#byzantine art

[memories-of-ancients]

Gold ring with a ruby, Byzantine, 6th-7th century AD

from Hermann Historica

[blueiscoool]

BYZANTINE SHIPWRECK TERRACOTTA WINE AMPHORA 5TH-7TH CENTURY A.D.

[rossodimarte]

Jacob wrestling with the Angel, byzantine bronze door, Monte Sant'Angelo, ca. 1070

[the-puffinry]

birds from the Theodorias, East Church mosaics in the Qasr Libya museum, ca. 540 CE, via livius.org.

[lionofchaeronea]

Sardonyx cameo by an unknown Byzantine artist of the 14th century, depicting St. Theodore Stratelates ("Army Commander"). Theodore (281-319) was a Roman soldier, said to have been martyred during the persecution of Christians by the emperor Licinius. Here, Theodore is shown in full military dress, a spear in his right hand and a round shield on his left shoulder. The accompanying inscription invokes him and his namesake, Theodore "the Recruit," as protectors; the cameo would likely have been suspended from a chain and wore around the neck as a protective amulet.

Now in the Walters Art Museum, Baltimore. Photo credit: Walters Art Museum.

[maertyrer]

Unknown Artist Triptych showing the Forty Martyrs

Ivory and silver, 18.5×24.2 cm, late 11th - early 12th century

[arthistoryanimalia]

#MetalMonday:

Lamp in the Shape of a Rooster
Early Byzantine (Egypt?), 6th-7th c.
Bronze, cast & chased, 11 x 13.5 cm (4 5/16 x 5 5/16 in.)
On display at Dumbarton Oaks

“The rooster is a rare shape and may not have any references beyond its similarity in shape to the peacock and its associations with sunrise - the start of daylight.”

More info:

“Lamps are among the most widely used & imaginatively conceived works in antiquity. They were made predominantly in terracotta, but many examples in bronze survive because of their durability. Artists drew inspiration from all aspects of ancient culture, from the mythological realm, illustrated by a lamp with a griffin-head handle in the Dumbarton Oaks collection (BZ.1962.15), to the natural world, reflected in this rooster lamp. Identified by its distinctive coxcomb & wattles, the head is tipped forward at an angle that is typical of this barnyard bird. The feathers on the body are chased (i.e. incised after the lamp was cast).

The rooster, or cock, is proverbially the harbinger of the new day. This connection with dawn and daylight may have been the inspiration for crafting the lamp. One mention occurs in the New Testament when Christ tells Peter that he will deny him three times before the cock crows (Matthew 26:34). It is more likely the former connection than the Biblical reference inspired the rooster of this lamp.”

info via http://museum.doaks.org/objects-1/info/27342

[janrockart]

Saint Kassandra Aetophora

[hanssloane]

Dragon

In this panel, Saint Margaret is being swallowed by a dragon and then miraculously bursting out of its stomach. This story led to Margaret becoming the patron saint of childbirth

by Margarito d'Arezzo

[treasure-of-the-ancients]

Gold pendant earrings with glass and pearls, Byzantine, 6th-7th century AD

from The Museum of Fine Arts Boston

[memories-of-ancients]

Gold pendant, Byzantine, 6th-7th century AD

from The Virginia Museum of Fine Arts

[blueiscoool]

Byzantine Gold Necklace with Amethyst Beads Byzantine, 6th century A.D. Gold and Amethyst

[calabria-mediterranea]

Gallicianò, Calabria, Italy

Gallicianò, in Calabria, is the only remaining original Greko-speaking settlement in the Aspromonte Mountains. Locals have not been forced to move or resettle on the coast like other Greko settlements.

Italian as we know it today was not always spoken throughout Italy. The Italian language did not become the staple language until well into the end of the 19th Century during the process of Italian unification, or the Risorgimento. Until then, the Italian peninsula was made up of Italo-Romance dialects and smaller minority languages that were differentiated by region and historical influences. Once unification was complete, the Tuscan dialect was ushered into power as the official language of the Italian nation. This became the beginning of the modern end of the Greek language in Calabria, or what it is known today as Griko.

WHY SHOULD IT MATTER?

There exists today a tiny enclave of Greek-speaking people in the Aspromonte Mountain region of Reggio Calabria that seem to have survived millennia...perhaps since the Ancient Greeks began colonizing Southern Italy in the 8th and 7th Centuries BC. Their language is called Griko. They survived empires, invasions, ecclesial schisms, dictators, nationalistic-inspired assimilation, and much more. Griko is a variety of the Greek language that has been separated from the rest of the Hellenic world for many centuries.

To help bring more perspective, Greek was the dominant language and ethnic element all throughout what we know today as Calabria, Puglia, and Eastern Sicily until the 14th Century. Since then, the spread of Italo-Romance languages,

along with geographical isolation from other Greek-speaking regions in Italy, caused the language to evolve on its own in Calabria. This resulted in a separate and unique variety of Greek that is different from what is spoken today in Puglia.

A BRIEF HISTORY

The struggle for the survival of Hellenism after antiquity is typically associated with Ottoman occupation in the Eastern Mediterranean, not the Italian peninsula. Few history books I read growing up ever mentioned any type of Greek history or presence in Italy after the glorious era of Magna Graecia. But to dig a little deeper means that we must look at what happened to this ethno-linguistic group after antiquity.

There are many theories or schools of thought regarding the origin of the Greko community in Calabria. Are they descendants of the Ancient Greeks who colonized Southern Italy? Are they remnants of the Byzantine presence in Southern Italy? Did their ancestors come in the 15th-16th Centuries from the Greek communities in the Aegean fleeing Ottoman invasion? The best answers to all of those questions are yes, yes, and yes. This means that history has shown a continuous Greek presence in Calabria since antiquity. Even though different empires, governments, and invasions occurred in the region, the Greek language and identity seemed to have

never ceased. Once the glorious days of Magna Graecia were over, there is evidence that shows that Greek continued to be spoken in Southern Italy during the Roman Empire. Once the Roman Empire split into East (Byzantine) and West, Calabria saw Byzantine rule begin in the 5th Century. This lasted well into the 11th Century and reinforced the Greek language and identity in the region as well as an affinity to Eastern Christianity.

What's even more fascinating is that Calabria was apparently a Byzantine monastic hub of sorts. There were over 1,500 Byzantine monasteries in Calabria and people today still remember and adore those saints. Even though Byzantine rule ended in Calabria in the 11th Century, the Greek language continued to be spoken while gradually declining in the region with the spread of Latin and a process of Catholicization. The modern-day commune of Bova may give some insight into the history of the language in the region. In subsequent centuries after Byzantine rule, Bova became the heart of Greek culture in Calabria as well as the seat of the Greek church in the region. It is important to note that the liturgical language of the region was Greek until 1572 when Bova was the last in the region to transition to Latin.

Not much is known of what took place between the end of the 16th Century and the Italian Risorgimento in the 19th Century, but there are a couple of details to mention. First, due to multiple invasions and piracy, much of Calabria's coastal population moved into the mountainous interior. According to Olimpia, the isolation and geography of the Greko communities in Calabria definitely worked to the advantage of preserving the language over centuries. We can also possibly conclude that occasional migrations of Greeks to Calabria from the Aegean could have taken place in the 16th and 17th Centuries in response to the Ottoman invasion. And according to Tito, there is even evidence that a 17th Century mayor of Bova wrote poems in Griko.

Even though the Greek language had already been in great decline since the departure of the Byzantine Empire in Southern Italy and the spread of Catholicism with Latin liturgy, the language seemed to have quietly survived several centuries in the mountains of Calabria.

TODAY

Once the Risorgimento finally took place, the modern Italian language finally arrived in Calabria at the end of the 19th Century. The Italian language that arrived was essentially the Tuscan dialect that was chosen as the national language. The Italian language has only been spoken in Calabria for around 100 years.

Due to the complexities of the Risorgimento and the new multifaceted Italian state (Northern Italy vs. Southern Italy), there was a new wave of mindsets that was ushered into Calabria and surrounding Southern Italian regions. This deeply affected the Greko community and language.

The shame and embarrassment of speaking Griko began in the 20th Century and it intensified during the Fascist movement. The mentality of 'we must be Italians' affected the way the Griko community raised their children.

Until the 1960s, there were no roads, electricity, or plumbing to most of the Greko villages. When the schools arrived, Italian was the taught language and Greko was learned at home. There was no government assistance back then for the Greko language. Italian government did not care about this language.

Furthermore, unlike other minority languages in Northern Italy, the Greko community was not located in a border region. The Italian government did not pay much attention to the Greko language or did not help preserve it also because its speakers did not pose a threat of secession or independence much like the Northern Italian minorities or the Basques and Catalans of Spain.

All of these factors have led to the current status of the Greko language as it remains in severe decline and near extinction.

Written by John Kazaklis

Photos by Giuseppe Cillis

Follow us on Instagram, @calabria_mediterranea

[the-puffinry]

bird details from the incredible Byzantine Wall Mosaic in the Rotunda of St. George, Thessaloniki. photo source links in the pictures for the ones from twitter, the others by Helen Miles

[itsybitsy-arthistory]

The Metropolitan Museum of Art, Africa and Byzantium

[thesorceresstemple]

Women’s hairstyles of the Byzantine Empire.