#chinese incursions

[sunriseverse]

// GUARDIAN //

[warningsine]

The Senate on Tuesday unanimously adopted a resolution condemning China's incursions in the West Philippine Sea and its continued harassment of Filipino fishermen.

The measure also exhorted the Philippine government to take action in asserting its sovereign rights over the country’s exclusive economic zone (EEZ).

The resolution also calls on China to stop its “illegal activities” in accordance with the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) and with the 2016 ruling of the Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA).

The adopted Senate Resolution 718 was the outcome of an all-member caucus on Monday where the senators discussed with Foreign Affairs Secretary Enrique Manalo and AFP chief Romeo Brawner Jr. the appropriate action on Senator Risa Hontiveros’ resolution which urges the Department of Foreign Affairs to bring China’s aggression before the United Nations General Assembly (UNGA).

In his manifestation after the adoption, Zubiri explained that Hontiveros’ resolution was not “watered down” but rather strengthened after the meeting with the country’s Foreign Affairs chief and the top military official.

“We came out with a strong consensus yesterday after the discussions with the West Philippine Sea Task Force, together with the AFP chief-of-staff  General Brawner and DFA Secretary Manalo and actually we never watered down the resolution that we filed, we actually strengthened the first resolution that we initially filed with Sen. Risa,” Zubiri said.

“I think what happened here is we strengthened the position of the government. Now, we gave them several options to choose on how to deal with our neighbors in the north,” he added.

Among the courses of action enumerated in the adopted resolution are:

-Bringing international attention to China’s harassment of Filipino fishermen in the Philippine EEZ and its continued violation of the Hague Ruling and the UNCLOS

-Utilizing international fora to rally multilateral support for the enforcement of the Hague Ruling and raise awareness on the real situation in the WPS

-Engaging like-minded countries in various international organizations, meetings, and other fora to call on China to respect the Hague Ruling and the UNCLOS and subject to necessity and prudence

-Filing a resolution before the UNGA to call for the cessation of all activities that harass the Philippine vessels and violate the Philippines’ established rights in the WPS

-Pursuing such other diplomatic modes as the DFA may deem appropriate and necessary

[paganimagevault]

The Kargaly/Wusun diadem 2nd C. BCE - 2nd C. CE. Note, Katheryn's article below is much longer and has more info, I just took snips of what I found most interesting. It can be found online.

"According to Chinese archaeologists, the excavated skeletal remains presumed to be Wusun are of the short-headed Europoid Central Asian interfluvial type (Mallory Mair 2000: 93-94). On the basis of six skulls from the last centuries BC/first centuries AD found in Semirechye and presumed to be those of the Wusun, Soviet archaeologists have described them as ranging from primarily Europoid with some Mongoloid admixture to pure Europeans (Mallory Mair 2000: 93-94). Evidence from ancient Chinese texts is contradictory about the appearance of these peoples and only DNA and other types of scientific testing will bring clarity to this issue.

Although gold artefacts and inlay can be found dating from the Late Neolithic through to the Bronze Age in China, it was most prevalent in its borderlands (Bunker 1993: 27-46) until the Qin and Han, when it found preference on a broader scale.

In addition, the lost-wax lost-textile casting technology was developed and used (Bunker 1988: 222-27) in the area adjacent to the very tombs from where the iconography and style of the diadem hails. Observations about the inlay technology used on the diadem are important clues as well. Inlay appeared on Chinese-produced objects almost exclusively where a cell was created into which the stone was placed and adhered with some fixative (Bunker 1993). This is not the technique used to produce the diadem, where the gold was hammered into a matrix-template, then engraved (or chased) on the surface. Many of the cells for inlay were created in the hammering process and after the stones were in place, secured by hammering the bezels surrounding each stone. In addition, there were pierced cells filled from behind with stone and secured with the addition of a gold sheet adhered behind the stone. Items produced using such techniques would probably not have been created in Chinese foundries.

Moreover, gold animal plaques known from earlier Xiongnu tombs (third century BC) use inlay to enhance the natural conformation of the beasts (Figure 5). By placing inlays at the points of movement such as at the haunches of quadrupeds or at the wing joints of birds, the potential of movement and thereby the power of these wild creatures is underscored. Inlays also mark such features as eyes. On the Kargaly diadem, however, circular inlays are used decoratively as a patterned design, still often at the haunches, but also throughout the clouds. They no longer emphasize the natural form or movement of the animals or the clouds, but create an overall pattern. This recommends a later date for the diadem, perhaps late first or second century AD.

But why would such models be used in south-eastern Kazakhstan at this time? This is a unique piece—its style and iconography were nor known before or after in the region. The models for the iconography were taken from types known near Han imperial military outposts in a place where the Chinese hoped their troops could contain barbarian incursions and where peace and stability were difficult to maintain. Those units often included conscripts whose allegiance was opportunistic. The models for diadems (Stark 2012: 134) or for applications to adorn carts or clothing come from further west.

So, was this piece made in the Western Regions, in the territory beyond the Jade Gate of the Great Wall (in present day Gansu) that marked the boundary of Han hegemony, and then carried west? Was it perhaps made as a gift for an embassy to present to a Wusun or Yuezhi leader far outside of Han territory, such as in Wusun? Or, alternatively, was it carried by a regional princess to her place of exile and burial as the partner of one of those 'foreign' leaders?"

-Katheryn Linduff, Immortals in a foreign land: the Kargaly diadem. 2014, Antiquity, Vol 88, issue 339

[simply-ivanka]

Biden Leaves His Successor a World of Disorder

His policies have encouraged the advance of U.S. adversaries across the globe.

By The Editorial Board -- Wall Street Journal

President Biden will address the United Nations on Tuesday, in what is likely to be his last big moment on the world stage. A President’s foreign-policy legacy typically outlasts his term, so it’s worth taking a step back and considering the world Mr. Biden will leave his successor.

It is a far more dangerous world than Mr. Biden inherited, and far less congenial for U.S. interests, human freedom and democracy. The latter is tragically ironic since the President has made the global contest between democracy and authoritarians an abiding theme. Authoritarians have advanced on his watch in every part of the world—Europe, Asia-Pacific, the Middle East, Africa, and even the Americas.

***

• Mr. Biden’s chaotic withdrawal from Afghanistan was his single most damaging decision, and it has led to cascading trouble. The Taliban control the country and are reimposing feudal Islamist rule. His withdrawal has done more harm to more women than anything in decades, while jihadists have revived their terror sanctuary.

• More damaging is the message his withdrawal sent to adversaries about American will and retreat. The credibility of U.S. deterrence collapsed. Mr. Biden tried to appease Vladimir Putin by blessing the Nord Stream 2 pipeline and refusing to arm Ukraine. Mr. Putin concluded he could invade Ukraine at limited cost, especially after Mr. Biden blurted out that a “minor incursion” might not elicit the same Western opposition.

After Kyiv bravely resisted, Mr. Biden sent weapons, but too little and too delayed at every stage of the war. Even now, after 31 months and 100,000 or more dead, Mr. Biden dithers over letting Ukraine use long-range ATACMS against targets inside Russia.

• His record in the Middle East is worse. Rather than build on the Abraham Accords he inherited, he tried to ostracize Saudi Arabia and he banned offensive weapons to fight the Houthis. From the start he courted the mullahs in Iran to renew the 2015 nuclear accord that had enriched Iran before Donald Trump withdrew. He refused to enforce oil sanctions, even as Iran spread mayhem through its proxy militias.

The U.S. was caught flat-footed when Hamas, aided by Iran, invaded Israel and massacred 1,200 innocents. His national-security adviser, Jake Sullivan, had to edit an online version of a Foreign Affairs essay already published boasting that “the region is quieter than it has been for decades.”

Here’s how quiet: Our foremost regional ally is now at war on multiple fronts. Israel’s defensive campaign in Gaza isn’t finished and a new and perhaps bloodier fight is unfolding with Hezbollah. The Houthis have all but shut down Western commercial shipping around the Red Sea, while Mr. Biden makes U.S. naval commanders play whack-a-missile.

Meanwhile, Iran marches undeterred to becoming a nuclear power. The Biden Administration mouths pieties that this is unacceptable, but its every action suggests it believes a nuclear Iran is inevitable and trying to stop it is too risky. When Iran goes nuclear, the security calculus in the world will turn upside down.

• Mr. Biden’s record in the Asia-Pacific is marginally better, at least diplomatically. He has strengthened U.S. alliances against China, especially with Australia, Japan and the Philippines. The Aukus defense deal is important, as is Japan’s move toward closer military integration with the U.S.

Yet diplomacy hasn’t been matched by hard power. The U.S. isn’t building enough submarines to meet its Aukus commitment and U.S. needs. American bases lack adequate air defenses and long-range missiles to defeat a Chinese invasion of Taiwan. State Department foot-stomping hasn’t stopped Chinese harassment of Philippine ships.

• Closer to home, Venezuela’s dictator has predictably stolen another election, exposing the Biden Administration’s deal to ease oil sanctions as naive. Mexico is tilting in an authoritarian direction without U.S. protest. Cuba continues to spread revolution wherever it can. The resulting human suffering reaches America in the flood of migrants that now burden our cities, from Manhattan to Springfield, Ohio.

• Most ominous is the collaboration of these menacing regional powers into a new anti-Western axis. Iran supplies missiles and drones to Moscow, which may be supplying nuclear know-how to Tehran. China is aiding Moscow, which now joins Beijing in naval maneuvers. North Korea also arms Moscow while being protected by China from United Nations sanctions it once voted for.

***

All of this and more adds up to the worst decline in world order, and the largest decline in U.S. influence, since the 1930s. Yet Mr. Biden continues to speak and act as if he’s presided over an era of spreading peace and prosperity. He has proposed a cut in real defense spending each year of his Presidency, which may be his greatest abdication.

Addressing this gathering storm will be difficult and dangerous. The first task will be restoring U.S. deterrence, which will require more hard power and political will. Whoever wins the White House will have to abandon the failed policies of the Biden years, lest we end up careening into a global conflict with catastrophic consequences.

Appeared in the September 23, 2024, print edition as 'How Freedom Faded on Biden’s Watch'

REPOST THIS EVERY TIME

[warsofasoiaf]

re: China/Taiwan

All of the examples of Chinese action you mentioned from the last 12 years were, as you pointed out with Joint Sword, in response to something from Taiwan or America (and I’ll own that I should have made Taiwanese agency here clearer - you’re correct that it isn’t solely America leading). Regardless of rhetoric from China it seems like the pace of change isn’t being set by China.

ADIZ incursions are nearly impossible to avoid given the overlapping areas - the Taiwanese ADIZ extends over the mainland, and Taiwan somewhat arbitrarily counts activities in the southwest zone outside or what most people would consider Taiwan as median line crossings. The pace has escalated over the last few years but as you pointed out it follows American and Taiwanese action like Pelosi’s visit.

With natalism, I’m again not clear what ‘investigation’ or ‘survey’ you’re referring to (and those terms aren’t interchangeable). There was a recent policy announced to lower the cost of raising children, but there’s also been a lot more work over the last two years to, for example, introduce vouchers for consumer goods upgrades/trade-ins. I’m not sure why you’re evaluating natalism as a top priority for the Chinese government when the Chinese government’s rhetoric and actual policy work seems to downplay it and treat it as an extension of cost of living challenges?

I’m not sure what other foreign policy has to do with anything - water rights negotiations, internal policing in Hong Kong, and the yes aggressive actions in relations to maritime border disputes in the SCS are very different from the sui generis relationship with Taiwan. That would be like saying we should treat America’s relation with Cuba as grounds for assessing Trump’s policy on Canada after his recent 51st state joke, which we hopefully agree would be deeply misguided.

I never said anti corruption was Xi’s primary focus, I said it was his top priority which legislatively it is. He’s promoted the previous head of party discipline, reiterated anti corruption rhetoric far more often than anything to do with Taiwan, and strengthened internal monitoring. He may well be doing it to strengthen his position, I won’t argue otherwise, but it’s definitely a much higher priority than anything Taiwan related.

You’re conflating cross strait relations with reunification rhetoric. Yes there have been swings in the relationship especially in 1996, but Beijing’s position has been consistent. Reunification is inevitable, peaceful reunification is preferred, force remains on the table. Xi hasn’t changed any of that. What has changed is that since the sunflower movement pro-mainland factions in Taiwan have been weakened and the hard greens have been emboldened, and more importantly Trump moved the Overton window to back Taiwan and challenge China more aggressively. In that framework China is the reactive party and unlikely to initiate an invasion in the near future - there’s nothing to suggest Taiwan has moved up the priority lists only that action/reaction framework is more active

Alright, wow, there's a lot to unpack there.

The idea that "pro-mainland factions have been weakened," as if by outside action, doesn't pass merit. Taiwan's democratic push came with a push against reunification because, having experienced decades of the Chiang dictatorship that repressed Taiwanese culture and having achieved a representative democracy, they were not eager to place themselves back under the boots of another dictator who would stamp out the island's heritage. This is a failure of China - they have made reunification unappealing. I'd argue that reunification rhetoric has changed from the Chinese side because it represents a much more drastic shift in the lives of the Taiwanese compared to decades prior. Moreover, I'd argue that Beijing has changed their position - they demanded that Tsai Ing-wen recognize the PRC's interpretation of the 1992 Consensus as opposed to the deliberate ambiguity of previous eras.

The idea that China has been a reactive player is again, completely wrong. Military drills are not cheap, and are not used as mere signaling devices. The first circumnavigation with fighter aircraft came after a statement saying "Our pledges have not changed and our goodwill has not changed." Somehow, though, that's aggression.

The Taiwanese rejection of the "one country, two systems" model is completely China's fault - they had espoused one country, two systems for Hong Kong only to completely brutalize the city. Much as we saw in Ukraine - the failure of the Budapest Memorandum to deter Russian violation of the Ukrainian border in the seizure of Crimea meant that Ukraine sought NATO membership as a deterrent. Taiwanese rejection of the one country, two systems model is because Beijing deliberately violated it.

Natalism, the about-to-go-into-effect pension reform, the relaxing of the previous one-child policy to a two and later three-child policy suggests that the demographic issues are actually of concern to Chinese lawmakers.

You've failed to make your point on the ADIZ. I was using the USAF figures and again, as I've noted, the ADIZ violations have continued for years after the Pelosi visit. This suggests to me that the idea that they were due to Pelosi is false - she's long left the island and the ADIZ violations continue at a high pace. It's used as a continual excuse, thus it holds no meaning. Sorry, but you have failed to create a logical argument for that to be the case as opposed to what it is, a deliberate attempt to intimidate Taiwan into pro-mainland policies as opposed to a reaction.

Your use of the reducto ad absurdum straw man fallacy has been noted and cheerfully ignored. Pattern shifts are a real thing in geopolitics. I'd recommend against using logical fallacies to prove your point - they're quite ineffective.

Characterizing China's foreign policy actions as "water rights negotiations, internal policing in Hong Kong, and the yes aggressive actions in relations to maritime border disputes in the SCS" is not only dishonest, it's outright disgusting and laughably debunkable. The SCS is not a maritime dispute - it's an illegal claim contrary to all international law (UNCLOS), laws which China had signed. The Mekong River issue is not a water rights negotiation, it was an attempt to create an artificial drought downstream and force concessions on independent countries and prevent them from conducting their own independent foreign policy, again in contravention to international institutions already addressing the issue - the Mekong River Commission. Hong Kong was not an internal policing matter, it was a violent crackdown characterized by arbitrary arrests, police brutality, and confessions extracted via torture. To frame them as such is to minimize very real violations of international law and human rights.

I get it, you're trying to push PRC talking points. I'd suggest pushing them elsewhere.

-SLAL

[lunanoc]

Hey I'm doing some fanlore edits (https://fanlore.org/wiki/Daomu_Biji) and do you have any sources for popular ships in Chinese fandom? I basically just cut it down to pingxie and heihua because those were the ones showing up in 2021 lofter data (https://hardwareabstractionlayer.tumblr.com/post/649989752761810944/the-top-100-ships-in-chinese-fandom-according-to) and like basically ONLY pingxie is on ao3 in any numbers but I'm pretty sure HuaXie was a whole big thing I just can't find a source for it... Thanks in advance!

hi! i don't know if i'm necessarily the best person to answer this question because my incursions into the chinese DMBJ fandom are very curated and basically mostly limited to pingxie spaces, so my knowledge of other ships and their hubs is pretty sparse

that being said, finding centralized hubs to get full numbers and stats from for dmbj ships historically in the chinese fandom is complicated for a number of reasons, one of them being that DMBJ is an older fandom, which means a number of fics were hosted on websites and forums that no longer exist. another is that due to the state of chinese internet, fans also host fics and fan art of ships in closed access forums that are sometimes more or less difficult to gain entry to so as to create safe spaces. that being said, there are still ways to somewhat measure the current popularity of a ship. since this is an ask, i figured i'd turn this into a small informative post if anyone is interested in a surface level overview of what's popular in the chinese fandom by comparison to the english-speaking one. just keep in mind that because of all the above reasons, this is only ever going to be an overview of what's currently popular in general and not everything that exists, because arguably probably everything exists in some capacity, and of course this is all very surface level, so i'm sure someone else could do a more in-depth deep dive, especially if they get around more

disclaimer: because i know some might take this the wrong way, to be clear this is NOT meant to spark any kind of discourse surrounding ships, nor is it here to say that some ships are "better" than others. it's purely numbers i've tried to present as objectively as possible, mostly to provide comparison between two different sides of the fandom that behave differently and have sometimes vastly differing preferences

Chinese DMBJ Fandom Ship Popularity

to start off, i think it's relevant to point out that ao3 isn't the best way to measure a ship's popularity in chinese fandoms even if it can give you a rough idea. it can get you rankings to some extent (and even then it really depends), but the numbers aren't going to be at all accurate considering ao3 isn't the platform of choice for chinese fan fiction for several reasons i won't get into here, but that i'm sure people who've been in cdrama/novel fandoms are probably aware of

so your best bet to get any sort of idea of what ships are most popular is by looking at how they rank on big public platforms, namely lofter and weibo

lofter has yearly rankings like the one OP mentioned that people talk about, and it's a fairly good way to get an idea since it's a pretty popular blogging website for fan fics and fan art. lofter isn't cooperating with me right now, but i'll be using the data compiled for end of 2023 (or as of february 2024) by this bilibili video for the 200 most popular ships on lofter. among those 200 most popular ships, 3 of them are DMBJ ships, and are ranked as follows:

XiePing (not to be confused with PingXie, because yes, chinese fandom differentiates ships by top/bottom dynamic) at #120

HeiHua at #25

PingXie at #2

no other DMBJ ships make an appearance on this list, and if nothing else, it tells you not only that both PingXie and HeiHua are by far the most popular DMBJ ships in general, but also gives you an idea of just how insanely popular DMBJ is in china overall to have three ships in the top of a general fandoms ranking

next we have weibo where getting an idea of a ship's popularity is a bit different, and there are multiple ways to do it, but one of the easiest ones to get an idea is by looking at how high a ship's super topic ranks on both the real time and weekly popularity rankings. super topics function similarly to how communities work on X and aren't tags, so not everything tagged with a ship is necessarily going to reflect what's posted in the super topic and vice-versa, but it still gives something of an idea of overall popularity. looking at the today's super topic ranking in the fictional characters category, again the same two ships show up in the rankings:

HeiHua at #23

PingXie at #5

for the sake of comparison, because it's easier to actually see figures with weibo super topics, i also looked up both other ships that do get some traction in the chinese fandom despite being less popular, as well as ships that the english-speaking fandom tends to talk more actively about (in tumblr spaces anyway)

HuaXie at #174, which has an audience, but the numbers are already very different and speak to the fact it's generally speaking a smaller ship as of now (for reference, 万 that you see on these pictures is a unit for ten thousand, so here 1.1 万= 11,000)

HeiPing (unranked), which is in somewhat of a similar situation as HuaXie, but considering HuaXie is ranked, it's safe to say that's probably the only other ship that's even remotely popular by comparison to the two giants that are PingXie and HeiHua

allXie at #160, which is less a ship and more of a bottom!wu xie enjoyers cocktail that has a little bit of everything under the sun, though is mostly a mix of wu xie being shipped with some of the main male characters (i.e. xiaoge, hei xiazi, xiao hua) as well as other more minor characters such as zhang haike notably. it's not really a thing in the english-speaking fandom, but it's worth mentioning because it does exist enough to be represented

PangXie (unranked), which is quite honestly one of the bigger contrasts between the chinese fandom and the english-speaking one in that this ship is pretty much non-existant, or at least i've never seen fan fiction for it. again, my view of things is biased because my experience is deliberately curated so it's entirely possible there are things i just don't see, but the numbers don't seem to contradict that impression

PangYun (unranked), which i'm providing here mostly because pangzi is most often shipped with yuncai (and usually as a sideship that i can tell), though these numbers aren't necessarily representative of what content exists for this ship, since most things tagged as PangYun are posted to the general DMBJ super topic. if anything this mostly gives the impression the ship doesn't have much of a dedicated following, especially given it's part of the other category rather than the fictional characters category

PingSang (unranked), which is one of the only two ships that have any kind of following that involve liu sang, is also in the other category, and along with PangXie and his other most notable ship, is most definitely a rarepair, which is another notable difference with part of the english-speaking fandom where liu sang ships tend to be both fairly popular and have active communities

CanSang (unranked), which is in yet another category (CP as in couple as in ship), though this one's rarepair status might be explained by the fact that, if you couldn't already tell, the chinese fandom has little to zero interest in secondary or minor characters, and beyond that, the core of the chinese DMBJ fandom doesn't care much for the dramas/live action adaptations and is largely centered around the books, so given the premise of this ship is based in the adaptations, it's not surprising

Iron Triangle at #65 is getting a special mention, not only because it is ranked, but also because it's not necessarily what you think. the 角色 or fictional characters category for super topics isn't limited to ships, so you also have super topics for characters on their own in it. what chinese fandom considers to be the six main DMBJ characters, aka wu xie, xiaoge, pangzi, xiao hua, hei xiazi, and huo xiuxiu, each have their own super topics that are in the top 200. the iron triangle topic is ranked, but it's more in the same vein as those, that is to say it's a gen super topic, not a ship super topic. the chinese fandom doesn't seem to be into polyships in general, so that might explain it

i'm not sure how informative this post is, since i get the feeling some of this information is either obvious or things that people already know more or less, and i'm also not sure it really answers OP's question about finding reliable sources for numbers, but it's a surface level attempt. if anyone has more in-dept knowledge or would like to add onto this with different sources or data feel free to!

[kurano]

※　「中国軍機の領空侵犯を確認」今回が初めての侵入! 侵犯機が通った航路は？

https://trafficnews.jp/post/134575

＊Chinese Electronic Intelligence Plane Makes Unprecedented Incursion Into Japanese Airspace

（中国の電子��察機が前例のない日本領空侵犯）

https://www.twz.com/air/chinese-electronic-intelligence-plane-makes-unprecedented-incursion-into-japanese-airspace

　注目すべきは、航路ですね。飛行コース。新田原からだと、230キロ、築城からだと、280キロ前後。要撃任務としては、アベレージな距離です。何度も言いますが、那覇－尖閣諸島は450キロorz。

　それで、いかにも、針路変更するタイミングを逸して、偶然入り込んだようにも見えるけれど、その前後の航路は、当初フライトプラン通りと見て良い。

　任務の目的は明らかに、スクランブルのレスポンス・タイムを計り、こちらの稼働状況を探ることです。それなりの時間、空域に留まってトラフィック・パターンを描いているので、こちらも、複数の編隊を上げたはずです。何機上げられる状況にあるのか探りたかった。冷戦時代なら、最低でも10機は上がっているパターンですが、果たして今回、空自は何編隊繰り出したのか？

　これが、故意か偶然かの決定的な結論は出せない。そういう場合は、こちらは、故意であったと判断するしかない。その故意の意図は何か？　恐らく、先日、尖閣で海保が主権を行使したことへの報復でしょう。

[whilereadingandwalking]

In the seas off a China that is beset by famines and nearing the onset of the opium wars, Shek Yeung is widowed by a fierce battle with the Portuguese. She is left to negotiate rule of their fleet with his second-in-command, and the two must figure out how to keep their fleet thriving and alive both within their alliances across the south China seas and with the European and Chinese ships trying to put an end to the pirates' incursions and robberies. In Deep as the Sky, Red as the Sea, a historical fiction novel, Rita Chang-Eppig digs into the legends and stories of a true pirate queen.

Something about the pacing of the writing made this book go slowly. I still ate it up happily, but it wasn't one you could fall into easily. You had to stick with it, let yourself sink slowly in for a chapter or two, before you could feel truly in its current again. It lingered in some places and skipped across others in ways I didn't always agree with. Even so, I thought the book was fascinating and never considered putting it down. I wanted desperately to know what happened to Shek Yeung, this complicated, complex heroine, able to become independent and brutal, but always needing to fight and plot and consider her next move. The relationships and careful schemes were interesting, and I had to stick around to the end to see what would come of the pirates in a rapidly changing Asia.

Content warnings for sexual assault, violence, ableism, suicidal ideation.

[dailyunsolvedmysteries-movedd]

UFO shot down over Canada

The U.S. and Canada are investigating three unidentified flying objects shot down over North America in the past three days. Militaries have adjusted radars to try to spot more incursions.

Pentagon and intelligence officials are trying to make sense of three unidentified flying objects over Alaska, Canada and Michigan that U.S. fighter jets shot down with missiles on Friday, Saturday and Sunday.

The latest turn in the aerial show taking place in the skies above North America comes after a helter-skelter weekend involving what at times seemed like an invasion of unidentified flying objects.

The latest object had first been spotted on Saturday over Montana, initially sparking debate over whether it even existed. On Saturday, military officials detected a radar blip over Montana, which then disappeared, leading them to conclude it was an anomaly. Then a blip appeared Sunday over Montana, then Wisconsin and Michigan. Once military officials obtained visual confirmation, they ordered an F-16 to shoot it down over Lake Huron.

There are two big questions around the episodes: What were the craft? And why does the United States appear to be seeing more suddenly, and shooting down more? There are no answers to the first question yet. American officials do not know what the objects were, much less their purpose or who sent them.

For the second, it is not clear if there are suddenly more objects. But what is certain is that in the wake of the recent incursion by a Chinese spy balloon, the U.S. and Canadian militaries are hypervigilant in flagging some objects that might previously have been allowed to pass.

The object spotted approaching Lake Huron on Sunday was flying at 20,000 feet and presented a potential threat to civil aviation, so President Biden ordered it shot down, U.S. officials said. It had an octagonal structure with strings hanging off but had no discernible payload, they added.

U.S. and Canadian officials say the objects shot down on Friday and Saturday were also flying lower than the spy balloon, posing a greater danger to civilian aircraft, which prompted leaders to order them destroyed. Those two objects were flying over parts of Alaska and the Yukon that have few residents, and the third object downed on Sunday was over water, so risks posed by falling debris were minimal, they said.

U.S. officials said they are reviewing video and other sensor readings collected by the American pilots who observed the objects before their destruction. But the exact nature of the objects, where they are from and what they were intended for will not be confirmed until the F.B.I. and the Royal Canadian Mounted Police have the chance to thoroughly examine the debris, officials said.

Asked during a news conference on Sunday whether he had ruled out extraterrestrial origins, Gen. Glen D. VanHerck, the commander of the Air Force’s Northern Command, said, “I haven’t ruled out anything at this point.”

[ticktockaura]

‘What the f**k to do with them?’ Russian soldiers heard condemning North Korean recruits in intercepted audio

Russian soldiers have been heard raising concerns about how North Korean soldiers will be commanded and provided with ammunition and military kit, leaked intercepts obtained by the Defense Intelligence of Ukraine and released on Friday show.

The Russian soldiers talk disdainfully about the incoming North Korean soldiers, codenamed the “K Battalion,” at one point referring to them as “the f**king Chinese.”

In the same extract, a serviceman describes another who has been tasked to “meet people.”

“And he’s like standing there with his eyes out, like… f**k,” the soldier says. “He came here and says what the f**k to do with them.”

The audio was intercepted from encrypted Russian transmission channels on the night of October 23, according to Ukraine’s Defense Intelligence.

Ukraine’s analysis of the intercepts revealed that North Korean troop movements were planned for the morning of October 24, in the area of Postoyalye Dvory field camp in Russia’s Kursk region, where Ukraine launched a surprise incursion earlier this year.

The intercepts also reveal plans to have one interpreter and three senior officers for every 30 North Korean men, which the Russian soldiers are heard in the audio condemning.

“The only thing I don’t understand is that there [should be] three senior officers for 30 people. Where do we get them? We’ll have to pull them out,” one Russian serviceman says.

“I’m f***ing telling you, there are 77 battalion commanders coming in tomorrow, there are commanders, deputy commanders and so on,” a serviceman says in another extract.

The interepted audio follows a Thursday announcement from Ukraine’s military intelligence service that a group of North Korean soldiers have been spotted in Russia’s Kursk region, an area that borders Ukraine and has seen ongoing military operations.

In a post on its official Telegram account, the Defense Intelligence of Ukraine said some North Korean troops, who had received training in Russia’s far east, have made their way to the western Russian region, where Ukraine has maintained a foothold since launching an incursion in August.

Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelensky said Friday that he received a report on the deployment of North Korean military personnel from Ukraine’s commander-in-chief.

“According to intelligence, on October 27-28, Russia will deploy its first North Korean troops in combat zones. This is a clear step in Russia’s escalation that matters, unlike all the disinformation circulating in Kazan these days,” Zelensky said, criticizing the BRICS summit staged by Russian President Vladimir Putin this week in the southwestern Russian city of Kazan.

The Kremlin had initially dismissed allegations of North Korean troop deployments, but on Thursday at the BRICS summit, Putin did not deny that Pyongyang had sent soldiers to the country.

North Korea said on Friday that any troop deployment to Russia to aid the war in Ukraine would conform with international law, state media reported, without explicitly confirming such presence. North Korea had previously dismissed such reports.

“The actual involvement of North Korea in combat should be met not with a blind eye and confused comments, but with tangible pressure on both Moscow and Pyongyang to comply with the UN Charter and to punish escalation,” Zelensky added.

[sogno-ao3]

thoughts on cny/wedding arc, still waters ch. 48-56

I would characterize this arc as primarily about (1) the slow intersection of their worlds, especially Tommy's incursion into Mollie's sphere, and (2) Mollie allowing herself more and more to think of Tommy as not just an employer, not just a friend, but perhaps someone she might even love.

Slow intersection of worlds

Up until this arc, Mollie has mostly existed in Tommy's world, in his house; she's met various members of his family in a personal setting (e.g., the christening), she's been a part of Peaky Blinder machinations whether she intended to or not, but Tommy has not had an equivalent experience yet. This arc provides him with that: visiting the tailor shop to learn more about Mollie's life, the Chinese New Year (CNY) dinner, and finally, culminating into the wedding featuring the full cast of her world.

In Ch. 48, when her mother and Song give her a lecture about not getting close to Tommy, Mollie has a little spasm of rebellion and she tells a fib that she had already invited Tommy to the CNY dinner... on the balance, Mollie is a good person, but one can also argue that she often lies (by omission) and this fib highlights this habit, providing a fascinating parallel to Tommy's selective dishonesty. She knows there is a different Tommy than the one they perceive--and she can't help but want her family to meet and observe him in a more quotidian setting.

I initially dreaded writing Ch. 50, as I had trouble imagining what would transpire between Mollie's parents and Tommy. In the end, I ended up dividing it into a kids' table (Song, Mollie, and Tommy) and a grown-ups' table (Mollie's parents, Jie, and Wan), and building on the notion that Mollie's parents would feel rather uncertain taking the lead with interacting with Tommy.

At first, Mollie's parents are uncomfortable and not sure how to approach.

My mother raised her eyebrows, glancing towards the misshapen plate of apples on the table. "Mr. Shelby is a guest, he can relax," she said.

Thomas shook his head. "It's all right, as your daughter says, my knife handling skills are lacking and I must improve," he said, intent on the apple in his hands.

My mother just gave me a puzzled look and I shrugged, smiling at her. She thought it was best not to engage further.

Even though Mollie's parents have been withdrawn, they have been observing him carefully and looking out for his needs as a guest. Usually, "Tommy Shelby with a knife" inspires panic; however, the scene Mollie's mother witnesses is disturbingly domestic and calm, and perhaps, even a little comical.

Thomas carried the fruit plate out to the dining table, and seemed bemused to have some awkward thanks from my parents. From their quick glances, I knew they also noted his suit jacket had now been taken off and a small pomegranate stain was on his rolled-up white cuff. They cautiously began a trite, stilted conversation about suiting, which turned into another conversation on how to wrangle suppliers.

The first sentence calls back to Ch. 39: "I sat on the armchair opposite him, thinking of what Thomas had been as a child and the circumstances that had been thrust upon him to become an involuntary protector and guardian to his siblings, even to Arthur. An affectionate older brother, to whom no affection had been returned in his later years." Tommy, unused to straightforward expressions of appreciation, is innocently pleased. Next, Mollie's parents finally feel comfortable enough to strike up a conversation, showing how much progress they've made vis-a-vis their perspective on Tommy.

In addition to introducing Tommy to Mollie's family, the CNY dinner also serves as a way for Mollie to introduce Chinese culture to him, another important intersection of their worlds. He proves to be patient and willing to listen, which would not have been the case earlier in the work; hints of this arise in their first interactions where he asks her to do laundry, and when they have the family meeting in Ch. 30. In those chapters, Mollie is still a roughly drawn sketch in his mind, informed more by what he thinks he knows about her, rather than how she directly presents herself.

Ch. 51 is an interlude into Tommy's world again, this time by visiting his mother's grave. Tommy has finally let her into the deepest depths of his pain, and cries in front of her. Mollie calls it his "voluntary surrender"--who or what he surrenders to is up for interpretation; Mollie does not take a stance. I do not have a definitive answer, either.

Ch. 54-56 are the wedding chapters. Mollie and Tommy have been increasingly cocooned away in their private world of softness and warmth, but as Mollie senses, it is an untenable state, and she responds by inviting Tommy into her life, little by little. Tommy is less attuned to this truth due to a variety of reasons. The nice reason: he's a hopeless romantic. The awful reason: he's selfish. He assumes that he could monopolize her time like he does when they're alone together, and that she is, undoubtedly, falling in love with him... but then at the wedding, he's plagued with doubts: she's surrounded by loving friends and family, and of course, there's a new rival who is her perfect match in every single way.

Ossi slots so easily into Mollie's life, getting along with her friends and family instantly. It goes on: he's in the same age group as her, shares the same heritage, is genuinely empathetic and caring, is intelligent, comes from a wealthy family, and is the most handsome man in the entire work (I said what I said). Mollie feels quite comfortable with him as well, immediately bantering with him, and letting him hug her twice when it took Tommy... 51 chapters.

Tommy is tortured by this, and there are small moments where one can observe the vicissitudes of his emotions:

Though his eyes searched my face, his body was motionless, the planes on his face severe. He finally spoke.

"How jealously they keep you."

This is the first time they speak at the wedding, and he is brittle, like glass just about to shatter.

He bent his head, gingerly kissing the tips of my fingers. That soft look through his lashes, irresistible in its surrender, was something that I had only ever seen when we were alone together.

Yet, after Mollie asks him to dance, he softens again.

Those eyes that I thought had been icy were now liquid, ringed by deep, tired lines. There was no tension left in his face, from the corners of his eyes to his jaw, to the soft wave of his hair across his forehead. He was not Thomas Shelby of the Peaky Blinders, he was just Tommy. Tommy, in love, in reverence, in devotion.

When they do finally dance together, the same thing occurs: Tommy is initially miserable but inevitably, he melts. He loves her above all else, and will endure pain to be close to her, even for a few moments. (One of my favorite foreshadowing lines is in Ch. 33: "We repeated this dance over the next few days, teetering on the edge of pain and pleasure.")

Tommy as someone to love

Since Ada revealed Tommy's love for her in Ch. 46, Mollie has been pondering what her feelings towards Tommy are. However, due to her romantic inexperience and her closed-off personality, she finds it hard to verbalize her feelings, even when we are following along in the first-person. Because of this, it is also important to look at the clues in her actions as well as any direct thoughts.

"So, I hear that Cara also requested that you make her a dress for May's wedding?" I said, not wanting to distract Thomas from trying to raise a piece of chicken to his mouth [...]

"I'll be there," he said, putting his chopsticks on the table. I fetched him another piece of chicken, placing it neatly into his bowl [...]

Picking up food and putting it into someone's bowl is a sign of great affection and care in many East Asian cultures. Personally, situations where I would do this would include seeing some relatives after a long time, someone's birthday, someone who has been sick... it's not a gesture that one would do every day in a normal situation.

Additionally, even though she teases his apple peeling skills, she eats it without complaint. This is a play on the East Asian stereotype where East Asians may not vocally admit their love for you, but show it through acts of service such as preparing fruit.

When visiting the grave of Tommy's mother in Ch. 51, Mollie slowly continues to think through her feelings. In the end, she realizes that they have grown so much closer, and her feelings are different than anything she has felt before. What exactly those feelings are, are still to be determined.

Ch. 52 contains probably one of the softest moments in the series so far, in which Mollie falls asleep in an armchair and Tommy kneels in front of the chair, waiting for her to wake up. Like most humans, Mollie finds it hard to look at him when he's being taciturn and severe, but this Tommy, all gentle smiles and let-me-go-get-you-a-coffee, is equally discomfiting, if not more.

The wedding chapters put Mollie through a tumult of emotions; comically, before the ceremony begins, she is paranoid for a few moments that perhaps Tommy was staring (he was not). When they finally talk together, we get the clearest signs of how Mollie's feelings towards Tommy have changed:

That soft look through his lashes, irresistible in its surrender, was something that I had only ever seen when we were alone together. The sounds of the wedding died away, and I felt myself transported to that place of quiet. The warmth spread through my hand, through my arm, through my body.

She references the surrender, but finally places it in context of their relationship.

In Ch. 55, Mollie ponders what it would be like to fall in love with Ossi:

I wondered what it would be like to be loved by, to fall in love with, someone like him... someone so free from the weight of his own existence, someone that wouldn't invite whispers behind my back, someone who accepted me from the beginning without question.

She doesn't fully internalize that her default point of comparison is falling in love with Tommy. It is unclear (to her, to us readers) at what stage Mollie is in with respect to Tommy: is she falling in love with him? Does she love him?

The final chapter of the arc naturally has many notable moments; I will highlight this one:

"Thomas…" I said, unsure of what I should say in return.

"This distance, even in a name," he said. My stomach churned to hear the deep note of sadness in his voice. I had slipped.

To me, this exchange is the most gut-wrenching of the entire work so far, an exchange that has been planned since the beginning. Very early on, Tommy insists that she call him "Tommy"--she does--but in her mind, she calls him Thomas in order to preserve mental distance between them. Tommy has always instinctively felt this distance; he has tried to bridge the gap--but the wedding eventually forces him to expose all of his frustrations ("What more can I do?").

The kiss scene

This scene has been on my mind since the very beginning. I started writing this story in February 2020, so very long ago, and a rough draft of their kiss scene has existed at least since end of 2021, nearly two years ago. Since then, it's undergone five major revisions and countless edits.

In the earliest version, Mollie was actually Tommy's date to the wedding, and the wedding would sort of be a public debut (but they wouldn't officially be a couple). The kiss scene would happen later at Tommy's house, when they were both winding down for bed. But, as I drew closer to the wedding arc, I thought this didn't make sense.

I also waffled back and forth about who would initiate the kiss: Tommy, Mollie, or would they mutually do so? In the first few drafts, I had Tommy initiate, but again, as I continued to write the rest of the story, I became conflicted. Mollie has been slowly taking agency over her life, and Tommy... well, I don't want to say too much right now for fear of spoiling, but here are a few important phrases that might give some clues:

He was not wearing the tuxedo bowtie any longer; the loose, unbuttoned shirt collar exposing pale skin underneath.

I knew that he was waiting for me, now.

"Could you ever love someone like me?" he asked quietly. I looked up to find his blue ones looking intensely into mine, lidded with desire, with hope, and maybe a little fear.

I also thought a lot about whether they would share a short kiss or whether there would be a more passionate exchange (various states of undress, makeout session, etc; strictly PG13, no sex), but again, it seemed too fantastical for the both of them to do such things at that point. Even so, it was important to show their physical chemistry, which is why I added the followup where Mollie bites his lower lip. It's a small gesture, but... in the words of Tommy, "everything about [Mollie] is torture."

For fun, here are all the almost kisses:

Ch. 23

"Step into the light, Mollie," he said. I did as he asked, stepping closer to him. He reached his hand towards my chin, angling it upwards. I could feel his breath on my face, his eyes searching mine intently.

Ch. 31

"You don't understand the nature of my business and my standing, and what I must say even if I…" he trailed off. He moved closer, our noses touching for a brief moment, his eyes half-hooded. I could feel the heat from his body rising towards me. I almost inhaled.

Ch. 48

He slowly inhaled, his lidded eyes softly focused on mine. I could feel the fabric flexing underneath my fingers, the wool of the outer jacket, the fine twill of his shirt, punctuated by smooth buttons.

"I've always loved…" The pressure on my hand increased even more, and I instinctively grasped at the fabric, feeling a sharp intake of breath rush through his chest. "... the feel of Shropshire wool."

Ch. 51

"It's nothing," I mumbled, afraid that he would coax the answer out, afraid that he would recognize how pliant I was in his warm hands. He leaned towards me, as if confirming my fears. There was that question again, and I was not ready to answer it. I leaned into his chest, a collapse of my own.

Ch. 55

"Thank you," he murmured. Thomas brought his hands just beneath my jaw, and slowly leaned in to kiss me lightly on the forehead. He inhaled deeply, his eyelashes trembling at the effort, his fingertips still keeping my face tilted towards him. Would he…?

The dress

Song revised the dress by adding the golden chains to silently protest against Tommy and how she perceives he holds Mollie back. The chains are a physical manifestation of shackles or a cage, but one could also argue they protect her as well and serve as a present reminder of the support of her friends and family...

His arms wrapped around me, his fingertips pressing against the gold chains and digging into my back. I had to break this porcelain fantasy, this brittle gilded cage.

[mmmmalo]

I usually see Grandpa’s hoarding get likened to the pyramid hoards of Egyptian pharaohs or the terracotta soldiers of Chinese emperors, but I wonder if it’d be more in tune with Homestuck’s spirit of paranoia to treat him as like. A doomsday prepper... idk, I’ve been seized by an association between nuclear bunker and lavish tombs. Jade characterizes Jake as the alien incursion, so if Jake’s obsessed with Raiding Tombs (ie breaching fallout shelters), that would make him the bomb... and his frequent head trauma becomes a splitting of the atom?? That’d be consistent with how John’s fear of falling gets linked to nukes via the splitting of the indivisible apple... and it would offer another angle for apprehending Mituna, who shares the falling/head-trauma motif... he might be wearing a nuclear flash helmet? as opposed to a simple pilot helmet that reflects his role as the Helmsman... the DH-101 especially feels pretty close.

The post-trickster motif of sitting around in a tomb until suddenly everything blows up also feels inflected by fallout shelter doomsday scenarios... though that’s confirmation bias speaking.

[warningsine]

Russian President Vladimir Putin met with Chinese premier Li Qiang Wednesday, hailing growing trade relations as Moscow becomes increasingly dependent on Beijing for political and economic support.

“Our trade relations are developing, developing successfully ... The attention that the governments of the two countries on both sides are paying to trade and economic ties is yielding results,” Putin said at the meeting in the Kremlin.

He also said that Russia and China have developed “large-scale plans” for economic and other projects.

“Chinese-Russian relations are at an unprecedentedly high level," said Li, who earlier had met with his Russian counterpart, Prime Minister Mikhail Mishustin.

The meeting took place as Russia struggled to push back a Ukrainian incursion into the Kursk region now in its third week. And overnight, Moscow experienced one of the largest waves of drone attacks on the Russian capital since the start of the Ukraine conflict.

Russian news reports did not indicate whether Putin and Li discussed Ukraine.

China has tried to position itself as neutral in the Ukraine conflict, but it shares with Russia high animosity toward the West.

After Western countries imposed heavy sanctions on Russian oil in response to Russia sending troops into Ukraine in February 2022, China strongly stepped up its purchase of Russian oil, increasing its influence in Russia. Putin underlined the importance of China by meeting in Beijing with Chinese leader Xi Jinping soon after being inaugurated for a fifth term in the Kremlin.

A U.S. intelligence assessment released this year indicates that China has significantly increased sales to Russia of machine tools, microelectronics and other technology Moscow uses to produce missiles, tanks, aircraft and other weaponry. 

AP

[linjunjian]

On the Relocation of Barbarians[1]

Jiang Tong (? – 310)

The Yi, Man, Rong, and Di, collectively known as the Four Barbarians, were traditionally confined to the outermost regions of the Nine Provinces. The Spring and Autumn Annals decree that the Chinese should be embraced within, while the barbarians are to be kept without. This distinction arises from their unintelligible speech, disparate forms of tribute, alien customs, and divergent lineages. Some dwell beyond the farthest reaches of civilization, across mountains and rivers, in treacherous valleys and perilous terrain, separated from the Middle Kingdom by natural barriers. They neither encroach upon our lands nor fall under our jurisdiction. Neither taxes nor the imperial calendar extend to their domains. Thus, it is said, "When the Son of Heaven governs in accordance with the Way, the Four Barbarians guard the frontiers."

When Yu brought order to the Nine Regions, even the Western Rong paid homage. Yet the nature of these barbarians is avaricious and ruthless, with the Rong and Di being the most savage among them. When weak, they cower in submission; when strong, they rebel and invade. Even in ages blessed with sage rulers and sovereigns of great virtue, none have succeeded in fully civilizing or guiding them through benevolence and moral suasion.

In times of their ascendancy, even Gaozong of Yin[2] was vexed by the Guifang,[3] King Wen of Zhou was troubled by the Kunyi and Xianyun,[4] Gaozu was besieged at Baideng,[5] and Xiaowen[6] was forced to take up arms at Bashang. Conversely, during their decline, the Duke of Zhou received tribute from the farthest lands,[7] Zhongzong[8] welcomed the Chanyu to court, and even under the feeble reigns of emperors Yuan[9] and Cheng,[10] the Four Barbarians still came to pay homage. Such are the lessons of history.

Hence, when the Xiongnu sought to guard the frontier, Hou Ying advised against it; when the Chanyu knelt at Weiyang Palace, Wangzhi[11] counseled against accepting his subservience. Thus, enlightened rulers manage barbarian affairs by maintaining vigilance and exercising consistent control. Even when these tribes prostrate themselves and offer tribute, the border defenses must not be relaxed. When they turn to banditry and violence, there is no need for far-reaching military campaigns. The goal is simply to ensure peace within our borders and prevent their encroachment upon our frontiers.

As the Zhou dynasty lost its authority, the feudal lords waged wars at will, the strong consuming the weak in a cycle of mutual destruction. Borders became unstable, and interests diverged. The barbarians seized this opportunity to infiltrate China. Some were enticed and pacified, becoming tools for various factions. For example, the calamity of Shen and Zeng toppled the Zhou royal house,[12] and Duke Xiang's alliance with the Jiang Rong against Qin suddenly empowered them.[13]

During the Spring and Autumn period, the Yiqu[14] and Dali[15] tribes occupied the lands of Qin and Jin, while the Luhun[16] and Yin Rong dwelt between the Yi and Luo rivers. The Souman[17] tribes ravaged the east of Ji, encroaching upon Qi and Song, and oppressing Xing and Wei. Southern Yi and Northern Di alternately invaded China, their incursions as unceasing as a thread. Duke Huan of Qi repelled them, preserving the endangered states and reviving defunct ones. He campaigned north against the Mountain Rong, opening the road to Yan. Thus, Confucius praised Guan Zhong's strength and commended his achievement in civilizing the barbarians.

By the end of the Spring and Autumn period, as the Warring States era flourished, Chu absorbed the Man tribes, Jin annihilated the Luhun, Wu of Zhao adopted Hu attire and opened up the Yuzhong region, while Qin, dominant in Xianyang, exterminated the Yiqu and their ilk. When the First Emperor unified All Under Heaven, he incorporated the Hundred Yue in the south and drove away the Xiongnu in the north. The Great Wall stretched across five mountain ranges, with millions of troops stationed. Though military service was burdensome and bandits ran rampant, the accomplishments of a single generation saw the barbarians fleeing in retreat. At that time, the Four Barbarians no longer existed within China proper.

The rise of Han saw its capital established in Chang'an, with the commanderies within the passes known as the Three Adjuncts - the ancient Yu Gong's Yongzhou,[18] the old territory of the Zhou's Feng and Hao. After Wang Mang's defeat and the subsequent Red Eyebrows Rebellion, the western capital lay in ruins, its people scattered. During the Jianwu era (25 - 56), Ma Yuan[19] was appointed Administrator of Longxi to suppress the rebellious Qiang. Their remnants were relocated to the empty lands of Pingyi and Hedong within the passes, intermingling with the Han people. After several years, their population flourished. Emboldened by their strength and resenting Han encroachment, they rebelled.

In the first year of Yongchu (107), Cavalry Commander Wang Hong[20] was dispatched to the Western Regions, conscripting Qiang and Di troops as escorts. This sparked panic among the Qiang tribes, inciting each other to revolt. The barbarians of two provinces rose simultaneously, overwhelming officials and massacring cities. Deng Zhi's campaign ended in the abandonment of armor and weapons, with corpses piled high and armies destroyed.[21] As successive expeditions failed, the barbarians grew ever bolder, penetrating south into Shu and Han, plundering east into Zhao and Wei, breaching the Zhi Pass, and invading Henei.

When Northern Army Commander Zhu Chong was sent with five battalions to confront the Qiang at Mengjin, a decade of conflict ensued, with both Chinese and barbarians suffering heavy losses. Ren Shang[22] and Ma Xian[23] barely managed to subdue them. The reason for this prolonged and severe devastation, while partly due to incompetent governance and inadequate military leadership, was it not also because the enemy struck at our very heart, the harm arising from within? Like a grave illness difficult to cure, or a great wound slow to heal!

From that time on, the embers of conflict were never fully extinguished. At the slightest opportunity, the barbarians would renew their invasions and rebellions. Ma Xian's efforts ended in disaster, while Duan Jiong's campaigns swept from west to east.[24] The barbarians of Yongzhou remained a constant threat to the state, becoming the greatest menace of the middle period. As the Han dynasty crumbled, Guanzhong was devastated.

In the early days of Wei's ascendancy, with Shu now separated, the frontier barbarians were divided between the two states. Emperor Wu of Wei ordered General Xiahou Miaocai[25] to suppress the rebellious Di tribes led by Agui and Qianwan. Later, after abandoning Hanzhong, he relocated the tribes of Wudu to the Qin plains, hoping to weaken the enemy and strengthen the state, while defending against the Shu forces. This was merely an expedient measure, a temporary strategy, not a policy beneficial for ten thousand generations. Now, as we face the consequences, we already suffer from its ill effects.

Guanzhong boasts rich soil and abundant resources, with fields of the highest quality. The Jing and Wei rivers irrigate its alkaline lands, while the Zhengguo and Bai canals[26] form an interconnected irrigation network. The bounty of millet and sorghum yields a full zhong (vessel) per mu, with commoners singing praises of its prosperity. Emperors and kings have always chosen to make their capital here. Never was it meant to be a land for barbarians. Those not of our kind must surely harbor different intentions. The ambitions of the barbarians do not align with those of the Chinese.

Yet, taking advantage of their weakness, we relocated them to the imperial domain. Our gentry and common folk grew complacent, scorning their perceived frailty, unknowingly nurturing a poison of resentment in their very marrow. As their numbers grew and strength increased, so did their ambitions. With their greedy and fierce nature, coupled with pent-up anger, they watch for any opening to commit treachery. Dwelling within our borders without the barrier of frontier defenses, they can easily overwhelm the unprepared and gather resources from the countryside. Thus, they are able to wreak havoc and inflict immeasurable harm. This is an inevitable outcome, a lesson already learned through bitter experience.

The appropriate course of action now, while our military might is at its peak and before other matters arise, is to relocate the Qiang tribes from within the borders of Pingyi, Beidi, Xinping, and Anding to the lands of Xianling, Hankai, and Xizhi. We should also move the Di people from Fufeng, Shiping, and Jingzhao back to the right side of Long Mountain, settling them in the regions of Yinping and Wudu. We must provide rations for their journey, ensuring they have enough to sustain themselves. Each tribe should be returned to their original lands and ancestral territories, with the tributary states and pacified barbarians assisting in their resettlement.

By separating the Rong and Jin peoples, each will find their proper place. This aligns with the ancient principle and establishes a lasting policy for our prosperous age. Even if they harbor intentions to deceive China or raise alarms of conflict, they will be far removed from the Middle Kingdom, separated by mountains and rivers. Though they may still raid and plunder, the extent of their harm will be limited.

This is why Chongguo[27] and Ziming[28] were able to control the fate of numerous Qiang tribes with just tens of thousands of troops, achieving victory without battle and succeeding with their armies intact. Although they had deep strategies and far-reaching plans for victory, was it not because the Chinese and barbarians were kept separate, distinctions maintained between civilized and uncivilized, and strategic passes were easy to defend, that they were able to achieve such success?

The Critic's Challenge:

“At present, Guanzhong has endured two years of violent upheaval. The burden of military campaigns has exhausted our forces of a hundred thousand. Floods and droughts have brought successive famines, while plagues have caused widespread death and suffering. The rebels have been executed, and those who regret their misdeeds are beginning to submit. They approach cautiously, filled with fear and trepidation. The common people are weary and distressed, united in their concerns. They long for peace as parched earth yearns for rain. Surely, we should pacify them with tranquility. Yet you propose to mobilize labor, embark on grand projects, and relocate these suspicious barbarians with our exhausted populace? To move hungry people and starving prisoners? I fear our strength will be depleted, our efforts unfinished. The Qiang and Rong will scatter, their loyalties divided. Before the current threat is quelled, new perils will arise.”

The Response:

“The Qiang and Rong are cunning, self-appointed in their titles. They have besieged cities, fought in open fields, harmed our officials, and amassed armies through winters and summers. Now their disparate groups have crumbled, their unified front collapsed. The old and young are captive, while able-bodied men have surrendered or dispersed. They are as scattered as birds and beasts, incapable of reuniting.

Do you believe they still have resources, or that they regret their evils and wish to submit to our benevolence? Or have they reached the end of their strength and wisdom, fearing our military might? Clearly, they are utterly spent. Thus, we can dictate their fate, controlling their every move.

Those content with their lot do not easily change; those satisfied with their dwellings harbor no desire to relocate. While they doubt themselves and fear us, we can use our military prowess to ensure their compliance. As they are scattered and disorganized, each household an enemy to the people of Guanzhong, we can relocate them to distant lands, severing their attachment to this soil.

The plans of sages and wise men address issues before they arise and bring order before chaos ensues. Their methods achieve peace without notoriety, their virtue succeeds without fanfare. The next best approach is to turn calamity into fortune, failure into success, to overcome difficulties and find passage through obstruction. You now face the end of a flawed policy yet fail to envision a new beginning. You cling to the toil of a misguided path, inviting further disaster. Why is this?

Guanzhong houses over a million souls, half of whom are barbarians. Whether they stay or leave, provisions are necessary. If there are those who lack food, we must use the granaries of Guanzhong to sustain them, preventing both starvation and the temptation to plunder. By relocating them with provisions for the journey, allowing them to reunite with their tribes and support each other, the people of Qin will retain half their grain. This strategy feeds those who depart, leaves stores for those who remain, eases the pressure in Guanzhong, removes the root of banditry, eliminates immediate losses, and establishes long-term benefits.

To shirk from temporary exertion and forsake a strategy of lasting peace, to begrudge present hardships and ignore the threat of generational enemies – this is not the way of those who can innovate and accomplish great deeds, who establish legacies and lay foundations for posterity.

The barbarians of Bingzhou were originally the most vicious bandits among the Xiongnu. During the reign of Emperor Xuan of Han, they were decimated by cold and hunger, their nation split into five factions, later consolidating into two. Huhanye,[29] weakened and isolated, unable to sustain himself, sought refuge at the frontier, submitting to Han rule. During the Jianwu era, the Southern Chanyu again came to surrender, and was allowed to settle within the frontier, south of the desert. After several generations, they repeatedly rebelled, leading to numerous military campaigns by He Xi[30] and Liang Qin.[31]

In the Zhongping era, when the Yellow Turban Rebellion erupted, their troops were conscripted, but their people refused to comply and killed their Qiangqu. Consequently, Yumifuluo sought Han assistance to suppress the rebels. Amidst the ensuing chaos, they seized the opportunity to pillage Zhao and Wei, with their raids reaching Henan. During the Jian'an period, the Right Wise Prince Qubei was sent to entice Huchuquan to surrender, allowing his tribes to disperse and settle in six commanderies. By the Xianxi era, as one tribe had grown too powerful, it was divided into three groups. At the beginning of the Taishi era, this was further increased to four. Subsequently, Liu Meng rebelled internally, colluding with external barbarians. Recently, Hao San's rebellion erupted in Guyuan.[32] Today, the population of the five tribes numbers tens of thousands of households, surpassing that of the Western Rong. Their innate bravery and skill with bow and horse exceed even that of the Di and Qiang. Should there be any unforeseen turmoil, the Bingzhou region would be cause for great concern.

The Gouli people of Xingyang originally dwelt beyond the frontier of Liaodong. During the Zhengshi era (240 – 249), when Youzhou Inspector Guanqiu Jian[33] suppressed their rebellion, he relocated their remaining tribes. Initially numbering only a hundred households, their descendants have now multiplied to thousands. After several generations, they will surely become numerous and prosperous. Today, even when common people neglect their duties, they may flee or rebel; when dogs and horses are well-fed, they may bite. How much more so might barbarians cause upheaval! We are only spared because their power is still weak and their influence limited.

In governing a state, the worry is not poverty but inequality, not scarcity but instability. With the vastness of the Four Seas and the wealth of our people, why should we need barbarians within our borders to suffice? These groups should all be instructed and dispatched back to their original domains, soothing their homesickness as sojourners and alleviating our Huaxia people's concerns. To bestow kindness upon the Middle Kingdom and thereby pacify the four quarters, to extend virtue for generations to come - this is the wisest course of action.”

[1] On the Relocation of Barbarians is a political treatise written by Jiang Tong in 299 after the rebellion of Qi Wannian. Jiang Tong proposed that the Hu peoples should be relocated, but the Western Jin court, then under the regency of Jia Nanfeng, did not adopt his recommendations. Five years later, the Sixteen Kingdoms period began.

[2] Wu Ding (? – 1192 BCE) was a king of the Shang dynasty. In classical Chinese historiography, he is often depicted as a meritorious king who appears with worthy officials. He conquered and annexed Guifang, turning its people into his supporters in expeditions against other enemies.

[3] Guifang (鬼方) was an ancient ethnonym for a people that fought against the Shang dynasty. This Chinese exonym combines gui (lit. ghost, spirit, devil) and fang (lit. side, border, country, region), referring to "non-Shang or enemy countries that existed in and beyond the borders of the Shang polity."

[4] The Kunyi (昆夷), also known as Quanrong (犬戎), were an ethnic group active in the northwestern part of Shaanxi during and after the Zhou dynasty. They were classified as the Western Yi and a member of the Guifang during the Shang dynasty and as Western Rong during the Zhou dynasty. They were regarded as one of the ancestors of the Xiongnu people. Scholars believe Quanrong was a later name for the Xianyun (猃狁).

[5] The Battle of Baideng was a military conflict between Han China and the Xiongnu in 200 BC. The vanguard of Han troops was trapped in the fort with Emperor Gaozu of Han, Liu Bang.

[6] Emperor Wen of Han (203 – 157 BCE), personal name Liu Heng, was the fifth emperor of the Han dynasty from 180 until his death. He continued the heqin policy by giving the Xiongnu Chanyu a prince's daughter in marriage, while placing Liu Li in Bashang against potential Xiongnu attack.

[7] The original term is "九译之贡". "九译" (jiǔ yì) literally means "nine interpreters" or "nine translations." This term was often used hyperbolically to represent multiple layers of translation needed for communication with distant peoples or tribes.

[8] Emperor Xuan of Han (91 – 48 BCE), temple name Zhongzong, was the tenth emperor of the Han dynasty, reigning from 74 to 48 BCE. During his reign, the Han dynasty prospered economically and militarily became a regional superpower, and was considered by many to be the peak period of the entire Han history.

[9] Emperor Yuan of Han (75 – 33 BCE) was the eldest son and successor of Emperor Xuan of the Han dynasty. He reigned from 48 to 33 BCE. Emperor Yuan promoted Confucianism as the official creed of the Chinese government. He appointed adherents of Confucius to important government posts. In 33 BCE, he sent Wang Zhaojun to marry Chanyu Huhanye of the Xiongnu Empire in order to establish friendly relations through marriage. (heqin)

[10] Emperor Cheng of Han (51 – 7 BCE) was the son and successor of Emperor Yuan. He reigned from 33 to 7 BCE. Under his rule, the Han dynasty continued its growing disintegration as the emperor's maternal relatives from the Wang clan increased their grip on power. Emperor Cheng died childless. Both of his sons and their mothers were killed by the order of his favorite consort Zhao Hede. He was succeeded by his nephew, Emperor Ai, whose death was followed by Wang Mang's rise to power.

[11] Hou Ying and Xiao Wangzhi (? – 46 BCE) were both officials of the Han dynasty.

[12] The Marquess of Shen (d. 771 BCE) was a Qiang ruler of the ancient state of Shen during the Zhou dynasty. It was an important vassal state responsible for guarding the Guanzhong region against Western Rong incursions. One of the Marquess's daughters was married to King You as his queen, and gave birth to Crown Prince Yijiu, but another consort named Bao Si gained the favor of the king, who wanted to depose the queen and the crown prince in favor of her son Bofu. Furious, the Marquess allied with the Zeng state and Quanrong to attack the Zhou capital Haojing in 771 BCE. King You was defeated and killed, and Haojing was sacked by Quanrong.

[13] Duke Xiang of Jin was from 627 to 621 BCE the ruler of the State of Jin, a major power during the Spring and Autumn period. In 627 BCE, he allied with the Jiang Rong and launched a surprise attack against Qin at the Battle of Yao. They annihilated the Qin army and captured three Qin generals. After the battle, the power of Qin had been checked for a long period.

[14] Yiqu (義渠) was an ancient state which existed in the Hetao region (now Ningxia, eastern Gansu and northern Shannxi). It was a rival of the state of Qin. It was inhabited by a semi-sinicized people called the Rong of Yiqu, who were regarded as a branch of western Rong people.

[15] Dali (大荔) was an ancient state founded by a branch of the Western Rong people which existed in what is now Dali County, Shaanxi. In 461 BCE, Qin annexed Dali.

[16] Luhun (陆浑) was a tribal state founded by a branch of the Rong of Yun surname. They inhabited the northwestern regions of the states Qin and Jin and later became a vassal of Jin. In 525 BCE, Jin annexed Luhun. Scholars believe Yin Rong (阴戎) was an alternative name for Luhun.

[17] Souman (鄋瞒) was a branch of the Di people. Its capital is in present-day Gaoqing County in Zibo, Shandong. In 594 BCE, Jin conquered Souman.

[18] The Yu Gong or Tribute of Yu (禹贡) is a chapter of the Book of Xia, section of the Book of Documents, one of the Five Classics of ancient Chinese literature. This chapter describes Yu the Great and the provinces of his time. Yong Province or Yongzhou was the name of various regions and provinces in ancient China, usually around the Wei River or the imperial capital. It was one of the legendary Nine Provinces of China's prehistoric antiquity.

[19] Ma Yuan (馬援, 14 BCE – 49) was a general and politician of the Eastern Han dynasty. He played a prominent role in defeating the Trung sisters' rebellion. He also subjugated the Qiang and made possible a restoration of Chinese positions on the old frontiers.

[20] Wang Hong (王弘, ? – ?) was an official and uncle to Emperor Cheng of the Western Han dynasty.

[21] Deng Zhi (邓骘, ? – 121) was a general during the Eastern Han dynasty. His forces was routed by the Western Qiang in 107.

[22] Ren Shang (任尚, ? – 118) was a general during the Eastern Han dynasty. He defeated multiple Northern Xiongnu and Qiang forces during his tenure. In 118, he was executed due to his rivalry with Deng Zun over military achievements, falsely reporting the number of Qiang people killed, and accepting bribes.

[23] Ma Xian (马贤, ? – 141) was a general and official during the Eastern Han dynasty. During his tenure as Protector General of the Qiang (护羌校尉), his multiple victories against various Qiang tribes were crucial in maintaining order in Longyou and Liangzhou regions. In 141, he and his sons were killed in battle against the Qiedong tribe of the Qiang.

[24] Duan Jiong (段颎, ? – 179) was a general during the Eastern Han dynasty. He was a member of the powerful Duan family of Wuwei Commandery. He defeated multiple Qiang rebel forces during his tenure.

[25] Xiahou Yuan (夏侯渊, ? – 219), courtesy name Miaocai, was a general and politician serving under the warlord Cao Cao in the late Eastern Han dynasty. He is known for his exploits in western China in the 210s, during which he defeated Cao Cao's rivals Ma Chao and Han Sui in Liang Province and forced several Di and Qiang tribal peoples into submission.

[26] The Zhengguo Canal, named after its designer, Zheng Guo, is one of the biggest water conservation projects in ancient China. The canal irrigates the Guanzhong plain and connects the Jing River and Luo River, northern tributaries of the Wei River. The Bai Canal was designed by Bai Gong in 95 BCE and was often mentioned together with Zhenguo Canal as “Zhengbai Canal.”

[27] Zhao Chongguo (赵充国, 137 – 52 BCE) was a general of the Western Han dynasty. He was known for his adoption of the tuntian policy during his pacification of the Western Qiang people.

[28] Lü Meng (吕蒙, 178 – 220), courtesy name Ziming, was a military general and politician who served under the warlord Sun Quan during the late Eastern Han dynasty.

[29] Huhanye (呼韓邪) was a Chanyu of the Xiongnu Empire. He rebelled in 59 BCE, leaving the Xiongnu torn apart by factional strife. After his defeat, he fled south and submitted to the Han dynasty. He travelled to Chang'an to visit Emperor Xuan, who allowed his tribe to settle in the Yinshan area.

[30] He Xi (何熙, ? – 110) was a general of the Eastern Han dynasty. In 109, he defeated the Southern Xiongnu Aojian Rizhu Prince at Meiji. Shortly after his death in 110, the Southern Xiongnu surrendered.

[31] Liang Qin (梁慬, ? – 112) was a famous general of the Eastern Han dynasty. In 110, forces of Xiongnu, Wuhuan and Xianbei invaded Wuyuan. Liang Qin was sent with He Xi to fight them.

[32] Hao San (郝散, ? – 294) was a Xiongnu rebel leader who was killed in 294. In 296, his brother Hao Duyuan joined Qi Wannian’s rebellion.

[33] Guanqiu Jian (毌丘儉, ? – 255) was a general and politician of the state of Cao Wei during the Three Kingdoms period. In 244, Guanqiu Jian led a punitive expedition to Goguryeo (Gouli). He defeated the Goguryeo army and captured the its capital Hwando. During the follow-up campaign in the next year, he conquered Hwando again and forced its King to flee.

[warsofasoiaf]

re: China Taiwan

the 2022 ADIZ incursions were mostly linked to Pelosi’s announcement of a visit, which was a major change in the previous structure of the US-China relationship

Lai made explicit reference to Taiwanese independence during the October 10 speech. Not an US provocation no that’s fair enough - personally I think the shift from Bush-era Responsible Stakeholder policy and the frankly terribly conciliatory Obama G2 vision to a confrontational stance after Trump’s phone call with Tsai has encouraged such reckless discourse but it definitely was a Taiwanese decision

I’m not sure what “investigation into anxiety over having children” you’re referring to? But given that they had policy changes to address anxiety over homework (double reduction in 2020) I don’t think that’s necessarily the strongest piece of evidence. Qiushi isn’t just some public statement either, it’s where the Party elevates critical and endorsed political stances. Add to that that it was specifically a Xi speech and it seems like the Party cadre are not expected to treat this as more serious than any welfare policy. If you want to deem rhetoric as lies, doesn’t it make more sense to discard the press conference statements and elevate internal documents?

The firing of Dong, Qin, Miao, and others is probably one of those things you can read either way based on your perspective but it doesn’t ring true to me that they’re preparing for aggressive action in the next four years. If China was preparing for war why would they also be encouraging tourism from Taiwan to the mainland (I.e. a vector for espionage and sabotage).

You didn’t really address this but again - when has Xi done anything to indicate he’s elevated Taiwan to a top priority or tied his legacy to it? Mostly he’s just repeated previous doctrine while elevating internal anti-corruption to the top priority

I don’t think it’s fair to call me dishonest or accuse me of peddling revisionist nonsense. I like your work or I wouldn’t be engaging with it. I just don’t think the facts on the ground match your perspective. An imminent war is unlikely

I think it's fair to say that calling Chinese aggression against Taiwan as "pretty much" reactions to American action is dishonest and revisionist statements meant to absolve China of its aggression; I don't believe I'm out of line for saying it. Joint Sword 2024A was launched due to Lal's inauguration speech, just as Joint Sword 2024B was against the National Day speech. These drills were enacted as a show of force against Taiwan, not due to American action, so to claim as such is, I believe, actively dishonest rather than a difference in interpretation. There's no real way to square the idea that Chinese drills were done in response to the United States when so many actions don't have a clear parallel.

I also object to the characterization of Taiwanese dialogue as "reckless," while downplaying Chinese rhetoric as routine, especially when compounded with aggressive action. Somehow, only Taiwanese positions are considered aggressive. Consistent talk about reunifying the island, stating the use of force as possible, along with increasing military escalation and economic sanctions leads me to say that China does consider Taiwan a priority as part of Xi's overall shift toward more aggressive foreign policy - against Hong Kong, against the Philippines, against Southeast Asia by poaching water resources, etc. Hence why I said dishonest - there were too many actions that seemed to focus on distorting the facts to present China as the wrongly aggrieved party, pushed around by a dangerous United States. It's the same rhetoric Russia has been using in Ukraine, and I don't buy it there either.

I also object to the notion that rhetoric was relatively consistent over the Jiang Zemin and Hu Jintao eras - there were wild swings in Cross-Strait relations up and down, from the Third Taiwan Straits Crisis (frequently blamed on Lee Teng-hui's visit to the US but I'm skeptical - the timing suggests it was an intimidation move against the 1996 ROC elections) with periods of contact and no contact depending on the party in charge.

The ADIZ incursions, no, sorry, I'm not buying it. This was a sustained campaign that lasted well past Pelosi's visit for years. Moreover, they had been going on since 2020, well before Pelosi's visit. Again, this is simply not factual.

I'm referring to the efforts taken to reverse demographic decline - it's relatively well-known. There is significant concern about population decline and aging in China and China has attempted to address it with pro-natalism policies which did not work, leading to the study I mentioned earlier. It's not unique to China certainly (other nations are facing similar concerns), but unlike other nations, China's restrictive immigration policy means one big policy tool to address it doesn't work quite well.

I don't think the fostering of tourism or trade ties means a disqualification of military force. In the Second World War, Japan increased trade and tourism to the United States before attacking Pearl Harbor.

I'd actually strongly disagree that anti-corruption is Xi's primary focus. His anti-corruption force is largely a tool meant to purge political opposition and assert supremacy within the party. I'd argue his chief focus was primarily establishing himself as a personalist dictator in the vein of Mao, evidenced by said purges and the removal of term limits.

I maintain that the threat of a military conflict over Taiwan is a very real possibility. The aggressive posture that has increasingly characterized Chinese foreign policy leads me to believe it.

-SLAL

[zogdon]

Despite Zelensky and Nato claims about their ability to still resist the Russian forces advances, in the East and in Kursk, the local reports from ordinary Ukrainians paint a different picture... The locals claim, almost in unison, that Zelensky's Nato forces are running away from key battle zones, and the Russian advances continue, of course at different paces, as the different battle situations demand.

In Kursk, the whole western flank of the earlies Zelensky incursion is now under Russian control, even as Nato is trying to spread the fight even further on, in western border regions.

It's important for people to know, that the Zelensky incursion was far closer to the border, than claimed by western media. For example, Sudja, the only town...but still only with original population of just 5,127...is only 9.6 km from the border. And at best, anywhere, in that incursion, Zelensky Nato troops didn't even make it further than 40 km, into Kursk. Even these measurements are rather fanciful, and only happened in 3 locations.

However, as the major Russian counter started only one week ago, already we see, and get local reports that the Nato forces in Kursk are collapsing...with many troops disobeying orders to stay and fight.. rather, run back into Sumi oblast, Ukraine.

Putin ordered the Russian military to clean up Kursk by October... didn't specify dates, though. So, the most generous interpretation would be: By last day in October 2024. Which, it already appears to be spot on... happening.

In the whole of the East, the Donbas area, the Russian forces are continuing the advance, without any visual impact by the Kursk battle. Zelensky Nato troops are in deep trouble... without any hope to stop the Russian aims, on all battlefronts. And that includes strikes deep in western Ukraine.

In conclusion, the Russians are delivering what they promised originally... even at slower rate, than some people would like.

But it's important to understand, that before the battle, war, not much is clear...in way of timing. As we don't know how deep, and well the waring parties have dug in, and prepared themselves, out of public sights.

For Russia, it was always clear though: No matter what; Russian Federation Forces will be again Victorious, but in this conflict, the mighty Russian Firepower, is very serious in spearing the lives of all civilians and minimising soldiers casualties... even of the enemy. And this is why, the Russian military has been going very systematically and very carefully...of course, that is why it's a slow war in progress...Of course, Russian Federation Progress. No carpet bombing, no clusters used...by the Russian side. However, Zelensky, Nato forces have no such restraints...they want to murder any Russian, anywhere in the world. We see the evidence of that attitude, everyday on our western news and media discussion services.

For World Peace to occur... Truly occur... Russia Hate Has to Go.

And Russian allies, like China and India.. plus other BRICS members...Myst come out Publicly and support the Russian Federation position. Stop thinking about their own pockets, so much....as these countries will lise it all, as the west has them as 'Next Targets', of Western aggression and re-occupation.

Only the Russian Federation is defending BRICS and all other countries under western attack.

And only the Russian Federation Nuclear Specialised Army, can protect any country asking for help against western aggression. China and India, both don't have the Nuclear military requirements, necessary to defend themselves. And that is why both keep Russia close, within pleading reach...if a major war was launched against them by the west.

The Chinese know it...the Indians pretend it isn't happening...ie. western aggression towards India....But both are blind to the truth...no matter how many western led organisations they join, the western main aim is:

Re-Colonisation of China and India.

But hey...the west is getting belted by the Russian Federation, every day now. So, China and India, are safe now, under Russian Federation Protection. As Russia wins, so do China and India.

And these 2 countries, better not forget it.