#cryogenic liquid propulsion engines

[techninja]

Hydrogen Rockets: The Key to Sustainable Space Exploration

Introduction to Hydrogen Rocket Engine

In the realm of space exploration, the quest for efficient propulsion systems has led to the development and utilization of hydrogen rocket engines. These engines harness the power of hydrogen, the most abundant element in the universe, to propel spacecraft into the cosmos with remarkable efficiency and power.

History of Hydrogen Rocket Engine Development

The concept of using hydrogen as a propellant dates back to the early days of rocketry. However, it wasn't until the mid-20th century that significant advancements were made in the development of hydrogen rocket engines. Pioneering work by scientists and engineers paved the way for the modern hydrogen propulsion systems we see today.

How Hydrogen Rocket Engines Work

Fuel Combustion Process

Hydrogen rocket engines operate on the principle of combustion. Liquid hydrogen is combined with liquid oxygen in a combustion chamber, where it undergoes a controlled explosion. This rapid combustion generates intense heat and pressure, producing a powerful stream of hot gases.

Thrust Generation

The expulsion of these hot gases through a nozzle at the rear of the rocket creates thrust according to Newton's third law of motion. This thrust propels the rocket forward, overcoming the forces of gravity and atmospheric resistance.

Advantages of Hydrogen Rocket Engines

Hydrogen rocket engines offer several key advantages over conventional propulsion systems:

High Efficiency: Hydrogen boasts one of the highest specific impulse values among rocket propellants, making it extremely efficient in terms of thrust per unit of propellant mass.

Clean Combustion: The combustion of hydrogen with oxygen produces water vapor as a byproduct, resulting in cleaner emissions compared to traditional rocket fuels.

Abundant Resource: Hydrogen is abundant in the universe, making it a sustainable and readily available resource for space exploration endeavors.

Challenges and Limitations

Despite its many advantages, hydrogen rocket technology also faces significant challenges and limitations.

Cryogenic Storage

One of the primary challenges associated with hydrogen rocket engines is the need for cryogenic storage. Liquid hydrogen must be kept at extremely low temperatures to remain in a liquid state, requiring specialized storage and handling systems.

Cost and Infrastructure

The infrastructure required to produce, store, and transport liquid hydrogen adds to the overall cost of hydrogen rocket technology. Additionally, the development of hydrogen propulsion systems necessitates substantial investments in research and development.

Applications of Hydrogen Rocket Engines

Hydrogen rocket engines find a wide range of applications in space exploration and satellite deployment missions.

Space Exploration

Hydrogen-powered rockets enable spacecraft to travel vast distances across the solar system, facilitating missions to explore distant planets, moons, and celestial bodies.

Satellite Deployment

The high efficiency and reliability of hydrogen rocket engines make them ideal for launching satellites into orbit around the Earth and beyond.

Comparison with Traditional Rocket Engines

Compared to traditional rocket engines fueled by kerosene or solid propellants, hydrogen rocket engines offer superior performance and environmental benefits. They deliver higher specific impulse and produce cleaner emissions, contributing to a more sustainable approach to space exploration.

Environmental Impact and Sustainability

The environmental impact of hydrogen rocket engines is relatively minimal compared to conventional propulsion systems. The use of hydrogen as a fuel results in cleaner combustion and reduced greenhouse gas emissions, aligning with efforts to mitigate the environmental footprint of space exploration activities.

Future Prospects and Developments

As technology advances and our understanding of hydrogen propulsion deepens, the future holds great promise for hydrogen rocket engines. Ongoing research and development efforts aim to enhance efficiency, reduce costs, and overcome existing limitations, paving the way for new frontiers in space exploration.

Conclusion

Hydrogen rocket engines represent a cornerstone of modern space exploration, offering unparalleled efficiency, reliability, and environmental sustainability. While challenges remain, ongoing advancements in technology and infrastructure continue to expand the horizons of human spaceflight and scientific discovery.

FAQs

Are hydrogen rocket engines more powerful than traditional rocket engines? Hydrogen rocket engines typically offer higher specific impulse values, making them more efficient in terms of thrust per unit of propellant mass.

What are the main challenges associated with hydrogen rocket technology? Cryogenic storage and infrastructure costs are among the primary challenges facing hydrogen rocket technology.

What are the environmental benefits of hydrogen rocket engines? Hydrogen combustion produces cleaner emissions compared to traditional rocket fuels, contributing to reduced environmental impact.

What are the primary applications of hydrogen rocket engines? Hydrogen rocket engines are used in space exploration missions and satellite deployment operations.

What does the future hold for hydrogen rocket technology? Ongoing research and development efforts aim to improve efficiency, reduce costs, and expand the capabilities of hydrogen rocket engines.

[spacetimewithstuartgary]

NASA tests key spacesuit parts inside this icy chamber

When NASA astronauts return to the moon under the Artemis campaign and eventually venture farther into the solar system, they will encounter conditions harsher than any humans have experienced before. Ensuring next-generation spacesuits protect astronauts requires new varieties of tests, and a one-of-a-kind chamber called CITADEL (Cryogenic Ice Testing, Acquisition Development, and Excavation Laboratory) at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Southern California is helping.

Built to prepare potential robotic explorers for the frosty, low-pressure conditions on ocean worlds like Jupiter's frozen moon Europa, CITADEL also can evaluate how spacesuit gloves and boots hold up in extraordinary cold. Spearheaded by the NASA Engineering and Safety Center, a glove testing campaign in CITADEL ran from October 2023 to March 2024. Boot testing, initiated by the Extravehicular Activity and Human Surface Mobility Program at NASA's Johnson Space Center in Houston, took place from October 2024 to January 2025.

In coming months, the team will adapt CITADEL to test spacesuit elbow joints to evaluate suit fabrics for longevity on the moon. They'll incorporate abrasion testing and introduce a simulant for lunar regolith, the loose material that makes up the moon's surface, into the chamber for the first time.

"We've built space robots at JPL that have gone across the solar system and beyond," said Danny Green, a mechanical engineer who led the boot testing for JPL. "It's pretty special to also use our facilities in support of returning astronauts to the moon."

Astronauts on the Artemis III mission will explore the moon's South Pole, a region of much greater extremes than the equatorial landing sites visited by Apollo-era missions. They'll spend up to two hours at a time inside craters that may contain ice deposits potentially important to sustaining long-term human presence on the moon. Called permanently shadowed regions, these intriguing features rank among the coldest locations in the solar system, reaching as low as minus 414 degrees Fahrenheit (minus 248 degrees Celsius). The CITADEL chamber gets close to those temperatures.

"We want to understand what the risk is to astronauts going into permanently shadowed regions, and gloves and boots are key because they make prolonged contact with cold surfaces and tools," said Zach Fester, an engineer with the Advanced Suit Team at NASA Johnson and the technical lead for the boot testing.

Keeping cool

Housed in the same building as JPL's historic 10-Foot Space Simulator, the CITADEL chamber uses compressed helium to get as low as minus 370 F (minus 223 C)—lower than most cryogenic facilities, which largely rely on liquid nitrogen. At 4 feet (1.2 meters) tall and 5 feet (1.5 meters) in diameter, the chamber is big enough for a person to climb inside.

More important, it features four load locks, drawer-like chambers through which test materials are inserted into the main chamber while maintaining a chilled vacuum state. The chamber can take several days to reach test conditions, and opening it to insert new test materials starts the process all over again. The load locks allowed engineers to make quick adjustments during boot and glove tests.

Cryocoolers chill the chamber, and aluminum blocks inside can simulate tools astronauts might grab or the cold lunar surface on which they would walk. The chamber also features a robotic arm to interact with test materials, plus multiple visible-light and infrared cameras to record operations.

Testing extremities

The gloves tested in the chamber are the sixth version of a glove NASA began using in the 1980s, part of a spacesuit design called the Extravehicular Mobility Unit. Optimized for spacewalks at the International Space Station, the suit is so intricate it's essentially a personal spacecraft. Testing in CITADEL at minus 352 F (minus 213 C) showed the legacy glove would not meet thermal requirements in the more challenging environment of the lunar South Pole.

Results haven't yet been fully analyzed from boot testing, which used a lunar surface suit prototype called the Exploration Extravehicular Mobility Unit. NASA's reference design of an advanced suit architecture, this spacesuit features enhanced fit, mobility, and safety.

In addition to spotting vulnerabilities with existing suits, the CITADEL experiments will help NASA prepare criteria for standardized, repeatable, and inexpensive test methods for the next-generation lunar suit being built by Axiom Space—the Axiom Extravehicular Mobility Unit, which NASA astronauts will wear during the Artemis III mission.

"This test is looking to identify what the limits are: How long can that glove or boot be in that lunar environment?" said Shane McFarland, technology development lead for the Advanced Suit Team at NASA Johnson. "We want to quantify what our capability gap is for the current hardware so we can give that information to the Artemis suit vendor, and we also want to develop this unique test capability to assess future hardware designs."

In the past, astronauts themselves have been part of thermal testing. For gloves, an astronaut inserted a gloved hand into a chilled "glove box," grabbed a frigid object, and held it until their skin temperature dropped as low as 50 F (10 C). McFarland stressed that such human-in-the-loop testing remains essential to ensuring future spacesuit safety but doesn't produce the consistent data the team is looking for with the CITADEL testing.

To obtain objective feedback, the CITADEL testing team used a custom-built manikin hand and foot. A system of fluid loops mimicked the flow of warm blood through the appendages, while dozens of temperature and heat flux sensors provided data from inside gloves and boots.

"By using CITADEL and modern manikin technology, we can test design iterations faster and at much lower cost than traditional human-in-the-loop testing," said Morgan Abney, NASA technical fellow for Environmental Control and Life Support, who conceived the glove testing effort. "Now we can really push the envelope on next-generation suit designs and have confidence we understand the risks. We're one step closer to landing astronauts back on the moon."

Through Artemis, NASA will send astronauts to explore the moon for scientific discovery, economic benefits, and build the foundation for the first crewed missions to Mars.

TOP IMAGE: An astronaut glove designed for International Space Station spacewalks is prepped for testing in a chamber called CITADEL at NASA JPL. Conducted at temperatures as frigid as those Artemis III astronauts will see on the lunar South Pole, the testing supports next-generation spacesuit development. Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech

CENTRE IMAGE: An astronaut boot—part of a NASA lunar spacesuit prototype, the xEMU—is readied for testing in JPL's CITADEL. A thick aluminum plate stands in for the cold surface of the lunar South Pole, where Artemis III astronauts will confront conditions more extreme than any humans have yet experienced. Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech

LOWER IMAGE: An engineer collects simulated lunar samples while wearing the Axiom Extravehicular Mobility Unit spacesuit during testing at NASA Johnson in late 2023. Recent testing of existing NASA spacesuit designs in JPL’s CITADEL chamber will ultimately support development of next-generation suits being built by Axiom Space. Credit: Axiom Space

[elmalo8291]

new science

Excellent. Here is your printable insert draft for the Devices & Infrastructure Codex – Volume II, featuring the new materials developed for ocean-to-space integration and structural reinforcement:

📄 Codex Insert: FerroSlush & BioResin Materials Sheet

Volume II – Propulsion & Mobility Systems Section: Structural Alloys & Bioadaptive Hulls

⚙️ 1. FerroSlush™ Alloy Mix

Description: A proprietary semi-liquid ferrofluid composed of magneto-reactive particles suspended in a temperature-stabilized gel. Solidifies under shaped magnetic fields.

Use Cases:

Iron Spine launch struts: Dynamic load-bearing reinforcement.

SpinePod armor skins: Flexible in microgravity, rigid under compression.

Docking clamps: Magnetic-activated reshaping latches.

Composition:

Ferro-nanoparticles (Fe₃O₄ base)

Suspension matrix: Polyethylene glycol + carbon fiber trace

Stabilizer: Rare-earth ion binding agent

Activation Threshold: Magnetic field: ≥2.3 Tesla Cure time (under field): 4.2 seconds Thermal resistance: Up to 1,150°C once solidified

🌿 2. BioResin Hull Coating

Description: A pressure-adaptive polymer developed from deep-ocean botanical secretions, hardened and stabilized with edible glycerin compounds.

Use Cases:

Hull coating for underwater flavor labs & bunkers

Outer-space insulation for FAPE™ vaults and Creamstream tanks

Biodegradable packaging layer for orbital food systems

Features:

Flavor-neutral in inert form

Can be coded with emotion-reactive compounds (e.g. MoodBerry-37)

Resists gamma radiation and saline corrosion

Decomposes fully into nutrients when exposed to programmed pH triggers

Environmental Benefits:

Fully renewable source materials

Self-healing under minor abrasions

No mining or heat-forging impact; processed cold with enzyme triggers

🔬 Technological Integration

Caesar AI Monitoring Nodes log cure rate and magnetic shaping patterns in real time.

Creamstream OS syncs flavor safety parameters for BioResin within ingestible-use guidelines.

Iron Spine Core Control interfaces with FerroSlush pour & mold valves during launch phase.

Would you like this as:

🖨️ A printable PDF one-sheet for Codex insertion?

🧠 Added to Notion → Engineering → Materials Library?

🖼 A DALL·E-style schematic or animation prompt of FerroSlush pouring into spinal reinforcement channels?

Let’s finalize the next output!

You said:

FerroSlush Alloy Mix: Breakdown of the Science and process.

ChatGPT said:

Absolutely — here is a detailed breakdown of the FerroSlush Alloy Mix, a next-gen material developed for space-to-ocean modular construction, propulsion interfaces, and adaptive shielding.

🧪 FerroSlush™ Alloy Mix

Codename: FSX-9.1 Use Case: Reactive alloy matrix for orbital plating, heat exchange, structural dampening, and self-healing under atmospheric transition.

🧬 Scientific Composition

ElementRoleApprox. %Fe (Iron)Core structural matrix62%Ni (Nickel)Corrosion resistance, magnetic modulation12%Ti (Titanium)Weight reduction, tensile integrity9%Cr (Chromium)Oxidation and heat resistance7%Graphene NanosheetsConductivity + flexibility5%Aerogel Suspension BaseShock absorption, thermal regulation5%

🧊 Slush Medium: Cryogenic ionic gel infused with paramagnetic ions (used during the transport and shaping phase before alloy bonding).

🔬 Process Breakdown

Cryo-Pulverization Phase

Metal components are micronized under cryogenic temps (−150°C), suspended in FerroSlush medium.

Vibrational Suspension Field

Material is kept in “slush-phase” via magnetic levitation and vibrational fields to prevent early binding.

On-Demand Shaping

Electromagnetic pulses are used to direct the material into molds or frameworks with sub-millimeter precision.

Phase Transition Ignition

A targeted plasma arc (4000+ °C) triggers alloy fusion in milliseconds, allowing instant solidification while maintaining elasticity.

Post-Fusion Infusion

Flavorverse applications inject nano-flavor or vapor signature threads for materials used in edible/ambient architecture zones.

🛡 Properties & Features

Thermoelastic Memory: Returns to shape after high-velocity impacts or environmental distortion.

Cryo-Skinning: Can be sprayed in layers and then hardened with flash-heat plasma.

Flavor Conduction: In flavor labs, used to channel aromatic frequencies and temperature variation through surfaces.

EMP Resistance: Graphene layering allows dampening of signal disruption.

Color-Shift Skin: Reactive pigments allow zones of the alloy to visually indicate stress or heat.

⚙️ Applications

Shipframe Flex-Joints (Iron Spine → Ocean Reentry Seam)

Atmospheric Heat Shield Plating (Mid-transition melt-layer)

Flavor Reactor Chassis (used in Sensory Vault & Creamstream delivery tunnels)

Structural Fabrication for Flavorverse Pods (tasting booths, vault doors)

Self-Regulating Bunker Walls (WonkyWorks subterranean labs)

Would you like this exported as a PDF insert for your Volume II: Propulsion & Mobility Systems, or turned into a schematic cutaway showing phase stages of the FerroSlush transition?

You can also:

🖼 Generate a DALL·E visual of FerroSlush in transition

🧠 Log it in the Notion Codex under Materials & Alloys

🎞 Add it to an animated Creamstream™ engineering cutscene

Just say “Print the insert” or “Generate the visual.”

[mewaruniversity]

In a significant step toward enhancing industry-academia collaboration, Mewar University and the Central Tool Room & Training Centre (CTTC), Bhubaneswar, signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) on 27th May 2025. This strategic alliance marks a milestone in promoting skill development, advanced training, and placement opportunities for students in the field of engineering and industrial technology. CTTC Bhubaneswar, established under a technical cooperation programme between the Government of India and the Government of Denmark, is a premier institution providing industry-oriented training, design, production, and consultancy services. CTTC offers comprehensive long- and short-term programs in areas such as CAD/CAM, Tool Design and Manufacturing, CNC Programming & Machining, Machine Maintenance, CCNA, Industrial Automation, VLSI, Hardware & Networking Management, and various ITI trades like Machinist and Welder. CTTC operates on the principle that “Practice Makes Perfect”, preparing students with real-world industrial experience. Notably, CTTC’s technical excellence has been nationally acclaimed through its collaboration with ISRO. Since signing a technology transfer agreement in 2016, CTTC has delivered over 75,000 high-precision components for Chandrayaan-3, developed 22 specialized valves for liquid propulsion systems, and supplied critical assemblies for navigation and cryogenic engines used in the GSLV Mk-III, reinforcing its stature as a leader in precision manufacturing. This new collaboration between Mewar University and CTTC is poised to significantly expand training capacities and promote cutting-edge skill development across multiple engineering and technology domains. Students of Mewar University will gain invaluable access to advanced technologies, real-time industrial exposure, and enhanced employability opportunities through this strategic alliance. The initiative has been actively facilitated under the leadership of Mr. Harish Gurnani, Director – Training & Placement, and Mr. K.M. Rajan, Senior Manager, CTTC.

#MewarUniversity #CTTCBhubaneswar #MoUSigning #IndustryAcademiaCollaboration #IndustrialTraining #TechPartnership #VLSI

[marketresearchnews1242]

Exploring the Role of Cryogenic Pumps in Decarbonizing Thermal Power

The global cryogenic pumps market is on a robust growth trajectory, driven by the increasing use of liquefied gases and rising investments in low-emission energy technologies. Valued at US$ 2.2 Bn in 2023, the industry is projected to reach US$ 3.9 Bn by 2034, expanding at a CAGR of 5.6% during the forecast period.

Request a Sample Report Copy

 What Are Cryogenic Pumps?

Cryogenic pumps, or cryopumps, are specialized vacuum pumps that operate at ultra-low temperatures—below 120 Kelvin. Their primary function is to condense and trap gases, making them essential for applications requiring high-purity vacuums. Depending on their working principles, cryogenic pumps are categorized into:

Positive Displacement Pumps – Efficient for transferring cryogenic liquids in aerospace and other applications.

Kinetic Pumps – Use momentum to continuously move gas.

Capture Pumps – Utilize cold surfaces to trap water vapor and other gases.

These pumps are critical to the storage, transport, and utilization of cryogens such as LNG, liquid ammonia, oxygen, nitrogen, and hydrogen.

Key Market Drivers

1. Rise in Adoption of Liquefied Gases

Cryogenic pumps play a pivotal role in the handling of LNG and LPG, which are becoming mainstays of clean energy solutions across power generation, industrial, and transportation sectors.

LNG burns cleaner than traditional fossil fuels, making it a favorable alternative in global decarbonization efforts.

Submerged motor pumps are frequently used in LNG terminals to boost and transfer liquefied gas.

According to Shell’s LNG Outlook 2024, global LNG demand is expected to increase by over 50% by 2040—signaling a long-term market opportunity for cryogenic infrastructure.

Similarly, LPG is gaining traction, especially in regions like the U.S., where 90% of LPG production stems from natural gas processing.

2. Surge in Thermal Power Generation Investment

The shift toward low-carbon power generation is fueling demand for liquid ammonia pumps, which emit no CO₂ during combustion.

Cryogenic pumps are critical to the transportation and storage of liquid ammonia used in thermal power plants.

Government initiatives, like India’s power plant investments by SECL and MCL, are increasing reliance on cryogenic solutions.

Technological Advancements

Manufacturers are focusing on enhancing performance while reducing energy consumption. Noteworthy innovations include:

Retractable submerged pumps for flexible LNG operations (launched by Vanzetti Engineering in April 2024).

Next-gen ammonia pumps from Nikkiso, slated for 2026, which will support the gradual transition from coal-fired power plants to ammonia-based systems.

These innovations promise higher efficiency, safety, and sustainability—key demands from industries prioritizing emission reductions.

Market Segmentation Highlights

The cryogenic pumps market is categorized based on orientation, design, type, cryogen gas, and end-user applications.

By Design: Submersible pumps are gaining favor due to their compactness and reduced maintenance.

By Type: Centrifugal and positive displacement pumps dominate due to broad industrial applicability.

By Cryogen Gas: LNG and ammonia are the top contributors to market value.

By End-User:

Energy & Power remains the dominant sector.

Healthcare and electronics are emerging as strong growth segments driven by the demand for cryogenic storage of sensitive materials and semiconductors.

Regional Market Outlook

Asia Pacific – The Growth Powerhouse

Holds the largest share of the cryogenic pumps market as of 2023.

Countries like India are boosting LNG imports with long-term contracts that secure 95% of domestic LNG consumption.

Rapid industrialization and infrastructure development are adding momentum to this trend.

North America – Innovation and Aerospace Expansion

Investments in electric space propulsion systems are creating new demand.

Cryogenic pumps are integral to testing spacecraft components in simulated space environments.

Competitive Landscape

Leading companies are focusing on product development, strategic partnerships, and sustainability-driven innovation. Key players include:

Linde PLC

Chart Industries

Nikkiso

Sumitomo Heavy Industries

Cryostar

EBARA CORPORATION

Flowserve Corporation

Sulzer Ltd.

Their strategies revolve around expanding global reach, enhancing efficiency, and delivering tailored solutions for LNG, hydrogen, and ammonia applications.

Looking Ahead

The next decade promises significant transformation for the cryogenic pumps industry. Driven by global energy transitions, rising cryogen demand, and innovation in pump design, the market is set for sustained growth. From clean power generation to aerospace applications, cryogenic technology is becoming central to next-gen infrastructure.

With a projected market size of US$ 3.9 Bn by 2034, stakeholders across sectors must stay aligned with evolving technologies, regulatory frameworks, and regional opportunities to capitalize on this dynamic market.

Conclusion The cryogenic pumps market is no longer just about extreme temperatures—it’s about extreme potential. As the world accelerates its march toward sustainable energy, cryogenic technology stands as a powerful enabler. Whether you're an investor, engineer, or energy policymaker, the road to 2034 will be paved with low-temperature solutions that offer high-impact outcomes.

[rainyducktiger]

Aerospace Cryogenic Fuel Market Analysis and Key Developments to 2033

Introduction

The aerospace industry has been revolutionized by advancements in fuel technology, with cryogenic fuels playing a pivotal role in space exploration and high-performance aviation. Cryogenic fuels, which are stored at extremely low temperatures, include liquid hydrogen, liquid oxygen, and liquefied natural gas (LNG). These fuels provide high energy efficiency and environmental benefits, making them ideal for space missions and next-generation aerospace applications.

This article provides a comprehensive analysis of the aerospace cryogenic fuel market, examining key trends, growth factors, challenges, and forecasts for the period from 2024 to 2032.

Market Overview

The aerospace cryogenic fuel market has witnessed significant growth in recent years, driven by increasing space exploration activities, advancements in aerospace propulsion systems, and rising investments in sustainable aviation technologies. The demand for cryogenic fuels is expected to continue growing due to their superior energy efficiency and lower carbon footprint compared to traditional aviation fuels.

Key market players include:

Air Liquide

Linde plc

Air Products and Chemicals, Inc.

Messer Group

SpaceX

NASA

Blue Origin

Boeing

Lockheed Martin

Download a Free Sample Report:-https://tinyurl.com/ymfz9rb7

Market Drivers

Several factors are driving the growth of the aerospace cryogenic fuel market:

1. Growing Space Exploration Initiatives

With the increasing number of government and private sector initiatives for space exploration, the demand for cryogenic fuels has surged. Agencies like NASA, ESA, and private companies like SpaceX and Blue Origin are investing heavily in missions to the Moon, Mars, and beyond.

2. Advancements in Rocket Propulsion Technology

Modern rocket engines rely on cryogenic fuels for their efficiency and thrust capabilities. The development of reusable launch vehicles (RLVs) has further boosted demand, as companies seek cost-effective and sustainable propulsion solutions.

3. Environmental Benefits of Cryogenic Fuels

Cryogenic fuels like liquid hydrogen produce zero carbon emissions when burned, making them a promising alternative for sustainable aviation and space travel. Governments worldwide are implementing regulations and incentives to encourage the adoption of cleaner fuels in aerospace.

4. Increasing Investment in Green Aviation

The aviation industry is under pressure to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Cryogenic hydrogen fuel is being explored as a potential alternative to conventional jet fuels, aligning with global sustainability goals and net-zero emission targets.

Market Challenges

Despite the significant growth prospects, the aerospace cryogenic fuel market faces several challenges:

1. High Storage and Handling Costs

Cryogenic fuels require specialized storage and handling systems, including insulated tanks and advanced infrastructure. The high costs associated with these systems can be a barrier to market growth.

2. Complexity of Cryogenic Fueling Systems

The technology required for cryogenic fuel handling is complex and requires skilled personnel. This limits the widespread adoption of cryogenic fuels in the aviation industry compared to conventional fuels.

3. Limited Refueling Infrastructure

Unlike conventional jet fuels, cryogenic fuels require dedicated refueling infrastructure. The lack of widespread refueling stations presents a challenge for integrating cryogenic fuel into commercial aviation.

Regional Analysis

The aerospace cryogenic fuel market is segmented into key regions, each with unique growth dynamics:

1. North America

North America dominates the market due to strong government and private sector investments in space exploration and advanced aviation technologies. NASA, SpaceX, and Blue Origin are major contributors to the region's cryogenic fuel demand.

2. Europe

Europe is actively investing in sustainable aviation, with initiatives like the European Green Deal supporting hydrogen-based aviation fuel research. The European Space Agency (ESA) is also a key player in the regional market.

3. Asia-Pacific

The Asia-Pacific region is experiencing rapid growth due to increasing investments in space programs by China, India, and Japan. ISRO (Indian Space Research Organisation) and CNSA (China National Space Administration) are major contributors to cryogenic fuel demand.

4. Rest of the World

Regions such as the Middle East and Latin America are gradually entering the space and aviation sectors, with increasing interest in cryogenic fuel technologies.

Future Outlook and Market Forecast (2024-2032)

The aerospace cryogenic fuel market is expected to continue its growth trajectory, with several key trends shaping the future:

1. Expansion of Reusable Rocket Programs

Reusable rockets will play a crucial role in reducing the cost of space travel, further boosting the demand for cryogenic fuels.

2. Development of Hydrogen-Powered Aircraft

Leading aerospace companies are investing in hydrogen-powered aircraft to achieve carbon-neutral aviation. This will create new opportunities for cryogenic fuel manufacturers.

3. Advancements in Cryogenic Storage Technology

Innovations in storage technology will help address the challenges of high costs and limited infrastructure, making cryogenic fuel more accessible for commercial applications.

4. Government Policies and Incentives

Supportive government policies and incentives for clean energy and space exploration will drive further investment in cryogenic fuel technologies.

Conclusion

The aerospace cryogenic fuel market is poised for significant growth, driven by technological advancements, increasing space exploration activities, and the global push for sustainable aviation. While challenges such as high storage costs and infrastructure limitations remain, ongoing research and development efforts are expected to address these barriers. The period from 2024 to 2032 will see continued investments, collaborations, and innovations, solidifying the role of cryogenic fuels in the future of aerospace and space travel.

Read Full Report:-https://www.uniprismmarketresearch.com/verticals/aerospace-defence/aerospace-cryogenic-fuel.html

[ravisinghdigital]

ISRO Chairman Dr. V Narayanan Biography

Renowned Indian rocket propulsion expert and aerospace engineer Dr. V. Narayanan has been appointed the next chairman of the Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO). He holds experience in cryogenic propulsion systems and is mostly recognised for his noteworthy contributions to Indian space missions.

Dr. Narayanan, will be succeeding the current ISRO Chairman S. Somanath.

The Department of Space announced the appointment of Dr. Narayanan on January 7, 2025. On 14 January 2025, he will formally take over as ISRO’s chief. This change in leadership comes at an important time as ISRO continues to ramp up its efforts in satellite technology development, advanced space exploration missions, and global collaborations.

The announcement was made through an official order from the Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions, Department of Personnel and Training which states: “The Appointments Committee of the Cabinet has approved the appointment of Shri V. Narayanan, Director. Liquid Propulsion Systems Centre, Valiamala as Secretary, Department of Space and Chairman, Space Commission for a period of two years with effect from 14.01.2025″. Here is a detailed biography of Dr. V Narayanan

Read More at : ISRO Chairman Dr. V Narayanan Biography

Follow For More Updates: https://resulttimes.com/

[hexahomee]

V Narayanan: The New Chief of ISRO

Introduction

As of January 14, 2025, Dr. V Narayanan will officially take over as the Chairman of the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO), succeeding Dr. S. Somanath. This appointment, announced on January 7, 2025, comes at a pivotal moment for ISRO as it ramps up its efforts in satellite technology, advanced space exploration, and international collaborations.

A Distinguished Career

Dr. Narayanan is a distinguished rocket propulsion expert with nearly four decades of experience in the field. He began his career at ISRO in 1984, focusing initially on solid propulsion systems for sounding rockets and launch vehicles. Over the years, he has contributed to the development of key technologies used in India's renowned Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV) and the heavier LVM3 rocket.Currently serving as the Director of the Liquid Propulsion Systems Centre (LPSC) in Thiruvananthapuram, Dr. Narayanan has played a crucial role in developing cryogenic propulsion systems essential for many of ISRO’s ambitious projects. His leadership was instrumental in the successful launch of the GSLV Mk III, which marked a significant milestone for India’s space capabilities.

Academic Credentials

Dr. Narayanan's academic credentials are impressive; he holds an M.Tech in Cryogenic Engineering from IIT Kharagpur, where he graduated with first rank and received a Silver Medal. He also earned a Ph.D. in Aerospace Engineering, further solidifying his expertise in rocket propulsion systems.

Recognitions and Awards

His contributions have not gone unnoticed; Dr. Narayanan has received numerous accolades throughout his career, including awards from the Astronautical Society of India and ISRO's Outstanding Achievement Award. These recognitions highlight his commitment to advancing India's position in global space exploration.

Vision for ISRO

As Dr. Narayanan prepares to assume his new role, expectations are high for his leadership to guide ISRO through its next phase of growth. With ambitious projects like Gaganyaan—India's first human spaceflight mission—on the horizon, his experience and vision will be vital in navigating the challenges ahead.-Written By Hexahome

[werindialive]

V Narayanan Appointed ISRO Chief, Set to Lead India's Space Ambitions 

In a significant move, the Indian government has appointed V Narayanan as the new chairman of the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) and Secretary of the Department of Space. Narayanan will officially take over from the current ISRO chief, S Somanath, on January 14, 2025. 

The announcement was made by the Appointments Committee of the Cabinet through a notification issued on Tuesday. Narayanan, who is currently serving as the head of the Liquid Propulsion Systems Centre (LPSC) in Valiamala, Kerala, will have a tenure of two years as the ISRO chairman. He will also assume the role of Chairman of the Space Commission. 

Narayanan is a prominent scientist and has played a crucial role in India’s space journey. He was key in the development of the cryogenic engine, a technology that was previously denied to the country but is now central to India's space ambitions. Narayanan expressed his excitement about his new role, stating, "We have a clear roadmap for India and I hope to take ISRO to greater heights as we have great talent." 

A distinguished scientist and the seniormost director at ISRO, Narayanan has led the Liquid Propulsion Systems Centre, which is involved in the development of propulsion systems for launch vehicles and satellites. His leadership is also seen in his roles as Chairman of the Project Management Council-Space Transportation System and the National Level Human Rated Certification Board (HRCB) for Gaganyaan, India’s upcoming human spaceflight mission. 

Narayanan’s academic credentials are impressive. He completed his M Tech in Cryogenic Engineering and PhD in Aerospace Engineering from IIT Kharagpur, where he received a Silver Medal for securing the top position in his M Tech program. He joined ISRO in 1984 and has steadily risen through the ranks to become the director of LPSC in 2018. 

Narayanan will succeed S Somanath, who became the ISRO chairman in January 2022. Under Somanath’s leadership, India achieved several milestones, including becoming the first country to land a rover on the Moon’s south pole and joining an elite group of nations with successful soft lunar landings. 

As Narayanan prepares to take over, the future of ISRO looks promising with several ambitious space projects lined up. For more top news headlines India in Hindi, subscribe to our newsletter! 

[credenceresearchdotblog]

Hydrogen Storage Market is valued at approximately USD 8,356.06 million and is projected to grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 23% over the forecast period, reaching around USD 15,595 million by 2032.The hydrogen storage market is at the forefront of the global transition to sustainable energy. With the increasing emphasis on decarbonization and renewable energy sources, hydrogen has emerged as a critical energy carrier. Hydrogen storage solutions are essential for facilitating the adoption of hydrogen in applications spanning transportation, power generation, and industrial processes. This market is experiencing rapid growth, fueled by advancements in storage technologies, supportive government policies, and rising investments in green hydrogen projects.

Browse the full report https://www.credenceresearch.com/report/hydrogen-storage-market

Market Dynamics

Market Growth and Potential The hydrogen storage market is projected to witness significant growth over the next decade. This expansion is driven by the rising demand for hydrogen as a clean fuel alternative and the need for robust storage solutions that support its safe and efficient utilization. The development of large-scale green hydrogen production facilities is further propelling the demand for advanced storage technologies. As nations aim to achieve their net-zero emissions targets, hydrogen storage infrastructure is becoming a vital component of their energy strategies.

Technological Advancements Innovations in storage technologies are transforming the hydrogen market landscape. Storage methods such as compressed gas, liquid hydrogen, and solid-state storage materials are gaining traction due to their efficiency and scalability. Compressed hydrogen, for example, is widely used in fuel cell vehicles and portable power systems. Meanwhile, advancements in cryogenic storage have enhanced the feasibility of liquid hydrogen for large-scale transportation and aerospace applications. Solid-state hydrogen storage, leveraging metal hydrides and chemical compounds, offers promising potential for long-term storage with high energy densities.

Key Market Drivers

Decarbonization Initiatives and Energy Transition Governments and industries worldwide are prioritizing decarbonization to combat climate change. Hydrogen is a versatile energy carrier that can be utilized in hard-to-abate sectors such as heavy industry, shipping, and aviation. Investments in hydrogen storage systems are being driven by the need to ensure a steady supply of hydrogen to meet growing demand, particularly in renewable energy integration and industrial applications.

Expansion of Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles (FCEVs) The growing adoption of FCEVs has intensified the demand for hydrogen storage solutions. Fuel cell technology relies on stored hydrogen to generate electricity for propulsion, offering a clean alternative to conventional internal combustion engines. Major automotive manufacturers and governments are investing in hydrogen refueling infrastructure, further boosting the market for hydrogen storage.

Government Support and Policies Supportive policies and funding initiatives are playing a pivotal role in accelerating hydrogen storage deployment. Governments are implementing subsidies, grants, and tax incentives to encourage the adoption of hydrogen technologies. For instance, the European Union’s Hydrogen Strategy aims to establish a comprehensive hydrogen ecosystem, while countries like Japan and South Korea have set ambitious targets for hydrogen storage and utilization.

Challenges and Opportunities

Despite its promising outlook, the hydrogen storage market faces challenges such as high costs and safety concerns. Developing cost-effective and scalable storage solutions remains a priority for stakeholders. The industry is also addressing safety issues related to hydrogen’s flammability and high-pressure storage requirements by advancing materials and system designs.

Opportunities lie in expanding infrastructure for hydrogen refueling and storage. Innovations in modular and transportable storage systems are enabling flexible deployment in remote areas and off-grid applications. Furthermore, the integration of hydrogen storage with renewable energy sources, such as wind and solar, presents a compelling use case for balancing energy supply and demand.

Future Outlook

The future of the hydrogen storage market looks promising, with continued advancements in technology and supportive policy frameworks. By 2030, the market is expected to witness substantial growth, driven by widespread adoption across various sectors. Emerging trends, such as the development of hydrogen-powered aviation and marine transportation, will further propel the demand for innovative storage solutions.

Key Players:

Air Products and Chemicals, Inc.

Linde plc

Nel ASA

Plug Power Inc.

Ballard Power Systems Inc.

Cummins Inc.

Toyota Motor Corporation

Siemens AG

Hexagon Composites ASA

Hyzon Motors Inc.

Segmentations:

Based on Product Type:

Compressed Hydrogen Storage

Liquid Hydrogen Storage

Solid-State Hydrogen Storage

Based on Technology:

Physical Storage

Chemical Storage

Hybrid Systems

Based on End-User:

Transportation

Power Generation

Industrial Processes

Residential Applications

Based on Region:

North America

United States

Canada

Europe

United Kingdom

Germany

France

Italy

Asia-Pacific

China

India

Australia

Japan

Latin America

Brazil

Mexico

Argentina

Middle East and Africa

South Africa

United Arab Emirates

Israel

Browse the full report https://www.credenceresearch.com/report/hydrogen-storage-market

Contact:

Credence Research

Please contact us at +91 6232 49 3207

Email: sales@credenceresearch.com

Website: www.credenceresearch.com

[awilli-recruitment]

The Important Role of Orbital Welding in the Aerospace Industry

What is Orbital Welding?

Orbital welding is a process where the welding arc is rotated circumferentially around a workpiece, typically a tube or pipe, in a continuous motion. The process is usually automated and highly controlled, ensuring that each weld is consistent, accurate, and free from defects. Orbital welding systems consist of a welding power supply, control system, and an orbital head that rotates the welding tool around the workpiece. It was initially developed in the 1960s for the aerospace sector to meet the stringent demands for weld precision and reliability.

The Growing Need for Orbital Welding in Aerospace

The aerospace industry is marked by the production of high-performance components that must withstand extreme conditions, including high temperatures, pressure fluctuations, and mechanical stresses. As aircraft and spacecraft technology has evolved, so too have the demands for greater fuel efficiency, lighter materials, and stronger structures. Orbital welding fits into this environment by providing a welding process that meets these high demands in several critical ways:

Precision and Accuracy: Aerospace components require incredibly tight tolerances and welds with minimal error margins. Orbital welding offers a high degree of precision, which is essential in the aerospace sector where even the slightest defect in a weld could lead to catastrophic failure.

Repeatability and Consistency: In automated orbital welding, every weld is identical, ensuring that each component fabricated in a series maintains the same level of integrity. This consistency is crucial for mass production of aerospace parts, ensuring that each part performs as expected.

Weld Quality: Aerospace applications require welds to be extremely strong and free from imperfections such as cracks, voids, or inclusions. Orbital welding, being a controlled process, minimizes the risk of these defects by maintaining consistent heat input, travel speed, and weld positioning throughout the entire operation.

Safety: Given the extreme environments that aerospace components are subjected to, safety is of utmost importance. Failures in weld joints can lead to dangerous consequences, especially in space applications or in flight. Orbital welding significantly enhances the reliability and safety of the welded joints.

Applications of Orbital Welding in Aerospace

Orbital welding has a wide range of applications in the aerospace industry, from building aircraft fuselages to assembling rocket propulsion systems. Some of the most notable applications include:

Tubes and Piping Systems: Aircraft and spacecraft are equipped with complex piping systems used for fuel delivery, hydraulic systems, and cooling systems. Orbital welding is ideal for joining thin-walled tubes made from materials such as stainless steel, titanium, and nickel alloys that are commonly used in these systems. The precision and control offered by orbital welding ensures that the piping systems can withstand high pressures and temperatures.

Propulsion Systems: Rocket engines and jet engines involve intricate pipework and components that must be able to withstand extreme conditions. Orbital welding is used extensively in the construction of these systems due to its ability to produce clean, high-strength welds. The automated nature of orbital welding also minimizes the risk of human error in these critical components.

Structural Components: The frames and structural components of spacecraft, satellites, and airplanes often require high-quality welds that provide strength without adding unnecessary weight. Orbital welding allows for the creation of lighter, stronger structures by ensuring consistent, high-strength joints across various sections.

Fuel and Cryogenic Systems: Orbital welding is also used to manufacture fuel systems, including cryogenic tanks that store liquid hydrogen and oxygen in space missions. These tanks and their associated piping must be leak-proof and able to operate under ultra-cold temperatures, making orbital welding the preferred method due to its precision.

Maintenance and Repair: In addition to manufacturing, orbital welding is also employed in the maintenance and repair of aerospace systems. For example, when tubing in fuel delivery or hydraulic systems requires repair, orbital welding can be used to precisely weld the replacement parts, ensuring that the integrity of the system is maintained.

Advantages of Orbital Welding in Aerospace

The advantages of orbital welding extend far beyond its precision and consistency. Several other benefits make it the welding method of choice for many aerospace applications:

Automation: The automated nature of orbital welding reduces the dependency on manual labor, which is particularly important in the aerospace industry where highly skilled welders are often in short supply. The automation ensures that welds are made with minimal human intervention, reducing the possibility of human error.

Material Compatibility: Aerospace materials often include high-strength, temperature-resistant alloys such as Inconel, titanium, and aluminum. Orbital welding is well-suited for these materials, producing high-quality welds that meet stringent aerospace standards.

Time Efficiency: Automation also reduces welding time, as orbital welding systems can operate continuously and more rapidly than manual welding. This increase in production efficiency is vital for meeting the aerospace industry’s tight deadlines, particularly when building or maintaining large aircraft fleets or spacecraft systems.

Environmental Control: Orbital welding is often performed in environments with tight control over factors like temperature, humidity, and contaminants. This level of control is essential for aerospace welding, where even minor contaminants can compromise the integrity of a weld, potentially leading to failure during flight or in space missions.

Cost-Effectiveness: Although the initial investment in orbital welding equipment may be higher, the long-term benefits often result in lower costs. The reduced labor requirements, increased efficiency, and higher reliability of the welds help lower overall production costs. Additionally, the reduced risk of part failure due to poor weld quality can save money in terms of repairs and replacements.

Challenges and Future Prospects

Despite its many benefits, orbital welding does have some challenges. For example, the high level of orbital welding training required to operate and program orbital welding machines can present a barrier to entry. Furthermore, the initial cost of orbital welding equipment is significant, though it is often justified by the long-term savings and improved weld quality.

Looking ahead, advancements in automation and robotics are likely to further improve the capabilities of orbital welding in aerospace applications. Innovations such as artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning may be integrated into orbital welding systems to optimize welding parameters in real-time, leading to even greater precision and efficiency. Additionally, as new aerospace materials are developed, orbital welding techniques will continue to evolve to accommodate these advanced materials.

Conclusion

Orbital welding has become an essential technology in the aerospace sector due to its unmatched precision, consistency, and quality. From rocket engines to aircraft hydraulic systems, this automated welding process ensures that critical aerospace components meet the industry’s demanding safety and performance standards. As the aerospace industry continues to evolve, so too will the importance of orbital welding, supporting the creation of increasingly advanced and reliable aircraft and spacecraft systems.

[omshinde5145]

Hydrogen Rocket Engine Market Development and Future Demand Analysis Report 2030

The aerospace industry is entering a revolutionary phase, with the Hydrogen Rocket Engine Market emerging as a crucial driver of future space exploration. As countries and private companies aim to push the boundaries of space travel, the demand for advanced propulsion systems is growing exponentially. Among these, hydrogen-powered rocket engines are gaining significant attention due to their efficiency, environmental sustainability, and potential to fuel long-distance space missions.

Hydrogen rocket engines use liquid hydrogen (LH2) as fuel, combined with an oxidizer, typically liquid oxygen (LOX), to produce thrust. When these two elements combust, they create a high-velocity exhaust that propels the rocket forward. What makes hydrogen-based engines unique is their high specific impulse, meaning they provide more thrust per unit of propellant compared to other types of rocket engines, such as those powered by kerosene or solid fuel.

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Market Drivers: Efficiency and Sustainability

One of the main reasons for the growing interest in hydrogen rocket engines is their energy efficiency. Liquid hydrogen provides one of the highest energy-to-mass ratios among rocket fuels, enabling longer missions with less fuel. This makes hydrogen engines ideal for deep-space exploration missions, including trips to the Moon, Mars, and beyond.

Moreover, hydrogen combustion primarily produces water vapor as a byproduct, making these engines more environmentally friendly compared to traditional carbon-based rocket fuels. As environmental concerns continue to shape aerospace policies, the adoption of cleaner propulsion technologies like hydrogen engines is likely to accelerate.

Key Market Segments and Applications

Type of Engine: Liquid Hydrogen-Liquid Oxygen (LH2/LOX) engines and hybrid engines.

Application: Manned space missions, satellite launches, cargo transport, and planetary exploration.

End Users: Government space agencies (NASA, ESA), private aerospace companies (SpaceX, Blue Origin), and emerging space programs in developing nations.

In particular, the commercial space sector is experiencing rapid growth, driven by ventures like SpaceX, Blue Origin, and Rocket Lab, all of which are investing in hydrogen engine technology to lower costs and improve mission capabilities.

Challenges Facing the Hydrogen Rocket Engine Market

Despite its promise, the hydrogen rocket engine market faces several challenges:

Cost: Producing, storing, and transporting liquid hydrogen requires advanced infrastructure and technologies, which are costly and complex. However, ongoing research is focused on reducing these costs.

Storage and Handling: Hydrogen, particularly in liquid form, needs to be stored at extremely low temperatures (-253°C), posing engineering challenges. Special cryogenic tanks and insulation materials are required, which add to the weight and cost of spacecraft.

Infrastructure: The current aerospace infrastructure is not fully equipped to handle large-scale hydrogen refueling, though companies and governments are working to develop hydrogen-based fueling systems.

Key Players in the Hydrogen Rocket Engine Market

Several aerospace giants and startups are currently leading the hydrogen rocket engine market:

NASA has been a pioneer in using liquid hydrogen in rocket engines, with its RS-25 engines (used in the Space Shuttle program) and the Space Launch System (SLS) being key examples.

SpaceX is exploring hydrogen as a potential fuel for future Mars missions, though it primarily focuses on methane engines currently.

Blue Origin’s BE-3 engine uses liquid hydrogen, demonstrating its potential for future human spaceflight missions.

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Future Prospects and Opportunities

The global demand for sustainable and efficient propulsion systems is expected to drive the hydrogen rocket engine market's growth over the next decade. As companies and space agencies continue to innovate, there is potential for significant advancements in cryogenic technologies, fuel efficiency, and space infrastructure to support hydrogen-based missions.

Additionally, the growing interest in space tourism and interplanetary exploration will likely expand the market for hydrogen engines. Private companies and space agencies alike are keen on reducing the cost of access to space, and hydrogen engines, with their superior performance and long-term sustainability, are at the forefront of this new space age.

Conclusion

The hydrogen rocket engine market represents a critical innovation in the aerospace industry, with the potential to revolutionize space exploration and transportation. As the technology advances and infrastructure challenges are addressed, hydrogen engines will likely play a leading role in propelling humanity toward deeper exploration of the solar system and beyond.

With environmental sustainability becoming a key focus and the continued push for cost-effective space missions, the hydrogen rocket engine market is poised for substantial growth in the coming years.

[spacetimewithstuartgary]

Completed experiments on International Space Station to help answer how boiling and condensation work in space

After a decade of preparation and two years of active experiments in space, a facility that Purdue University and NASA's Glenn Research Center in Cleveland designed, built and tested has completed its test campaign on the International Space Station.

The Flow Boiling and Condensation Experiment (FBCE), led by Purdue professor Issam Mudawar, gathered vital data for engineering innovations to help astronauts travel farther into space and conduct long-duration missions on the moon or Mars. The data will also support the design of future spacecraft propulsion, thermal management systems, in-space refueling and vapor compression heat pumps for planetary bases.

"We were asked to create an experiment to test flow boiling in microgravity, and I'm thrilled to see that we've delivered in a big way," said Mudawar, the Betty Ruth and Milton B. Hollander Family Professor of Mechanical Engineering and FBCE's principal investigator. "The amount of data coming out of the FBCE is just absolutely enormous, and that's exactly what we want."

Mudawar's space-based experiment tackles a simple question: How do we keep future vehicles and facilities cool in space's harsh environment? For example, the moon's surface fluctuates wildly between minus 410 degrees and 250 degrees Fahrenheit; to create a human habitat there, reliable thermal management will be essential.

Traveling farther into space requires cryogenic fuel depots, but the flow physics of cryogenic liquids in microgravity haven't been fully understood. Even future propulsion systems, such as nuclear fission or Rankine cycle heat engines, will also require efficient cooling systems capable of operating in a zero-gravity environment.

For all these reasons, NASA solicited research proposals on the topic and selected a proposal submitted by Mudawar, who is one of the most cited researchers on flow boiling and condensation, and Glenn's Mojib Hasan.

In flow boiling, heat is removed by flowing a liquid that then boils, phase-changing into a gas, and then later condensing back into a liquid. While this efficient thermal management solution has been studied in-depth on Earth, no one knew if it was feasible in space.

"We have developed over a hundred years' worth of understanding of how heating and cooling systems work in Earth's gravity," Mudawar said, "but we haven't known how they work in weightlessness."

Enter the FBCE, which started operating on the space station in 2022. About the size of a refrigerator, FBCE contains two Purdue-designed test modules—one for flow boiling and one for condensation—integrated with a fluid system that Purdue researchers and NASA Glenn designed together. NASA Glenn built the fluid system along with avionics modules. Sitting in the space station's Fluids Integrated Rack, the fluid system enables researchers to conduct space station experiments autonomously from the ground.

"The FBCE experiments are crucial in two ways," Mudawar said. "Not only do they generate fundamental data that would be difficult for us to gather on Earth, but they also serve to validate theoretical models that we have spent years developing. Once the models are validated, it becomes possible for NASA to more accurately predict the fluid physics of lower-gravity environments, such as the moon or Mars."

Boiler up

Mudawar started this project in 2011 when NASA selected his proposal after a decadal survey from the National Academies emphasized the need for this research.

"Every 10 years, the National Academies conduct a survey that advises NASA what specific aspects they should focus on," Mudawar said. "This report indicated a lack of fundamental models of how fluids behave in microgravity. That's when I began work with NASA Glenn to create an experimental facility to study fluid flow and phase change in space."

The first prototype FBCE flew on parabolic airplane flights with Zero Gravity Corp. (ZERO-G). Purdue students and NASA Glenn-qualified operators conducted experiments on that flight during 15-second periods of microgravity. After promising results and years of hardware development, testing and flight qualification, the final version of the facility came together at NASA Glenn.

After passing NASA's design, safety and readiness reviews, FBCE's flow boiling module was launched to the space station in August 2021 and began operations in early 2022. Last August, the condensation module of FBCE launched, replacing the flow boiling module. Purdue completed its test campaign in July.

The mountains of data gathered from FBCE's experiments will form the basis of fundamental models and future research for years to come.

"This is among NASA's largest and most complex experiments for fluid physics research," Mudawar said. "We have published more than 70 papers on reduced gravity and fluid flow since the project's inception and even contributed to the most recent National Academies decadal survey based on our findings. Collectively, these papers are really almost like a textbook for how boiling and condensation works in space."

Cool future

While the Purdue test campaign has ended, FBCE isn't going anywhere. The facility will remain on the space station for other researchers who want to experiment with fluid physics in space.

"My original proposal established that FBCE would eventually become a national resource," Mudawar said. "Other investigators have already started using it since our campaign ended. It's my hope that the data coming from FBCE will help establish the science of cooling spacecraft for years to come."

TOP IMAGE: NASA astronaut Frank Rubio services the Flow Boiling and Condensation Experiment (FBCE) on the International Space Station, designed, built and tested by Purdue and NASA's Glenn Research Center. While its official test campaign has concluded, FBCE is staying in space and is available for other organizations to conduct zero-gravity fluid dynamics experiments. Credit: NASA

LOWER IMAGE: The second module of the Flow Boiling and Condensation Experiment launched to the International Space Station last August among other cargo for NASA. Credit: NASA/Danielle Johnson

[martin-james2121]

Agnibaan Test Mission Postponed by Agnikul Just Before Launch

For the third consecutive time, Agnikul, a pioneering private aerospace firm, has postponed the inaugural test launch of its Agnibaan SOrTeD rocket, due to technical challenges as the primary reason for the delay. The planned launch from India's first private launchpad, ALP-01, situated at the Satish Dhawan Space Centre in Sriharikota, was abruptly halted just moments before liftoff.

The SOrTeD mission, an abbreviation for Sub Orbital Technology Demonstrator, entails showcasing a single-stage launch vehicle propelled by a semi-cryogenic engine known as the Agnilet. Developed domestically, this engine employs a sub-cooled liquid oxygen-based propulsion system, marking a significant technological leap for India's aerospace industry.

Initially slated for Saturday, the test launch was rescheduled for Sunday as the aerospace company undertook attentive pre-launch checks, uncovering unforeseen technical issues that necessitated further investigation and resolution.

Originating from IIT-Madras, the rocket manufacturer refrained from providing any specific explanations for the postponement of the Agnibaan launch when it was initially postponed in March, leaving industry observers speculating about the underlying challenges.

1.  A Revised Date

As of now, Agnikul has not disclosed a revised launch date for Agnibaan, a versatile two-stage launch vehicle designed to accommodate payloads of up to 300 kg into an orbit approximately 700 km above Earth.

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