#cytotoxic compounds

[allthebrazilianpolitics]

Brazilian and Spanish researchers develop inorganic material with antimicrobial properties

The result of collaboration between groups from the Federal University of São Carlos (Brazil) and Jaume I University (Spain), the innovation has already been patented.

An innovative composite made up of an inorganic polymer and semiconductor has been granted a patent as a result of the collaboration between scientists from Brazil and the European Community, under the auspices of the Center for the Development of Functional Materials (CDMF) of the Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar). The patent is shared by UFSCar, in the state of São Paulo, and Jaume I University, in Castellón, Spain.

The researchers have developed a process to obtain a metal-carbon semiconductor compound with excellent antimicrobial properties, stability and low cytotoxicity, which does not need to be activated and can be installed on the surface of various types of material, facilitating its use as an additive and application in sectors such as health, automotive, construction or installation equipment, sensors, catalysts, among others.

The process used to prepare the material, which has been validated on an experimental scale in a laboratory environment, is carried out under mild synthetic conditions at low temperatures.

Continue reading.

[earhartsease]

we just went down a weird rabbit hole learning more about the strange mediaeval one-stringed instrument called the tromba marina, but also known as the nun's violin (nonnengeige - seeing that for the first time made us finally look up the instrument)

it looked like a very long, tapered, square (or other multisided) cone with one string on it (and sometimes sympathetic strings, which vibrate when you play the main one) that you play with a bow

the cited origins of the name are interesting - tromba marina for two reasons: firstly because the resonance of the instrument makes it sound like a trumpet, and second because it looks like a "sea trumpet" (what the name means) i.e. a sort of ship's megaphone

we now suspect a possible third reason, which is that in italian, tromba marina is the name for sea spouts (waterborne tornados) and the instrument looks a bit like one of those but upside down (or is the italian name because sea spouts look like the megaphone?)

anyway that would have been enough for us except the wiki article had a link to "sea trumpet" and we couldn't resist, and that link redirects to Megaphone, and that page starts out with disambiguations, one of which is for and we kid you not Megaphone (molecule)

and the megaphone molecule? sadly it's not so named because it looks like a megaphone - it's called that because, the article blithely says

Megaphone is a cytotoxic neolignan obtained from Aniba megaphylla, a flowering plant of Laurel family which gave the compound its name

and no that's not good enough - megaphylla just means "it's got big leaves" and you can't just leave us hanging and say the megaphone molecule gets its name (which means "big noise") from that?! wtf, wikipedia, wtf chemists

oh and here are those instruments, and here's what they sound like (yes trumpety)

oh and nuns used to play them

[science-lover33]

Decoding the Pharmacological Symphony of Turkey Tail Mushroom: An In-Depth Analysis of its Chemical Composition, Immunomodulatory Mechanisms, and Implications in Cancer Therapeutics 🍄🔬

Salutations, esteemed Tumblr intellectuals! Brace yourselves for a cerebral sojourn into the pharmacological labyrinth of Turkey Tail Mushroom, an exploration that transcends the ordinary and delves into the intricate interplay of its chemical constituents, the sophisticated mechanisms of immunomodulation, and the far-reaching implications of its therapeutic potential in the intricate landscape of cancer biology. Prepare your minds for an expedition into the realms of molecular complexity, immune orchestration, and therapeutic promise. Grab your favorite scientific journal, a pen, and perhaps a lab coat, for this journey is not for the faint of intellectual heart. ☕📚

Chemical Symphony: An Elaborate Choreography of Bioactive Compounds:

In the molecular ballet of Turkey Tail, bioactive compounds are the principal dancers, each executing a meticulously choreographed routine. Polysaccharopeptides (PSPs), intricate glycoproteins with immunomodulatory acumen, command attention. Through the fine-tuned modulation of immune responses, these compounds stimulate various facets of the immune system, orchestrating an elaborate dance that amplifies the body's ability to recognize and eliminate neoplastic cells. Concurrently, beta-glucans, linear glucose polymers, contribute to this biochemical ballet by fine-tuning immune cell responses, enhancing the overall antitumor immune surveillance.

Navigating the Anti-Tumor Terrain: A Molecular Expedition:

Our scientific cartography navigates the expansive anti-tumor terrain mapped out by Turkey Tail's polysaccharides. The inhibitory effects on tumor growth and metastasis are akin to molecular fortifications against cancer progression. Through intricate mechanisms involving the activation of natural killer cells, cytotoxic T cells, and macrophages, Turkey Tail emerges as a sentinel, curbing the unchecked proliferation of malignant cells. Additionally, its antioxidative prowess, rooted in compounds like ergosterol peroxide, further shields cellular structures from oxidative stress, a nexus in carcinogenesis.

Immersive References: Nourishment for the Inquisitive Intellect:

1. Stamets, P. (2012). "Turkey Tail: Old Medicine, New Hope." Integrative Medicine: A Clinician's Journal, 11(1), 54–59.

- Stamets' exposé weaves a tapestry connecting ancient medicinal wisdom with contemporary insights, shedding light on Turkey Tail's multifaceted potential.

2. Wasser, S. P. (2011). "Current findings, future trends, and unsolved problems in studies of medicinal mushrooms." Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 89(5), 1323–1332.

- Wasser's comprehensive review acts as a meta-analysis, synthesizing the current knowledge landscape of medicinal mushrooms, positioning Turkey Tail within the broader discourse.

3. Sun, J. E., Ao, Z. H., Lu, Z. M., Xu, H. Y., Zhang, X. M., & Dou, W. F. (2002). "Antihyperglycemic and antilipidperoxidative effects of dry matter of culture broth of Inonotus obliquus in submerged culture on normal and alloxan-diabetes mice." Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 95(2-3), 285–292.

- In the realm of metabolic interactions, this study offers a glimpse into the potential implications of Turkey Tail compounds in managing hyperglycemia and lipid peroxidation.

4. Kidd, P. M. (2000). "The use of mushroom glucans and proteoglycans in cancer treatment." Alternative Medicine Review, 5(1), 4–27.

- Kidd's magnum opus serves as a compendium, dissecting the applications of mushroom-derived compounds in cancer therapeutics, providing a nuanced understanding.

Empowering the Community: A Call for Translational Excellence:

Knowledge is a potent elixir, yet its administration demands finesse. As we unlock the mysteries of Turkey Tail Mushroom, let us champion translational excellence, bridging the realms of bench and bedside. Always, without exception, seek the counsel of healthcare professionals, for personalized insights into the delicate interplay of molecular intricacies. Our collective journey extends beyond unraveling the pharmacological nuances; it's a clarion call to empower our community with the technical acumen to navigate the dynamic expanse of cancer research. 🌐💚

Your musings on this intricately detailed exploration are most welcome!

[materialsscienceandengineering]

Superior knee and hip replacements are a step closer after Flinders University and Chinese researchers further test and develop a new orthopedic implant coating which has the strong ability to ward off infection -- as well as stimulate bone growth. The technology, which has been patented after more promising results just detailed in the lead scientific journal Advanced Functional Materials, consists of novel Silver-Gallium (Ag-Ga) nano-amalgamated particles that can be easily applied to medical device surfaces. "The antibacterial capabilities of compounds derived from silver have been extensively researched. However, the cytotoxicity of silver ions currently poses a significant obstacle for the utilisation of silver ions in medical materials," says corresponding author Dr Vi-Khanh Truong, from the Biomedical Nanoengineering Laboratory (BNL) at Flinders University.

Read more.

[jcsmicasereports]

Acute kidney injury following exposure to a formaldehyde –free hair straightening products by Dr. Nabil Abu-Amer in Journal of Clinical Case Reports Medical Images and Health Sciences

ABSTRACT

Formaldehyde- free hair straightening products are hair smoothening solutions widely used by professional beauty salons. Formaldehyde-free hair straighteners do not technically contain formaldehyde, however they contain other chemicals such as glyoxyloyl carbocysteine which releases formaldehyde upon contact with heat. Moreover, its by-product glyoxylate may convert to oxalate, both compounds have potential nephrotoxic effect.

Case presentation: 41-year-old woman presented to the emergency room with weakness, nausea , vomiting and  stage three acute kidney injury according to Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes acute kidney injury staging (KDIGO) shortly after exposure to formaldehyde - free hair straightening product, other causes of acute kidney injury were excluded such as preceding acute illness, drug history or others nephrotoxic agent exposure On physical examination the patient was pale, her vital signs were normal. The urine microscopy and serologic workup was not indicative. Kidney core biopsy reveal interstitial edema, acute interstitial nephritis and oxalate crystal nephropathy. Kidney function completely recovered after a short course of steroid therapy.

Conclusions: We present a case of severe kidney injury after exposure to hair straightening products branded as formaldehyde free but actually contain other chemicals products which release formaldehyde and other toxic chemicals when heated during the straightening procedure and  may cause systemic toxicity, particularly kidney injury. Different cosmetic products are widely in use, not all are under a tight regulation, and therefore it is important to raise the awareness of both medical teams and consumers of possible adverse health effects of different cosmetic products.

INTRODUCTION

Nephrotoxicity is defined as kidney injury due to toxic effects of chemicals. There are various forms of chemicals and drugs that may affect renal function in various mechanism including acute tubular necrosis (ATN), tubulopathy and electrolyte imbalance, acute interstitial nephritis (AIN), glomerular damage, crystal nephropathy, and thrombotic microangiopathy [1-3].

Formaldehyde- free hair straightening products contain potentially toxic chemicals other than formaldehyde. One potential such substance is glyoxyloyl carbocysteine, which is composed of glyoxylic acid, cysteine and acetic acid. Glyoxylic acid both releases formaldehyde when heated and is converted into either glycine by AGT1 (alanine:glyoxylate aminotransferase 1) or oxalate by glycolate oxidase in the human cell peroxisomes [4].

Formaldehyde is a colorless aldehyde poisonous gas at room temperature [5]. It is usually mixed with water and when the small fraction of soluble formaldehyde reacts with water, it quickly forms methylene glycol. For every molecule of free formaldehyde, 1,820 molecules of methylene glycol are formed [6]. Methylene glycol reverts back to free formaldehyde almost immediately upon contact with air or skin. Formaldehyde is thus absorbed through skin, eyes, and inhalation, and is eliminated through the urine [7-8]. During the hair straightening process, high levels of formaldehyde are found in samples of air taken from beauty salons [9] and in specimens of hairstylist workers skin [10-11].

In the kidney, formaldehyde has been reported to cause direct cytotoxic effect resulting in acute toxic tubular necrosis [12-13], and may also cause an immune system response leading to acute interstitial nephritis.

Another potential nephrotoxic component of hair straightening products is oxalate, which is an end product of glyoxylic acid.  Increased levels of oxalate promote calcium oxalate precipitation in various tissues including the kidneys, resulting in toxic injury.

Case presentation

A 41-year-old woman with a history of hypothyroidism and sleeve gastrectomy five years ago, presented to the emergency department with profound weakness, nausea and vomiting. Her symptoms began three days earlier, immediately after using a professional hair straightening formaldehyde- free product in a professional beauty salon.

On physical examination the patient was pale, her vital signs were normal, heart rate  was 66 bpm, blood pressure was 125/70 mmHg, she had no fever or respiratory distress and appeared euvolemic.

Laboratory investigations revealed a serum creatinine of 3.46 mg/dl (one year prior to the event Cr. value was 0.6 mg/dl), urea 77 mg/dl, and electrolytes, liver function tests, Beta human chorionic gonadotropin (β-hCG) and complete blood count were normal. Blood venous gases revealed: pH 7.375, HCO3 21 mmol/L and base excess 3 mmol. The anion gap and serum osmolar gap were normal. Urinalysis demonstrated leukocyturia +1 without hematuria or proteinuria.

During hospitalization urine output was normal, repeat urinalysis demonstrated leukocyturia +1 without hematuria or proteinuria, and Bence-Jones protein was negative. Urine microscopy demonstrated epithelial cells with few white blood cells without any casts or crystals. Renal ultrasound showed 14.4 cm bilateral echogenic, edematous renal parenchyma (shown in  Fig. 1).

A full serologic workup including hepatitis B and C, Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), syphilis, antinuclear antibody (ANA) , Anti-double stranded DNA, Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA), Anti-Phospolipid antibody (APLA) was normal except for a complement C3 level of 80 mg/dl (normal range 90-110 mg/dl).

On the 4th hospitalization day a renal core biopsy was performed. The histologic examination (shown in Fig. 2) was correlatd with  acute tubular necrosis, tubulo- intersitial nephritis and oxalate crystals . With the diagnosis of interstitial nephritis, the patient was started on prednisolone 1 mg/kg, one week later serum creatinine decreased to a level of 0.98 mg/dl.

A: Glomeruli were normo-cellular and without signs of active glomerular disease (arrow heads), tubules showed signs of diffuse tubular injury (black arrow) and tubules contained oxalate crystals (blue arrow). B:The interstitium showed edema associated with multifocal mixed inflammatory infiltration with multiple eosinophils and foci of tubulitis. C:There was one epithelioid granuloma. D:Tubules contained oxalate crystals (blue arrow) observed under polarized light-microscopy. Immunofluorescence analysis revealed C3 1+ in blood vessel walls only.

Discussion

This patient presents an unusual case of kidney toxic and inflammatory injury accompanied with oxalate deposition secondary to hair straightening product. In a literature review, only few cases [14-15] of acute kidney injury (AKI) following hair straightening formaldehyde- free product exposure were reported. All cases were reported after 2019. The spectrum of kidney injury following hair straightening ranges from mild to severe kidney injury requiring renal replacement therapy. The histopathologic changes reported mainly depicted severe acute tubular necrosis and acute interstitial nephritis.

Our patient presented with stage 3 AKI following hair straightening formaldehyde - free product exposure. Other causes of AKI were excluded such as preceding acute illness, drug history or other nephrotoxic agent exposure. Laboratory workup revealed leukocyturia +1, and ultrasonography was significant for enlarged edematous echogenic renal parenchyma. Kidney biopsy demonstrated acute interstitial nephritis, oxalate crystal precipitation and acute tubular necrosis. We speculate that the clinical presentation and the histopathologic changes directly resulted from exposure to the hair straightening formaldehyde- free product.

In reviewing the ingredients of the specific product used in this case, it included glyoxyloyl carbocysteine, glyoxyloyl keratin amino acid, propylene glycol glycerin, phenoxyethanol, ethylhexylglycerin disodium and other collagen, surfactant and fragrance components. We did not find evidence in the medical, pharmacological and chemical literature that any of these substances causes acute kidney injury other than glyoxyloyl carbocysteine.

Many hair straightening products are labeled as formaldehyde "free" but actually contain chemicals such as glyoxyloyl carbocysteine or methylene glycol which release formaldehyde and other toxic chemicals when heated, e.g the carbocysteine hair treatment represents the combination of glyoxylic acid + cisteine + acetic acid. Glyoxylic acid contains an aldehyde functional group, glyoxylic acid behaves as an aldehyde by  heating during the hair straightening process thus releasing high levels of formaldehyde gas exceeding the capacity of exposure[16]. On top of that, glyoxylic acid absorbed through the scalp may had converted to oxalic acid [17] which may precipitate in kidney tissue. It is possible that other components such as propylene glycol may cause osmotic renal injury. In this case, serum osmotic gap was not available since it calculated four days after exposure.

Conclusion

In conclusion, a case of severe kidney injury after exposure to hair straightening products branded as formaldehyde free is presented. This case highlights the sensitivity of the kidney to various environmental and commercial products, some of which have not been fully characterized or identified yet.

It is important to raise the awareness of both medical teams and consumers, of possible adverse health effects of different cosmetic products, including acute kidney injury, and perhaps promote tighter regulation of such products.

Statement of Ethics:

Ethical approval is not required for this study in accordance with local or national guidelines.

Written informed consent was obtained from the patient for publication of this case report and any accompanying images. A copy of the written consent is available.

Conflict of Interest interests

The authors have no conflict of interest to disclose

Funding

No funding was obtained for this study.

Authors’ contributions

NAA, NZ, SM, PB, were involved in the clinical management of the patient.

NAA, MK, collected the data and wrote the first version of the manuscript.

NAA, NZ, MK, SM, PB approved the final version of the manuscript.

The authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Data Availability

All data that support the findings of this study are included in this article.

[uberstrainer]

Human Monocyte Enrichment with pluriSpin: The Ultimate Tool for Researchers

This blog introduces the pluriSpin system as the ultimate tool for researchers, providing precise, versatile, and accessible human monocyte enrichment with highly viable and functional cells.

In the dynamic field of cellular research, the enrichment of specific cell populations holds the key to unlocking crucial insights. Human monocytes, as key players in the immune system, are often the focus of investigations exploring their roles in inflammation, immunity, and disease. This blog explores the significance of human monocytes in research and why researchers require the best tool for cell enrichment techniques, shedding light on how the pluriSpin system emerges as the ultimate solution.

Human Monocytes: Navigating the Complexity of Immune Responses

Understanding the Role of Human Monocytes

Human monocytes are versatile immune cells, serving as the precursors to macrophages and dendritic cells. Their ability to navigate through the bloodstream, infiltrate tissues, and respond to inflammatory signals makes them pivotal in immune surveillance and defense. Researchers delve into the intricacies of monocyte behavior to unravel their involvement in various physiological and pathological processes.

Key Applications of Human Monocyte Research

Inflammation Studies: Monocytes play a central role in the inflammatory response. Investigating their behavior provides insights into the mechanisms underlying inflammation and its resolution.

Immune System Modulation: Understanding how monocytes contribute to immune system modulation is essential for developing targeted therapies for autoimmune diseases and immunodeficiencies.

Disease Pathogenesis: Researchers explore the involvement of monocytes in diseases such as atherosclerosis, cancer, and infectious diseases to identify potential therapeutic targets.

Why Researchers Require the Best Tool for Human Monocyte Enrichment

Precision in Cell Isolation: A Prerequisite for Accurate Results

Achieving reliable and reproducible results in human monocyte research hinges on the precision of cell separation technology. Enriching monocytes with minimal contamination ensures that downstream experiments are reflective of the true characteristics of these immune cells. Researchers require a tool that guarantees untouched and highly purified monocytes for robust and accurate analyses.

Compatibility with Diverse Applications

Human monocyte research spans a spectrum of applications, from immune cell stimulation studies to cytotoxicity assays. Researchers need a versatile tool that not only ensures the purity of isolated monocytes but also maintains their functionality. The enriched cells should be immediately available for cultivation, differentiation, compound screening, and other high-throughput screening (HTS) applications, catering to the diverse needs of researchers in the field.

Accessibility and Ease of Use

The ideal tool for human monocyte enrichment should not be confined to specialized laboratories with advanced equipment. Accessibility is key, and researchers, regardless of their laboratory setup, should be able to incorporate the tool into their workflows seamlessly. A user-friendly system that does not demand special training or additional equipment democratizes the process, empowering researchers across various settings.

Unlocking the Potential: pluriSpin as the Ultimate Tool

The pluriSpin® Advantage: Streamlined and Reliable

The pluriSpin system, a breakthrough in negative cell isolation, emerges as the ultimate tool for human monocyte enrichment. Its unique approach directly from whole blood, buffy coat, or cord blood ensures the isolation of highly purified and untouched cells in a single step. The absence of magnets or columns minimizes the risk of activating or damaging the cells of interest, guaranteeing a streamlined and reliable process.

Immunodensity Cell Isolation Reagent: Ensuring Success

At the core of the pluriSpin® system lies the immunodensity cell isolation reagent (pluriSpin®). This meticulously designed solution facilitates the binding of unwanted cells, setting the stage for a seamless density gradient centrifugation. The result is a pool of highly purified monocytes, ready for immediate application in a myriad of research endeavors.

Fast, Easy, and Accessible

PluriSpin® excels in its simplicity. The workflow is fast, efficient, and does not require specialized instruments. With standard density gradient centrifugation and a mixing device, researchers can incorporate pluriSpin® into their existing laboratory setups without the need for extensive training or additional equipment.

Highly Viable and Functional Cells

The hallmark of pluriSpin® is its ability to provide highly viable and functional cells. Isolated monocytes retain their functionality with minimal manipulation, making them perfect for a wide range of applications, including flow cytometry-compatible studies. The absence of labels or magnetic beads ensures that the cells remain in their native state, allowing for more accurate downstream analyses.

Elevating Human Monocyte Research with pluriSpin®

In the quest for understanding the intricacies of human monocytes and their pivotal roles in immunity and disease, researchers need a tool that aligns with the complexities of their work. The pluriSpin® system, with its precision, versatility, accessibility, and the promise of highly viable cells, stands as the ultimate solution for cell enrichment. As researchers continue to unravel the mysteries of the immune system and its responses, pluriSpin® becomes an indispensable companion, opening new avenues for innovative discoveries in cellular research.

Explore the science behind cascade straining with strainer cascade technology. Learn how this innovative method elevates particle separation, offering unmatched precision and efficiency for your diverse cell separation needs.

[bpod-bpod]

Time and Space

Originating in the cells lining the pancreatic ducts, small tubes transporting digestive juices, pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is the most common form of pancreatic cancer, and highly aggressive. Clues for tackling it may lie within the tumour microenvironment, compounds and tissues surrounding cancerous cells, and especially nearby immune cells. Mapping the microenvironment of tumours removed from PDAC patients reveals correlations between the spatial arrangement of different immune cell types and survival. In patients who died earlier than median life expectancy post-diagnosis, immune cells called IL-10+ myelomonocytes (pictured in green, alongside pancreatic cancer cells in red) tended to cluster near cytotoxic T lymphocytes, potentially dampening their anti-cancer activity, while greater survival was associated with finding myelomonocytes closer to other immune cells, known as activated helper T cells. Hinting at complex interactions between PDAC and the immune system, these findings could enable more accurate prognoses for PDAC patients, and inspire future treatments.

Written by Emmanuelle Briolat

Image from work by Haoyang Mi and colleagues

Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland

Image copyright held by the original authors

Research published in Cancer Research, December 2022

You can also follow BPoD on Instagram, Twitter and Facebook

[kkumarsblog]

Antibody Drug Conjugates Market: Overview, Target Demographics, Competitive Analysis, and Forecast to 2034

Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) are a cutting-edge advancement in cancer therapy, combining monoclonal antibodies with powerful cytotoxic agents for targeted treatment. This approach enhances therapeutic effectiveness while reducing systemic side effects, positioning ADCs as a transformative solution in oncology. With cancer rates rising globally, the ADC market is set to experience significant growth in the coming years.

Market Size and Target Demographics

The antibody-drug conjugate market is forecasted to grow at a strong compound annual growth rate (CAGR) from 2024 to 2034. The growth is fueled by the increasing prevalence of cancers such as breast, lung, and hematological malignancies, which are key indications for ADCs.

Innovative technologies, including site-specific conjugation and improved linker designs, are enhancing ADCs’ safety and efficacy. The primary target group for these therapies consists of patients with relapsed or refractory cancers, where traditional treatments often fall short. Additionally, the growing number of FDA-approved ADCs with expanded therapeutic applications is broadening the potential patient base and further driving market growth.

Competitive Landscape

The ADC Comapnies is highly competitive, with established pharmaceutical companies and emerging biotech firms heavily investing in research and development. Major players include:

Seagen Inc.

AstraZeneca

Pfizer

Daiichi Sankyo

Roche

Gilead Sciences

Takeda Pharmaceutical Company

These organizations are advancing ADC technology through the development of more potent payloads, refined linker systems, and enhanced antibody specificity. Collaborations between biotech innovators and large pharmaceutical firms are expediting the development of next-generation ADCs, further shaping the competitive landscape.

Market Forecast

By 2034, the ADC market is expected to expand substantially, driven by increasing regulatory approvals and a growing pipeline of clinical trials. The introduction of novel ADCs targeting a broader spectrum of cancers, alongside advancements in precision medicine, is anticipated to fuel this growth.

Conclusion

The antibody-drug conjugate market is poised for exceptional growth through 2034. With continuous innovation and an expanding range of therapeutic applications, ADCs are revolutionizing cancer treatment and providing new hope for patients with limited treatment options.

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About DelveInsight

DelveInsight is a premier market research and consulting firm specializing in the life sciences and healthcare industries. By offering actionable insights, DelveInsight supports pharmaceutical, biotech, and medical device companies in making informed strategic decisions in dynamic and competitive markets.

Contact Information: Kanishk Email: kkumar@delveinsight.com

[snehalblog]

Emerging Innovations in Gynecological Cancers Therapeutics Market: How Advanced Therapies Are Revolutionizing Treatment - UnivDatos

Gynecological cancers begin in a woman’s reproductive organs, namely cervix, endometrium, fallopian tubes, ovaries, uterus, vagina, and vulva. This segment dominated the market because of the increased prevalence of gynecological cancers among people worldwide. According to a study conducted in December 2022, in sub-Saharan Africa, gynecological cancers account for approximately one-third of all female cancers. Many new therapies are being introduced for treating these cancers including a combination of treatments, immunotherapy, and many more.

Combination of Treatments:

According to the results of a recent clinical trial published in the New England Journal of Medicine in May 2023, endometrial cancer patients who were administered pembrolizumab- an immunotherapy drug along with chemotherapy had longer progression-free survival compared to chemotherapy alone. As per the study, for patients with stage IV or measurable disease or recurrent endometrial cancer, the addition of immunotherapy drug pembrolizumab potentially improved the chance of progression-free survival. This study received funding from Merck through a cooperative research and developmental agreement with the National Cancer Institute, which also provided the study with grants U10CA180868 and U10CA180822.

Request To Download Sample of This Strategic Report - https://univdatos.com/get-a-free-sample-form-php/?product_id=47241&utm_source=LinkSJ&utm_medium=Snehal&utm_campaign=Snehal&utm_id=snehal

Astonishing Benefits of Curcumin:

According to a medical review paper published in Pharmacy Times, St. John’s University in March 2023, discussed the benefits of spice curcumin in the treatment of ovarian cancer. Curcumin is a golden, natural compound derived from turmeric, a plant in the ginger family that has the capacity to manage inflammatory conditions and also acts as an analgesic and antioxidant. Curcumin, a phytochemical when combined with chemotherapy, was supposed to enhance the synergistic effect of cancer cells to drug therapy, enhancing drug cytotoxicity while reversing multiple drug resistance and reducing these adverse drug effects related to conventional methods of chemotherapy. The compound has gained attention in Western medicine as a potential tumor suppressant, it has already been used in Ayurveda and Chinese medicine for centuries. The National Institutes of Health mentioned that curcumin-containing products’ early-phase clinical trials gave promising results when used in combination with treatments for other forms of cancers like colon, oral, and liver cancers. Many existing studies of ovarian cancer cells and cancer in animals have found that curcumin helped suppress tumor cell progression.

Devastating Mutations:

The study published in Molecular Cancer Research in August 2023 supported by the Department of Defense and National Institutes of Health/National Cancer Institute, and Huntsman Cancer Foundation, mentioned that the estrogen receptor mutations found in endometrial cancers were discovered to cause large changes in endometrial cancer cells making them more aggressive and fast-growing. These mutations caused significant changes in gene expression and cellular behavior. They discovered that inhibitors of a protein that works with estrogen receptors -CDK9 were effective at reducing the aggressiveness and progression of endometrial cancer cells. The study signifies that the molecular evaluation of tumors could lead to more personalized treatment options for endometrial cancer patients.

Acceptance and Progression:

These techniques give hope of treating gynecological cancers effectively. With the dignified applications, these techniques will hopefully burgeon the global gynecological cancers market in upcoming years. However, the journey towards universal adoption of new therapies comes with its challenges. Primary concerns include the safety implications and the high costs associated with these therapies, which may limit their accessibility. The evolution of gynecological cancer therapeutics using gynecological cancer therapeutics is undeniably transforming the way we approach gynecological cancer therapeutics. The current trajectory is anticipated to continue to elevate, bringing hope to patients and shaking up the healthcare market in an unparalleled way.

Ask for Report Customization - https://univdatos.com/get-a-free-sample-form-php/?product_id=47241&utm_source=LinkSJ&utm_medium=Snehal&utm_campaign=Snehal&utm_id=snehal

Conclusion

Despite the hurdles, the future of gynecological cancer therapeutics is undeniably bright. A new dawn is breaking in the treatment of gynecological cancers. The remarkable investment interest, the promising results of ongoing clinical trials, and the scientific community's unwavering commitment are fueling a health revolution. There's no denying it - advanced therapeutics is transforming the way of management of gynecological cancers, bringing hope to patients worldwide. According to the UnivDatos Market Insights analysis, the surge in the incidences of unhealthy lifestyle prevalence and the associated surge in the demand for gynecological cancers therapeutics will drive the global market of gynecological cancers therapeutics and as per their “Gynecological Cancers Therapeutics Market” report, the global market was valued at USD 3.2 billion in 2022, growing at a CAGR of 6.5% during the forecast period from 2023 - 2030 to reach USD 8.2 billion by 2030.

[fcadcom]

LAP: A Highly Efficient Blue Light Photoinitiator Driving Innovation in Hydrogel and Bio-Printing Technologies With the rapid advancement of 3D printing, biomaterials, and photopolymerization technologies, the demand for efficient, low-toxicity photoinitiators has become increasingly urgent. LAP (Lithium phenyl-2,4,6-trimethylbenzoylphosphinate) is an innovative compound that has garnered significant attention for its role as a photoinitiator in various hydrogel formulations. As a blue light photoinitiator, LAP operates under blue light, rapidly initiating the curing of photosensitive hydrogel materials. This compound is particularly well-suited for use in photopolymer formulations, including hydrogel-based materials for 3D printing, coatings, inks, and bio-printing applications. LAP represents a significant advancement in the field of photoinitiators, offering several advantages over traditional UV-based photoinitiators. Due to its exceptional performance and broad range of applications, LAP has become a key player in photopolymerization technologies. In this article, we will explore the properties, applications, and benefits of LAP, as well as its potential in both biomedical and industrial sectors. Key Characteristics of LAP LAP possesses several distinctive properties that make it highly effective and versatile: - Excellent Water Solubility: LAP demonstrates outstanding solubility in water, with a dissolution rate of 4.7 wt%. This makes it an ideal choice for water-based formulations, ensuring easy integration into various hydrogel systems without causing precipitation or instability. - Long Wavelength Absorption: LAP effectively cures under violet and blue light in the range of 350-410 nm, particularly at 405 nm. This allows the use of longer-wavelength light, which causes less cellular and tissue damage compared to traditional ultraviolet (UV) wavelengths. - High Reactivity and Low Toxicity: LAP exhibits excellent cell compatibility, making it suitable for biomedical applications such as tissue engineering and cell-based 3D printing. At the recommended concentrations, LAP demonstrates superior photoinitiating capabilities without exhibiting detectable cytotoxicity. - Avoidance of Alkaline Additives: It is important to avoid contact with alkaline additives when using LAP, as they may interfere with its reactivity and overall performance. Applications of LAP LAP finds broad applications across various industries, particularly in areas where precise control over the curing of photosensitive materials is required: - 3D Printing: LAP is widely used in water-based 3D printing applications, particularly in bio-printing, where the use of biocompatible photoinitiators is essential. It enables rapid and efficient curing of hydrogels used in printing tissue engineering and regenerative medicine scaffolds. - Bio-Printing: In bio-printing, LAP facilitates the crosslinking of hydrogels containing live cells, providing a non-toxic, efficient, and controllable method for creating complex 3D cell-laden structures. Its long-wavelength absorption ensures that cells are not harmed by the curing light, making it ideal for creating viable tissue constructs. - Water-Based Coatings and Inks: LAP is also used in water-based coatings and inks, where it acts as a photoinitiator to cure the formulation under blue light. Its high-water solubility and low toxicity make it an excellent choice for developing environmentally friendly and safe coatings and inks. - Cell-Based Hydrogel Curing: LAP is effective in curing cell-laden hydrogels, making it an ideal option for applications such as cell encapsulation or tissue engineering. The ability to use blue light allows for fine control over the curing process without the harmful effects of UV light. - Long Wavelength Curing Systems: LAP is highly effective in long-wavelength curing systems, where its ability to absorb light in the 350-410 nm range is particularly beneficial. This feature expands its application to specialized curing processes that require precise light control. Cost Optimization: A Key to Industrialization Given LAP’s performance advantages and increasing market demand, our team has made significant progress in process development, establishing a mature manufacturing technology that paves the way for large-scale production. By optimizing production workflows and raw material sourcing, we aim to reduce costs, making LAP more competitive in the market and fostering its widespread adoption in photopolymerization materials and bio-printing applications. Future Outlook LAP’s highly efficient photopolymerization properties and biocompatibility hold tremendous potential in fields such as medicine, materials science, and 3D printing. As we continue to optimize LAP’s production technology, this photoinitiator will drive innovative applications at a lower cost and higher performance, facilitating the deeper integration of research and industry. The introduction of LAP marks a new era for photopolymerization and hydrogel technologies. Looking forward, we will continue to explore its potential across various fields, accelerating technological innovation and industrial advancement. Sales Link Lithium phenyl-2,4,6-trimethylbenzoylphosphinate (LAP) CAS 85073-19-4 on Watson Read the full article

[legendaryturtletheorist]

Enhancing Cell Culture Experiments with Mediray's Advanced Well Plates: A Guide to 12-Well and 48-Well Cell Culture Plates

Cell culture is a cornerstone of modern biomedical research and industrial applications, offering scientists the ability to study cellular behaviors, drug interactions, disease models, and therapeutic interventions in a controlled environment. As the demand for precision and scalability increases, so does the importance of the right laboratory equipment. Among the most essential tools for cell culture experiments are well plates. Mediray, a leading provider of high-quality laboratory products, offers innovative solutions with its 12 well cell culture plate and 48-well cell culture plates, designed to elevate research outcomes and enhance reproducibility.

In this article, we will explore the significance of 12-well and 48-well cell culture plates, their applications, and how Mediray’s advanced offerings support researchers in various fields.

Understanding the Importance of Well Plates in Cell Culture

Well plates are flat, typically multi-well dishes that allow cells to grow in a controlled environment. Each well serves as an isolated unit where cells can be cultured independently. The ability to culture multiple samples at once in a single plate accelerates experiments, reduces costs, and maximizes space on a microscope stage or incubator. Well plates are essential for a range of scientific applications, including:

Drug screening: Testing the effects of pharmaceutical compounds on cells.

Gene expression studies: Analyzing how genes are activated or silenced in various conditions.

Toxicity testing: Evaluating the impact of chemicals or environmental factors on cells.

Stem cell research: Culturing stem cells and studying their differentiation.

For these applications, Mediray offers two popular types of well plates that are optimized for superior performance: the 12-well cell culture plate and the 48 well cell culture plate.

12-Well Cell Culture Plate: Versatility in Research

The 12-well cell culture plate is one of the most widely used formats in cell biology, providing researchers with the ability to handle moderate sample sizes while maintaining enough space for the proper growth and observation of cells. Each well in the 12-well plate can accommodate a larger volume of culture medium and cells, making it ideal for experiments requiring a greater quantity of material.

Advantages of 12-Well Cell Culture Plates

Larger Sample Volume: With each well holding 3–5 milliliters of culture medium, the 12-well plate is perfect for assays where larger volumes of reagents are required. This is particularly useful for cell proliferation assays, cytotoxicity testing, and large-scale screening.

Increased Cell Density: A greater surface area in each well means that researchers can grow a higher density of cells, enabling experiments to be more representative of real-life conditions.

Parallel Experimentation: The 12-well format is ideal for running multiple experimental conditions simultaneously, allowing for comparative studies between different treatments, compounds, or conditions without the need for multiple plates.

Ease of Handling: The 12-well plates are large enough to make manipulation and observation easier, yet compact enough to fit conveniently into incubators or microscopes.

Mediray’s 12-well cell culture plates feature a highly consistent surface and optimal geometry to promote even cell attachment, growth, and viability. Made from high-quality, tissue-culture treated polystyrene, these plates minimize the risk of contamination and ensure reliable and reproducible results.

48-Well Cell Culture Plate: High-Throughput and Efficiency

When experiments require high throughput or the testing of numerous variables simultaneously, the 48-well cell culture plate becomes the tool of choice. This format strikes a balance between the limited well number of the 12-well plate and the higher capacity of the 96-well plate, making it an excellent choice for experiments that need a large number of conditions tested but without overwhelming the available space.

Advantages of 48-Well Cell Culture Plates

High-Throughput Capability: With 48 wells in each plate, researchers can test more variables in less space, making it ideal for high-throughput screening of drug candidates, genetic studies, or metabolic assays. The compact design enables efficient use of incubator space and minimizes reagent consumption.

Optimized for Small to Medium-Scale Experiments: The 48-well plate format is a great choice for small to medium-scale cell culture experiments, where smaller volumes (typically 0.5–1 milliliters per well) are sufficient for obtaining meaningful results without wasting resources.

Versatile Applications: The 48-well plate can be used for a wide variety of cell-based assays, including viability testing, gene expression analysis, and immunological assays. Its flexibility makes it a go-to choice for routine research applications.

Cost-Effective: Due to its moderate well count, 48-well plates can help researchers conserve costly reagents while still obtaining a large amount of data in a short time. Researchers can test different concentrations of a substance across the wells, or run parallel experiments using different treatments.

Mediray’s 48-well cell culture plates are manufactured with precision to ensure consistent cell growth and uniform results. With a tissue-culture-treated surface, these plates provide superior cell adhesion and offer greater consistency across different wells, ensuring the reliability of experimental data.

Choosing Between the 12-Well and 48-Well Cell Culture Plates

Selecting the right well plate depends on the specific needs of your experiment. Here are some factors to consider when choosing between Mediray’s 12-well and 48-well cell culture plates:

1. Sample Size and Volume Requirements

If you are conducting experiments that require larger sample volumes or more extensive assay methods (e.g., protein secretion assays, imaging with higher magnification, or assessing long-term cell viability), the 12-well plate is ideal. It provides more room for cell growth and handling larger amounts of culture medium. On the other hand, if you’re working with limited sample sizes and want to conduct high-throughput experiments, the 48-well plate is the better choice.

2. Throughput and Experimental Scope

Researchers conducting large-scale screenings or testing various experimental conditions (e.g., drug treatments, gene knockdowns) often prefer the 48-well format because it allows for more parallel tests. For smaller-scale, focused experiments, the 12-well format might be sufficient, particularly if you need to monitor the growth and differentiation of cells over a longer period.

3. Reproducibility and Consistency

Both the 12-well and 48-well plates from Mediray are designed to ensure maximum reproducibility. The tissue-culture-treated surfaces provide consistent results, but for experiments that involve a large amount of variation across wells (such as cell response to different compounds), it is crucial to account for the fact that larger plates may introduce variability due to space constraints in incubation environments.

Mediray’s Commitment to Quality and Innovation

At Mediray, quality is the foundation of every product, ensuring that every 12-well and 48-well cell culture plate meets the highest standards. Each plate is designed for optimal cell growth conditions, reducing the risk of contamination and ensuring that cells grow under consistent conditions. Mediray’s plates are compatible with a variety of cell types, from adherent cells to suspension cultures, making them versatile for any laboratory need.

Mediray understands the significance of precision in research and has established itself as a trusted name for laboratory consumables. Whether you need to study cellular mechanisms, screen for new therapeutics, or develop innovative biotechnologies, Mediray’s well plates serve as reliable tools for a wide range of applications.

Conclusion

Mediray’s 12-well and 48-well cell culture plates represent two versatile solutions for cell culture research, each offering unique advantages depending on the needs of your experiment. The 12-well plate is perfect for moderate to large-scale assays that require more room for sample volume, while the 48-well plate excels in high-throughput studies where multiple variables need to be tested simultaneously. By choosing the right plate, researchers can optimize their experiments, conserve resources, and enhance the reproducibility of their findings.

Mediray continues to innovate in laboratory consumables, providing scientists with the tools necessary to push the boundaries of scientific discovery. Whether you are conducting basic research or developing next-generation therapies, Mediray’s well plates are designed to support your research with precision, reliability, and ease of use.

[jayanthitbrc]

Global Immunotoxin Market Analysis 2024: Size Forecast and Growth Prospects

The immunotoxin global market report 2024from The Business Research Company provides comprehensive market statistics, including global market size, regional shares, competitor market share, detailed segments, trends, and opportunities. This report offers an in-depth analysis of current and future industry scenarios, delivering a complete perspective for thriving in the industrial automation software market.

Immunotoxin Market, 2024report by The Business Research Company offers comprehensive insights into the current state of the market and highlights future growth opportunities.

Market Size - The immunotoxin market size has grown strongly in recent years. It will grow from $55.94 billion in 2023 to $60.97 billion in 2024 at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 9.0%. The growth in the historic period can be attributed to the discovery of target antigens, advancements in monoclonal antibody technology, preclinical efficacy studies, clinical trials and regulatory approval, and identification of resistance mechanisms.

The immunotoxin market size is expected to see strong growth in the next few years. It will grow to $86.29 billion in 2028 at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 9.1%. The growth in the forecast period can be attributed to the increasing incidence of cancer, rising demand for natural and organic products, expansion of the cosmetic industry, expansion of R and D financing, and improving healthcare infrastructure. Major trends in the forecast period include precision medicine approach, enhanced targeting strategies, multifunctional immunotoxins, combination therapies, and advancements in monoclonal antibody technology.

Order your report now for swift delivery @ https://www.thebusinessresearchcompany.com/report/immunotoxin-global-market-report

Scope Of Immunotoxin MarketThe Business Research Company's reports encompass a wide range of information, including:

1. Market Size (Historic and Forecast): Analysis of the market's historical performance and projections for future growth.

2. Drivers: Examination of the key factors propelling market growth.

3. Trends: Identification of emerging trends and patterns shaping the market landscape.

4. Key Segments: Breakdown of the market into its primary segments and their respective performance.

5. Focus Regions and Geographies: Insight into the most critical regions and geographical areas influencing the market.

6. Macro Economic Factors: Assessment of broader economic elements impacting the market.

Immunotoxin Market Overview

Market Drivers -The increasing incidence of breast cancer is expected to propel the growth of the immunotoxin market going forward. Breast cancer refers to a type of cancer that forms in the cells of the breast. The rising incidence of breast cancer is primarily due to improved screening, lifestyle changes, and increased life expectancy. Immunotoxins help in breast cancer by targeting and killing cancer cells while sparing healthy cells, reducing side effects associated with traditional chemotherapy. For instance, in 2023 according to the American Cancer Society, a US-based non-profit organization, there were 300,590 new cases of breast cancer reported, showing an increase compared to the 290,560 cases reported in 2022. Therefore, an increasing incidence of breast cancer is driving the growth of the immunotoxin market.

Market Trends - Major companies operating in the immunotoxin market are focused on developing antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) to enhance the specificity and efficacy of cancer treatment. ADCs are biopharmaceutical medicines that are intended to be used as targeted cancer treatments. Antibody-drug conjugates are made up of an antibody coupled to a cytotoxic medication, enabling targeted drug delivery to cancer cells that express a specific antigen. For instance, in April 2024, Pfizer Inc., a US-based pharmaceutical company, and Genmab A/S, a Denmark-based biotechnology company, received full U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval for TIVDAK, a first antibody-drug conjugate designed to treat patients with metastatic or recurrent cervical cancer. The toxic payload of TIVDAK is monomethyl auristatin E, a microtubule-disrupting chemical that causes cell death. This novel mechanism leads to its efficiency in cancer treatment. TIVDAK showed statistically significant increases in overall survival, making it a promising alternative for individuals with recurrent or metastatic cervical cancer.

The immunotoxin market covered in this report is segmented –

1) By Type: Anthrax Based Toxins, Diphtheria Toxin (DT) And Derivatives, Pseudomonas Exotoxin (PE) And Derivatives, Ribosome Inactivating Proteins Based Immunotoxins, Ribonucleases-Based Immunotoxins, Other Types 2) By Application: Solid Tumors, Leukemias, Other Applications 3) By End User: Hospitals And Clinics, Cancer And Radiation Therapy Centers, Research Labs, Other End-Users

Get an inside scoop of the immunotoxin market, Request now for Sample Report @ https://www.thebusinessresearchcompany.com/sample.aspx?id=15828&type=smp

Regional Insights - North America was the largest region in the immunotoxin market in 2023. Asia-Pacific is expected to be the fastest-growing region in the forecast period. The regions covered in the immunotoxin market report are Asia-Pacific, Western Europe, Eastern Europe, North America, South America, Middle East and Africa.

Key Companies - Major companies operating in the immunotoxin market are Pfizer Inc., Roche Holding AG, AbbVie Inc., Bayer AG, Bristol Myers Squibb, Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc., AstraZeneca plc, Merck KGaA, BioNTech SE, Ipsen Pharma, Seagen Inc., Orion Corporation, GenScript, Cytek Biosciences, MacroGenics Inc., Sutro Biopharma Inc., Sorrento Therapeutics Inc., Innate Pharma Inc., Cayman Chemical, ImmunoGen Inc., Mersana Therapeutics, Molecular Templates Inc., Celldex Therapeutics, CytImmune Sciences Inc., Enzo Life Sciences Inc.

Table of Contents 1. Executive Summary 2. Immunotoxin Market Report Structure 3. Immunotoxin Market Trends And Strategies 4. Immunotoxin Market – Macro Economic Scenario 5. Immunotoxin Market Size And Growth ….. 27. Immunotoxin Market Competitor Landscape And Company Profiles 28. Key Mergers And Acquisitions 29. Future Outlook and Potential Analysis 30. Appendix

Contact Us: The Business Research Company Europe: +44 207 1930 708 Asia: +91 88972 63534 Americas: +1 315 623 0293 Email: info@tbrc.info

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[yolomichaelz95]

Felt like writing a little fanfiction today, please give constructive criticism (positive comments only!)

Sakura Shinguji Attempts Murder and Goes to Prison

Chapter 1

Sakura had always considered herself a bad bitch, but none of her colleagues in the Imperial Flower Assault Division took her seriously. She decided that today, things would change.

Sakura: “Tachibana! Get your head out of your ass and listen up!”

Mariya: “…for the love of god why has that woman still not been fi-“

Sakura: “Because I carry this entire military organization on my delicate, breedable shoulders”

Mariya: “Breedable? Ugh, whatever, what do you want?”

Sakura: “What’s the baddest thing you can come up with?”

Mariya: “I don’t know, like, murder?”

Sakura: “On it.”

Mariya: “No wait- “

Sakura: “Too late.”

Sakura ran to the armory and started emptying the cupboards onto the floor. Guns, bullet belts, mech parts, all danced in the wind of her passion like a twirling blizzard of ill-intent, graciously flummoxing the beta cucks passing by. One of them hesitated, stopped, and asked, “Ms. Shinguji, wha-”

Sakura: “Did I give you permission to talk, Ichiro? And no, you can’t have my birth control pills, buy your own estrogen.”

Ichiro: “That wasn’t what- I’m just gonna go.”

Sakura: “You do that.”

Finally, Sakura found what she had been looking for. An unethical amount of bis(2-cloroethyl)sulfide and several other cytotoxic compounds. Giggling with glee like a crazed clown hopped on helium, she dashed through the door.

While miandering through the streets, she pondered to herself. “Now that I have the goods, who do I use them on? Ever since Sumire Kanzaki from the hit video game series Sakura Wars, now available on PS5, told me about misandry, I’ve been dying to commit violence against males. But the only male I know is Ichiro, and even I can’t target a femboy...” Then it hit her, a bird shit from above. She wiped it off but ended up just smudging it all over her hair. Then she finally realized: she should have worn a hat. But also, she knew who she should target.

Who’s the worst patriarch out there, if not god? Emboldenedly, she yelled “women’s rights” and lobbed a large vial of bis(2-cloroethyl)sulfide into the skies. She missed, but god’s feelings were hurt regardless. Just as Sakura was preparing another vial, she heard a yell behind her.

Police: “arem you LITTERING???? uou go to PRISON, now!!!”

Sakura: “Shit, a dirty pig cop!”

To be continued...

[leedsomics]

Exploring American Elderberry Compounds for Antioxidant, Antiviral, and Antibacterial Properties Through High-Throughput Screening Assays Combined with Untargeted Metabolomics

American elderberry (Sambucus nigra subsp. canadensis) is a rapidly emerging new perennial crop for Missouri, recognized for its high level of bioactive compounds with significant health benefits, including antimicrobial, antiviral, and antioxidant properties. A high-throughput screening assay combined with untargeted metabolomics analysis was utilized on American elderberry juice from 21 genotypes to explore and characterize these bioactive compounds. Our metabolomics study has identified 32 putative bioactive compounds in the American Elderberry juices. An array of high-throughput screening bioassays evaluated 1) total antioxidant capacity, 2) activation of antioxidant response elements (ARE), 3) antiviral activity, and 4) antibacterial activity of the putatively identified compounds. Our results revealed that 14 of the 32 American elderberry compounds exhibited strong antioxidant activity. Four compounds (isorhamnetin 3-O-glucoside, kaempferol, quercetin, and naringenin) activated ARE activity and were found to be non-cytotoxic to cells. Notably, six of the 32 compounds demonstrated significant antiviral activity in an in vitro TZM-bl assay against two strains of HIV-1 virus, CXCR4-dependent NL4-3 virus and CCR5-dependent BaL virus. Luteolin showed the most potent anti-HIV activity in an in vitro TZM-bl assay against the NL4-3 virus (IC50 = 1.49 microM), followed by isorhamnetin (IC50 = 1.67 microM). The most potent anti-HIV compound against the BaL virus was myricetin (IC50 = 1.14 microM), followed by luteolin (IC50 = 4.38 microM). Additionally, six compounds were found to have antibacterial activity against gram-positive bacteria S. aureus, with cyanidin 3-O-rutinoside having the most potent antibacterial activity in vitro (IC50 = 2.9 microM), followed by cyanidin 3-O-glucoside (IC50 = 3.7 microM). These findings support and validate the potential health benefits of compounds found in American elderberry juices, and highlight their potential for use in dietary supplements as well as innovative applications in health and medicine. http://dlvr.it/TDFrpc