I write a lot more than I ever post, including whole scenes or alternate endings or different POV characters for a certain plot point than I end up going with. (And lets be honest, sex scenes, I write a TON more sex than I post because of garden variety horniness.) So I gush out all this content and then I have to decide what goes in, what gets scrapped, what gets saved and recycled for later.

I spend a lot of time rereading and narrowing down the content throughout the writing. But when I have the shape of a chapter that I'm pretty much ready to post, I pour myself a big glass of wine and get out my ruthless choppers. I KNOW I overwrite, so this is an important part of my process. I take out the third, unnecessary adjective that of course I've included. I try to kill any darlings that aren't serving the plot. I try to rein in my runaway adverbs, which are fine to use, but I like to have about twenty more of them than I need. I cut the rambling anecdote my characters love to think back on.

I take a hard look at my characters to make sure they feel true to my interpretation of their core qualities. This is usually the part where I fix Sifo-Dyas's lines, since he's often my problem child there. For example, recently in this stage, I changed his "I'm afraid of being left behind" to "I won't be left behind," which is more in line with one of my tenants of writing Sifo-Dyas: that he is defiant and dynamic about facing his own limitations, not ever static or despairing. (Where as Dooku, god love him, can absolutely be a brooder.)

[kelseythelinguist]

Any recommendations for a person trying to learn Greek?

Yes, definitely! I also wrote a post on learning Modern Greek online.

I am not sure what your native language is or if you know any other languages. I studied German before Greek, and so I found Greek grammar very easy in comparison.

To start with, it's slightly more complex than Spanish for English native speakers since it uses a case system (changing noun, adjective, and article endings). But I found the patterns fairly regular and easy to remember! So it is not stressful at all. And since many words are similar between English and Greek, you will find it easy to pick up vocabulary.

For learning, this was what I did:

A1/A2

Timeframe: 9-12 Months, Depending on how fast you go

Tools:

Duolingo: 5-6 lessons/1 crown a day, or 30 minutes

Rosetta Stone: 3 lessons a day, or 30 minutes

Language Transfer Greek: 1-2 lessons a day, 10-20 minutes

LingQ: Free reading, when chilling out

When you finish Duolingo and Rosetta Stone materials, watch Eisai To Tairi Mou on Youtube. The wonderful George has subbed the whole series in English.

For textbooks, I used Take Off In Greek. I did 1 lesson a week after completing Duolingo/Rosetta/etc. This takes about 3 months. There is an audio CD, which you may need to buy separately. I'm not sure.

I also started tutoring while working on the textbook. I meet with Georgia on Italki, who is amazing.

B1/B2

I'm still working on this. 😉

Colloquial Greek is a good textbook here. It's very fast, though. Lots of vocabulary. Routledge also has a Modern Greek Reader, which is advanced but quite good.

But if you want in-depth resources, look at "publications" from Omilo.

Lydia is a good review of A1/A2, all dialogues. They also have workbooks on verbs, Greek music, podcasts, etc. Their B1/B2 book is Fiyame, and it's all in Greek.

At this point, I would work through either Colloquial or Fiyame while working with a tutor 1-2x a month or more.

There is also a Greek Mastodon server - https://kafeneio.social/explore

I am not on this server, but I follow and interact with many people on it. I also use Greek as my default language. 😊

University of Athens

I want to point out that there is an affordable learning course from the University of Athens. It is an online course. They have multiple language courses, but they have a good deal.

Their basic level course is 150 EURO, but you can get it for less. If you buy one of their culture courses, many of which are 100/120 EURO, you can get the Greek course free. The culture courses are taught in English.

I hope this is all helpful! I find Modern Greek rather fun and easy to digest. So far, the grammar is not very difficult. And many of the A1/A2 resources are free or low-cost. Rosetta Stone can be bought for $167, I think, and be used for multiple languages.

[anonymouscommunous]

After making several images featuring my conlangs, I feel like I should actually explain what they are and how they work. So here’s a showcase of the one I made first, Arihuran (I’ll show off the others at a later date).

First, to explain the lore behind all of the languages. These languages are spoken in a world where cats evolved language comprehension sometime while being domesticated in the Middle East, adopting the language of their domesticators (Proto-Afro-Asiatic). Their version of PAA was different in that there were some sounds cats couldn’t pronounce, so sounds changed or were dropped (Proto-Cattic). As cats spread across the world, their language diverged into 4 separate languages (realistically it would be a lot more but 4 is all you’re getting from me).

Things the Cattic languages have in common (so I won’t have to repeat myself in the other showcases):

SOV word order

Adjectives before nouns

Adverbs before verbs

No definite article (except in Chattish)

No grammatical number

No case system

While yes these do make them very simple languages, I mean they’re cats, they’re simple creatures, compared to humans anyway (also I’m lazy). Now on to Arihuran specifically. Arihuran is spoken around the Mediterranean, primarily in the Middle East. Arihuran has had little to no real outside influence, yet it is very different from its proto language. It’s consonants are:

The first thing to notice is that there’s no labial consonants, this is because cats don’t have lips, so labial sounds wouldn’t be phonemic to them. What’s not because of their biology is the lack of alveolar plosives or fricatives. This is due to a sound change that shifted them further back into the mouth (explaning palatal /c/ and /ɟ/). Onto the vowels:

Again because cats don’t have lips, there are no rounded vowels. Arihuran has vowel length distinction (“hoor” /həːɹ/ (language) and “hor” /həɹ/ (fly)). /ɑ/ is an allophone of /a/ when before /ɹ/, which then becomes [ɑ˞] (“kkar” [kxɑ˞] (horn)). Similarly /əɹ/ becomes [ɚ] (so “hoor” and “hor” from before are actually pronounced [hɚː] and [hɚ] respectively).

All of the Cattic languages have a past-tense prefix and an action prefix, in Arihuran these are “sar-“ and “sa-“ respectively (“dä’ü” (walk), “sardä’ü” (walked), “sadä’ü” (walking)). There’s also the possessive prefix “i-“ that’s consistent across all the Cattic languages too (“su” (he), “isu” (his)).

As Arihuran is an Afro-Asiatic language it has cognates with other Afro-Asiatic languages, here are a few:

I’ll end this showcase with a sentence in Arihuran:

an ġîlloq ya sar sarya saräl, an kkarloq sarya saräl, syäg an añt häya saräl.

[I rabbit day ago yesterday PAST.see, I deer yesterday PAST.see, and I you today PAST.see]

“(The) day before yesterday I saw a rabbit, yesterday I saw a deer, and today I saw you.”

[linguenuvolose]

Thinking a lot about definiteness. Is it incorrect to mark definiteness twice if the phrase contains two languages? Is it even preferable if the majority of the target audience speaks only one of the languages?

Ci vediamo al Kungliga Slottet*

Dov’è la Storkyrkan?

He works at the l’Académie française**

Una canzone dei Doors

*Here there’s also the interesting fact that a lot of Swedish places (=organizations/buildings I guess? Idk how to categorise them exactly) can drop the definite article “den/det” that is usually necessary together with the definiteness marker at the end of a noun when there’s an adjective. Like *”Jag läser röda boken” is incorrect (correct would be “Jag läser den röda boken” but “Jag pluggar på Tekniska Högskolan” almost sounds more definite to me than “Jag pluggar på den Tekniska Högskolan”. But maybe it’s because of the Stockholm context where the school is? Or it has become almost lexicalised as a single unit? Same with Svenska akademin, Ostindiska kompaniet etc.

** Does this feel like an acceptable sentence to you since the definite article is attached to the noun?

In all these examples the foreign unit is a specific name but another interesting aspect is more normal code switching.

Hai visto la låda?

Hai visto la lådan?

Har du sett la scatola?

Har du sett la scatolan?

Har du sett scatolan?

I imagine it’s rare in two languages who mark definiteness in the same way like I would guess “Have you seen the la scatola” would be an uncommon occurrence than the Swedish/Italian mixes.

Anyway!!! Very interesting and I’d love to learn more about this!

[acompassionatemonster]

I seriously think I’m speaking to a three year old because there’s no way you can be older than a toddler with how stupid you are. If you are older, please consider going back to school because you’re not gonna get far in life with your lack of common sense and underdeveloped brain. There is no way you can call me illiterate when you literally started your reply with, ‘not you’re mad’ and ended with ‘stay one that Jujutsu Kaisen season two’. And in your first reply you did get your ‘your’ and ‘you’re’ mixed up - you used ‘your’ when it should’ve been ‘you’re so scared’. Now please tell me if that made any sense. Take your head out of your ass and admit how much of an imbecile you are.

Love don’t worry about if I have a job or not, I know I am and will be fine but it’s you that you should be worried about right now. I don’t think you can get a job with your stupidity and illiteracy - no wonder why you read manga, bro just follows the pictures and ignores all the actual writing. Please do yourself and everyone else a favour and log off of Tumblr and every other social and pick up an actual book.

Oh come on now, don’t be a coward and avoid my question. I’ll stop bothering you when you either answer what media you are planning to consume soon or admit that you putting a Gojo spoiler without any spoiler warning and under a Toji tag was idiotic and insensitive (even though you strongly disagree - I’m sorry I didn’t know we had a new Joker over here- not that you have the IQ to be able to pull that off). I’m sorry that I’m the only honest person in your life to say you are insensitive. I bet you don’t even know what that word means given that your literacy and comprehension skills are very limited. So I’ll help you out a bit (because I doubt you can even spell it) and give you a definition, ‘insensitive’ (an adjective) - showing or feeling no concern for other’s feelings. A synonym would be ‘inconsiderate’. You can’t prove me wrong that those words don’t describe you. It was a big spoiler and I know it because you were probably crying over it and in your post you literally say you’re not ‘reading jjk anymore idc’ - therefore, you had no right in spoiling it for others, get that into your thick head and small fish brain.

I’m sorry I didn’t know you were a sheep and posting spoilers without warnings because, ‘literally everyone on here isn’t’. Are you that daft? Just because everyone isn’t, doesn’t mean it’s not wrong. Bro are you saying that if the purge happened and everyone was out wreaking havoc, you’d do the same thing and still say it’s not wrong? Are you a child that doesn’t know right from wrong? Please for the love of God, for your own future and safety, go back to school.

TLDR: stfu and tell me your opinion when you have a present dad x and sorry if this was too much writing for your bozo self to process mwah.

I think I'm speaking to someone who dropped out of school, like literally dropped out of school in the 7th grade. Because if YOU'RE SO SCARED OF SPOILERS WHY ARE YOU ON TUMBLR?? LIKE I FUCKING SAID YOU PEOPLE HAVE SERIOUS ISSUES. IF YOU DONT READ THE NEW CHAPTERS THEN THATS, ON WHO??? ITS ON YOU. and why are you harassing me about my spelling?? Bitch it's fucking Tumblr, I'm not writing a thesis, a research paper or even a fucking essay. If I wanted to write a whole fucking article and then yes I would make sure that my spellings of both 'your' and 'you're were correct. However IM NOT. AND IDGAF. So why tf would I care if I spelt something wrong or mixed a few words up???. You bitches are talentless, jobless, bored and can't fucking read nor write and still live with YOURE parents in their BASEMENT. AND WANNA COME AFTER ME BECAUSE YOU GOT SPOILED. BITCH I DONT CARE IF YOU DIDNT READ THE CHAPTER AND FOUND OUT GOJO IS DEAD!!!!! BECAUSE SOCIAL MEDIA HAS SPOILERS E V E R Y W H E R E. DONT COME ONLINE AND YOU WONT GET SPOLUED THEN YOU FUCKING ASSHAT. YOUR mother must have dropped your special ass on the head as a baby, because why are you at YOUR grown ass age GOING ON DIFFERENT PROFILES TO HARASS ME ABOUT A FICTIONAL FUCKING CHARACTER. I just fucking know you don't take baths OR EVEN WASH THAT FUCKING FILTHY ASS OF YOURS. it's fucking disgusting that YOUR Neanderthal ass came on here to give me a hard time because you what??? Can't keep up with the chapters when it releases??? Not my problem fucktard. And I'll tag my fucking posts with whatever I want. And I did answer your question, I said and I quote I don't care sweetie. So why don't you go to sleep and roll over on that cockroach infested ass floor mattress you sleep on every night. Roll over and go get caught up to the new chapters. Imagine trying to harass someone because YOU live in a section 8 apartment, with 15 other family members, have roaches and rats crawling all over you while you sleep and mad at me. NOBODY GIVES A FUCK ABOUT YOU!!! I'm just sure YOURE a fucking foster child whose mother and father left your Crack baby ass in foster care. Because there's no way that someone who had a loving, family or SUPPORT SYSTEM IS THIS BOTHERED. AND IF YOU'RE SO FUCKING BRAVE WHY WERE YOU POSTING ANONYMOUSLY??? GET A LIFE YOU SMALL BRAINED, LONELY, PATHETIC, NEANDERTHAL ASS BITCH. I HOPE YOU TOSS AND TURN ON THAT FLOOR MATTRESS YOU SHARE WITH YOU 8 SIBLINGS EVERY NIGHT.

and stop coming on my page, mad ass., stupid ass, MONKEY ASS BITCH.

[shrimp-library]

Online and Safe

True Crime genre sometimes deals with the aftermath of what could happen when dealing with stalkers. Often, too often in fact, women are simply not taken seriously when reporting a stalker to the authorities. Sadly, we cannot really count on them to protect us – they are effective at punishing an already done act, not so much at actually preventing it from happening. Restraining orders may help, but can you really count on them to scare away a dedicated stalker?

This article will try to illuminate the dangers of posting innocuous information, how to deal with an active case of cyber-stalking, and what you can do to protect yourself. In the end, it’s the one thing you have control over.

Stuff happens offline, too

Start with going through your already existing social media accounts and scrapping all photos of yourself and other people close to you. Do not worry! Facebook and Instagram both have features where you can download all of your old photos into a folder, so you don’t have to lose them forever – just keep them offline. Remove all tags from other people's photos, too.

It seems like a big hit at first, but does it actually matter if those photos are online? Don't let the good old "if it's not on FB, it didn't happen" get to you.

Best thing would be to completely delete those accounts all together, but if you're not all convinced about this, or you need certain social media accounts for your work or studies, you can always set them to private and be very picky of who you allow to see your information.

If you really want to post photos online for that dopamine rush you get when people "like" or "heart" them, do not post photos of yourself.

Do not post photos of inside your bedroom, do not post photos of inside your house, or your school or workplace. It's like giving a potential stalker a blueprint of places where you frequently go to, where you spend a lot of time, where you sleep and eat and relax (and let your guard down).

The meta of social media

Do not connect your phone number to any social media account. All your other accounts can be easily found once your phone number is revealed to the stalker, as well as your e-mail address. If a malicious third-party has your e-mail address, it's not that hard to get you locked out of your accounts and have your DMs read.

When it comes to social media accounts, avoid using your real name. Be as anonymous as you can be, and if a certain social media platform won’t let you do that, consider not joining it at all. When choosing a new username, make sure it’s not related to anything in your life.

Change your @ or username every now and then to keep them off your track, if the platform allows it. Keep separate and unrelated usernames for different platforms - be a Dandelion_Salad on Twitter, a Miniscule_Inconvenience on Reddit, just a random adjective in front of a random noun formula works great. Make sure there are no recognisable patterns in form of similar profile pictures, banners, bio descriptions, stuff like that. It's okay to keep things empty, too.

You cannot be “TorontoGirlie04”. You cannot be "NebraskanQueen99". You definitely cannot be "LadyThatLivesInThisParticularStreetBecauseItSoundsCool02".

You can, however, be “SnowGlobe23875728” or adopt a beloved character's name (any takers for "DipperGalaxy092930"?). Get creative and play around with the names, make a list of usernames you like, and use those instead.

EXIF is important

In case you didn't know, here's a little lesson on how uploading photos work, and how 4chan tracked down the guy who stood on salad in a Burger King. The key is in the EXIF data.

EXIF is short for Exchangeable Image File, and it basically stores all the information about the photo - exact location and time it was taken, at what aperture and shutter speed, if flash was used, basically everything. Most modern devices store this metadata within photos, and this is very easy to check.

The good news is that a lot of online hosting websites strap the EXIF data off the photos when they're uploaded to save space and bandwidth. The bad news is that not all of them do that, specially imageboards and forums.

But there are ways to circumvent it. The simplest way to scrap the EXIF data is to take a screenshot of the photo, and then uploading the screenshot instead of the original photo. This method should become a habit, as many platforms claim they don't store this information, but if they slip up, it will be an "oopsie" for them, and lots of headache for you.

Here is a link to EXIF Data Viewer to check for yourself. It can also be done within the settings of photos on phones. A good article on how to remove EXIF data on different devices and operating systems.

Please be careful with EXIF, as it can open a can of worms in the wrong hands.

Posting pictures of places you’re visiting should only be done after you’re not at the place anymore. Consistently posting your location in real time is not a very bright idea, specially if it’s from new places that are not familiar to you. Even famous people, who’s boundaries everyone tramples over and follows them around and somehow this is perfectly normalised, get really mad about their real-time location being posted for everyone to see.

"Social" in social media

Awareness of how social engineering works is of utmost importance. All the advice above is rendered useless if one is not careful enough and reveals the information unwittingly.

Making a post into the online nether to complain about the loud 90s music coming from a bar down the street from you seems quite innocent, until a person with bad intentions goes through your account’s history only to find a plethora of unrelated information about you that they can triangulate to find out almost everything about you. It rained heavily last Saturday and you couldn’t go see a really cool art exhibition in your city? You just gave a potential stalker valuable information.

That little voice in your head that makes you hesitate for a second before you blurt out your location should be absolutely listened to, don't drown it in self-gaslighting. We are basically socialised not to listen to our gut instinct, to give everyone the benefit of the doubt, until something bad happens, and then it's our fault for "allowing" it. Listen to your lizard brain, listen to your self-preservation instinct. It is very strong in women. You may be deemed a cold-hearted bitch, but at least you will keep your bodily autonomy.

Peer pressure is often where we falter. Find it in yourself not to fall for it, whether it's making an account on this new cool (and completely unsafe) "alternative" to Twitter, or sending nudes. Opinions of people you will not see after you graduate are temporary. Stalking can last for decades.

It's okay to lie about your gender online. No one really needs to know it, anyway. We're all ephemeral pixels on machines to each other. But posts and comments are online forever, and the more you talk about yourself, the more a stalker can piece together about your life. In that regard, avoid voluntarily giving information to provide context for your comment, ie "As 21f, I think...". It's usually useless info for people participating in the conversation, and it is absolutely invaluable to a stalker. Worse yet, it might even get people to start stalking you.

Do not use TikTok.

You will not "go viral". You will not "become TikTok famous". You will not "get sponsored".

All you do is post videos of yourself. In your room, in your school, in your workplace, in your favourite coffee shop. All the places you frequent, displayed freely for any prying eyes, and that might be taken away from you once the potential stalker decides to start reaching out from the shadows.

But I am a brand

Many ladies utilise social media to promote their creative work, and it's a great way to do so. Before you even start popping up on social media with your beautiful art, consider making a completely separate e-mail address. ProtonMail offers a great service. It takes a couple of minutes to set up, and you don't have to offer the blood of your firstborn to be allowed access. You can also create multiple accounts without any issues.

It doesn't really matter what your field is, whether it's making music, watercolour paintings, photography, or written word, you will want to create a closed circle with that e-mail (that is not connected to your real name). In other words, create your very own social media cosmos, where all the links only lead to the desired platforms of your own choice, and never to your personal pages. Your Carrd/Linktree only aggregate links to platforms where you've used the new e-mail to sign up. Make sure it's impenetrable and untraceable.

Do not use your personal e-mail address as a backup for your business e-mail. This is imperative!

Post only your creative stuff, never reveal any information about your person. Reblog, retweet, and like other people's stuff that you enjoy to fill up your pages, if content is your concern or you're in a creative lull. Do not fill it with pictures of your hand holding a Starbucks cup in front of a recognisable building. Definitely share memes, those are always great.

Turning it around

Now that we've covered most bases, here's a little goodie bag. Something sweet, that will feel oddly familiar to you, as with any woman, because we've been doing this for centuries amongst each other, but for very different reasons.

OSINT.

Open Source Intelligence. A simple name for all the information that is made publicly available, and the very reason why cyber stalking is not taken quite seriously. Actually hacking into accounts is a threshold for many stalkers, and is considered an escalation, because they simply operate on and collect information that their victims share publicly. As stated previously, the victim gives out the information sporadically, and it's seemingly unrelated to themselves, until the stalker goes down the history of the victim's account and puts all the puzzle pieces together.

Simply knowing and collecting information about a person, who decided to share it online for everyone to see, is not a bad thing in itself. It all depends on the intentions behind such collection of information, and what is the purpose of it. Finding out through the interwebs that your long-term boyfriend is married and has kids with another woman because you found their happy family pictures on her Instagram page is basically OSINT. Tracking a person's movements and finding out their place of residence to "keep an eye on them" is basically OSINT.

Since OSINT is simply finding and collecting public data, it is not inherently wrong. It's just data.

Here are some tools that people use. Check yourself. You might be surprised.

GitHub repository called UserRecon, which is a script that scraps the web to figure out where a certain username or e-mail has been used to make an account on various platforms.

OSINT Framework was made to scour the internet, on any platform you can imagine, and find any public information you might need. Open it up and see for yourself just how vast this is, and how easy it is.

My password is...

Surely you've been put into a situation where someone pressured you to share your password with them, whether it's for your e-mail or social media or Snapchat or whatever. Perhaps you've been made to change your password to "Ilovemybf" or something cheesy, without really realising that this gives them access to your accounts.

Here's a list of most commonly used passwords that have been scraped from the internet. All the leaked passwords are in there, and it's fairly easy to automate the process to "guess" your password just using this particular list. The list cannot be named because of doxxing potential, but it currently holds 14 344 391 most common passwords, and it is regularly updated.

These resources can be used to turn things around on to your stalker, if you have an active one right now. You can also check your digital footprint and see how well you've covered your tracks.

Most importantly, do not share your passwords and e-mail with anyone. You might as well kiss goodbye your accounts if you do that. People can be volatile and unpredictable, and no matter how much you trust them in the moment, do not give them the key to turn your whole life upside down if something goes wrong. And something always goes wrong.

Be safe. Be mindful of your privacy. Don't give it for free.

[hatari-translations]

If you come across a new word and don’t have a dictionary to hand, is there any way to figure out how the word is declined, or do you just know it off the top of your head?

Assuming it's not a compound where I know the final component word (in which case it's always just going to decline like that final word), I'd just go by feeling. Generally going by feeling involves looking at the word and in particular at the end of the word, matching it to common declension patterns given the ending plus any context cues indicating the gender of the word and what form I'm currently looking at, and then declining it like whatever the most normal pattern that seems to match is. So for example, if I see a sentence like "Ég ætla að fara í gróbúl í kvöld", where the word "gróbúl" is unknown, I will notice that this is the accusative case (because of the preceding fara í) and match it to other words I know like pendúll (pendulum), which is pendúl in the accusative, figuring that probably it's a masculine word and the nominative is gróbúll. If I see "Það var mjög flott brýtingan á sýningunni", where "brýtingan" is an unknown word, I'll see that the adjective flott applied to it is the neuter or feminine form, so brýtingan has to be a neuter or feminine word; feminine words generally only end in -an if it's a definite article ending, but in this context in the sentence it would be indefinite. So it's probably neuter, and then probably it'd be declined like other neuter words that end in -an in the nominative, like "skran" or "plan", so it'd be brýtingani in the dative and brýtingans in the genitive. All of this happens kind of automatically in an instant, without exactly articulating that thought process; it just feels like how the word would work.

Sometimes, of course, this goes wrong! There are Icelandic words that have multiple possible genders, almost definitely originating as people hearing one form of the word, guessing the gender wrong and declining it like that gender, and then other people pick that up from them. One word famously like this that's common around Christmastime is "uppstúf(ur)" (a sort of béchamel sauce derivative traditionally served with smoked lamb and potatoes), which some people decline like a masculine word, uppstúfur/uppstúf/uppstúfi/uppstúfs, and others like a neuter word, uppstúf/uppstúf/uppstúfi/uppstúfs. Probably the neuter version is the original (it's derived from a Danish word, opstue), but at some point someone assumed it was a masculine word declined like stúfur. I grew up talking about it in the masculine and the neuter version still sounds weird to me. Another one is jógúrt (yogurt) which I grew up declining in the feminine, jógúrt/jógúrt/jógúrt/jógúrtar but others use in the neuter, jógúrt/jógúrt/jógúrti/jógúrts.