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As with most students who earn their baccalaureate degree, many are uncertain what they will do with that degree once they graduate. Especially in the fast paced and dynamic environment of the nurse practitioner, many new nurses feel that they are unprepared for the demands required in healthcare. Generally, most nurses graduate, take the NCLEX and then start working in the nursing environment with little to no experience. This is the purpose of NNLI.Main Concepts NNLI, Novice Nurse Leadership Institute, is a university program at South Florida which is designed to develop nurses and equip them with essential skills that are required to succeed in the nursing environment. According to Dyess and Sherman (2009), all of the participants that come to this program have less than twelve months of practical nursing experience. This is essential because it allows everyone to start at the same level and develop their skills together. Of the selection of nurses entering the program, many reported having difficulty with: dealing with their emotions, communication problems, feeling isolated, making critical decisions as well as handling contradictory information. Many in the program feel that they have the confidence to perform well based on the knowledge they accumulated during their college experience, but lack the practical application in order to handle unknown problems. “They express confidence in their own abilities and hope that their will be organizational systems in place to support their emotional growth in areas where they needed development” (Dyess & Sherman 2009). This confidence will permeate all their abilities making them a more competent nurse. Learning to manage and channel their fear into constructive practice. Another component that nurses lack when setting foot in the work force is in their communication skills. For example, Dyess and Sherman (2009) state that “individuals refused to cooperate with requests for assistance or passively ignored call bell lights.” This is a kind of conflict in which new nurses are unable to deal with. NNLI will help them deal with horizontal violence, any act of aggression demonstrated by a colleague, and conflict through role play and discussion. Professional isolationism is another type of problem nurses encounter during their first year. Because of the hectic and fast paced environment of nursing, many feel that because it is so busy that they cannot stop and ask their colleagues a question. NNLI tries to correct this by trying to create a link between the higher level nursing leadership and the new nurses. Critical decision making is one of the most essential skills to have as a nurse. Many of the situations that nurses encounter have highly complex variables and require complex thought and decision making processes. Read the full article

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The creation of special research departments in a growing number of education institutions, hospital and organization are also helpful to future nurses. Greater emphasis is put on research in the undergraduate programs. There is also a surging demand for Acute Care Nurse Practitioners, who provide care in various critical situations, where the patients have advanced, acute or chronic problems. Multilevel system of training of nursing staff enhances the quality of health services and reduces the economic costs of medical personnel training. Nowadays more and more men inter the profession of nursing. It is important to increase the level of professional responsibility of nurse business professionals and expand the range of nursing services. Key words: nursing trends, nursing issues, medical personnel. MEN IN NURSING Even the most proud and self-sufficient people become vulnerable, when they are sick. The patient wants to be treated not only by means of tablets, droppers and injections, he or she also need to have some moral support. After all, it is true that those people recover faster, who really believe in healing. By choosing profession, a nurse chooses a difficult path of providing help and support, caring as the mother of the patient. A nurse is a very common and essential profession; it assumes the presence of certain moral and psychological qualities of a person, who chooses this responsible profession, and the necessary training. Faithful followers of F. Nightingale ideas actively promoted the introduction of nursing education in colleges and universities of western countries. Despite the fact that the first university courses of the similar direction appeared in the U.S. in the late XIX century, the significant increase in their numbers occurred only after the Second World War, because the war clearly showed the significance of skilled nursing care (Snodgrass, 2004). In recent decades, the approach to the profession of nursing has changed worldwide. In the early 1990's, many European countries introduced higher nursing education. World Health Organization (WHO) and International Council of Nurses have contributed to the development of nursing as a science in Europe. Even the Reports Series № 347of WHO put the stress on the fact that nurses should be less dependent in their actions, should have a higher qualification training, in addition, they need to develop professional thinking that would allow them to make their own decisions based on scientific knowledge. At the present time the range of medical services is constantly expanding; there are medical institutions of various forms of ownership, day care, developing palliative medicine. The latter includes hospices, which provide medical assistance and care to patients with severe incurable disease and to dying patients, as well (D'Antonio, 2010). To assist such patients the nurses should possess analytical thinking, the ability to develop and implement a plan of medical survey, MEN IN NURSING nursing care, or necessary medical procedures in accordance with the technologies for their implementation, besides they should be able to justify their actions scientifically. The creation of special research departments in a growing number of education institutions, hospital and organization are also helpful to future nurses. Greater emphasis is put on research in the undergraduate programs (Stokowski, 2009, p.354). “There is also a surging demand for Acute Care Nurse Practitioners, who Read the full article

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Nurse Executives are connected in the management of nursing care of clients. However, they differ by their level of social organization (scope and standards of practice) in the management and clinical care. There are three levels of leadership in regard to management/ responsibility in nursing. They include frontline/ first level managers (nurse managers), middle-level managers (nurse administrators), and upper-level managers (nurse executives) (Koutoukidis, Stainton, & Hughson, 2012). According to Kelly (2012) front line managers are responsible for patient care delivery, planning and monitoring resources, maintaining codes and standards and developing and evaluating staff. Middle-level managers facilitate cooperating in the organization by serving as a link between front line and upper-level managers. Upper-level managers are specialized in management and administration of the healthcare organization; by establishing goals and strategizing plans (p. 401).Nurse Managers versus nurse administratorsI agree that nurse managers and nurse administrators have supervisory tasks in an organization. Even though individuals sometimes regard a nurse administrator and nurse manager as one administration role, it should be noted that these two roles differ in responsibility and payment. Nurse Managers are responsible for a single unit within a medical facility, while a nurse administrator is responsible for more than one unit all units in a medical facility. Additionally, nurse managers fall under the category of middle management, while nurse administrators fall under executive level management (Crowther, 2008). In regard to educational level; nevertheless, they can possess a graduate degree as an added advantage; while nurse administrators require a graduate degree as well as clinical experience. Nurse Managers work directly with nurses who offer primary care to patients, giving guidance on the appropriate medical care, whereas nurse administrators work with middle-level managers and other senior staff, thereby providing indirect care to patients (Parker & Smith, 2010).ReferencesCrowther, A. (2008). Nurse managers: A guide to practice. Melbourne: Ausmed Publications.Kelly, P. (2012). Nursing leadership & management. Clifton Park, NY: Cengage Learning.Koutoukidis, G., Stainton, K., & Hughson, J. (2012). Tabbners Nursing Care: Theory andPractice. London: Elsevier Health Sciences APAC.Parker, M. E., & Smith, M. C. (2010). Nursing Theories & Nursing Practice. Philadelphia: F.A.Davis Co Read the full article

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The paper about improving the nursing leadership project follows an introductory statement; where an overview is provided. In that regard, goals and objectives of such a project follow and are elaborated succinctly. The project should contain a time schedule and is expounded by the text.IntroductionBasing on the outlines, leadership is the ability to know about and the conversion of visions into a reality. Not only in the nursing department, has to be exercised across the healthcare provision. The idea that patients are treated with dignity and respect at all times id the core vision that every nurse holds dearly to their hearts. The work that they do will have to benefit the user and from that, they will gain respect. To achieve this vision, a sole responsibility of leadership that follows policies, philosophy, priorities, and power relationship of the health centers has to be practiced effectively.GoalsTo achieve and improve the nursing leadership, there are objectives that have to be laid. An individual must be committed to excellenceMust have the ability to measure things that are ImportantMust build a culture around the serviceHave to create and develop leadersEmployee’s satisfaction must be their focusAccountability to every individual must be buildRecognizing and rewarding upon successAction planAll leadership at the varying levels will be utilized in the process. Being a leader in the nursing field means your primary drive is the process of change to your staff. The nurses will experience new changes, and the changes need to be absorbed by the skilled staff as they are implemented within a time frame of 5 weeks. From this move, a challenge will arise because some members are not programmed to change and will take place 2 hours daily and three days of the working week. Because of this rigidness, the new employees will have a mentality that the skills got from school will be directed to the workplace, and their performance will reduce. Those who begin and adopt the change will be rewarded to encourage the others.ReferencesAmerican Nurses Association, ANA. Health Care Finder 2009-03-24Nurses for Peace and War (2011). New York Times. May 7, 1899. Retrieved July 4, 2015Nursing Organization. Discover Nursing. Archived from the Original on 3 June 2015. Retrieved 2009-03-24AANA Periodicals. American Nurses Association. Retrieved 200903-24 Read the full article

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In earliest times, nursing was associated with motherly care of infants and was termed as wet nurse. By the 16th century the meaning of nursing meant to attend and care for the sick. (Donahue, pp.4,6) Early myth and beliefs In early times it was believed that nurses required no formal education or training. They were unlicensed doctors, abortionists, midwives and counselors in the western history. For centuries, the nurses passed on their experiences to their neighbors or daughters. They were termed as “wise women” by the people. One early myth was that women were so trapped by their menstruation and reproduction cycles that they were not independent outside their homes. Another myth was that male professionals had superior technology. These myths were false since women were inherently healers for the poor. It was also found that male professionals depended more on ritualistic practices while women represented more humane approach to healing. (“Witches, Midwives, and Nurses:A History of Women Healers”) Early sickness and disease and that change nursing care In early ages medicine and nursing were considered as one. In those times as medicine men developed, they were always associated with an inferior class of practitioners who applied the treatment, judged the quality of drugs and also dressed wounds. These were women nurses who carried practical knowledge of healing. Nurses were those women who received orders from the medicine men to treat patients. (“A History of Nursing:The Evolution of Nursing Systems from the earliest times”). In the middle ages nursing became important in religious life. The spread of plagues in various times gave rise to demand of nursing. Such women were called “sisters”. (“Nursing:Yesterday & Today”) Evolution of Nursing Nurses and Hospitals In Early ages hospitals were built in the heart of cities to serve the poor and isolate patients of contagious diseases like cholera and typhus. Hospitals had poor sanitary system and as a result infections led to high mortality rates among patients. With the development of skilled nursing care along with effective sterilization techniques, hospitals managed to reduce the mortality rate in the last nineteenth century. (Parker, Kreimer & Munasinghe, p.177) Women that Influenced Nursing Jensey Snow was an African American nurse who opened a hospital in Petersburg Virginia in 1820. She provided health care services to the community for the next thirty years (“History of African American Nurses”). Dorothea Dix was born in the town of Hampden in Maine. She was a teacher. She was also a reformer who brought many changes in the treatment of the mentally ill in the United States. By the age of 54 she inspected many institutions both in the US and in Europe for mistreatments (“Dorothea Dix”). Clara Burton was an American nurse born in Massachusetts in 1821. From young age, she helped the wounded who needed medical care. In 1862, she distributed supplied to the wounded soldiers of Battle of Bull Run. She even used to be present behind the lines during battles and for that reason she was known as “Angel of the Battefield”. She also founded the American Red Cross (“Spotlight on Clara Burton, Famous Nurse & American Red Cross Founder”). Lilian Wald who was born in 1867 was a nurse and social worker. Read the full article

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The incorporation of information technology and computer-based searches has enhanced adequate information access, retrieval, and dissemination. This has led to the creation of EBN (Evidence-Based Nursing). The incorporation of informatics has gone a long way in ensuring that EBN is achieved at each and every point when dealing with patients (Ball, 2000). This ensures that they have accessed the best healthcare practices that are affordable. Over the years, there are particularly many practices that have become overrated. This is because the same practices and procedures can now be conducted in simpler procedures at low costs. This has been discovered through nursing informatics. This shows that nursing informatics has contributed immensely to EBN and nursing research (Ball, 2000). Once the nursing informatics has been employed in an instance or situation, it is observed that the general process of research is enhanced. This makes nursing interventions more reliable, quality and affordable to all the people who are accessing the healthcare. The interventions, in turn, make it possible for hospitals and healthcare centers to offer more to their patients. This does not threaten the quality of the services delivered. In conclusion, nursing informatics can be considered a distinctive technology that has revolutionized nursing practices all over the world. This is through improved healthcare and nursing practices (Ball, 2000). The accurate data acquired ensures that it is possible to research the best practices and introduce them as nursing intervention strategies in any health care facility. This has expanded the horizon for nursing as a profession. Read the full article

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One of the central tenets of Benner’s work is the idea that care forms the central aspect of nursing, that it allows a nurse to better connect to a patient, to better administer care, and to better see possible problems and situations before they arise (Alligood, 2002, 157). Though I agree to a certain extent with the primacy of care to any practical nursing environment, I believe that care can only be of actual use to a nurse if he or she has the advantage of experience to guide them in how to best support their patients. Much of my recent practice has been as a primary triage nurse for an (unfortunately) over-crowded emergency room. This emergency department has fifty-three adult patient beds and it is up to me to decide how they are best used in most situations, only changing significantly when patients develop new symptoms or problems become apparent after the triage process has already begun. In a recent experience I had fifty-two beds filled with extremely high priority patients, something of a nightmare, and nearly simultaneously had six patients presenting the extremely distressing symptom of chest pains, all describing them in nearly identical ways. I obviously had only one bed to give until other beds cleared from patients being released or transferred, and had to make one of the most difficult decisions I ever had to make as a triage nurse. I realize in retrospect that I naturally applied many of Benner’s theories of Person, Environment, Health and Nursing to the situation at hand without necessarily realizing it at the time. Obviously, in a triage situation, two of the aspects of this theory most directly applied to what I was doing in practice – Health and Nursing. In a triage setting two things are important: identifying the patient most in need of care (or in extreme triage situations, the person to whom care will be most useful) and as a nurse finding the best and most efficient way to identify the best and most effective methods of allowing them to receive that care. So I had to identify which of these people was the most unwell, and how I could best act to make them better, whilst simultaneously trying to get the other five the care they needed as fast as humanly possible. My education certainly played a significant role in my decision. In nursing school, I learned how to differentiate between a wide variety of chest pains, to use speciali Read the full article

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NURSING AND HEALTHCARE IN THE UNITED KINGDOM Nursing and Healthcare in the United Kingdom of the of the Nursing and Healthcare in the United Kingdom Introduction Trends in UK general healthcare and nursing reveal a shift towards whole systems thinking.(NHS Modernisation Agency, 2005). This development is driven by an explicit focus on improving both service efficiencies and how the needs of service users are met using effective nursing. Policy action is directed at managing the provision of integrated services through the development of system technologies aimed at engineering closer inter-occupational and interagency working. Examples include the creation of shared standards, such as the use of national service frameworks, national guidelines and the development of integrated care pathways. Favourable conditions are also being created for the emergence of new occupational groups and for the configuration of new types of nursing techniques and care team. (Department of Health, 2009) Management and Leadership theories in NHS In the UK the formal system of mental health nursing work began in the late 18th century with the large-scale construction of institutions dedicated to the segregation of madness (Rogers and Pilgrim, 2001), in which psychiatric nursing emerged as the lead profession. As Scull notes, psychiatrys dominance was linked to the professions successful leadership and management in advancement of claims to possess knowledge of lunacy as a disease with biophysical origins. Echoing the claims made by other branches of medicine at this time, the jurisdiction asserted by mad doctors during the 19th century came to be a wide-ranging one, encompassing the identification of mental disorder and proper management of its cause, natural history and cure (Rogers and Pilgrim, 2001). The social organisation of psychiatry and its autonomy and power were consolidated in the 1840s with the founding of both a professional association and a journal. Particularly long-lasting claims to control areas of work can be secured in the legal arena, and in the same decade psychiatry secured an advancement of its jurisdiction in this sphere with the passing of the 1845 Lunatics Act. This saw the establishment of a medically dominated Lunacy Commission, which, Scull observes, exerted a powerful influence against the running of asylums by lay people. Psychiatry thus secured occupational closure over the work of managing mental illness through effective nursing techniques. A decade later, as Rogers and Pilgrim note, the jurisdiction of British psychiatry was sufficiently secure for an editorial in the Journal of Mental Science (now the British Journal of Psychiatry ) to declare that: insanity is entirely an ailment of the brain. The doctor is now the accountable protector of the lunatic and must ever remain so (Rogers and Pilgrim, 2001). Achievement of Quality Care Whilst doctors were successful in advancing their claims to control the emerging system of mental health care, attendants and nurses carried out most of the day-to-day work in the early asylums. Medical jurisdiction faced little challenge from this low-status group, however. No abstract body of knowledge existed to underpin their work, and many were employed solely on account of their practical skills or their physical strength (Nolan, 1993). Policymakers in the UK have long been occupied with the search for means of improving the coordination of health and social care services Read the full article

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Nursing has come a long way since it was first practiced in the battlefields during the previous centuries. It is today a recognized profession that is focused on the care of people to make them recover from their illnesses and maintain good health all throughout their lives. It is also a crucial part of the health care delivery team in which nurses are recognized and given praise for their expertise in various sub-specialties. Nursing as a separate and distinct practice has its own professional code of ethics to guide its members by in carrying out their duties and responsibilities with a high level of quality in nursing care. Trends in nursing today include overlap of their duties with other health care members so it is important for nurses to be aware of the expectations from them. Another new trend is the increase in specialization in such areas as geriatric care and post-operative care. They also include pediatric care, acute or emergency care, long-term care (retirement institutions) and psychiatric care. Just as practice of medicine has grown in complexity due to discovery of new drugs and other forms of treatment, nursing practice has likewise grown in complexity as a response to evolving standards in overall health care delivery. Some people see a need for nurses to be highly specialized so that they can deliver on what the consuming public (patient, health care institutions like hospitals, clinics and health maintenance organizations, insurance companies, business organizations, etc.) have come to expect of them with regards to care. It is this need that has spawned some movement towards differentiated nursing so that a nurses unique skills and competencies can be applied to specific areas of health care. The profession as a whole has responded positively to these new demands by continuing education seminars. Discussion Nursing as a profession is regulated by state and national governments through license and accreditation. This means there are minimum standards imposed on nurses as well as the level of competencies and skills set. Nursing practice with regards to the provision of nursing care has to follow strict protocols or procedures called a nursing plan which is usually made by a doctor or physician. This nursing plan is based on two main factors regarding a patients actual treatment plan which are accepted nursing theories and best practices derived from the nursing research field. Combined, these two make up the long-term recovery plan of a patient on the road to wellness. Read the full article

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For confidentiality purposes, the name of the trust will be withheld in accordance with the code of professional conduct (NMC 2006). In the last few months, I have read research documents on the application of the handover process of critically ill patients from nursing staff of the emergency department to the staff in the intensive care unit. The appropriate transfer of information between the nurses of the emergency department and critical care units is essential in order to achieve continuity of effective, individualized, and safe patient care. Much has been written in terms of nursing literature on the function and process of patient handover in the general nursing practice; however no studies were found pertaining to the handover process between nurses in the emergency department and those in the critical care environment. Introduction In the nursing practice, there are different processes and procedures which form a significant part of quality patient care. These processes often impact on the outcome of patient care with the nurses being prompted to deliver the best type and the best quality in their services. For the most part, patients benefit from such practices and procedures; however, there are instances when these processes and procedures are not adequately carried out during the practice. In the emergency department, critically ill patients are often encountered and they often end up being referred to the intensive care unit. Assessments in the emergency unit are carried out on these patients. Such processes yield essential information pertinent to the patient’s care. After such data is gathered and the patient is referred to the ICU staff, information is then handed over to the ICU staff. In some instances however, the information handed over is incomplete or is not adequately explained to the nurses in the ICU. Such situation represents a failure of communication between the two nursing teams. In some instances, essential information is not turned over to the critical care nurses because the focus seems to be on the critical condition of the patient. Aside from incomplete information relayed, there also seems to be a lack of clarity on the data transmitted during the handover process. Handover has been highlighted in the emergency unit I am currently working with as an important process. I have been taught that it can influence the quality and continuity of patient care. Even with these instructions however, there are still many instances when there are issues and incomplete data transmitted during the handover process. Based on these considerations, it is safe to assume that there are gaps in our current knowledge and practice, especially in terms of patient handover to the intensive care nurses. This paper shall now explore a detailed progress report between nurses in the emergency department and the critical care unit in their transfer and handover of critically ill patients. It shall seek to establish the possible factors affecting an effective handover process and the different gaps and issues seen in the practice and the application of this procedure. Databases I began my search for appropriate literature by accessing the electronic data bases available in my work place. These databases included the CINAHL and the Cochrane Library Read the full article

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My interest in nursing traces back to the years when I was in high school. I used to havea special liking to biology and science, in general. I progressed to be the chair of the science club, and this is what propelled my desire to specialise in biological sciences. In the final exams, I score a straight A and right there I knew my dreams to study nursing were on point.When I began pursuing my undergraduate career in nursing, I immediately knew I would never stop. It was challenging and fun at the same time. I encountered many interesting new technologies in medical. This exposure renewed my interest in this field and since then I have never looked back. In the realm of nursing, I have contributed significantly to the development of health in acute settings. I am patriotic, and I have been in the forefront to help the government realise equitable health for all. I have a whopping seven years of experience in this field. My director is very pleased with my work and wants me to further my education in the same field so that by the time he will be leaving I will be fully equipped to take over. Putting this challenge aside, nursing is something that I loved and had plans to study this same course to the end.Due to this desire, I have chosen to go for my masters in the University of Pennsylvania. Owing to its good reputation and best world rankings in health nursing, I want to get the best quality of education for a career that is so dear to me. In addition to the mentioned reasons, here is why the University of Pennsylvania looked attractive to me. It has the best lecturers in the world with world-renowned health specialists and facilities, has the best library with thousands and thousands of updated learning materials for my utilisation, Lastly the university has the best laboratories in the world with all kinds of recent technology you can imagine in the medical field. The university has also contributed much in research and development in nursing and the medical field, in general, such as the Smell Identification Test (Doty et al., 1984).I chose to study a master in nursing because being a field that I love and with the relevant experience along these lines; I felt it was more relevant. In addition to this, I have loved to be a nurse since high school, and nothing will ever change this. I intend to graduate in two years and later do my Ph.D. in the same field. After graduation, I believe that this master will help me be promoted at work as well as update me as far as my profession is concerned. Promotion at my work place is based on both the level of education and experience. Apart from the promotion I want to contribute in the field of nursing by liaising with the research and development unit in our hospital. I can do this if I am exposed well enough through advanced study of nursing. I also want to remain competitive at the workplace, as well as keep growing in my profession; this is how I expect to benefit from this undertaking. During my seven years as a nurse, I witnessed many technological as well as knowledge changes in my field and this makes it necessary for me to keep abreast with all the new developments in nursing so as I can continue to be best at my work as I have always been. As part of the government regulation, all the nurses are supposed to be attending regular refresher causes, which only help you to stay relevant. They, however, do not help one to grow from point A to B in their careers. Further studies will, therefore, be very instrumental for me to realise this. Read the full article

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Accordingly, a larger volume of nurses should be trained and developed to grow their efficiency in sufficing the requirements of the community, and if required, must also be capable of addressing the needs of the acute care hospitals. Correspondingly, a primary objective, when focusing on the restructuring of the US healthcare sector, must be to enhance nursing practices in accordance with the needs of the community. In order to accomplish this aim, training the nurses with the application of Evidence-Based Practice (EBP) can be suggestible. This particular technique has been one of the major reasons for the successful performance of many of the healthcare units in the US. In accordance to this approach, evidence-based care shall further result in improved patient care as well as satisfaction of the nurses in the community level. EBP is also vital for healthcare practitioners and nurses owing to the fact that it acts as the foundation for disease management works (Saver, 2006). Another practice enhancement mechanism that can be applied when aiming at restructuring the nursing trends in the US healthcare sector can be suggested as the Continuum of Care mechanism. It is among the vital aspects in the nursing practices that intend to augment the effectiveness of professionals. It directly focuses on the well being as well as the safety of the patients. The nurses involved in the healthcare sector will thus need to develop continuous care relationship with the patients through providing seamless services and simultaneously, seeking effective coordination and assistance from different departments of the healthcare unit (American Academy of Family Physicians, 2013). Hence, it can be argued that along with identifying the community healthcare needs, nurses should also be competent enough to work in cohesion with other departments of the community care hospitals. Scope for nurses from the restructuring Accountable Care Organizations (ACO) constitute of healthcare service providers comprising doctors, nurses and hospitals who aim at working together to serve the community with efficient services. The roles played by nurses can be observed as quite vital in this group. The organization purposefully strives hard to ensure recognition for the nurses who deliver effective services, so that the nurses are satisfied in their profession and are able to deliver utmost care to the patients. Furthermore, the organization has reflected its endeavor to enhance effectiveness of nurses regarding to be included in this group (American Nurses Association, 2013). Medical homes can also be considered to add vital scopes to the success of nurses. Medical homes generally follow a team based delivery model that provides complete healthcare services to the patients focusing primarily on effective training of the nurses. It has increasingly become a new employment sector for nurses, offering them with complete assistance and benefits when serving the community (Sheridan, 2012). Apart from Accountable Care Organizations and Medical Homes, Nurse-Managed Health Clinics also provide vital opportunities Read the full article

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There are many websites that hold information about the nursing theories. Majority of these websites however do not contain peer reviewed material and those with such materials have subscriptions. The other accredited sources of nursing theories information are university nursing websites but the researcher has to have log in details provided by the university or a member of the university to log in. This therefore limits the website sources that have information on the nursing theories. Some of the websites however even if not accredited and cannot be referenced have provided links to nursing journals and nursing books that contain up to date information on nursing theories and which are valid resources that can be used in a research paper. There are an endless number of books and journals with nursing information about all the nursing theories which have been published. It is not possible to know the number of books and journals but they are many from different companies and researchers. Some of these journals and books require to be purchased in order to access the whole journal or book other than just abstracts and excerpts but there are others that are free. The currency of the journals and books also ranges from the most recent once published in even year 2012 to those published long time like in the 80s and 90s. The biggest hindrance is that the best and most recent journals are not available and accessible to everyone as they are for sale and not for hire limiting the number of readers. The theories provided in these websites have limited detailed information and only highlight the main points and arguments of the particular nursing theories. With such limited information, the theories are only good for nursing education and not any other form of nursing practice. In the nursing education, they are applicable to only provide mere guidance and awareness of the theory but further research in other websites, journals and books is needed if the information is for research paper. New students to nursing education can however benefit a lot from the knowledge of the specific nursing theories available and in which particular areas of nursing each theory is applicable to. In all these three nursing websites, the most discussed theory in a bit more detail and has many other resources such as journal websites and books attached to it is the Florence Nightingale nursing theory. The reason for paying more attention to this particular nursing theory may be because of the major influence Nightingale had on nursing making her a famous nurse-model to many and her fame spreads wide even to those not in nursing field which makes her information becomes more sought out than the rest of the nursing theorists. Read the full article

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Nurses involved in mental healthcare are faced with several gender-related issues in their everyday practice. These issues include gender differences related to mental health, issues faced when dealing with patients of the opposite sex. Nursing is a profession that has always been considered as a women’s profession. However, this is slowing changing and there is growing number of men who are choosing nursing as a career. Mental health in the case of men and women is not created equal. Different cultures consider different things normal. There are several issues that male and female nurses are faced with when treating patient’s of the opposite sex, particularly mental health patients. It is important for nurses to therefore be aware of and sensitive to these issues so that appropriate treatment and management strategies can be put in place. This review looks at the gender issues faced by nurses today by reviewing three studies from literature. For this critical appraisal, EBSCO host research databases were used. CINAHL, Academic search complete, Psychology and behavioural sciences collection and Health source: Nursing / academic edition were chosen. The focus of this review is gender and professional identity in psychiatric nursing, caring for female patients, and men’s attitudes towards health. The article by Boschma, Read the full article

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In the United Kingdom errors in the administration of medication is on the rise and is a growing concern for all the stake holders in the health care delivery system. According to Banning, 2006, estimates from studies show that the incidence of medication errors ranges from thirty-five to seventy percent. This is a high rate of incidence, particularly when it is taken into consideration that such medication errors could have fatal consequences with special emphasis on the elderly and the very young. These figures by themselves are alarming, but becomes even more poignant when we take into consideration the under-reporting of medication errors, as pointed out by Anotonow, Smith and Silver, 2000.Among the factors that contribute to drug errors is the lack of proper pharmacological knowledge of the drugs that lead to overdosage or under dosage or wrong usage. Attitudes of the nursing professional play on their updating of pharmacology knowledge of medication, and it is surprising that complacency exists despite growing concern. This complacent attitude of nursing professionals breaches the duty that they have towards their patients and has adverse implications for patient safety (Preston, 2004). Thus it becomes necessary for nursing professionals to understand that there is a deficiency in their pharmacology knowledge of drugs, which is having a negative impact on the safety of patients in their care.The beneficial and toxic effects of many plants and animal material were known in prehistoric times and the foundations of pharmacology emerged from these experiences of humankind. Katzung, 2004, defines pharmacology as “the study of substances that interact with living systems through chemical processes, especially by binding to regulatory molecules and activating or inhibiting normal body processes”. Read the full article

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All these influences are reflected in the radical changes in nursing philosophy and culture of the nursing profession. In nursing profession, 'an individual' is interpreted in terms of his relation to family and community, and as a unique personality suffered from health-related problems. For a nurse, a patient is an individual who is ill or injured, and needs professional care and medical treatment. The individuals do not exist in a social vacuum but are partly determined by the culture which surrounds them. In nursing practice, the individual as a patient is a part of family and community. In general sense, every family has internalized values and traditions that influence ideas of health and illness (Blais et al 2006). Society both reflects change in families and that society effects change upon families over time in a feedback loop. Wherever families are struggling to maintain or restore equilibrium, to find ways of coping effectively with crisis or with long-term stress, nurses may find themselves in a supportive role. In this case, nurses should develop empathetic intuitive responses to different situations, and provide skilled care to relief pain and sufferings of the patient and emotional stress of his family (Sines et al 2005). The role of the nurse within the healthcare delivery system is an important one, whether assessed in terms of in or out patient care, of hospital or community care settings. The importance of the professional nurse within the health care delivery system is acknowledged and supported throughout the world. Nursing is quite often regarded as a science itself and many who are already in the field of nursing seek further studies to improve their status. As such they are considered to be "nursing practitioners" which tread a fine line between nursing practice and general medicinal practice (Sines et al 2005). The creation of this type of profession is made possible through a number of factors such as changes in the education system, advancement in technology, employment requirements and many more. Health Care EnvironmentHealthcare environment involves treatment facilities and supportive climate, basic care services and managed care. Modern healthcare environment offers patients more flexibility in selecting providers but typically include many of the utilization management methods. Within a health environment, nurses assist in establishing a valid diagnosis early in treatment, crystallize a focus for brief treatment, enhance quality by effectively matching patients to treatment approaches, and reduce the length of treatment by assessing openness and attitudes toward therapy (Baily et al 2006). Evaluation and testing also play a critical role in primary care settings, where the need to rule out health problems and consider their role in treatment compliance, is crucial to quality care and cost-effective utilization of services. Today's modern nurses are also held responsible for other achievements in the medical industry, from research to the design of more modern facilities that were never thought to be possible. Following the Department of Health: "good healthcare environments are key drivers of patient experience. Good environments matter to patients, their visitors and to staff" (2007). Nurses are encouraged to develop a program of outcome evaluation within their own practice, Read the full article

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From this perspective, client care for the modern nurse would differ from that of the pledge in three ways: the patient would be placed in a more cultural context, this context would be assimilated with intervention measures, and client planning would also be aligned with not only their medical needs but also their spiritual and cultural needs. Therefore the basic assumption of the current report is that client-centered care is a core concept that is held up and supported by both Nightingale’s pledge and modern nursing needs, despite there being some differences in interpretation regarding some of the cultural undertones of the pledge specifically. Just as it can be considered in Nightingale’s methods and theories, in a more modern definition of nursing, nurses must consider “meanings and interpretations given to (clients) in particular physical, ecological, sociopolitical and/or cultural settings” (Leininger, 2009). In terms of assessment, in the modern-day, interrelationships of culture and heritage are taken into greater account, so this shows an intense focus and concentration on the clients and their needs. Second assignment One benefit of belonging to a professional nursing organization is that the group is more powerful than the individual. If a nurse has concerns, s/he can voice them to a receptive group who will be more powerful. From this perspective, membership has the advantage of bringing the nurse closer in communication and advocacy, with those who may share similar goals. At the same time, the nurse is empowered by being a part of something greater than them. Another benefit of the nursing organization is that nurses can receive guidance and support in terms of education from the organization, regarding how to best meet client needs. In this regard, the patient or client would be placed in a holistic context, and this context would be individualized in terms of the client’s own needs rather than the nurses’ and physicians’, and planning for the client would also be similarly aligned with the dictates of the organization, with more of an emphasis on the interrelatedness of private and organizational healthcare interventions in terms of the client’s general wellness and caring values of nursing. “Upholding these caring values in our daily practice helps transcend the nurse from a state where nursing is perceived as “just a job,” to that of a gratifying profession” (Cara, 2009). In this way, the nurse is truly a member of a community of care. Thirdly, belonging to a professional nursing organization assures the nurse that they are in a group of professionals dedicated to providing compassionate care and service. This can in turn expand the nurse’s own self-actualization. Notice how this description does not include specific organizational signifiers or the sort of emphasis that is on a specific organization; nonetheless, it is client-centered rules. Read the full article