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a-queer-seminarian · 4 years ago

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Hello, you seem to be knowledgeable about god. Do you know where to find him and what his weaknesses are? I have dedicated my life to hunting him down and killing him for the indescribable amount of suffering he has directly or indirectly caused.

cw: violent language, including about fighting / killing God; as well as discussion of the Shoah / Holocaust later on in the post

(gonna start this long-ass response by saying that yes, i know this anon is probably joking about dedicating their life to hunting down God, but i’m gonna answer it like they’re serious because that’s the kind of person i am haha)

honestly anon, all power to ya! it sounds like my own understanding of God is quite different from yours (for instance, i would claim that God’s main weakness is actually Their best strength, which is compassion and steadfast solidarity) -- but the question of why God allows suffering is one i come back to all the damn time.

if you do track God down -- if God turns out to be a Being that can be tracked down to one location and time -- please do deliver my regards and my sincerest “WTF??”

you’re not the first to demand God answer for the suffering that’s happened on Their watch --

for if God is truly omnipotent, and truly all-loving, why don’t they do something about all this pain??? Indeed, the Bible is rich with similar demands -- from the psalmists to Job to Jesus himself from the cross (quoting a psalm, he cries, “My God, my God, why have you abandoned me??”).

You might already know all this, but if not, the question of God’s place in suffering is often referred to as theodicy, at least in Christian circles.

That term comes from the Greek for god + justice, so what it literally means is “justifying (or vindicating) God”....which I’m not a huge fan of, because it implies that when we explore this question of where God is in suffering, we already know the result will be that God will be proven innocent (or at least “not guilty”).

But do we know that?? See the bottom of this post for an example of a time people of great faith found God guilty!

Anyway, theodicy describes intellectual efforts “to jerry-rig three mutually exclusive terms into harmony: divine power, goodness, and the experiences of evil.“ - Wendy Farley

If you want to learn more about theodicy and the way some theologians have “made sense” of suffering, check out this introductory post I’ve got.

Or wander through my whole #theodicy tag over on my other blog.

I invite you to explore theodicy not in any attempt to convince you of anything, but so you know some of the arguments you’re up against! Honestly, the more i explore theodicy, the less satisfied i am with any justifications for why God doesn’t intervene in the face of so much suffering...so if you do the reading and still conclude God is guilty, i’m not gonna tell you you’re definitely wrong.

Anyway. Like i said, you’re not alone in wanting answers for why God -- however, i don’t know that i’ve seen anyone else with your determination to find and kill God!

(Except, and i hate that i know this lol, that’s apparently the plot of the final season of Supernatural -- they find out God’s a total ass who not only is guilty of negligence but also directly responsible for a lot of suffering for his own sadistic enjoyment. so. they kill the bastard.)

Still, while i don’t know that i’ve seen too many people who want to take God out, the idea of wrestling God is pervasive -- especially within Judaism, but also among some Christians.

i’m very into wrestling God, myself, finding it far more faithful to the God who gifted us free will and invites us into true, mutual relationship than unquestioning obedience.

i have a whole #wrestling God tag over on my other blog.

For the most intense example of wrestling with God i’ve yet seen, with God put on trial and found guilty, keep reading.

_________

cw: discussion of the Shoah / Holocaust below

You might connect to Elie Wiesel’s play The Trial of God, or the movie that was made based off it. Wiesel survived Nazi concentration camps but ceased to believe in God after what he suffered. His play was inspired by something he witnessed while a teen at Auschwitz:

"I witnessed a strange trial. Three rabbis—all erudite and pious men—decided one winter evening to indict God for allowing his children to be massacred. I remember: I was there, and I felt like crying. But nobody cried."

Robert McAfee Brown wrote more about this trial Wiesel witnessed:

“The trial lasted several nights. Witnesses were heard, evidence was gathered, conclusions were drawn, all of which issued finally in a unanimous verdict: the Lord God Almighty, Creator of Heaven and Earth, was found guilty of crimes against creation and humankind.”

Note that in 2008 when commenting on this event, Wiesel clarified that “At the end of the trial, they used the word chayav, rather than ‘guilty.’ It means ‘He owes us something.’”

In the chapter “No God, Only Auschwitz” of his book Embracing Hopelessness, Miguel A. De La Torre comments on this verdict by explaining that if God wasn’t going to intervene, then God must at the least speak -- but instead, God was silent:

“God must be held accountable for refusing to speak to those yearning for God’s voice. Something. Anything. A note of solidarity. A testament of love, accompaniment. But they hear and receive nothing. The trial...ends with God owing us something.

De La Torre goes on to describe the play Wiesel wrote based on this memory, which actually takes place in a 1649 Ukranian village, rather than at Auschwitz. The Cossacks raid the village and kill all but two of its Jewish residents.

“In Wiesel’s play, he has the inkeeper Berish voice the same questions those sitting in death camps centuries later asked, if not audibly, then silently:

‘To mention God’s mercy in Shamgorod [Auschwitz] is an insult. Speak of his cruelty instead. ...I want to understand why. He is giving strength to the killers and nothing but tears and the shame of helplessness to the victims. ...Either he is responsible or He is not. If He is, let’s judge him; if He is not, let him stop judging us. ...

‘[I] accuse Him of hostility, cruelty and indifference. ...Either He knows what’s happening to us, or He doesn’t wish to know! In both cases He is...guilty! Would a father stand by, quietly, silently, and watch his children being slaughtered?’”

De La Torre continues with his own thoughts on all this:

“The horrors humanity faces indict God as being less loving and attentive than sinful parents. I hesitate to make any pronouncements as to the character of God because in the final analysis, I lack any empirical knowledge upon which to base my study. Still with all my heart and being I want to say: my God is the God of the oppressed who incarnates Godself among the least of these.

I want to make this bold claim based on the testimony of the gospel witness. But in the midst of the dark night, I confess this hopeful belief is at best a tenet accepted by faith, lacking any means of proving the truth or falsehood of the claim. In the shadow of Auschwitz, though I am not Jewish, nonetheless I am left wondering if the precious Deity who notices the fall of a sparrow is blind to God’s children crushed in the winepress. Do I dare wonder if God is the God of the oppressors?

...Or maybe this is a God who really wants to do good, but lacks the power to do anything in the face of inhumanity. ..."

There’s one more piece to this tale of Wiesel’s witness of the trial of God at Auschwitz. And that is that, after declaring God guilty (or chayav)...

...after what Wiesel describes as an "infinity of silence", the Talmudic scholar looked at the sky and said "It's time for evening prayers", and the members of the tribunal recited Maariv, the evening service. (McAfee Brown)

...That ending is the part that astounds and awes me. These Jewish prisoners at Auschwitz find God guilty -- and then proceed to pray as they always do. I am reminded of what my Jewish friends as well as various Jewish scholars have told me: that Judaism is totally compatible with wrestling with God and even with disbelief. Whether these Jewish prisoners believed God even existed, they prayed -- because that tradition of prayer is what unites them to one another, to their people.

As De La Torre closes his telling of Wiesel’s story,

“At the conclusion of the movie God on Trial, based on the events Wiesel described, shortly after the barrack inmates find God guilty, and those chosen are marched to the gas chamber, they cover their heads and pray. ...

Believers and unbelievers who took the audacious act of placing God on trial do what is totally illogical -- in the midst of their hopelessness they demonstrate their faith as they march toward the gas chambers, or they defiantly embrace who they are while still remaining in heated conversation, damning God. It matters not if God still hears their prayers, or if there even is a God to hear; they still pray, they still debate -- not for God’s sake, but for their own.”

And that brings me to the one bit of actual advice I’ll give you, anon:

If you want to spend your life “hunting God down,” as I said, all power to you! But I do suggest you ponder for whose sake you do so -- and whether you do so for justice or just revenge. What good does such a quest do for those who are suffering now? Are their other paths you could follow that would bring more good? What about your own healing? I imagine you’re not interested in repairing any relationship with religion -- would walking away from God rather than hounding God be a more healing and fruitful path for your finite life?

I’ll close with one more quote from De La Torre, from the very end of his chapter:

“As I stroll through what was once the concentration camp of Dachau, I am cognizant that this space witnessed the unspeakable horrors that befell God’s children at the hands of Christians hoping for a better, purer society and future. ...So do not offer me your words of hope; offer me your praxis for justice. ...In the midst of unfathomable suffering, the earth’s marginalized no longer need pious pontifications about rewards in some hereafter. Nor do they need their oppressors providing the answers for their salvation. What is needed is disruption of the norm to push humanity toward an unachievable justice.

When there is nothing to lose, when work does not set you free, not only are multiple possibilities opened up with new opportunities for radical change unimaginable to those playing it safe; but also a venue is provided by which to get real with whatever this God signifies. ...”

#theodicy #god's silence #god's absence #god on trial #wrestling god #...literally #suffering #embracing hopelessness #essays #Anonymous #holocaust /#shoah /#elie wiesel #yes yes i know this is a troll but hey. i like to talk about theodicy SO thanks for the chance to talk about theodicy at its most extreme

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ansu-gurleht · 6 years ago

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sermon 27, annotated

The Scripture of the Word, First:

'All language is based on meat. Do not let the sophists fool you.'

“meat” here means flesh, the stuff mortals are made of. and what’s mortal, by definition, can die, supporting vivec’s assertion in earlier sermons that “the word is dead.”

a “sophist” is a philosopher, but particularly a kind who uses tricky words and fallacious arguments to convince you of something. (sounds kinda like vivec, huh? :P)

Second:

'The third walking path explores hysteria without fear. The efforts of madmen are a society of itself, but only if they are written. The wise may substitute one law for another, even into incoherence, and still say he is working within a method. This is true of speech and extends to all scripture.'

the third walking path is the way of the dwemer, the art of “tonal manipulation.” it’s the practice of using special sounds to manipulate the underlying structure of the world, the earthbones, into doing what you want. the most apparent usage of the dwemer’s particular brand is bringing about particular effects using special tools on the heart of lorkhan. but other techniques, like the thu’um, also probably fall under this walking way.

anyways! the dwemer were known for being veeeeery strange for mer AND men. they relied on “logic” and “reasoning” instead of gods and demons and magic. which is kinda strange in a world where there’s no doubt that gods and demons exist. they must have had to do a lot of mental gymnastics to ensure their ideas about the world were compatible at all with the world itself.

this means that they were perceived by many (particularly the chimer) to be “madmen,” dealing with powers they don’t properly respect (”hysteria without fear”). it may seem like insanity to outsiders, but the dwemer made of this “insanity” a science, and one they took very seriously. no matter how strange their insistence may seem, the fact that they insist on it so fervently meant that it all somehow worked out for them.

well, it worked out until......you know. anyways, vivec uses them as an example of how “the word” can’t be relied on, b/c the dwemer prove that you can say just about anything, and as long as you really believe it, anything goes.

Third:

'Do not go to the realm of apology for absolution. Beyond articulation, there is no fault.

don’t seek forgiveness with longwinded apologies. the best apologies are “beyond articulation,” beyond words.

The Adjacent Place, where the Grabbers live, is the illusion of the vocal or the middle realms of thought, by which I mean the constructed.

there’s a lot of things to say about the adjacent place and the grabbers, but i won’t dwell on it here. we know very little about them outside the lessons, and we know very little inside the lessons as well.

This is how I stole the certainty of the Chancellor of Exactitude, perfect to look upon from every angle. When you come out of the vocal, you can never be certain.'

flashback to sermon 4, with the reference to the chancellor of exactitude. but the point vivec’s making is that if you stop trying to put words to things, you realize that things aren’t as clear cut as you’d want them to be.

Fourth:

'The truest body of work is made up of silence: as in the silence that results from no reference. By the word I mean the dead.'

words can’t really be true. they can try to be true, try really hard, by ultimately they’re nothing more than an attempt. words try to say things are one exact way, but often things are many ways at once. it’s impossible for language to accurately describe the multiplicity of reality. hence, why the word is dead - it’s less accurate than other things, like action.

Fifth:

'The first meaning is always hidden.'

“say what you mean” isn’t really possible. you’d have to talk yourself to death to say what you really mean, your “first meaning.” what you really mean always hides behind the words.

Sixth:

'The realm of apology is perfection and impossible to attack. Thus, the wise avoid it. Trinity in unity is the world and word of action: the third walking path.'

if you accept apologies too readily, you’ll find yourself always being used, and never able to defend yourself - b/c it’s ok, they didn’t mean it, they’re sooooo sorry.

“trinity in unity” represents the fact that the tribunal are at the same time three gods and one divinity - very much like the christian trinity. (i’m not sure if you can equate these two trinities to any further extent, but i may consider it some other time.)

vivec is calling the tribunal’s divinity the power of “the third walking path” b/c they’re using the dwemer’s tools on an earthbone (lorkhan’s heart, which is really THE earthbone) to become divine. (vivec has another way to access divinity, however.)

Seventh:

'The sage who suppresses his best aphorism: cut off his hands, for he is a thief.'

if a sage won’t share his best wisdom, he’s holding out on you, which vivec equates to stealing from you. the removal of hands is a historical punishment for thieves.

Eighth:

'The clothes of the broken map are worn only by fools and heretics. The map is an exit for laziness. It is the dusty tongue, which is to say the given chart that most take as a story that is complete. No word is true until it is eaten.'

when vivec says “map,” ze’s referring to an ideology, a theory, or a dictate - a way to know how to live. only “fools and heretics” will follow a “broken map,” which is to say an incomplete or faulty ideology. but vivec says “maps” in general are “exit(s) for laziness.”

“the dusty tongue” is an old and well-worn ideology, perhaps even worn-out. vivec says most assume it is complete, but none of it is true without proof. “no word is true until it is eaten” means “don’t believe what people tell you,” because oftentimes people giving advice or prescribing the correct ways to live don’t actually know what they’re talking about - they haven’t “eaten” their words; they haven’t lived them.

but vivec ends with some familiar words ze has eaten, which are hir badge declaring hir authority to prescribe correct behavior:

The ending of the words is ALMSIVI.

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talldarkandroguesome · 6 years ago

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16th of Midyear, Sundas

Ko’Anni was back again today. She is still quiet, but her body language seems to be less stiff than before.

I made sure to continue to invite her to participate in conversation and even invited her to do a quick prayer with us, saying we would love to show her some of our people’s beliefs. I reminded her that I would not be expected her to believe in our same gods or to do anything she did not wish to. In fact, I said, she was welcome to simply wash the whole thing, no need to participate.

She seemed a bit apprehensive, but I bid her stay and be a part of the family. She agreed and then watched us very carefully.

We did the rites and prayers to the True Tribunal, not to the false one. We gave our prayers in Velothis, making sure that it would be difficult for Tel to be able to barge in and interrupt while still able to understand.

We lit the three braziers of incense. Then began to set out the candles. Sildras held up a finger and created a small flame in it, lighting it. What a little showoff. I am so proud of him. Avon did the same for his candle. Then as I went to do the same, Sildras asked if Ko’Anni could light the last one.

I asked her if she would mind. She seemed somewhat confused, but Sildras took the candle and handed it to her, a big bright smile on his face. She smiled back a bit sheepishly, still seeming to be getting the hang of mimicking a smile, and took the candle. I pulled bit of straw from one of the mats, and handed it to her as I lit the end.

She seemed amused by this as she was taken aback, but she lit the candle. She stared at it confused for a moment, perhaps unsure of what to do, then handed it back to Sildras.

Sildras giggled excitedly and took it from her with such glee when he set it back that it would have set anyone’s fear aside. I smiled and bowed my head at Ko’Anni in thanks. I held out a hand as we were moving to stand around the small portable altar. Sildras did the same and she accepted.

We did our prayers. I made sure that we mentioned each Prince by name. I saw a shift in body posture when each was named. I am sure it was a surprise to learn we follow some of the same Gods. Still, I think it is important for the rest of Qau-dar’s spouses to know that we follow the ancient traditions, some of the same beliefs lie betwixt us.

I only hope it will help.

Otherwise, we had a fairly standard day.

I had a very kindly grandfather ask me about what I thought of marriage. I sat and took his offered tea and we spoke a bit. I was very positive towards the concept, after all, when it is properly approached it can do so much good.

Several other of the honored grandfathers came to join in the discussion and asked me if I should like a marriage of my own. I nodded and told them that in the future, should I get married, I would like to be married for love. After all, what is more important than forging a lasting love based on compatibility?

A few of the grandfathers nodded their agreement, others murmured to one another in Ta’agra.

Then the first grandfather turned to me. He put a large hand upon my shoulder and stared me deep in the eyes. I knew he was about to say something profound about love and marriage.

He opened his mouth and told me what I should look for in a partner. He told me, you want to find someone with nice tail and sharp claws.

Another grandfather pipped up, and grouchily told him that he could not say such ignorant things, for not all people had tails.

The first grandfather waved his hand dismissively and said that he preferred a nice tail and that since he was Ohmes and had none of his own, he was well within his right to say such things.

I laughed at the friendly bickering and thanked them both for their advice. I admitted that for me, I was most interested in someone with a clever, quick mind, and a good heart. Though, I would never turn down a good tail, I said with a soft wink to the first grandfather.

That went over very well and I was invited to spend the rest of the day smoking hookah and drinking tea that was clearly mixed with some sort of liqueur. We spoke long about a variety of things. Though I did see that they were most interested in coming back around to marriage and partners again and again.

Then we finally managed to leave that topic and I was asked my thoughts on Qau-dar and his spouses. I mentioned how welcomed I felt, as though I was a part of the family, part of the clan. How kind each of them had been to me. I spoke of Ko’Anni’s wisdom and skill, of Min-Daro’s grace and beauty, and of S’Fair’s handsome face and willingness to patiently teach me so much about life within the clan.

Then I spoke of Qau-dar, of the ways that he has helped me, again, and again, and again. I mentioned countless ways that he was so fast on his feet and thinking quickly even under pressure. Of the wonderful stories he told about everyone in the clan and made me feel less homesick while we traveled together, making me feel as though I was hearing about beloved family members of my own. But more than anything, I mentioned just how warmhearted Qau-dar was. The way he gave so much of himself to help others, to help me. So trustworthy. Handsome and proud. And speaking of beautiful tails.

We all spoke late into the night, the fire died down to just the embers, before I finally bid them goodnight and went to spend the night with Sildras and Avon in my arms. I only hope that I have done well by the clan.

#ESO #TES #Dunmer #Khajiit #RP #Elder Scrolls Online #The Elder Scrolls

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thesparkjournal · 6 years ago

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BY LESLIE MORRIS

Leslie Morris at his typewriter. [Communist Party of Canada]

Welsh-Canadian Leslie Morris was a Communist Party activist in the nineteen-twenties, thirties, forties, fifties, and into the sixties. Elected Party Leader in 1962, he died in 1964. Through much of that time he wrote a regular column for the Communist press. Here are some examples.

***

The Labour Temple at 167 Church Street, Toronto. (1965) [York University Archives]

***

(In 1921, while Canada was still under the War Measures Act, the Communist Party organized itself secretly in a barn near Guelph, Ontario. In 1922, the above-ground Workers Party of Canada was formed, and in 1924 it changed its name to Communist Party of Canada. Leslie Morris was there, and in 1938 reflected on the Party’s founding.)

December 24 | 1938

Party of the Builders of Canada

Daily Clarion

Seventeen years ago this month in December, 1921, a group of men and women gathered in the Labor Temple in Toronto to form a new party. They came from all parts of Canada. All of them had been active for years in trade unions, in the Socialist movement of various wings; some were connected with labor papers, others with cultural associations among the immigrant groups.

But, no matter what their background was, they were all fired by one great enthusiasm: to restore to the Canadian working class that genuine Socialist leadership which had led the workers and peasants of the tzarist empire to victory, and which at that very moment was organizing the defeat of the interventionists.

There are those who say the Communist Party is an "importation." Nothing can be farther from the truth. The men and women who made up that provisional conference in Toronto were a cross section of the people who had built this new country. If anything can be more Canadian than a workingman, no matter where he was born, who laid the steel and bored the blast holes and broke the virgin sod of the prairies, we should like to meet him!

True, the world experience of the working class movement in the war years and in the revolutionary upsurge which began in 1917, had its profound effect upon Canada. National boundaries cannot prevent the migration of ideas and feelings. But it would be wrong to say that these experiences came only from the outside, from Europe. The Communist Party sprang from Canadian conditions: from the Socialist movement which existed here from the turn of the century; from the trade union movement, which gave us leaders like Tim Buck; from the movement for political democracy which had its earlier champions in Mackenzie, Papineau, Gourlay,* Riel.

The provisional conference of December, 1921 which decided to call a constituent convention in Toronto in February 1922 (again in the historic Labor Temple on Church Street) indeed marked the opening of a new chapter in Canadian history.

Up to that time the Socialist movement had been divorced from life. It preferred to ignore the living stuff of the daily class struggle. It chose to ruminate and philosophize. It did not give leadership.

With the coming of the Workers' Party (later to be known as the Communist Party after the third convention in 1924) the labor movement underwent a change.

Andre Malraux, in his latest book, Man’s Hope, remarks through one of his characters that the favorite Communist word is “concrete” – that is to say, that the Communist is characterized by his burning desire to stick to the facts and on that basis to propose a definite course of action,

Just as in the Daily Clarion the other day, Lenin's telegram to the revolting German soldiers in the Ukraine in 1918 did not come swathed in a bundle of congratulatory phrases, but came as a simple, direct call to pursue the next practical step towards securing the success of their action against the Hohenzollern [the Kaiser’s] machine.

One of the most important changes in the Canadian labor movement brought about by the Communist Party lay in the concreteness with which the tasks of labor were set forward, not always in the best manner in those early days, but in a way not exceeded by any other group, and with clarity of purpose as its keynote.

Empty philosophizing was condemned in the sharpest terms. “Back to the masses" was the slogan the early Communists adopted. “Learn to swim in water," was one of the mottoes hung up in the party rooms in Winnipeg at that time. "No struggle too great, no struggle too small” another read.

So the Communists commenced their Herculean task of rebuilding the labor movement, of ridding it of the isolation from the daily lives of the people which was part of our heritage from the past. The slogan of unity was advanced in that time: unity of the union movement; unity between farmers and workers; unity with the masses for winning those concessions like relief [forerunner of welfare] (which at that time after the war were not yet known to people) and in later years, advancing those policies which were first the property of the Communists and later of the entire people.

Remember some of those slogans: unemployment insurance, trade union unity, national unification, against the Hepburn-Duplessis alliance [Hepburn, Duplessis, reactionary premiers of Ontario and Quebec] – remember them next time a red-baiter spouts the slander that the Communists are “foreign agents," and then realize that these great Canadian ideas, first advanced by the Communists, are today the issues around which the whole political life of our country is revolving.

Nineteen twenty-one has given place to nineteen thirty-nine, but the party founded by Tim Buck and his comrades grows and flourishes – because it is flesh of the flesh of the laboring masses of Canada, the custodians of the destiny of our country.

That oneness with Canadian life, guided and enriched by the world experience of the workers, is the guarantee for the success of the principles which the Communist Party has held aloft through thick and thin, in fair weather and foul.

* Robert Gourlay, early democratic reformer, opponent of the "Family Compat" in Upper Canada, banished for sedition in 1819.

Detail from Soviet anti-imperialist political cartoon. (c.1960) [Public Domain]

***

(In 1949 the North Atlantic Treaty Organization was set up under U.S. leadership. Canada was a founding member of that military alliance, supposedly organized to block “Soviet aggression and disruption” – meaning by “disruption”, working class and left opposition to post-war capitalist “stabilization” in Western Europe. Now the Soviet Union is gone, but – surprise! surprise! – NATO remains. NATO now openly declares its sphere of activity to be world-wide, not just confined to the region of the North Atlantic, even though the United Nations Charter expressly prohibits – without Security Council authorization – “the threat or use of force against the territorial integrity or political independence of any state,” while allowing “regional arrangements or agencies for dealing with … the maintenance of international peace and security.”)

May 30 | 1949

Tragedy and Farce

Canadian Tribune

The genius Karl Marx, whose stature as the teacher of mankind grows with each passing day, remarked that great facts and personages appear in history the first time as tragedy and the second time as farce.

This wisdom is called to memory by a comparison between the Anti-Comintern Pact in the 30s [“Comintern” – short for the Communist International] between Hitler, Horthy [of Hungary], Mussolini, Tojo [of Japan] and Franco [of Spain] – which produced the Munich Pact of 1938 and the world war of 1939, and the Atlantic Pact which we are told "preserves our freedom."

The arch-criminals concocted the Anti-Comintern Pact and said it was to preserve “western civilization against the Soviet Union and communism.” That was the Axis – which gave rise to the name “Axis powers" to describe the fascist states.

This is an historic occasion. It is certainly one of the greatest steps toward world peace and security…. This agreement marks the opening of a new era of cooperation and understanding.

That is how [British Foreign Minister] Ernest Bevin described, in parliament on March 18, the Atlantic Pact [which gave rise to the North Atlantic Treaty Organization].

Now, a voice from the past which was strangled by the hangman:

The conclusion of today's agreement is an epochal event. It is a turning point in the struggle of all nations which love order and civilization against the powers of destruction.... This agreement is a guarantee of peace for all the world.

So spoke Ribbentrop, Hitler's foreign minister, when the Anti-Comintern Pact was concluded in November, 1936.

Not even the grace of a change in language – because the motive for both pacts is the same!

Another voice from the dead, Ciano, Mussolini's foreign minister whom he later put to death:

The (Anti-Comintern) Pact has no hidden aims. It is directed against no one. ... It is an instrument placed in the hands of peace and civilization.

Compare this with Ernest Bevin's praise of the (North Atlantic) Pact:

This Pact is a powerful defense arrangement, it is not directed against anyone... If we are accused of ganging up against any country or a group of countries, I should say simply: “Examine the text. There is no secrecy about it; there are no secret clauses."

Two hundred and fifty million people are a rampart against the menace of Soviet aggression and communist disruption.

So shout the press and politicians.

Hitler's main newspaper, the Volkischer Beobachter, hailed the Anti-Comintern Pact in November, 1937, in almost the same words:

The... agreement is a bulwark of peace. A dyke of two hundred million human beings is being formed to protect the peace of the world from Bolshevist disruption.

The chief of the U.S. Air Force said March 1, 1949, referring to the arrival of his Atom Bomb squadron in Britain:

The shadow of United States Air Power can be cast over any part of the world.

Mussolini declared after the signing of the Axis Pact against Bolshevism:

The shadow of our planes will darken the sky.

The Anti-Comintern Pact paralyzed the governments of the western democracies and opened the door for Hitler's armies of invasion. The Atlantic Pact puts the governments who signed it right into the clutches of the United States which alone has the power to enforce its provisions.

Hitler's attempt brought tragedy into the world. The U.S. attempt to repeat what Hitler has done has all the elements of farce attached to it – remembering that farce recoils mightily upon the heads of the ill-doers.

The Communists warned that the Axis Pact and the Munich Pact would lead to war. They were right, and people said so. They say again, the Atlantic Pact is a war pact – but the forces of peace, ten times stronger than in 1938, can defeat the new Axismen – who are ten times weaker than before the war.

The cover of the New Party movement’s 1960 platform paper. [Public Domain]

***

(From the mid-1930s on, Canadian social democracy, or at least the social-democratic leadership, has for the most part eagerly taken on the mission of fighting Communism. The Communists have mostly sought co-operation wherever possible with all popular forces, including social democrats, in working-class and people’s struggles generally. At the time of the New Democratic Party’s founding in 1961, such prospects again got nowhere, to nobody’s surprise. In fact, the infant NDP reversed the get-out-of-NATO policy that its predecessor party, the CCF, had adopted. The policy was later to be once again adopted by the NDP, and then again later dropped once more. Even when it was official, Convention-adopted NDP policy, the public scarcely knew about it.)

March 27 | 1961

The Communists and the New Party

Canadian Tribune

The Communist Party always has supported the idea of a mass labor party, a united front of the workers for independent political action. It also has emphasized that such a party must bring in the farmers and the middle-class people of the cities and towns.

This is not a matter of words but of long years of Communist activity.

In 1921 the Canadian Labor Party* was formed at the time of the Winnipeg convention of the Trades and Labor Congress (AFL). It was a federated party. When the Communist Party was formed in December, 1921, almost 40 years ago now, it supported the CLP. In his book, Thirty Years, Tim Buck described this effort in the following words:

In every locality all unions and other working-class organizations affiliated to the party (the CLP -L.M.) coordinated their parliamentary activities through a delegate council.

Each provincial section held separate annual conventions, the annual conventions being made up of delegates elected in provincial conventions. The CLP was open to all and any working-class organizations. The only conditions were that affiliated organizations should abide by the program and discipline of the CLP in electoral activities and should not at any time engage in anti-working-class activity. The CLP was a working-class political united front. Some marked gains were made during the five years in which its unity was maintained. There is no doubt whatever that its continued development would have made the organized labor movement an important parliamentary force in Canada.

For some time the Communists were in the Canadian Labor Party. One of the reasons the CLP failed was that for the right-wingers the issue became not the workers' needs but “Communism."

The Communists have advocated a mass labor party all these years because they are the strongest fighters for the working-class united front, of which independent labor parliamentary political action is one of the most important parts. It is not the whole of the united front because labor's struggles are not only in the parliamentary arena, but on the industrial front and at times in great demonstrative actions outside of parliament.

This is not to say that the Communists have not made mistakes about the united front from time to time over the years. Of course they have – and they have openly discussed and admitted them. But they have made no big mistakes on unity, because they have always stuck close to the basic truth – that the working-class united front, and people's unity against the monopolies and for peace and independence, are the fundamental questions of present-day Canada. The mistakes never involved these fundamental necessities but always were connected with how to bring them to life.

One of the earliest political memories of this writer is the efforts that were made in Winnipeg in the early 1920s, shortly after the General Strike, to reach electoral agreements with the Independent Labor Party for a parliamentary united front of the working-class voters. The right wing defeated us.

During the years of the CCF the Communists sought to build electoral unity, and were as often rejected by the right-wing leaders and their "red bogey.” At times this struggle for unity reached a high pitch, as when the Labor Section of the CCF was expelled for supporting the united front in Ontario in the mid-1930s.

There is no use blinking one's eyes to the fact that you can achieve unity only by fighting for it. It does not fall like manna from heaven.

The long and bitter struggle to build anti-fascist unity in the years before World War Two and the mighty movement to aid the people of Spain produced big gains and much political education in those stirring days – but always the right wing set its face against mass popular action. The war broke out, and Franco still is in power [in Spain].

The economic crisis of 1929-32 struck Canadians like a thunderbolt and millions recovered from their initial shock to enter massive economic struggles. These never became concentrated in a great parliamentary movement of the workers and farmers because the idea of political unity was not yet strong enough to defeat the right-wing: leaders of the CCF, who ran this chance into the ground.

Now Canadians, living in a world which is being transformed daily before our eyes, when we are menaced by the 20 megaton H-bombs that [scientist] Prof. Linus Pauling described in Toronto last Sunday – bombs that can wipe cities off the map in the twinkling of an eye; and when the idea of Canadian independence is gathering ground and another economic crisis is mounting against us to bring Canadian national policy into its deepest crisis yet - now we have a new chance – as we had in the 1920s and 1930s – to forge that instrument of mass political action which is so urgently required.

Will the new chance be muffed, again? Or will it succeed this time? That is the question.

As far as the Communists are concerned they have made their views on the New Party known, directly and plainly, for they are plain spoken people, not given to double-talk and double-thinking.

They support the New Party, welcome its appearance and see in it a chance of success in defeating the old-line capitalist parties, so much so that the Communist Party raises the possibility of electing a government of the New Party in the coming federal election.

This can be done, say the Communists, if the New Party learns the lesson of the past: that unity – working-class, labor-farmer, all-in people's unity – must be the heart and soul, the backbone, of the New Party if it is to fulfill the hopes many thousands are placing in it.

It can be done if the New Party is the party of Canadian independence, disarmament, peace, and new economic policies to put the country to work for its people instead of for the giant U.S.-Canadian monopolies.

Such a program would immediately win mass support and would roll up further backing as it got rolling in a great crusade.

The Communist Party program, The Road to Socialism in Canada, puts it this way:

Independent labor-farmer political action can be the means of winning away masses of workers and farmers from their traditional support for the capitalist parties and setting them on to the path of political independence. The Communist Party works for the election to parliament of a labor-farmer government. The formation of a labor-farmer government would be a defeat for the monopoly capitalists, instilling political confidence among the workers and farmers... The Communist Party believes that the road of a united, all-inclusive labor-farmer political party is the most advantageous way to bring about the parliamentary defeat of monopoly capital and its parties, and to unite all democratic, freedom-loving forces among the Canadian people to achieve independence, peace and social progress.

In its attitude to the New Party, the Communist Party is faithfully carrying out its program.

It does not ascribe to the New Party a socialist aim, as John Diefenbaker did at the Tory clambake in Ottawa the other day, in an obvious effort to make socialism, falsely, the issue in Canada today, and so to try to scare away potential supporters of the New Party who want new policies short of socialism, and by means of this trick to cover up his own sins in connection with nuclear armaments and unemployment.

There is only one party in Canada which is the party of socialism, the party of the working class, and that is the Communist Party. The Communist Party, as its program says, regards a mass labor-farmer party as a part of the long struggle towards political maturity gained out of experience. It stands on the socialist principle that to build a socialist Canada we shall have to have a working-class dictatorship, a new kind of state led by the working class, possessing a traditional Canadian parliamentary form but with a new class content - a working-class state.

Naturally, such a principle could not be the foundation of the New Party, and the Communists are the first to say so. That is why we speak of the New Party as a party of reform. But reforms, and the fight for them, can help the working class gain strength and experience for the final historic socialist goal.

If unity is built and maintained around the fight for reforms, which will have to be very deep-going to meet the needs of Canada today, then we can foresee the New Party becoming a movement that will do what has been sorely needed for these many years – taking millions of workers and farmers away from the habit of voting for the bosses and voting for themselves for a change.

This is the attitude of the Communist Party to the New Party.

Trade unions, farmers' organizations, New Party clubs and all kinds of popular groups should send hundreds of delegates to the New Party's founding convention. If they are determined to stand for unity there, and fight to adopt a real people's program, then the New Party will correspond to the demands of Canadian life.

If the Founding Convention becomes the scene of anti-Communist misrepresentations, and if the Communists rather than the monopolists become the main target, then the chance will be missed again.

Canadian labor history tells us the choice is as plain as that.

* The name used in the formative stage of the New Democratic Party

Tommy Douglas is carried to the convention platform after the announcement was made that he had won the NDP leadership. (1961) [The Associated Press]

***

October 1961

The New Democratic Party Founding Convention

Marxist Review (Excerpt)

... The active political leadership and control were in the hands of the right wing, from the very beginning, long before the convention. Anyone who, not being at the convention, saw it on television and heard it on the radio can testify that the union men and women, farmers, French-Canadian delegates and others who made up the convention, displayed an enthusiasm and vitality and readiness to battle which the labor and progressive movement are sorely in need of. They would have responded to a solidly consistent progressive, militant line on peace, Canadian independence and economic reconstruction. And likewise, it is clear that such a fighting policy could have been taken to the electors with greater benefit than [NDP Leader T.C.] Douglas is now able to do with his "safe" line on the key issues, sugared as it is by his specious agreement with Diefenbaker's challenge to fight the next election on the issue of “socialism." Very safe, that, so long as NATO, peace, independence are not at the heart of the struggle!

#The Spark!#Marxism #Marxism-Leninism #Communism #Socialism #Leslie Morris #Canadian Tribune #NATO #Social Democracy #Imperialism

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supperfashions-blog · 4 years ago

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The Metrosexual Male vs. The Cowboy - What Do Women Want?

He always looks perfectly put together. He can be in a t-shirt and jeans or headline out to a black-tie event. His hair never has a evil day. His nails are clean and buffed. His clothes are perfectly pressed and exquisitely coordinated. He smells like flowers and spice. Is he gay? No, he's the new metrosexual man.

As dozens of you know by now, the semester "metrosexual" was coined by a journalist (and gay man) named Mark Simpson, to describe a new kind of urban male who is straight, but in effect with his feminine period and not afraid to bazaar it. Essentially, metrosexuals are guys who income on behaviors and show an interest in things that have traditionally belonged in the noblewoman domain.

You may have a metrosexual brother, male supporter or boyfriend (ex). These are the guys you can studio till you drop with. They tins discuss fashion, evidence poster your great new shoes, buy their scrubbing merchandise from the same role you do and have no qualms roughly owning a manicure, pedicure or facial. You tins actually TALK to these guys roughly something other than sports, cars and other traditionally male interests. These are the guys you can profits to the opera, symphony and ballet. The perfect man, right? Depends on whom you dialogue to.

Let's step back a minute and seeming at the where and how of the life of the metrosexual man. Simply put, he is a result of feminism and the changing roles and related expectations of women. As women have moved into (previously) male dominated environments and roles, it has caused a incantation in the male-female balance. Women are now active partaker in industry, politics and the professions- to name a few. However, as they have left their old jobs as homemakers and full-time domestic caregivers, they left a lot of empty hiatus to be filled. Childcare providers and the domestic washing trade could provide some of this. The problem was all the "other" objective women had always done.

Men were therefore called upon to contribute more to the raising of children, housework, cooking, shopping, argentum Their sons were beings exposed a new role model, a papa who took on jobs and chores that had traditionally belonged to mom. Young son themselves were also entity tapped to do housework and help with siblings, exposing them to a new funds of creature a male in our society. Women had become more independent and financially and professionally successful. Men had become more domestic and had to soften their way as they moved into more traditionally feminine roles.

A new social lineup had evolved that worked for everyone, right? Not necessarily. We never profits on something new without appointing something up. So, what has been discarded? Clearly defined social roles and the anticipation that come with them- for starters. Suddenly there was a new plan for how men and women should relate- especially in the den of dating. However, it was unclear and depending upon whom you asked, you would get a different answer. Usher in the confusion and disappointment surrounding dating in the new millennium.

Women ask dispute such as:

* who asks who out

* who calls who

* who pays

* who makes decisions closely where to go, etc.

* What are the anticipation at the end of the date

* how soon should we become intimate

Women trace on:

* his lack of encouragement in goal or asking her out

* his expectations that they testament go dutch

* how he never offers to choice her up

* his overall avoidance of assertiveness

* his saying he will call, but not following through

* his too polished kind which lacks a certain spark of masculinity

* his holding longer to get ready than she does

* his crudeness or over aggressive style

* his expectations that they will have sex

Men ask misgiving such as:

* what do women want

* why should a guy have to ask a fellow out

* why should the fellow always pay

* why do women opinion they need sensitivity, etc., but see guys like that as wimps

* why do girlfriend give out such mixed signals in general

* why do women seem to reject nice guys and go for jerks

* why can't a hens be the aggressor

Men shadow on:

* girlfriend acting spoiled

* girlfriend wanting their independence, money but not wanting equal debt and weight

* women expecting a fold from men, but offering little in return

* women not knowing what they want

* girlfriend playing games

* women's lottery to "bad boys"

Both women and men verbalize that they are OK with the turning roles that have evolved for them in our society, yet I hear both dialogue wistfully approx how it was in previous generations. Back then; everyone KNEW what was expected from him or her. Life was predictable. Dating was scads simpler and "safer". Men were men and women were raised to be wives and homemakers. We have gained something and we have lost something. One thing for sure, we can never have it both ways.

What's the answer? It is never simple. However, it does involve better copulation in general between men and women. Singles conditions to clarify for themselves (first), what stripes of counterpart they seek and what their anticipation from a closeness really are. Once a person is clear about what they must have and what they can't live with, they necessities to go out and HONESTLY seek that. Knowing what you event is good. If you turn off someone by your frankness, he/she was not the someone for you.

So, begin with a self-assessment. Then go out and pursue interests and environments, which maximize your danger of appointment compatible singles. And remember, there is no perfect person. He may be overly fussy with his hair, revenue longer in the bath than bulk women, be less ambitious in his maintenance life than you are and put your cooking to shame. However, if he's sensitive to YOUR needs, easy to dialogue to and entertainment to be with, great with youngster and very supportive of your goals, he may be the fellow of your dreams.

Toni Coleman, MSW is a licensed psychotherapist, junction wagon and originator of https://supperfashion.com/product-category/womens-fashion/intimates-womens/ . As a recognized expert, Toni has been quoted in many local and national publications including: The Chicago Tribune, The Orlando Sentinel, New York Daily News, Indianapolis Star and Newsweek newsprint and Family Circle, Woman's Day, Cosmo Style, Tango, Men?s Health, Star (regularly quoted corpse language expert), and Nirvana magazines. She has been featured on ; discovery. and . Toni offers dating help and association approval as the weekly love and dating wagon on the KTRS Radio Morning Show (St. Louis, MO) and through her syndicated column, ?Dear Dating Coach.? Her newsletter, The Art Of Intimacy, helps over fifty-five hundred subscribers with its dating and junction advice. Toni is a organ of The International Coach Federation, The International Association Of Coaches and The National Association of Social Workers.

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techcrunchappcom · 5 years ago

Photo

New Post has been published on https://techcrunchapp.com/the-smartphone-is-sexy-the-tech-is-cool-the-camera-could-be-improved/

The smartphone is sexy, the tech is cool, the camera could be improved

LG’s latest Velvet smartphone has rolled out in the U.S. as the Korean tech giant adopts a new design language and device naming scheme. The phone comes loaded with stylish hardware and sleek fingerprint-reading technology.

But could the new flagship phone convert an Apple addict?

I’ve been #TeamiPhone for 10 years, trapped in the iOS ecosystem and pretty satisfied with every other smartphone release, including the latest iPhone 11 Max Pro. Still, I spent a week testing out the mid-range LG Velvet, and it had me captivated almost as soon as I unboxed it.

LG says the phone is meant to “usher in an era of elegance.” Here are some of my main takeaways:

Design

The LG Velvet represents a departure from the company’s old G-series names like LG G8, and it also takes on a whole new exterior aesthetic. Earlier this year, LG teased with futuristic renderings of the phone online, showcasing a polished, reinvented device with a new camera layout.

Visually, the silver version of the Velvet lives up to the hype. The pearlescent back, narrow build and easy-grip had me at “hello”.

On the front, a large 6.8-inch curved OLED touchscreen dominates. The curved glass has a “3-D arc design” with a bezel that’s not too distracting. There’s also a quirky animation that appears at the bottom of the screen, showing you where to place your thumbprint to unlock it.

Turn the device around, and the mirrored back glimmers with streaks of rainbow depending on how the light hits. It’s glossy and fingerprint prone, but still luxe. The camera arrangement was designed to mimic a falling drop of water, LG says. It’s a much more minimalist approach than the bulky camera design on my iPhone.

Camera

The LG Velvet has three vertical cameras on the back: a 48-megapixel primary camera, 8-megapixel ultra-wide lens and a 5 mega-pixel camera for depth. However, the photo quality wasn’t jaw-dropping.

The snapshots weren’t comparable to the dynamic shots taken with my iPhone. For example, black sometimes appeared almost grey. And some of the photos appeared washed out or lacked contrast when compared to those taken with my iPhone.

Selfies were a bit too soft, blown out and matte for my liking. Portrait Mode was a bit aggressive, too. But if I didn’t directly compare them to my iPhone photos, the picture quality was OK.

Apps and functionality

The LG Velvet runs on the Android 10.0 operating system. And for this longtime iOS user, navigating the Google Play Store was relatively easy.

Switching between social networking apps was no problem on the new phone. And most of go-to’s, Facebook, Twitter and Instagram, functioned the same way they did on my Apple devices. During side-by-side tests, the apps launched at the same speed on both phones. And in some instances, the Velvet launched quicker, but not by much.

One striking difference though was the notifications panel, which is a bit more engaging to interact with on the Android phone.

Setting it up to control my Chromecast was pretty easy, too. The process took under a minute, though I used it only to turn my TV on and off via voice commands.

Final thoughts

My experience was mixed, but I still like the new phone. LG gets 10s across the board for designing a $599 device that looks and feels premium. The style competes easily with the $1,000 smartphones I’m more accustomed to.

Because the phone is thin with a unique camera layout, the LG Velvet feels like a smartphone from a year or two in the future, while still maintaining approachable elements, such as a headphone jack. The performance was fine. Apps load almost instantly. Nothing really lagged, and it’s 5G compatible.

But the phone isn’t perfect. The photo quality has room for improvement. That’s one of the main reasons I’ll be sticking to my iPhone.

Cheap smartphone guide: From iPhone to Google Pixel or Samsung Galaxy, here’s what $399 and less will get you

Citation: LG Velvet review: The smartphone is sexy, the tech is cool, the camera could be improved (2020, August 3) retrieved 3 August 2020 from https://techxplore.com/news/2020-08-lg-velvet-smartphone-sexy-tech.html

This document is subject to copyright. Apart from any fair dealing for the purpose of private study or research, no part may be reproduced without the written permission. The content is provided for information purposes only.

#Technology

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ericfruits · 7 years ago

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Bencher May Not Represent Attorney In Bar Investigation

Counsel for an accused attorney in a bar matter has been removed by the Hearing of the Law society of Upper Canada.

The investigation involves real estate transactions.

This is a motion brought by the Law Society for an order removing Gavin MacKenzie as counsel for Barry Mitchell Polisuk (the “Lawyer”). The basis for the motion is that Mr. MacKenzie is a former Treasurer of the Law Society and an ex officio bencher, and Convocation policy prohibits a bencher from representing a licensee in a discipline proceeding. In the alternative, the Law Society submits that Mr. MacKenzie’s representation of a licensee in this proceeding may be perceived as a conflict and as having an undue influence on the outcome of the proceeding. Counsel for the Lawyer submits that Mr. MacKenzie has now resigned from his position as ex officio bencher, and accordingly nothing precludes him from acting on behalf of the Lawyer.

We have decided to grant an order removing Mr. MacKenzie as counsel for the Lawyer. We agree with the Lawyer that Mr. MacKenzie is entitled to resign as an ex officio bencher. However, at the time he accepted the retainer in this matter he was in breach of the Law Society’s policy which prohibits a bencher from representing a licensee in a discipline proceeding. Although Mr. MacKenzie has now resigned, a reasonable cooling-off period following his resignation as bencher is required before he can resume acting on behalf of licensees in proceedings before the Law Society Tribunal. It is open to Convocation to consider what a reasonable cooling-off period should be. However, the short period of time that has passed since Mr. MacKenzie’s resignation on April 19, 2017 is not sufficient. In these circumstances, Mr. MacKenzie’s representation of the Lawyer is not compatible with the principles of self-regulation which require that the Law Society act in a fair and transparent manner, and be perceived by the public to be so doing.

Benchers are disqualified

Counsel for the Lawyer, submits that the 1995 Report was adopted at a time when discipline hearings were presided over exclusively by benchers, who sat on discipline committees and in Convocation. It is for this reason that Convocation prohibited benchers from appearing as counsel before “committees of benchers or Convocation.” Although the policy was never repealed, conduct hearings today do not take place before a committee of Convocation, but rather before the independent Law Society Tribunal. Accordingly, the Lawyer submits that the 1995 Report does not preclude benchers who are not adjudicators with the Law Society Tribunal from representing licensees before the Tribunal.

We do not agree. The language of the 1995 Report specifically refers to “discipline” proceedings. The 1995 Report was clear that “even the slightest perception of a conflict of interest in these proceedings much be scrupulously avoided at every stage of the proceeding.” The clear intent of the 1995 Report was to preclude benchers, including ex officio benchers, from representing licensees in discipline proceedings.

This position was made abundantly clear in April 2011 when Convocation considered and approved a proposed policy respecting the prohibition on representation of licensees. This policy was made on the recommendation of the Professional Regulation Committee.

Here

These concerns do not end on the day after a bencher leaves office whether by resignation or otherwise. The public’s perception of a bencher appearing as counsel for a licensee in a discipline proceeding the day after leaving office is no different than the day before they left office. This raises the same concerns about undue influence, and could serve to erode public confidence in self-regulation. It is generally recognized that a reasonable cooling‑off period is required before a former member of a board or tribunal can appear in proceedings before that board or tribunal. This is provided for in the Tribunal’s Adjudicator Code of Conduct, which specifically provides for a one-year cooling-off period. We conclude that, the Law Society Tribunal does have the discretion to preclude former benchers from acting for a licensee in a hearing, where there has not been a reasonable cooling-off period.

In the circumstances of this case, we are of the view that it is appropriate to exercise our discretion and preclude Mr. MacKenzie from representing the Lawyer in these proceedings. We do so for two reasons.

First, at the time Mr. MacKenzie entered into a retainer to represent the Lawyer in these proceedings, he was in breach of the Law Society’s policy with respect to conflict of interest. Although he was acting in good faith throughout, it was incumbent on Mr. MacKenzie to satisfy himself that he was not in a conflict of interest prior to entering into a retainer with the Lawyer.

Second, the fact that Mr. MacKenzie ultimately addressed the conflict by resigning from his position as an ex officio bencher, does not, in our view, cure the problem. As discussed above, a reasonable cooling-off period is required before a former bencher can resume representing licensees before the Tribunal.

(Mike Frisch)

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#IFTTT #Feedly

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marymosley · 5 years ago

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Federal Circuit affirms Obviousness based upon General Knowledge of PHOSITA

by Dennis Crouch

Philips v. Google & Microsoft (Fed. Cir. 2020)

Google & Microsoft teamed-up to challenge Phillips’ U.S. Patent 7,529,806 in an inter partes review (IPR). The Board complied and cancelled claims 1-11 — finding the claimed quasi-streaming method unpatentably obvious. On appeal here, the Federal Circuit has affirmed — adding important context to obviousness determinations based upon general knowledge.

In KSR, the Supreme Court indicated that the obviousness analysis should consider the “background knowledge possessed by a person having ordinary skill in the art.” KSR Int’l Co. v. Teleflex, Inc., 550 U.S. 398 (2007). Under KSR, information deemed within PHOSITA’s general knowledge is more powerful than that found buried in a prior art reference because we assume that PHOSITA would consider using their general knowledge in combination with the prior art — even absent any express motivation to do so. Because of its potential power, the Federal Circuit has been somewhat concerned that the approach could serve as an end-run around traditional obviousness analysis. Here though, the court found that Google had presented enough evidence to assume that the pipelining (see next paragraph) was part of the general knowledge of PHOSITA.

The invention: The claims call for downloading the “next file” in the background while playing the prior file. This setup is effectively a form of buffering (also known as pipelining or stream emulation). The approach uses a client-side “control information file” that facilitates sequential file retrieval. The claims have an additional feature of having a variety of media file formats, and the client device is able to “choose the format compatible with the client’s play-out capabilities.”

In its petition, Google alleged (1) anticipation based upon SMIL 1.0 (Synchronized Multimedia Integration Language 1.0 Specification); and (2) obviousness based upon SMIL 1.0 when combined with the general knowledge of PHOSITA. In describing the general knowledge that “pipelining is well known”, Google cited a prior art reference (Hua) and also an expert declaration.

Extra Ground on Institution: Before getting to the obviousness issue, I’ll note an appeal/SAS issue decided by the Court. The Board instituted the IPR on both grounds raised by Google, but also added a third ground: SMIL in view of Hua. On appeal, the Federal Circuit found the third-ground improper — quoting the Supreme Court’s decision in SAS to the effect that the AIA does not “contemplate a petition that asks the Director to initiate whatever kind of inter partes review he might choose.” SAS Inst. Inc. v. Iancu, 138 S. Ct. 1348, 1355 (2018). Under the statute as interpreted in SAS, the petitioner decides how to structure the IPR, and the initiation stage is a yes/no determination. The Federal Circuit did not address the no-appealability-of-institution-decisions provision of Section 314(d).

Role of General Knowledge in IPR Obviousness: The first Obviousness-focused question that the court considered was an interesting albeit fruitless contention — that “obviousness” in IPR proceedings should be treated differently than in other areas of patent practice. In particular, the patentee noted that Section 311(b) of the AIA limits IPR considerations to only “prior art consisting of patents or printed publications.” As such, Philips argued that “general knowledge” could not be considered in the analysis. On appeal, the Federal Circuit rejected that argument — holding that the 311(b) limits the types of prior art available in an IPR, but does not otherwise alter the obviousness analysis of Section 103.

Although the prior art that can be considered in inter partes reviews is limited to patents and printed publications, it does not follow that we ignore the skilled artisan’s knowledge when determining whether it would have been obvious to modify the prior art. Indeed, under 35 U.S.C. § 103, the obviousness inquiry turns not only on the prior art, but whether “the differences between the claimed invention and the prior art are such that the claimed invention as a whole would have been obvious . . . to a person having ordinary skill in the art to which the claimed invention pertains.” 35 U.S.C. § 103. Regardless of the tribunal, the inquiry into whether any “differences” between the invention and the prior art would have rendered the invention obvious to a skilled artisan necessarily depends on such artisan’s knowledge.

Slip Op. The implication here is that “general knowledge” is not “prior art” but instead part of the definition of PHOSITA under Graham.

General Knowledge: A primary case in tension with broad use of general knowledge is Arendi S.A.R.L. v. Apple Inc., 832 F.3d 1355, 1361 (Fed. Cir. 2016). In that case, the court warned against invoking “common sense . . . to supply a limitation that was admittedly missing from the prior art” and that was not “supported by evidence and reasoned explanation.” On appeal here, the Federal Circuit distinguished Arendi — holding that Google’s argument for general knowledge was supported by evidence and reason:

In Arendi, the Board [improperly] relied on nothing more than “conclusory statements and unspecific expert testimony” in finding that it would have been “common sense . . . to supply a limitation that was admittedly missing from the prior art.” Conversely, here the Board relied on expert evidence, which was corroborated by Hua, in concluding that pipelining was not only in the prior art, but also within the general knowledge of a skilled artisan. Moreover, Philips offered no evidence to rebut the conclusion that a skilled artisan would have known about pipelining.

Id. “Pipelining” was the only claim feature not found in the asserted prior art reference. However, since pipelining was part of the “general knowledge,” then its use was proper to invalidate the claims.

Federal Circuit affirms Obviousness based upon General Knowledge of PHOSITA published first on https://immigrationlawyerto.tumblr.com/

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newsnigeria · 6 years ago

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Check out New Post published on Ọmọ Oòduà

New Post has been published on http://ooduarere.com/news-from-nigeria/world-news/sovereignists-countries-unite/

Sovereignists of all countries – unite!

[This analysis was written for the Unz Review]

We all know that the Neocons are by far the largest and most influential group of sponsors of US wars of aggression. They are the ones who lobbied the hardest for the invasion of Iraq, and they are the ones which for decades have tried every possible dirty trick to lure the US into acts of aggression against Iran. In fact, in terms of international law, the Neocons could be seen as a gang of international war criminals. Why? Because, as I have already pointed out several times, according to the fundamental positions of the Nuremberg Tribunal, the worst crime possible is not genocide or any other crime against humanity. The worst possible crime is the crime of *aggression* because, according to the experts who set up the Nuremberg Tribunal, the crime of aggression “contains” all the other crimes (by the way, the International Criminal Court takes the same position). In the words of the chief American prosecutor at Nuremberg, Robert H. Jackson, “to initiate a war of aggression, therefore, is not only an international crime; it is the supreme international crime differing only from other war crimes in that it contains within itself the accumulated evil of the whole.” By that definition, every single US President would be a war criminal (at least as far as I know; if you can think of a US President who did not commit the crime of aggression – including against Native Americans! – please let me know). As for the Neocons, they could be fairly characterized as a “criminal conspiracy to commit the crime of aggression.” In a sane world, that would make them international pariahs on par with the al-Qaeda crazies (who, whether they realize it or not, were federated by the US Neocons and are still their hired guns not so much against the West but mostly against all the other (non-Takfiri) forms of Islam, primarily Hezbollah and Iran). In fact, while most are still afraid to say so publicly, I believe that there is a growing realization amongst political analysts that the Neocons are a dangerous international gang of warmongering thugs.

What is, however, less known is that inside the US, the Neocons and their allies have been a prime force to dismantle the Bill of Rights, especially the First and Second Amendments.

Today, I want to give a simple yet telling example of how this kind of stuff is quietly happening with very little opposition. And for that example, I will use the US state in which I am currently living, Florida.

Check out this stunning sequence of events:

On April 11th the FL House unanimously (114-0) passed a House Bill 741 which would define anti-Semitism as:

“A certain perception of the Jewish people, which may be expressed as hatred toward Jewish people.”

“Rhetorical and physical manifestations of anti-Semitism directed toward a person, his or her property, or toward Jewish community institutions or religious facilities.”

The bill also provides many examples of “anti-Semitism,” including:

Calling for, aiding, or justifying the killing or harming of Jews, often in the name of a radical ideology or an extremist view of religion.

Accusing Jews as a people or the State of Israel of inventing or exaggerating the Holocaust.

Accusing Jewish citizens of being more loyal to Israel, or the alleged priorities of Jews worldwide, than to the interest of their own nations.

The bill also provides that examples of anti-Semitism related to Israel include:

Applying a double standard to Israel by requiring behavior of Israel that is not expected or demanded of any other democratic nation, or focusing peace or human rights investigations only on Israel.

Delegitimizing Israel by denying the Jewish people their right to self-determination and denying Israel the right to exist.

On April 29th Governor DeSantis and the Florida Cabinet met in Jerusalem (not a joke!) to proclaim their support for “the Jewish state” (sic) and declare that DeSantis will be the most pro-Israel governor in “America” (sic). The fact that holding that meeting abroad is a violation of Florida law did not bother anybody (except The Florida First Amendment Foundation which filed a lawsuitagainst this outrage). Neither did the fact that Israel is the last openly and officially racist state on our planet. Sadly, Florida is hardly an exception, two dozen other states (including Texas) have passed similar laws.

The tiny little fig-leaf covering the real anti-civil-rights nature of such laws is the cop-out that such laws do not technically violate the First Amendment since they “only” apply to schools (FL) or that they do not ban free speech as such, but “only” allow for disinvestment from corporations and individuals who dare to profess the “wrong” point of view about Israel (TX).

This is, of course, utter nonsense.

Since the Neocons cannot openly come out and declare “let’s abolish the First Amendment”, they use what I would call a “legislative death by a thousand cuts” meaning that rather than openly repealing the First Amendment, they simply neuter it by imposing innumerable small limitations, regulations, interpretations, restrictions, etc. etc. etc (by the way, that is how the US elites are currently also trying to dismantle the Second Amendment).

As somebody who studied in the USA and obtained two diplomas here (1986-1991), I can attest that before 9/11 US schools and campuses were a wonderful Petri dish for all sorts of opinions and ideas, including very controversial ones. The freedom of speech on US colleges was total, and it was understood and expected that all opinions and ideas were to compete on their intrinsic merits and not carefully parsed for any sign of crimethink. This has now totally changed: with a few exceptions, most US schools (including many colleges!) have now become ideologically monolithic, and the only possible opinion is total hatred for Trump and unconditional support for the Clinton gang.

The most toxic aspect of these freedom-crushing laws is that they are deliberately directed at the young because the ruling plutocracy fully appreciates the fact that young people are far easier to mold ideologically, to indoctrinate. Add to this that the bulk of the US “educational” system (along with the US corporate media) is designed to actually stupidify students and make them compliant (the exact opposite of what “education” is supposed to achieve) since all that is required from 90+% of the US population are just the basic skill-sets needed to serve their overlords and ruling elites (the remaining top 10% of schools are mostly reserved for the children of the ruling US nomenklatura such as doctors, lawyers, engineers, etc.).

There is another aspect of this slo-mo deconstruction of civil rights in the USA which I think is extremely important to point out: I believe that the absolutely outrageous nature of such laws is not only a side-effect of the infinite arrogance of the Neocons but also a deliberate mind-manipulation technique. By being so “in your face” with their ideological arrogance, the Neocons are forcing everybody observing the laws into one of two camps: first, those who meekly accept whatever the Neocons want, and those who dare to resist. The first group then becomes an accomplice, a bystander, who by silence acquiesces, while the second group becomes a target to be silenced, by whatever means necessary. The similarities in other circumstances are apparent: 9/11, MH-17, Skripal, fictional gas attacks in Syria, etc. The rulers of the Empire demand that everybody endorse a narrative which is self-evidently false thereby creating a very accurate tool to measure the degree of political subservience of every person asked whether the official version is true or not.

In this context, it is quite amazing to see that very few people dare to openly question why and how a foreign power acquired such total control over a supposed superpower. There are, of course, many courageous individuals who dare to question all this (the names of Cynthia McKinney, Ron Unz, Philip Giraldi, Paul Craig Roberts, Catherine Austin-Fitts, Bonnie Faulkner and many others come to mind), but their courageous voices are drowned by an CAT5 hurricane of pro-Zionist propaganda. And, of course, when all else fails, the vapid and nonsensical accusation of “anti-Semitism” is used to discredit anybody whose arguments cannot be simply dismissed. Finally, the US deep-state has been very successful in its covert support for all kinds of genuinely racist movements, personalities and media outlets as a means to discredit (by supposed association) anybody critical of Israel or of Zionism. The exact same technique was used to discredit the 9/11 Truth movement which has been negatively affected on a grass-roots level by all sorts of plain stupid theories (nukes, Russian missiles, directed energy weapons, etc.) which helped to “dissolve” the serious and rigorously scientific studies of what really happened on 9/11.

One of the most devastating consequences of this Zio-compatible political orthodoxy in the USA has been that no US politician has successfully challenged the total control of the Zionist Occupation Government (ZOG – a much-discredited term, yet a totally accurate one, in my opinion). Cynthia McKinney tried, and we all know what happened to her. Even more chilling is the fact that even people like Ron Paul, Dennis Kucinich, Ralph Nader or Tulsi Gabbard clearly decided to stay away from this issue, lest they be demonized and removed from any position of power like Cynthia McKinney was.

This is all entirely deliberate. Just check the language used by HB 741 which clearly and repetitively conflates any rejection or condemnation of Zionism (which is an ideology) with the hatred of Jews (as a religion, ethnicity or race; FWIW, I personally think of Jews as a tribe, not a race or ethnicity). This conflation is the cornerstone of Zionist power in the West, and this is why any discussion of it is considered as an impeachable evidence of racist crimethink).

Still, those who, like myself, live in the USA are comparatively better off than any European dissidents since in most EU countries (and in Russia, by the way) there are already plenty of laws banning specific forms of free speech including even the so-called “Holocaust denial” and the (vaguely worded) ban on “hate speech”: there is no First Amendment in Europe and the ban on some forms of free speech has always been present in Europe (the French philosopher Alain Soral is now risking a year in jail for various “thought-crimes”. I will write about his plight in the near future).

Conclusion: in so many ways, Russians and Americans have the same problem!

Once we make the decision to call things by their proper names, it becomes evident what the problem is, of the USA: the USA is not a genuinely free or sovereign country, but an “occupied territory” ruled by a transnational gang of thugs whose ideology is as racist, messianic and as hateful as it gets (Zionism); I would, therefore, suggest that a perfect US “liberation slogan” might be “restore full sovereignty to the people”. Russia, I believe, has the same problem, albeit to a lesser degree (the most significant difference is that there are still many patriots in Russia who are willing to speak up against this state of affairs, but without falling into the trap of endorsing racist views). Fundamentally, I think that it would be fair to say that both Russia and the USA are struggling to free themselves from the yoke of a trans-national gang of thugs whose goal is world domination, literally (if you are naïve enough to believe that Zionism is “just” the advocacy of a Jewish homeland and a relocation of any threatened Jews to “Eretz Yisrael” you are totally mistaken, see why here).

Furthermore, both Russia and the USA also suffer from the internal oppression of a ruling class, which is corrupt to the core and profoundly contemptuous of everybody else. And while these people are not united under one leader or organization, and while they don’t have to have secret coordinating meetings, they have such a commonality of interests that they will always and instinctively act in concert. I know that this is not a cool thing to say in 2019, but for all his other mistakes, Karl Marx was quite correct in his realization that class struggles are what defines the structure of most societies and that class consciousness often determines how those in power act.

So, whatever we choose to call them (Neocons, Zionists, Atlantic Integrationists, 5th columnists, etc.), these labels are all situational, and we all know who we are dealing with here and how these people operate. And to those who would (inevitably) accuse us of some kind of crypto-racism we would simply reply with the words of a very famous Jew, Saint Paul, who said: “For we wrestle not against flesh and blood, but against principalities, against powers, against the rulers of the darkness of this world, against spiritual wickedness in high places” (Eph. 6:12). Besides, blaming Jews for Zionism is about as logical as blaming Russians for Bolshevism, Germans for National Socialism or blaming US Americans for imperialism: this is both counter-factual and profoundly immoral. But, not to worry, the Pope has already declared that Christians have to ask for pardon for “19 centuries of Christian anti-Judaism”! I suppose that soon the Latins will declare Saint Paul an “optional saint” (like they did with Saint Nicholas). In fact, judging by the Pope’s obsession with denouncing anti-Semitism, we can safely assume that soon such notorious “anti-Semites” like Saint Paul, Saint Cyprian of Carthage, Saint Gregory of Nyssa, Saint Ephrem the Syrian, Saint Ambrose of Milan, Saint Justin Martyr and many others will soon be made “optional”. At the end of the day, I fully expect these folks to make Christ Himself “optional,” again for His anti-Semitism (especially in the Gospels of Saint Matthew and Saint John which will surely be “corrected” in the near future).

Russians and US Americans live in very different societies with very different histories. Yet I believe that rather than futilely hoping that Russia will one day become a backer of the (deep-state sponsored and therefore truly racist) Alt-Right, it would be far more realistic and productive to hope that all the people of Russia and the USA, irrespective of their race, ethnicity or religion, join forces to struggle to recover their sovereignty over their country. It does not matter what ideology the trans-national plutocracy happens to advocate as long as the rest of us realize that true sovereignty is the counter-poison which will restore our freedoms and stop wars of aggression (which only the ruling elites benefit from). Today the Neocons are enemy #1 for the US. The Russian 5th columnists are the enemy #1 for Russia. Showing how they work towards the same goals is, I believe, one of the first things which those who resist these thugs must achieve. Paraphrasing Marx, I would suggest this slogan: “sovereignists of all countries – unite!”.

The Saker

#Multi-Polar World

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Current Affairs of 8th September 2018

Indian Railways launched ‘Aapoorti’ mobile app Railway Minister Piyush Goyal launched a new mobile application named “AAPOORTI‘ of the Indian Railways e-procurement system. The new application would provide information and data related to e-tendering and e-auction related activities of the Railways. The app has also been provided with user manuals of Indian Railways’ e-procurement system. International Literacy Day - 8th September THEME 2018 : ‘Literacy and Skills Development’ September 8 was proclaimed International Literacy Day by UNESCO on November 17, 1965. Its aim is to highlight the importance of literacy to individuals, communities and societies. On International Literacy Day each year, UNESCO reminds the international community of the status of literacy and adult learning globally. ISSF World Championship: Saurabh Chaudhary Clinches Gold India’s Saurabh Chaudhary continued his brilliant run of form as he clinched the 10 metres Air Pistol Junior gold at the International Shooting Sport Federation (ISSF) Shooting World Championship in Changwon, South Korea. The 16-year-old produced an impressive show in the final to clinch the gold with a new junior world record. Arjun Singh Cheema claimed bronze in the same event with a score of 218 while Korea’s Hojin Lim clinched silver. 6th edition of Space Expo inaugurated The 6th edition of the biennial Bengaluru Space Expo was inaugurated by ISRO Chairman Dr.K Sivan in Bengaluru. The three-day event will showcase industry participation in Indian space programme. Dr.K Sivan also said that France will provide space medicines for Indian astronauts who will be part of India’s first Manned Space Mission Gaganyan. Swachhata Hi Seva Campaign launch on 15 Sept ‘Swachhata Hi Seva 2018’ a Jan Andolan for Swachhata to be observed in the run-up to the 4th anniversary of the Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM) from 15th September to 2nd October 2018. SHS aims at accelerating the Jan-Andolan for realizing the vision of a Clean India. The launch of the campaign will be done through video conference at more than 15 locations across the country. Sikkim’s data sharing & access portal launched The first data sharing and access portal of Sikkim has been launched by Chief Minister Pawan Kumar Chamling. The data sharing and accessibility platform will improve access to information and specify new data sets and records to be collected and published. The platform is intended to be used by all state government departments and PSUs. China launched satellite to monitor sea waters China launched a marine satellite to help improve the understanding of maritime waters and climate change. A Long March-2C rocket carrying the ‘HY-1C satellite’ was launched from China. The satellite will help monitor ocean colour and water temperatures, providing basic data for research on the global oceanic environment. India to partner in Izmir International show India is the partner country in the ‘Izmir International trade show‘ which began on September 7, 2018, in Turkey. India will also launch a business pavilion ‘Source India’ to increase exports to Turkey and other neighbouring countries. Source India, with 75 Indian participating companies, will be a multi-product pavilion. HM inaugurated Defence & HLS Expo A three-day defence and homeland security expo began in New Delhi on September 6, 2018. The expo was inaugurated by Home Minister Rajnath Singh. The objective of the expo is to enable the nation to become self-reliant in Home Land Security and Defence sector. Home Land Security (HLS) involves the protection of citizens and critical infrastructure for natural and intentional threats. Facebook to open its 1st ever Asian data centre in Singapore Facebook will invest over $1 billion to build its first Asian data centre in Singapore, which is expected to open in 2022. The new site is at Tanjong Kling, located in the western part of Singapore, and in an area formerly known as Data Centre Park. Facebook runs 15 other data centres worldwide, mostly in the US and European markets such as Ireland and Sweden. Indian navy joins exercise SLINEX-2018 Indian navy ships and aircraft have arrived in Sri Lanka to take part in the joint exercise ‘SLINEX-2018‘ to be held with Sri Lankan navy. The exercise will be conducted in two phases, namely the Harbour and Sea Phase. It will involve joint training, exchange of expertise, helicopter and maritime patrol aircraft operations, search and rescue, and manoeuvres at sea. PM to inaugurate first Global Mobility Summit Prime Minister Narendra Modi will inaugurate the first Global Mobility Summit called ‘MOVE’ organized by NITI Ayog in New Delhi. The focus of the summit will be on raising awareness about various aspects of Mobility and bringing together various stakeholders across different platforms. The first summit is expected to see over 2200 participants from all over the world. Anshula appointed as SBI Managing Director Anshula Kant is appointed as the Managing Director of State Bank of India. Her name was recommended by the Bank Boards Bureau for the post. The post of MD, SBI fell vacant after the resignation of B Sriram, who took over as the MD and CEO of IDBI Bank. Hriday Hazarika won gold in 10m air rifle Hriday Hazarika won gold medal for India in the Men’s 10m Air Rifle Junior event at the ongoing International Shooting Sports Federation (ISSF) World Championship. Mohammed Amir from Iran won the silver medal and Russia’s Grigorii Shamakov won bronze medal. Hriday Hazarika was the only Indian to qualify for the men’s final. 87th Izmir International Tradeshow Begins In Turkey India is the Partner Country in the 87th Izmir International tradeshow which begins in Turkey. In this tradeshow India will also be launching a mega business pavilion ‘Source India’ hosting 75 Indian companies with the aim of tie-ups in order to increase India’s exports to Turkey and other neighbouring countries. The 87th Izmir International tradeshow will be held in Izmir – the third most populous city in Turkey, after Istanbul and Ankara. ONGC discovered oil reserves in M.P., Bengal Oil and Natural Gas Corp (ONGC) has made oil and gas discoveries in Madhya Pradesh and West Bengal that may potentially open up two new sedimentary basins in the country. ONGC has found gas deposits in a block in Vindhyan basin in Madhya Pradesh. Oil and gas discovery has been made in Ashok Nagar of 24 Parganas district in West Bengal. India, U.S. signed COMCASA agreement India and the United States signed Communications Compatibility and Security Agreement (COMCASA). The agreement is on military and security cooperation. COMCASA will facilitate access to advanced defence systems and enable India to optimally utilise its existing US-origin platforms. India and the U.S. would also hold a first-ever tri-service exercise on the east coast of India in 2019. Sports Minister Rajyavardhan Rathore rewards Govindan Lakshamanan with Rs 10 lakh India registered its best-ever medal haul in the history of the Asian Games. The Cash rewards of Rs 40 lakh were given to gold medallists while silver and bronze winners got Rs 20 and Rs 10 lakh each. India returned home with 69 medals from the Jakarta and Palembang games. Govt. grants ‘trust’ status to Bharat Ke Veer The government has granted the status of a ‘trust’ to ‘Bharat Ke Veer’, a private initiative promoted by actor Akshay Kumar. The trust will help families of paramilitary personnel killed in action. Contributions to Bharat Ke Veer have been exempted from Income Tax. Akshay Kumar and former national badminton champion Pullela Gopichand have been included as trustees. EVs, CNG vehicles don’t need permits Road Transport and Highways Minister Nitin Gadkari said that no permits would be required for vehicles running on alternative fuel, including CNG, ethanol and electric vehicles. The move is expected to boost the demand for such vehicles in the country. A permit is an instrument issued by a State or Regional Transport Authority authorizing the use of a motor vehicle as a transport vehicle. Monetary limit for filing cases in DRT doubled The government doubled the pecuniary limit to Rs 20 lakh for filing loan recovery application in the Debt Recovery Tribunals (DRT) by banks and financial institutions. The move is aimed at helping reduce pendency of cases in DRTs. There are 39 DRTs in the country. Any bank or financial institution or a consortium of banks cannot approach DRTs if the amount due is less than Rs 20 lakh. HDFC Bank is India’s most valued brand HDFC Bank retained its top spot in the BrandZ India Top 50 for the fifth year in a row. The total brand value of HDCF bank grew by 21 percent to $21.7 billion in 2018. Life Insurance Corporation (LIC) comes at the second spot due to the key role played by its pension plan business, while Tata Consultancy Services ranked third on the list. Google launches new search engine for scientists Google launched a new search engine called 'Dataset Search', which works in multiple languages, to help scientists, data journalists and others find data required for their work. The new search engine will work like Google Scholar, the company’s popular search engine for academic studies and reports. Cabinet doubles Jan Dhan accounts overdraft cap to Rs 10,000 The government has doubled the overdraft cap from Rs.5,000 to Rs.10,000 under the Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana (PMJDY), which provides a bank account to every individual. The age limit for availing overdraft has been increased from 60 to 65 years. About PMJDY: The Pradhan Mantri Jan-Dhan Yojana was launched by the Narendra Modi-led government in August 2014. It was the first big mission launched by the Modi government after it assumed office in May 2014. It first aimed to provide at least one bank account for every household, along with an overdraft facility of Rs.5,000, a RuPay debit card and a personal accident insurance of Rs.1 lakh.

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