#computed tomographic scans

[delicatelysublimeforester]

Illuminating the Art and Science of Radiography: Honoring Dr. George P. Genereux on World Radiography Day

[mmmmalo]

I wonder if there's ever been a person whose brain like, for whatever reason, didn't invert their eye’s camera obscura? So that even though they feel the ground below them, they see it above them. Is upside-down vision a thing... okay yes it is, cool. Though the visual field seems to get distorted by rotation instead of a mirror flip, so situation is different from what I was imagining

"A 79-year-old patient with hypertension was admitted because of acute vertigo. On examination, bilateral cerebellar and pyramidal tract signs were observed but the patient was neurologically stable. Results from a computed tomographic scan were normal. A few hours after admission, the acute episode of vertigo disappeared but the patient developed a sensation of body levitation followed by a counterclockwise rotation of his visual fields. Within 10 minutes, he experienced a complete RVM (reversal of vision metamorphopsia). He saw people walking on their heads, and the floor next to his bed appeared to be over his head. To the patient's embarrassment, he made the wrong hand movements when he tried to cover himself with the blanket or to pick up a cup of tea."

[crimsonforensicscience]

Our Local Experience at KFSH&RC Jeddah Branch with SPECT/CT Perfusion Imaging

Introduction

Pulmonary embolism is the third most common acute cardiovascular disease after myocardial infarction and stroke and results in thousands of deaths each year because it often goes undetected [1]. Diagnostic tests for thromboembolic disease include the D-dimer assay and lower limb ultrasonography, both have high specificity but low sensitivity, ventilation-perfusion scintigraphy and Computed Tomographic Pulmonary Embolism (CTPE) [2]. Planar V/Q scan has inherent limitations related to the overlap of anatomic segments resulting in underestimation of the extent of perfusion loss. The medial basal segment of the right lower lobe is often not visualized on planar scans [3]. Added to these factors is use of probabilistic reporting criteria, and a relatively high indeterminate rate, both caused significant dissatisfaction among referring physicians. It is unsurprising that CT Pulmonary Angiography (CTPA), with its binary reporting approach become the preferred imaging test to assess Pulmonary Embolism (PE) in many institutions (Figure 1A, B &C) [4]. SPECT/CT perfusion imaging can integrate anatomic information with the functional information ones. A potential for a single imaging procedure to yield a high sensitivity and specificity method for the detection of PE. The absence of contrast-related risks, the equal sensitivity and specificity in addition to its lower radiation dose compared to CTPA, are all supporting data for its use to rule out acute and or acute on top of chronic PEs. We aim in our study to assess the trend of using Perfusion SPECT/CT at KFSH&RC Jeddah compared to the standard CTPE. Compared to the 31 scans performed in 2016, 112 studies (361% increase) were completed in 2021.

Read More About This Article: https://crimsonpublishers.com/fsar/fulltext/FSAR.000639.php

Read More Crimson Publishers Google Scholar Articles: https://scholar.google.com/citations?view_op=view_citation&hl=en&user=BcljX0IAAAAJ&cstart=20&pagesize=80&authuser=1&cit crimsonpublishers ation_for_view=BcljX0IAAAAJ:_Ybze24A_UAC

[edisonblog]

Mummy "Juanita", a young Inca girl is kept in a special chamber, at -20 degrees Celsius, in the Museum of Andean Sanctuaries of the Catholic University of Santa María (Peru).

The investigation determined he was between 13 and 15 years old at the time of his death.

Also known as the "Lady of Ampato", she was found in 1995 near the Ampato volcano in southern Peru.

She is one of many incredibly preserved mummies that have been discovered in the region, with remains dating back to the Inca Empire.

Juanita is an impressive example of conservation, due to the mountains' extremely cold and dry environment. Her body has been preserved over the centuries, allowing detailed studies into her life, cultural practices and the circumstances of her death.

28 years after this discovery, scientists from the Center for Andean Studies at the University of Warsaw (Poland) and the Catholic University of Santa María (Peru) managed to reconstruct the girl's features in a hyper-realistic sculpture. This sculptural reconstruction was made based on tomography of the body, DNA studies, ethnological characteristics, age, complexion. Modern forensic techniques were used as part of the studies and execution of the reconstruction, according to a statement from the university.

The international team of archaeologists and scientists began their research in 2018 by documenting the bodies and objects found in Ampato (Caylloma province), as well as in the Misti and Pichupichu volcanoes (Arequipa), snow-covered volcanoes where the Incas practiced the Capacocha Ritual .

Sylwia Siemanowska, an expert at the Institute of Archeology and Ethnology of the Polish Academy and scientist at the Center for Andean Studies at the University of Warsaw, revealed that the body of the Inca maiden was accompanied by 37 ceramic objects decorated with geometric figures. These graphics, still under study, could be a communication system developed by the Incas.

After the tomographic analysis carried out on the frozen body, the tests determined that the girl at the time of death was between 13 and 15 years old; this conclusion is also based on the characteristics of her bones. It was also known that Juanita - as she is affectionately called - was a healthy girl at the time of being sacrificed in the Capacocha ritual, in the same way, that she received a blow to the right occipital part of the skull, carried out by a person who used everything he forced with his right hand and caused death instantly.

To arrive at the sculptural reconstruction, scientists had to produce digital images of the maiden based on the latest tomography scans performed, DNA results, ethnological characteristics and other scientific data. All this information allowed Dr. Oscar Nilson, a Swedish archaeologist and artist, to apply the Manchester technique to construct the Inca girl's face. Tissue depth markers were used in this process based on skull measurements. Thanks to this information, it was found that one of her facial features, within the typical female facial proportions of the high Andean region, are her prominent cheeks.

All this information made it possible to determine the appearance of the face on a computer, finally resulting in the model that is now on display at the Museum of Andean Sanctuaries at UCSM.

ABOUT THE RITUAL IN PERU

Capacocha was one of the most important rituals of the Tawantinsuyu empire and consisted of making offerings of request or gratitude to the sun. However, this ritual was also performed on special occasions, such as a natural disaster.

The central part of this magical-religious rite was the sacrifice of a minor at the top of the volcano as an offering to the gods. The body was always accompanied by a series of offerings such as ceramic miniatures, precious metals, textiles or unique sea shells that came from different parts of the empire. According to Inca belief, the children offered did not die, but were reunited with their ancestors, who watched from high mountains.

Source: Peru: recreate the face of a famous Inca mummy frozen in the Andes (lavoz.com.ar)

#edisonmariotti @edisonblog

.br

Múmia "Juanita", uma jovem inca é mantida em uma câmara especial, a -20 graus Celsius, no Museu dos Santuários Andinos da Universidade Católica de Santa María (Peru).

A investigação determinou que ele tinha entre 13 e 15 anos no momento de sua morte.

Também conhecida como “Senhora de Ampato”, ela foi encontrada em 1995 perto do vulcão Ampato, no sul do Peru.

Ela é uma das muitas múmias incrivelmente preservadas que foram descobertas na região, com restos que datam do Império Inca.

Juanita é um impressionante exemplo de conservação, devido ao ambiente extremamente frio e seco das montanhas. Seu corpo foi preservado ao longo dos séculos, permitindo estudos detalhados sobre sua vida, práticas culturais e as circunstâncias de sua morte.

28 anos depois desta descoberta, cientistas do Centro de Estudos Andinos da Universidade de Varsóvia (Polónia) e da Universidade Católica de Santa María (Peru) conseguiram reconstruir as feições da menina numa escultura hiper-realista. Esta reconstrução escultórica foi feita com base em tomografias do corpo, estudos de DNA, características etnológicas, idade, tez. Técnicas forenses modernas foram utilizadas como parte dos estudos e execução da reconstrução, segundo comunicado da universidade.

A equipe internacional de arqueólogos e cientistas iniciou suas pesquisas em 2018 documentando os corpos e objetos encontrados em Ampato (província de Caylloma), bem como nos vulcões Misti e Pichupichu (Arequipa), vulcões cobertos de neve onde os Incas praticavam o Ritual Capacocha. .

Sylwia Siemanowska, especialista do Instituto de Arqueologia e Etnologia da Academia Polaca e cientista do Centro de Estudos Andinos da Universidade de Varsóvia, revelou que o corpo da donzela inca estava acompanhado por 37 objetos de cerâmica decorados com figuras geométricas. Esses gráficos, ainda em estudo, poderiam ser um sistema de comunicação desenvolvido pelos Incas.

Após a análise tomográfica realizada no corpo congelado, os exames determinaram que a menina no momento do óbito tinha entre 13 e 15 anos; esta conclusão também se baseia nas características de seus ossos. Sabia-se também que Juanita - como é carinhosamente chamada - era uma menina saudável no momento de ser sacrificada no ritual Capacocha, da mesma forma, que recebeu um golpe na parte occipital direita do crânio, realizado por uma pessoa que usou tudo o que forçou com a mão direita e causou a morte instantaneamente.

Para chegar à reconstrução escultural, os cientistas tiveram que produzir imagens digitais da donzela com base nas últimas tomografias realizadas, resultados de DNA, características etnológicas e outros dados científicos. Todas essas informações permitiram ao Dr. Oscar Nilson, arqueólogo e artista sueco, aplicar a técnica de Manchester para construir o rosto da menina inca. Marcadores de profundidade tecidual foram utilizados neste processo com base nas medidas do crânio. Graças a essas informações, constatou-se que uma de suas características faciais, dentro das proporções faciais femininas típicas da região alta andina, são suas bochechas proeminentes.

Todas essas informações permitiram determinar a aparência do rosto em um computador, resultando finalmente no modelo que hoje está exposto no Museu dos Santuários Andinos da UCSM.

SOBRE O RITUAL NO PERU

Capacocha era um dos rituais mais importantes do império Tawantinsuyu e consistia em fazer oferendas de pedido ou agradecimento ao sol. No entanto, este ritual também era realizado em ocasiões especiais, como um desastre natural.

A parte central deste rito mágico-religioso era o sacrifício de um menor no topo do vulcão como oferenda aos deuses. O corpo era sempre acompanhado por uma série de oferendas como miniaturas de cerâmica, metais preciosos, têxteis ou conchas marinhas únicas que vinham de diferentes partes do império. Segundo a crença inca, as crianças oferecidas não morreram, mas se reuniram com seus ancestrais, que assistiam das altas montanhas.

[doctorsawanbopanna]

Chronic Pancreatitis

Clinical Features, Diagnosis and Management

Chronic pancreatitis(CP) is a disease characterized by long standing pancreatic inflammation leading to irreversible fibrosis and structural changes in the pancreas. The prevalence of CP is estimated  to be 125/100,000 population in India and is much more than the prevalence in the West. In India chronic pancreatitis forms an important pancreatic disease with varied presentations and treatment modalities Liver Disease Treatment in Dwarka .

Chronic pancreatitis is characterized Gastrology Doctor in West Delhi

Pancreatic atrophy, fibrosis, ducal strictures and distortion, calcification, dyspepsia, endocrine insufficiency and diabetes, and chronic pain. Best Doctor in Gastroenterologist in Delhi thesevarious disease processes make treatment of chronic pancreatitis tricky with various treatment modalities that need to be  tailored according to the disease course and situation. Alcohol abuse is the most common aetiology of CP and is diagnosed in 42% to 77% of patients. Smoking is associated with chronic pancreatitis in a dose dependent fashion.Idiopathic CP is the second most common type and affects 28% to 80% of people with the condition.Several genetic mutations have been identified to be the cause of CP. Other less common risk factors include increased calcium levels, increased triglyceride levels, auto- immune disorders (celiac disease, inflammatory bowel disease), and uncommon anatomic abnormalities in the pancreas such as an annular pancreas.

A contrast-enhanced computed tomographic (CT) scan is an initial diagnostic test and should be performed for all patients with suspicion of CP.Amylase and lipase are helpful for diagnosing acute pancreatitis but not CP.The presence of either calcifications, marked pancreatic ductal changes, or both of these findings on a CT scan establishes the diagnosis of CP. 

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRCP) May Be Used to look for Ductal Abnormalities

Endoscopic ultrasound is a very sensitive modality to diagnose chronic pancreatitis and may be required to diagnose chronic pancreatitis in early stages of the disease. Once chronic pancreatitis is diagnosed,a search for the cause of CP is looked for and corrected.

Best Doctor for Liver Disease Treatment in Delhi Abdominal pain is present in more than 80% of patients with CP.Although classically reported as a dull pain localized to the epigastrium with radiation to the back that worsens after meals, the character, pattern, and severity of pain can vary. Other symptoms may include the onset of diabetes and symptoms of malabsorption like diarrhoea,steatorrhea(oily stools),weight loss and deficiency of fat soluble vitamins.

The treatment of chronic pancreatitis begins with medical management and moves on to invasive modalities like endoscopic therapies and finally surgery. Most therapies in chronic pancreatitis are directed at management of pain episodes in chronic pancreatitis.

Medical Management of Pain Includes Analgesics (Pain Killers), Enzyme Supplementation and Antioxidant Therapy.

Gastroenterologist in Dwarka Abstinence from alcohol and smoking forms the foundation for managing pain in CP. Medical therapy may not be successful in relieving pain in several patients and endoscopic treatment may be necessary.Not all patients may benefit from endoscopic therapy and choosing the right patient is necessary for best outcomes.Endoscopic therapy includes clearance of obstructive stones from the pancreatic duct, dilatation of strictures and placement of pancreatic stent in the pancreatic duct to relieve obstruction. Endosonographic celiac plexus blockade may also be used to provide pain relief. Surgery may be helpful in certain candidates and provide lasting relief. Supplementation of pancreatic enzymes is necessary in patients with diarrhoea and steatorrhea. Management of diabetes forms an important part of  managing CP. Screening for malignancy may be necessary in patients with long standing chronic pancreatitis or patients who experience a change in character of pain Gastroenterologist in Uttam Nagar.

Treatment of a Long Standing Disease like Chronic Pancreatitis 

Recurrent flares requires a multidisciplinary approach. Key treatment decisions need to be tailored individually, as no single treatment fits all and individualising treatment is the cornerstone of managing patients with CP.

[jcmicr]

Bilateral L3 and L4 pedicle traumatic fracture a case report by Jesús Rocha-Maguey in Journal of Clinical and Medical Images, Case Reports (JCMICR) 

Abstract

Background:��Traumatic bilateral pedicle fractures of the lumbar spine are rare. Some pedicle stress fracture cases have been described previously; most of them associated to spinal procedures having had different stabilization or fusion techniques, osteoporosis, secondary to unilateral spondylolysis or due to certain athletic activities. In these types of fractures, fatigue fractures which occur in normal bone that is subjected to repetitive abnormal stress or insufficiency fractures which are due to normal stress on a structurally defective bone are mostly observed. Traumatic cases with L5 pedicles fracture have been previously described but these are commonly associated with facet injury and severe spondylolisthesis.

Case Description: We present a case of a previously healthy young male who suffered a bilateral pedicle fracture of L3 and L4 without articular process injury nor displacement and no neurological deficit after a severe all-terrain vehicle accident. Surgical treatment allows a good fracture consolidation and offers the option to maintain segmental mobility.

Conclusion: Isolated acute traumatic bilateral pedicle fractures are rare. When they occur, it is important to look for other associated injured structures. Alignment, stability and neurological status are fundamental conditions to decide on treatment options. Surgery is essential when these criteria cannot be preserved either during an acute or a chronic phase. Motion preservation procedures should be considered under selected conditions.

Keywords: Pedicle; fracture; bilateral; lumbar; trauma.

Introduction

Isolated traumatic bilateral pedicle fractures of the lumbar spine are rare. Some pedicle stress fractures cases have been widely described; most of them associated with previous spine surgery having undergone diverse stabilization or fusion techniques. They may also be considered associated with osteoporosis and its treatment, secondary to unilateral spondylolysis or due to certain athletic activities [1-8]. Some traumatic cases with L5 pedicle fracture have been previously described but these are commonly associated with facet injury and severe spondylolisthesis [9, 10]. We are presenting a singular case of traumatic bilateral pedicle fracture of L3 and L4 with no neurological deficit that was treated satisfactorily emphasizing on surgical conditions and suitable options

Case Presentation

This 24-year-old male was riding his four-wheel motorcycle on the beach at a moderate speed. At the time of a frontal impact against a sand dune he was ejected forward. As described by his relatives, he fell in an extension and flexion position rolling over his torso severely. As no neurological deficit was detected immediately, he stood up and continued walking until he experienced a severe middle lumbar spine pain and muscle stiffness associated with bilateral leg numbness. Physical examination upon arrival confirmed severe lumbar muscle stiffness, local pain and superficial ecchymosis in the lumbar region but without neurological alterations.

Plain radiographs showed bilateral pedicle and right transverse process fracture of L3, a left L4 pedicle fracture and a trace of fracture at the base of the spinous process of L2. A Lateral image, despite an inadequate technique, confirms a non-displaced L3 pedicle fracture (Figure 1). Computed tomographic (CT) scan confirms bilateral pedicle fracture traces of L3 and L4 with lateral extension through the transverse process but without displacement of the vertebral bodies (Figure 2). MR images show severe muscle and articular capsule swelling but also preservation of the spinal canal diameter as well as disc characteristics at L3-L4 and L4-L5 (Figure 3).

https://jcmimagescasereports.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/fig-1-21.jpg

Figure 1: A) Antero-posterior projection in conventional X-ray films show bilateral pedicle and right transverse process fracture of L3, a left L4 pedicle fracture and a trace of fracture at the base of the spinous process of L2 (Red Asterix). B) Lateral image, despite an inadequate technique, confirms a non-displaced L3 pedicle fracture.

Figure 2: A) Axial computed tomography scan shows bilateral L3 pedicle fracture and right proximal transverse process fracture. B) L4 axial CT-scan confirms a right pedicle fracture with partial extension to the transverse process, the articular complex seems to remain in place. C) Left and right parasagittal reconstructions showing bilateral L3 and L4 pedicle fracture traces with wide gaps.

Figure 3: MR Images T2-W sequences show severe bilateral multifidus muscle, right iliocostal and psoas muscles swelling. A) Right L3 pedicle and transverse processes are fractured and articular swelling is evident at both levels. B) Preservation of the spinal canal diameter as well as disc characteristics at L3-L4 and L4-L5 and articular swelling are evident at both levels.

Because the traumatic disruptions of posterior and middle elements of L2, L3 and L4 were considered important enough to preserve segmental stability, the patient was scheduled to be surgically stabilized with pedicle screws and rods at L3 and L4 without fusion. Once the patient was in a slight lordotic prone position thus promoting the fractured pedicles to be in contact, which was confirmed under fluoroscopic control, we proceeded with two symmetrical one-inch paravertebral skin incisions. The lumbar fascia was opened and simple longitudinal muscle blunt dissection allowed us to place a couple of lumbar Caspar distractors. We confirmed that the base of the spinous process of L2 was fractured but not displaced, the articular processes and the capsules of L3 and L4 were preserved, although the surrounding ligaments were severely damaged. Under fluoroscopic guidance and by using a high-speed drill, we were able to cannulate L3 pedicles without anterior displacement of the vertebral body. A couple of simultaneous 4.5 mm taps were placed allowing an appropriate contact of the bony fractured edges. By holding one of the taps with a slight traction, a contralateral 6.5 x 45 mm pedicle screw was satisfactory installed without losing a solid bony purchase through the pedicle maintaining the fracture edges in place. After removing the traction tap, the second pedicle screw was able to be safely installed. The procedure was repeated at the adjacent vertebra. Then two 50 mm length rods were descended and blocked without distraction in order to avoid any pedicle tension. Conventional muscle hemostasis and wound suture were performed in both incisions. There were no complications during post-operative evolution and the patient was discharged 48 hours later wearing a soft brace. Postoperative X-ray films revealed adequate placement of the screws with complete closure of the fracture gaps. Fourteen months after the accident and with a previous confirmation of a solid fusion of the pedicles, the stabilization hardware was removed successfully allowing the preservation of the segmental mobility (Figure 4).

Figure 4: Postoperative plain radiographs. A) Lateral film shows correct position of the pedicle screws in both levels with acceptable closeness of the fractured edges. B) A-P projection confirms adequate alignment of the L3-L4 segment, the fracture of L2 spinous process at the base remains in place. C) Lateral X-ray film, fourteen months after the accident, the removal of the hardware allowed anatomical functionality of the segment

Discussion

When traumatic lumbar fractures occur, they are usually associated to severe and violent physiopathological mechanisms. According to Denis [11], shear injuries can be divided into two types: posteroanterior and anteroposterior. Anteroposterior forces are induced by hyperextension forces, resulting in fractures of the posterior column and pedicles conditioning a free-floating neural arch. Due to the complexity of these injuries, it is risky to propose a sole mechanism for the various thoraco-lumbar fractures. It seems likely that the injury in our case resulted from a violent combination of flexion and anteroposterior mechanism with a split phenomenon of the posterior arch away from their vertebral bodies and fracture of a spinous process of the adjacent level. In this case, and as it was previously emphasized by other authors, it is suitable to consider that lumbar muscles, intrinsic ligament characteristics and disc preservation played an important role in preventing subsequent vertebral displacement [9, 12]. Previous occasional cases with incomplete or intact neurologic function could be explained by spontaneous decompressive mechanisms associated with multiple pedicle fractures allowing the posterior elements to float in continuity [13, 14, 15].

Reviewing the proposed classification by Kaufer and Hayes in 1966 [9] and re-adopted by Ver et al. in 2019 [12], our patient´s injury can be situated as a Type 5 fracture of the lumbar neural arch, in which the line of disruption consists of bilateral fracture through either the pedicles or the pars interarticularis. The integrity of muscle and spinal ligament complex is crucial during thoraco-lumbar injuries, and their condition should always be determined by means of C-T scan and MRI. Even though there was no imminent displacement, the development of a double fracture with these characteristics made us doubt that implementation of simple conservative treatment with just an external immobilization may not be the best option. During surgery, this situation could be confirmed because an excessive displacement of the vertebral body was noticed while progressive pedicle drilling was performed.

Conservative treatment based on pain medication, external orthosis and sometimes epidural or trigger points injections is initially recommended for spontaneous bilateral pedicle and selective acute traumatic cases. The length of this management is not standardized and depends on clinical manifestations and radiological surveillance. According to Kögl [4], in cases of nondisplaced pedicle fractures and in the absence of neurological deficits, conservative treatment has been advocated because pedicle fractures tend to heal spontaneously with external bracing. However, this practice is associated with long-term immobilization and the risk of pseudarthrosis should be considered. Under these circumstances, the potential development of late instability or spondylolisthesis would lead to progressive disc degeneration [4, 10]. Surgery for these lesions must be proposed when an inadequate solution to the fracture is evident either by the development of spondylolisthesis, pseudoarthrosis, progressive secondary disc degeneration or if pain control mechanisms fail.

In cases where bilateral pedicle fractures at L2 and L3 are present, they may present a unique problem in terms of operative planning. The relative rarity of these injuries has led to a paucity of literature regarding surgical recommendations. Most authors tend to treat this type of trauma by surgery, which can be performed by anterior, posterior or combining both approaches depending on neurological status, stability and patient´s systemic condition [15]. It is essential to restore normal lumbar alignment, decompress neural structures and stabilize the lumbar spine. For this purpose, open reduction and rigid fixation are usually recommended [15]. Interbody fusion with its different variants complemented by posterior stabilization can actually be the optimal choice in cases where spondylolisthesis is present [17].

On the contrary, in exceptional cases when alignment is maintained associated with appropriate structural conditions, treatment options that are confined to preserve mobility of the affected segment are the best choice. Han et al [18] proposed a motion-preserving surgical option for nontraumatic, nondisplaced bilateral pedicle fractures at a single lumbar level. They inserted bilateral pedicle screws at L5 to reduce the fractured fragments, and by resecting the lower aspect of L5 spinous process, a rod is placed across the lamina connecting it to the screws. With this the need to fuse the adjacent levels was avoided. Recently Kogl et al [4], described technically an option to reduce and stabilize a bilateral L5 pedicle fracture. Combining the use of a navigation system and intraoperative fluoroscopy to confirm reduction of the fracture and detect fragment dislocation, they performed a percutaneous minimally invasive CT-guided off-label pedicle instrumentation without interbody fusion and inserted a couple of 7.3 mm traction screws to bring the fracture edges closer together with satisfactory fusion results.

Motion preservation procedures may be proposed in cases where an adequate reduction of the pedicle fractures is obtained, when the disc characteristics are maintained and in the presence of acceptable muscle-ligament complex condition. All of these circumstances were present in our case, so the decision to use pedicle screws and rods without intervertebral fusion will allow an appropriate restoration of the pedicles and subsequent stabilization of the double fracture. After optimal conditions of the segment are considered, withdrawal of the system will promote the motion properties in both segments. Contrary to Kogl´s procedure [4], although it is a very good surgical option, we considered that it would have been very risky to try this on our patient without taking the rest of the associated radiological findings into account.

It is important to emphasize that aggressive management with early surgical intervention allows prompt mobilization and more rapid rehabilitation. The high-energy nature of these injuries also warrants a thorough evaluation for other bony or soft-tissue injuries. With proper stabilization of the spine, many patients regain a reasonable degree of their neurological function and muscle strength. Chronic issues, such as pain, are susceptible to be managed adequately in a conservative manner [19].

Conclusions

Isolated acute traumatic bilateral pedicle fractures are rare and when they occur it is important to look for other associated injured structures. Preservation of alignment, stability and neurological status are fundamental conditions to decide on treatment options. Surgery is essential when there is evidence of failure to meet any of these criteria either during an acute or a chronic phase. In selected cases, motion preservation procedures are excellent options under adequate conditions.

For more details : https://jcmimagescasereports.org/author-guidelines/ 

[carnegiemuseumnaturalhistory]

What Did Dinosaurs Sound Like? A Brief Foray into Paleoacoustics in Science and Film

by Niko Borish and Caroline Lee

When you think about dinosaurs as living animals, what do you think of? Many people imagine them as they are depicted in the Jurassic Park films – giant reptiles, clad in scales, generating reverberating roars that shake the screen. Although this image is certainly entertaining, research in recent years points to unexpected findings that are no less interesting. Evidence suggests that dinosaur vocalizations were not likely to have sounded like roars at all! We’ll explore what’s known about the real voices of dinosaurs with a paleontological source and an interview with an expert who has made relevant discoveries. We’ll also discuss how the sounds you hear in the Jurassic Park films were created!

We had a chance to interview Dr. Julia Clarke, a paleontologist at the University of Texas, to learn more about paleoacoustics (the study of sound associated with fossils) in non-avian dinosaurs and their evolutionary descendants, birds. In Antarctica in the mid-1990s, Vegavis iaai, an ancient bird dating to around 66 to 68 million years ago, was excavated. Dr. Clarke analyzed the fossil, and in 2013 found evidence that Vegavis had a vocal organ specific to birds, known as a syrinx. In extant (meaning alive today) bird species, the syrinx is responsible for all the vocalizations we identify as bird songs or calls. This means that Vegavis most likely honked (not unlike a goose), owing to an asymmetrical third segment in the syrinx. When we asked why it took about two decades to find the syrinx after the fossil’s original discovery, Dr. Clarke answered that “discovery is not just one moment.” She received the fossil for study in 2008. When she was about to return it in 2012, she went over its computed tomographic (CT) scan images again and noticed something new – a tiny structure that looked like a simple bone fragment or toe bone on the surface of the rock. It turned out to be the syrinx! Clarke and her coauthors noted that we still don’t know when the syrinx evolved because non-avian dinosaur fossils lack this structure. Vegavis is related to extant bird species, and despite searching, no earlier dinosaur syrinxes have so far been found.

Carnivorous dinosaurs are often pictured as chasing prey while letting out intimidating roars. Other new discoveries made from studies of extant birds indicate that this image is a misconception. Dr. Clarke explained that instead of open-mouthed roars, scientists theorize that many dinosaurs may have produced closed-mouth vocalizations. Animals produce closed-mouth vocalizations by inflating their esophagus (the tube that connects the throat and stomach) or tracheal pouches (pouches on their windpipe) while keeping their mouth closed, producing something comparable to a low-pitched swooshing, growling, or cooing sound. These closed-mouth vocalizations differ substantially from open-mouth vocalizations like bird calls. Think of closed-mouth vocalizations as being lower and more percussive, as opposed to bird calls, which are more varied in pitch and almost melodic. Modern examples of closed-mouth vocalizations include crocodilian growls and ostrich booms. As a result, scientists reasoned that many dinosaurs did not perform open-mouth vocalizations, but could have generated closed-mouth vocalizations instead. Although birds evolved from theropods (a group of dinosaurs characterized by, among other attributes, hollow bones and a bipedal stance), theropods likely did not have the ability to make complex sounds similar to those of extant songbirds.

Perhaps sadly, the exciting, blood-curdling roars in the Jurassic Park franchise are not scientifically accurate. Current evidence supports that Tyrannosaurus rex made closed-mouth vocalizations, but in the films, the Tyrannosaurus opens its mouth every time it roars. That begs the question: who or what voiced the Tyrannosaurus and other Jurassic Park dinosaurs? The majority of the sounds used to create the Tyrannosaurus sonic palette came from recordings of elephant bellows. Also used were crocodilian growls, roars from lions and tigers (but not bears), the sound of water coming up from a whale’s blowhole, and even growls from the sound producer’s dog. Some other animals’ sounds that were used to make different dinosaurs’ vocalizations include: hawing donkeys, neighing horses, growling tortoises, whistling dolphins, howling howler monkeys, oinking pigs, barking fennec foxes, and chirping birds! Most of these sounds were edited and pitched up or down to fit their roles.

Another popular misconception initiated by the Jurassic Park franchise was the concept of the “Velociraptor resonating chamber.” In Jurassic Park III, the protagonists search for a “Velociraptor resonating chamber” that allows them to communicate with the Velociraptor pack. However, the possibility of this structure was debunked by Dr. Clarke and Dr. Matt Lamanna, a paleontologist at Carnegie Museum of Natural History. The resonating chamber does not actually exist. If such a chamber existed, it would only amplify the sound (auditory vibrations that travel through the air) made by dinosaurs, not modify its timbre (the tone quality of a sound) or pitch (a measure of how high or low a sound is), which would not allow humans to imitate Velociraptor sounds as shown in the movie. In other words, it would not work like a giant duck call. Additionally, the way that scientists perceive closed-mouth vocalizations to function disproves the whole idea of a resonating chamber to begin with. This is because the organs involved in vocalization include either esophageal or tracheal pouches but no dedicated “resonating chamber.”

What non-avian dinosaurs really sounded like is an enigma currently being uncovered by teams of researchers like that led by Dr. Clarke. All in all, while the movies are certainly helpful for getting people interested in dinosaurs and paleontology, a logical next step is to schedule a visit to Carnegie Museum of Natural History to get the real facts!

We would like to extend a gargantuan thank-you to Dr. Julia Clarke and Dr. Matt Lamanna for generously offering expertise for our blog! Their help evolved our blog to the next level, and for that we are extremely grateful.

Niko Borish and Caroline Lee are Teen Volunteers in the Education Department. Museum employees, volunteers, and interns are encouraged to blog about their unique experiences and knowledge gained from working at the museum.

References

Analysis of fossilized Antarctic bird’s ‘voice box’ suggests dinosaurs couldn’t sing. (2016, October 12). National Science Foundation. Retrieved March 7, 2021, from https://www.nsf.gov/news/news_summ.jsp?cntn_id=189996

Clarke, J. (2016, July 16). New Research Debunks The Dinosaur’s Roar (Interview by L. Wertheimer) [Radio broadcast]. In Weekend Edition Saturday. National Public Radio. https://www.npr.org/2016/07/16/486279631/new-research-debunks-the-dinosaurs-roar

Riede, T., Eliason, C. M., Miller, E. H., Goller, F., & Clarke, J. A. (2016). Coos, booms, and hoots: The evolution of closed-mouth vocal behavior in birds. Evolution, 1734-1746. https://doi.org/10.1111/evo.12988

Taylor, D. (Host), & Nelson, A., & Clarke, J. (n.d.). Tyrannosaurus FX (No. 105) [Audio podcast episode]. In L. Battison (Producer), Twenty Thousand Hertz. Twenty Thousand Hertz. https://www.20k.org/episodes/tyrannosaurusfx

[mcatmemoranda]

Today, the fellow went over how to read chest X-rays with me, which is good because I need to review that.

First, you need to determine whether it's an anteroposterior (AP) or posterior-anterior (PA) view. That just means whether the X-ray was taken from the front (AP) of the pt or the back (PA) of the pt. The heart will look enlarged on an AP view, so the PA view is better to determine whether or not the heart is actually enlarged. The scapulae are further out in a PA view than an AP view. The PA film also comes with the lateral view.

Then you want to say whether there is good inspiratory effort. If you can see at least 8 to 10 ribs, then you know the pt had good inspiratory effort. If you see more than 10 ribs, there is hyperinflation (e.g., COPD, where you would also see a flattened diaphragm).

Next you say whether the film is well penetrated, over-, or underpenetrated. In a good CXR, you can see the spinous processes and as you go down the spine towards the diaphragm, you should be able to see the intervertebral discs. If you can't see the intervertebral discs near the diaphragm area (i.e, it's all just white, you can't see any less dense areas between the vertebral bodies), then the film in underpenetrated. If you can see the discs too much (black spaces between the vertebral bodies), then the film is overpenetrated.

Determine whether or not the pt is rotated. You do this by looking at the distance between the spinous processes and the clavicular heads. If you're looking at a PA view, the side with the clavicular head further from the spinous processes is the side to which the pt is rotated. It makes sense if you just think about the anatomy--if you are rotated to the left, the left shoulder is further behind you than the right one, so the space between the left clavicular head and the spine will be greater than the space between the right clavicular head and the spine. If the distance between both clavicular heads and the spine is the same, then it's well aligned.

Next look at the bones. Look for any rib fractures. If there were a rib fracture, you would also look for a pneumothorax (broken ribs can puncture the pleura).

Next, look for any hardware (e.g., ET tube, lines, etc.)

Then look at the soft tissue. You can appreciate the pt's body habitus based on the amount of soft tissue there is (e.g., you could say an obese pt has abundant soft tissue). Look for any soft tissue masses.

Next, look at the heart. The heart should be 1/3 on the left and 2/3 on the right with respect to the spine. Also look at the mediastinum (the space between the lungs); see if it looks enlarged.

Then look at the lung parenchyma. Talk about the upper, middle, and lower zones of the lungs, the costophrenic angles, the hila, any opacities/nodules.

A pt we have today has chronic bronchiectasis and came in C/O hemoptysis. He has a history of smoking marijuana, vaping, and snorting cocaine. The damage to his lungs is what caused the bronchiectasis, so any irritation to the lungs now can trigger an exacerbation of it (more hemoptysis). He also had a left lower lobe wedge lobectomy due to a cavitary lesion that may have been an aspergilloma, but turned out not to be. Before he had the lobectomy in 2016, you could see air crescent sign on his CT scan. In his current CXR, the heart is more shifted to the left in this pt (probably becaue of the left lower lobectomy/atelectasis, which draws the lung to the same side).

The air crescent sign (ACS), also called the meniscus or cap sign, appears on radiographs or computed tomographic scans of the chest as air interposed between an intracavitary, ball-like mass and the cavity wall. Its shape ranges from crescent-like to that of total encapsulation,2 and its volume varies greatly.

An air crescent sign describes the crescent of air that can be seen in invasive aspergillosis, semi-invasive aspergillosis, or other processes that cause pulmonary necrosis. It usually heralds recovery and is the result of increased granulocyte activity.

It should not be confused with the Monod sign 2 which describes the air that surrounds an aspergilloma. Unfortunately, the air around the fungal ball is also crescent-shaped and the term air crescent sign is often used interchangeably in that instance - opinion as to the validity of this latter use is controversial.

The Monod sign (often misspelt Monad sign) simply describes gas that surrounds a mycetoma (most commonly an aspergilloma) in a pre-existing pulmonary cavity 1-3.

It should not be confused with the air crescent sign which is seen in recovering angioinvasive aspergillosis 4. The air crescent sign heralds improvement in the condition.

In practice, it is likely that the term Monod sign will receive blank stares. The gas around the mycetoma is often crescent-shaped and hence, the term air crescent sign is used interchangeably by many to refer to both pathological processes.

For a pt with a bronchiectasis exacerbation, you want to limit the pt's coughing so he doesn't worsen the bleeding. This can be done by giving dextromethorphan, a cough suppressant. The pt should also lay on the side of the bad lung so that if he coughs up blood, it doesn't go into the other lung.

Ground Glass Opacity (GGO) in one area can be active alveolitis. Infiltrates on the CT means he needs antibiotics (and he was given cefepime). Have to rule out infection (his Quantiferon is negative and he's not immunosuppressed, so the Quantiferon is good; he also got acid fast bacilli [AFB] culture x3).

Histomplasmosis can cause calcified nodules called "histoplasmomas."

Histoplasmoma is the name for a specific kind of nodule secondary to granulomatous reaction to histoplasmosis infection often described as having a pathognomic target lesion appearance. Histoplasmomas can appear in the lungs or central nervous system. Although classically conceived as a solitary lesion, there are reports of multiple histoplasmomas in a single patient 1. Histoplasmomas vary in size and may grow over time, and can even exceed the technical definition of a pulmonary nodule's size (i.e. greater than 3 cm) 3.

The fellow also taught me about dosing for heparin. Heparin drip is given for pulmonary embolism. I think she said you have to check the PT/PTT every 6 hours when the pt is on heparin drip and the number should be 60. Heparin can be reversed quickly.

LMWH (enoxaparin [brand name Lovenox]) therapeutic dose is calculated by taking the pt's mass in kg and giving them that number in mg/mL subQ every 12 hours.

[sanpdr1994]

Orthopaedic Imaging Equipment Market 2021 Exploring New Opportunities For Investors by 2031

According to a recent study by Future Market Insights (FMI), the global Orthopaedic Imaging Equipment Market is expected reach US$ 9.8 Bn in 2021. Sales are expected to increase at a CAGR of around 4.0% over the forecast period (2021-2031).

Orthopaedic imaging equipment is the medical imaging equipment used for bone scanning, implants scanning and is utilized for diagnosis purposes. Different imaging technologies such as X-rays, MRI, ultrasound, EOS and nuclear imaging are included in Orthopaedic imaging equipment.

Rising prevalence of Orthopaedic diseases and bone injuries, technological advancement in Orthopaedic imaging equipment devices, and rise in research and development activities by key manufacturers are factors driving the Orthopaedic imaging equipment market.

Numerous medical imaging modalities are currently enabling three-dimensional (3D) visualization with accuracy, and rapid diagnoses. Advancements in 3D imaging have led to development in computer-assisted detection (CAD) and image analysis applications. This is expected to boost the market for modality, primarily in tomographic imaging techniques.

Moreover, surgeons are using 3D imaging to plan surgeries, which has led to increased application of these systems. This is expected to increase the utilization of imaging equipment, especially across the U.S. and the U.K.

Consequently, these devices are also gaining high traction in Asia such as China and India due to growing demand for better health care infrastructure. Improving healthcare infrastructure and technological developments in these countries will increase the demand for 3D medical imaging equipment.

Key Takeaways from Orthopaedic Imaging Equipment Study

In terms of product type, the X-ray systems is expected to account for 28.0%, expanding at a CAGR of 3.3% during the forecasted period.

By indication, the acute injuries segment will contribute over 56.6% of sales in the global Orthopaedic imaging equipment market.

Hospitals and radiology centers will, collectively, account for 68.2% of the market share in 2021.

With the advancements in technologies as well as the increasing geriatric population, North America held the largest share of over 30.5% in 2021.

India and China are expected to lead the growth of South and East Asia in the global Orthopaedic imaging equipment market.

Who is winning?

The key market players covered by FMI include General Electric Healthcare Limited, Siemens AG, Esaote SPA, Hitachi Ltd, Koninklijke Philips N.V, PLANMED OY, EOS imaging, Canon Medical Systems Corporation, Carestream Health and Neusoft Corporation.

Some of the leading manufacturers of the Orthopaedic imaging equipment market are focusing on the development of advanced and cost-effective products establishing distribution agreements, collaborations and partnerships strategies for global expansion objectives, thereby, enhancing their market presence.

In September 2021, GE Healthcare acquired BK Medical for $1.45Bn to expand its $3bn ultrasound business from diagnostics to surgical and therapeutic interventions.

In April 2016, Hitachi Ltd Company integrated Hitachi Medical Corporation and Hitachi Aloka medical into Hitachi Ltd to strengthen its manufacturing operations and to develop low-cost medical devices.

Want more insights?

Future Market Insights brings the comprehensive research report on forecasted revenue growth at global, regional, and country levels and provides an analysis of the latest industry trends in each of the sub-segments from 2016 to 2031. The global Orthopaedic Imaging Equipment market is segmented in detail to cover every aspect of the market and present a complete market intelligence approach to the reader. The study provides compelling insights on Orthopaedic imaging equipment segment based on Product (X-Ray System, CT-Scanner, MRI System, EOS Imaging Systems, Ultrasound, Nuclear Imaging Systems), Indication (Acute injuries {Sports injuries, Trauma cases}, Chronic Disorders { Osteoarthritis, Osteoporosis, Prolapsed Disc, Degenerative joint diseases} and Others), and End User (Hospitals, Radiology Centers, Emergency Care Facility, Ambulatory Surgical Center) across seven major regions.

Orthopedic Imaging Equipment Market by Category

By Product:

X-Ray Systems

 CT-Scanner

MRI Systems

EOS Imaging Systems

Ultrasound

Nuclear Imaging Systems

By Indication:

 Acute injuries

Sports injuries

Trauma cases

Chronic Disorders

Osteoarthritis

Osteoporosis

Prolapsed Disc

Degenerative joint diseases

Others

By End-User:

Hospitals

Radiology Centers

Emergency Care Facility

Ambulatory Surgical Centers

[easybookmylab]

Ct scan centre in Delhi

It is a commonly used diagnostic intervention to visualize the hard tissues of the body. It is a radiological imaging technique performed by radiologists that provides a combination of a series of X-ray images of the body.which are further processed by computer-aided devices to create cross-sectional images of bones and soft tissues in the body. It is a very comprehensive assessment that helps healthcare professionals make an accurate diagnosis of the disease. It is mostly used by doctors for cancer screening, staging and follow-up. CT scans are also popular for use as an aid during biopsy and surgical procedures.

Types of CT Scan High-resolution CT scan): This scan has high resolution and a high level of imaging accuracy. It is mostly used to diagnose lung diseases. Helical or spiral CT scan): This type of scan is recommended to diagnose heart and cardiovascular diseases. In this type of scan, the X-ray beam sweeps across the organ from different angles and provides detailed images. Calcium deposits within the coronary arteries can be assessed with this scan. Ultrafast CT scan (electron beam CT scan): This type of CT scan creates images that move quickly, helping to visualize a "film". It helps to study the chambers and valves of the heart. This scan is also used to check the condition of the heart. This is the most commonly used scanning method. Computed tomographic angiography scan (commonly called a CTA scan): Angiography, also known as arteriography, provides detailed pictures of the blood vessels. Combined positron emission tomography and CT (PET/CT scan): This is a combination of CT and positron emission tomography techniques and is usually called PET/CT. This combined technology provides detailed anatomy and also determines cell function and metabolism which is a very important tool for cancer diagnosis and treatment. This pairing technique is also used to screen for conditions such as epilepsy.

Points to remember before you are considering a CT scan

Exposure to Radiation - A CT scan is similar to an X-ray in that the patient is exposed to harmful ionizing radiation. But the amount of radiation is much higher than basic X-ray exposure because CT takes many detailed pictures to provide a clear picture. Various studies have shown that the very low doses of ionizing radiation used in CT scans lead to long-term effects, and that exposure to higher doses can significantly increase the potential risk of cancer).These potential disadvantages of CT scanning are overlooked because there are factors that may be beneficial in early disease detection. Therefore, radiologists use the best doses of radiation to obtain the detailed reports required for the study. Technological advances are also helping to develop new CT scan machines that require less radiation.

Pregnant and Breastfeeding Women - The ionizing radiation used by CT scanning has not been proven to be harmful to the unborn fetus, but CT scanning is not recommended for pregnant patients. Therefore, the radiologist confirms whether the female patient is pregnant or not before the test to do.For women who are breastfeeding, barium used for irradiation is not expected to enter the bloodstream and is unlikely to become part of the breast milk. Although it has been noted that less than 1% of solutions based on iodine can enter breast milk. This is unlikely to have any adverse effects on the baby, but radiologists still advise mothers to avoid breastfeeding for 24 to 48 hours after a CT test.

Considerations in Children

The adverse effects of CT scanning on children are evaluated and various guidelines are prescribed. These guidelines include:

In children a CT scan is only done when there is no other option Ultrasound and MRI techniques are preferred The radiation level is adjusted based on the child's weight The size of the scanning area is small Scan resolution is also used if high resolution images are not required

If you are searching for a Ct scan centre near you so, visit as soon as visit easybookmylab they will consult you which ct scan centre is best for you.they have the best ct scan centre in Delhi.

[clinicaloncologist]

Tomotherapy Therapy for Breast Cancer Successfully Tested in Hyderabad

A tomosynthesis system is a type of computed radiography (CR) device used in radiation oncology, which is the branch of medicine that deals with treating tumors with X-ray beams. A tomosynthesis machine can capture images during a CT scan, and it works by combining several overlapping images into a single image, allowing for 3D imaging of the body.

Tomography is the process of taking multiple 2D slices of an object to produce a 3D picture. The process of tomographic reconstruction involves generating the appropriate mathematical formulas to solve the problem. In medical radiology, this may involve performing the procedure three times to get enough data to reconstruct the entire volume.

The first version was introduced by Dr. Richard L. Henshaw in 1963, when he developed a method using film cameras with rotating x-ray sources.

Tomotherapy Therapy Could Revolutionize Treatment of Breast Cancer

In recent years, more and more women have been diagnosed with breast cancer. This is why many doctors recommend that you get checked regularly by a doctor who specializes in this area. However, if your doctor doesn't offer you regular checkups, you might want to consider getting yourself tested.

There are several reasons for this. First of all, it's important to know how early you can detect breast cancer.

Secondly, you need to be aware of any changes that occur in the breasts. You should also try to avoid putting pressure on them. If you're doing anything like wearing tight clothes, then you'll put stress on the skin. That could lead to problems down the road.

Finally, you should make sure that you have a good understanding of what you can do to prevent breast cancer from occurring in the first place.

If you don’t already know it, you should take the time to read up on the topic of breast health. There are many things that you can learn about, including the different types of tests and treatments available.

BREAST CANCER MAY BE SOLVED WITH TOMOTOMY TREATMENT

Breast cancer is one of the most common forms of cancer. If you're looking to find a way to treat breast cancer, then you might be interested in reading the article below. This guide explains how Tomotherapy therapy can help to cure breast cancer.

When it comes to treating breast cancer, there are two different methods that doctors use. One method involves surgery, while the other uses radiation. However, both of these treatments can have negative side effects. For example, patients who undergo a mastectomy may end up losing their breasts.

This is why it's important to look for alternative ways to treat breast cancer. Fortunately, there are new technologies that are now being used to fight against this disease. The first of these is tomography or Tomotherapy.

In order to understand what this treatment entails, you need to know a little bit about the structure of the human body. When it comes to the heart, lungs, and brain, they all contain organs.

Tomotherapy Therapy for Breast Cancer Successfully Tested in Hyderabad

When you have breast cancer, you want to make sure that you get the best treatment possible. This includes finding a doctor who knows how to treat your condition. Unfortunately, many people don't know where to look when they're looking to find the right doctors.

This is why you should consider using tomography therapy. There are two main benefits of this type of medical procedure. First, it allows you to avoid surgery. Second, it helps you to recover faster after the surgery. If you live in India, then you can visit the clinic at the University of Health Sciences.

Here's what you need to know.

There is a lot of confusion about the difference between tomography and tomosynthesis. The first one involves taking X-ray pictures, while the second one uses computer technology to create 3D images. Both are used to diagnose conditions such as breast cancer.

But there is another important distinction. While tomography is useful for diagnosing certain diseases, tomosynthesis is better for helping surgeons remove tumors.

[rohans18]

Orthopedic Navigation Systems Market Share, Size, Research, CAGR, and Growth - Forecast 2028

Global Orthopedic Navigation Systems Market, By System Type (Radiographs, Computed Tomographic (CT) scan, Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), Imageless, Fluoroscopy-based), Application (Knee Surgeries, Spine Surgeries, Hip Surgeries, Joint Replacement Surgeries, Shoulder Replacement Surgeries), End User (Hospitals, Clinics, Ambulatory Surgery Centers, Others), Country (U.S., Canada, Mexico, Germany, Italy, U.K., France, Spain, Netherland, Belgium, Switzerland, Turkey, Russia, Rest of Europe, Japan, China, India, South Korea, Australia, Singapore, Malaysia, Thailand, Indonesia, Philippines, Rest of Asia- Pacific, Brazil, Argentina, Rest of South America, South Africa, Saudi Arabia, UAE, Egypt, Israel, Rest of Middle East & Africa) Industry Trends and Forecast to 2028

An expert team performs systematic, object-oriented and complete market research study to provide the facts associated with any subject in the field of marketing via Orthopedic Navigation Systems marketing report. The report has a lot to offer to both established and new players in the Orthopedic Navigation Systems industry with which they can completely understand the market. SWOT analysis and Porter’s Five Forces analysis methods are used wherever applicable, while generating this report. One of the most important parts of an international Orthopedic Navigation Systems market report is competitor analysis with which businesses can estimate or analyse the strengths and weaknesses of the competitors.

Key Players

The major players covered in the orthopedic navigation systems market report are B. Braun Melsungen AG, Brainlab AG, MicroPort Scientific Corporation, Fiagon AG Medical Technologies, General Electric Company, Heal Force, Karl Storz GmbH & Co. KG, MASMEC S.p.A., Medtronic, Parsiss Co., Stryker, Shenzhen Anke High-tech Co., Ltd., Smith & Nephew, SURGICAL THEATER, INC., Orthokey, Zimmer Biomet, Siemens Healthcare Private Limited, 3M, Johnson & Johnson Services, Inc., and Aesculap, Inc., among other domestic and global players. Market share data is available for Global, North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific (APAC), Middle East and Africa (MEA) and South America separately. DBMR analysts understand competitive strengths and provide competitive analysis for each competitor separately.

Browse More Info @ https://www.databridgemarketresearch.com/reports/global-orthopedic-navigation-systems-market

With the help of credible Orthopedic Navigation Systems market analysis report, businesses can make out the reaction of the consumers to an already existing product in the market. The report includes estimations of recent state of the market, CAGR values, market size and market share, revenue generation, and necessary changes required in the future products. A wide-ranging competitor analysis helps build superior strategies of production, improvement in certain product, its advertising or marketing and promotion for the business. Exhaustive and comprehensive market study performed in the wide ranging Orthopedic Navigation Systems market report offers current and forthcoming opportunities that put light on the future market investment.

Key questions answered in the report:

Which product segment will grab a lion’s share?

Which regional market will emerge as a frontrunner in coming years?

Which application segment will grow at a robust rate?

Report provides insights on the following pointers:

Market Penetration: Comprehensive information on the product portfolios of the top players in the Orthopedic Navigation Systems Market.

Product Development/Innovation: Detailed insights on the upcoming technologies, R&D activities, and product launches in the market.

Competitive Assessment: In-depth assessment of the market strategies, geographic and business segments of the leading players in the market.

Table Of Content

Part 01: Executive Summary

Part 02: Scope Of The Report

Part 03:  Global Market

Part 04: Global Market Size

Part 05: Global Market Segmentation By Product

Part 06: Five Forces Analysis

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About Us:

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[anndaurlia]

TERBAIK PROGRAM STUDI TEKNIK BIOMEDIK

Setiap kali pergi ke rumah sakit, pastinya kamu pernah melihat deretan alat-alat canggih masa kini seperti pengukur detak jantung, CT-Scan, MRI, hingga mesin yang digunakan untuk rontgen? Nah, semua peralatan tersebut merupakan hasil dari pengembangan teknologi, dan ilmu biomedis banyak diterapkan di dalamnya. So, Jurusan Teknik Biomedis merupakan gabungan dari dua ilmu penting yaitu ilmu teknik atau engineering dan ilmu medis atau kedokteran.Tujuan dari bidang ilmu ini sebenarnya untuk mengembangkan teknologi dalam bidang kedokteran atau medis. Hal tersebut tentunya akan sangat bermanfaat untuk mempermudah proses diagnosis, rehabilitasi, pengobatan, dan penyembuhan pasien. Lulusan dari jurusan ini diharapkan bisa melakukan pengukuran, perawatan, dan kalibrasi peralatan medis yang ada di rumah sakit. Bukan cuma itu, para lulusan Teknik Biomedis juga diharapkan bisa mengembangkan teknologi atau perangkat baru yang berguna di bidang kesehatan. Apalagi jumlah penduduk di dunia kian meningkat, yang pastinya membuat kebutuhan akan seorang ahli bidang kesehatan turut mengalami peningkatan juga.

Meski belum terlalu populer, jurusan ini bisa dijadikan pilihan bagi kamu yang ingin belajar kedokteran dan ilmu teknik dalam waktu bersamaan. Jurusan Teknik Biomedis merupakan bidang ilmu yang memiliki jangkauan luas. Beberapa bidang ilmu yang akan dipelajari lebih jauh di jurusan ini adalah biomaterial, biosensors, brain computer interface, medical & biological analysis, elektronika digital, biomekanika, rangkaian listrik, sistem rekam medis, pemrograman komputer, rangkaian listrik komputasi biomedis, biofotonik, dan masih banyak lagi bidang ilmu yang akan dipelajari secara detail di jurusan ini. Kalau melihat bidang-bidang kajian jurusan ini kesannya seperti erat banget dengan elektro ya? Dan benar saja Quipperian, jurusan ini memang sangat erat hubungannya dengan Jurusan Teknik Elektro. Di Universitas Indonesia, Teknik Biomedis ini awalnya tidak berdiri sebagai satu jurusan tersendiri, melainkan sebagai peminatan dari Jurusan Teknik Elektro.

Menjalani hari-hari sebagai mahasiswa Jurusan Teknik Biomedis, kamu harus mempersiapkan diri dengan jadwal praktikum dan tugas-tugas laboratorium yang cukup menyita waktu sehingga kamu harus mampu mengatur waktu dengan sebaik mungkin. Selain itu, kamu juga akan berhadapan dengan alat-alat penunjang praktikum yang beraneka ragam mulai dari yang menggunakan sistem konvensional sampai yang menggunakan teknologi modern. Kamu harus benar-benar memanfaatkan momen atau kesempatan praktikum. Pastikan dirimu dapat menguasai semua peralatan selama praktikum. Pengalaman dan kecakapan dalam merangkai, membuat, menggunakan, dan merawat berbagai peralatan penunjang kesehatan akan membuatmu memiliki kesempatan lebih dalam karier ke depannya. Alat-alat tersebut sangat spesifik dan memang membutuhkan pengetahuan khusus untuk implementasinya.

Contoh peralatan yang membutuhkan ilmu Teknik Biomedis dalam penerapannya terbagi menjadi dua segmen yakni alat bantu diagnosis dan alat bantu terapi. Untuk alat bantu diagnosis, beberapa nama alatnya seperti Ultrasonic Imaging Equipment, Cardiac Output, Fetal Monitoring, Picture Archiving & Communication System, Positron Emission Tomography, Blood Gas Monitoring Instrument, dan Electrical Impedance Tomograph. Sedangkan pada alat bantu terapi, contoh nama-nama alat-alat yang sering ada dan digunakan di rumah sakit adalah Artificial Heart, Hyperthermia, Pacemaker, Defibrillator, Artificial Valves for the Heart, Hemodialysis Machine, Electrosurgical Unit, dan Laser Angioplasty.

Beberapa pilihan konsentrasi pada jurusan ini antara lain bidang instrumentasi dan telemedicine, bidang rekayasa molekuler, dan bidang informatika biomedika. Namun, masing-masing kampus tentunya memiliki pengaturan kurikulum sendiri-sendiri dan bisa saja penyebutan bidang-bidang tersebut berbeda atau mungkin terpecah menjadi lebih dari tiga bidang konsentrasi.

[biomedres]

Tomography, Particle Physics and Medical Engineering Based on Waves as an Ultra-Modern Multidisciplinary Medical - BJSTR Journal

Tomography, Particle Physics and Medical Engineering Based on Waves as an Ultra-Modern Multidisciplinary Medical by Seyed Hossein Abrehdari* in  Biomedical Journal of Scientific & Technical Research

https://biomedres.us/fulltexts/BJSTR.MS.ID.002700.php

maging from inside the Human Body, the Earth and so on, with using the electromagnetic waves propagation/signals, tomography and particle physics is an emerging and growing technology in the advanced scientific and research centres of the world. In fact, magical images from inside the human body in the medical world, very briefly, has produced by carrying energy from wave particles or photons in tomography and particle physics. This beneficial technique has been used in Medical Engineering methods such as elastography, MRI, CT-scan, electroencephalogram (EEG), X-ray, echograph, optical tomography and many other beneficial techniques. Applications of these waves in the medical world don’t have any mean without tomography interpretation or Interpretation of CT images computerized (computed tomography). Therefore, Detection and determination hot and cold spots in this kind images and how to spread the wave velocity propagation in hard and soft areas and tissues, is the most important step in identifying diseases and injuries in the medical world. In the following, some uses of these wave particles in medical world, briefly (mini- review) is mentioned. All three methods are based on waves, amplitude, rhythm and frequency oscillations in the human body or the earth structure. Geophysical Tomography Method (using surface waves to understand and image the Earth) and Astroparticle Physics (using particles physics to understand and image phenomena) are interesting methods for understanding and image inside the earth, human body and etcetera. Tomography is imaging by sections or sectioning, through the use of any kind of penetrating wave. The method is used in radiology, archaeology, biology, atmospheric science, geophysics, oceanography, plasma physics, materials science, astrophysics, quantum information, and other areas of science. A device used in tomography is called a tomograph, while the image produced is a tomogram (Figure 1). Particle physics, is an inter disciplinary and young research field, grown at the intersection of particle physics, nuclear physics, astrophysics and cosmology.

For more Articles Biopsychological medicine please click here 

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