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jesslcover · 5 years

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H.E.A.L.T.H. What is it?

For many years, ive been trying to get all these beautiful inspiring stories out of my head and out into the public. I believe that I have a message and maybe my delivery is off but its there.... There is no right or wrong way to deliver a message because it truly comes down to the perception of the receiver, not you that creates the problem. If you have a message to share with the world.. share it, and if the world isn't ready, thats there issue, not yours. So here’s mine.... well a small piece of it...

Have you ever thought about what the true definition of health is? Is the worlds definition of health congruent with your own definition? How did you come to your own way of health or do you follow others and envision yourself as them maybe when you were completely out of balance with yourself. Or did you do research on ways to quick fix your health Hit?

There are so many ways we can view health and in each one of us, its different. Take a smoker of 30 years..... If you or someone you know has smoked for a very long time and are thinking about quitting, you know its gonna be stressful. Even if you are 100% committed to giving up the filthy habit and saying good rides, the body and mind are going to, at some point be in stress overload. The nasty chemical of nicotine has adapted inside your body and your cells feed off of them but then ll of a sudden, you are suffocating the fuel for which stimulated the craving when they were on empty... So your brain thinks, “feed me nicotine, feed me oral fixation.”

No patch, gum or physical ailment has ever been the true reason some someone killing the habit. The real healing and transformation comes from the energetic balance between what our mind is telling our body, and what forces surround us in our environment the controls our cravings within our body.

For 12 years, I smoked very heavy cigarettes. Not the Light to Ultra light brands but the stuff the big boys, construction workers, mechanics, Beer Bellied red necks, used to smoke. My mom allowed me to smoke as many cigarettes as I wanted, just as long as I only smoked cigarettes and nothing else.

In June 1999, after a car accident nearly caused my death, I was awaked into a new light and mindset. Still smoking cigarettes, going to church and attending local exercise classes, my perception to things was different.

After 4.3 drooling months of battling a disconnect of me headspace and my Mind Body Spirit connection being in OFF mode, I was turn on with more voltage and internal power than ever before.

In October 1999, 2.5 weeks after I was forced to drop out of high school, I was blown away that something so big, and active was living inside of my head. I asked myself, how could this tumor, be so unkind to just appear out of the blue and say, “That’s it Lady, POWER OFF.”

I was a senior in High School, passionate about hospitality, working for Marriott hotels 23-28 hours a week in front office operations and selling shoes at Nine West 13-17 hours/week M-F. Marriot was a Fri-Sat-Sunday job with Holidays for the additional overtime. After my accident, I lost my job at the shoe store however Marriott loved my positive energy and life force I expelled to guests while they checked in, even when I couldn't see over the front Desk front sitting in a chair from Pain. Although I felt much loved at this hotel, I would soon be discharged from here as well.

October 24th, 1999, after my first attempt to get my GED, the equivalent to a High School Diploma, I failed. I felt horrible with my life. I had no job because of my disability, I quit high school and barely saw my friends, no driver license because they were taking from me by the State of Ohio for safety of other drivers and I was smoking 2-3 packs of cigarettes a day. How was I able to come out of this mess and go from SURVIVING to THRIVING? It certainly wasnt some Miracle pill or Reconstructive Surgery that changed me from the outside to inspire my inside...... It came from within me! How I looked at the physical things around me, how I gave thanks to everything, even a bird dropping its poo poo on my head while trying to sunbathe next to my neighbors pool, or having a check for $3.84 bounce over a pack of cigarettes. What taught me the greatest life comeback in these scenarios.

It was a wet and muggy Wednesday morning in October, the 27th to be exact, when my mom dreaded waking at 745am to take me to get a second opinion from a doctor at the Cleveland Clinic office near my small hometown. She had finished work at 1130pm the previous night to only arrive home around 1215am from the heavy rain that evening. My first appointment was at 830am.

There were actually several appointments scheduled that day however my mom had to be at work by 1pm and wasnt able to take me to all of my appointments. After the first appointment, we decided to skip the potential MRI and take me to grandma’s house.

For the next 9 months, until June, the summer of 2000, I stayed with grandma. It was a much happier place to be. Grandma had 3 fun loving dogs, a pool with a beautiful wooden deck big enough for 5-7 lawn chairs, and my aunt Kathy living within walking distance. Kathy smoked and she was more like a smoking buddy. I was able to make some money mowing yards for the neighbors and helping grandma with the house and her dogs. In June, I got my driver license back and went on a mission to find a job that would give me independence away from everyone! It was the greatest stepping stone into womanhood I could've ever taken.

After attempting to retrieve my job with Marriott and being unsuccessful, an amusement park on the lake outside of cleveland contacted me for a summer job at one of their hotels in the park. Cedar Point is the PRIME ROLLERCOASTER park in the USA. Without hesitation, I took the job and moved 2.5 hours away in a cabin villa with 2 other girls, for the summer.

Cutting to the chase... at the end of the summer, I felt like i was ready to go back to school and try my HSD again. It didnt take long to see that, this wasnt supposed to be the option for me.

August 2000, just days before school was to begin, mom and I, her friend Cheryl and our long time neighbor were shopping for school supplies at our local Staples Store. Cheryl had MS and I took care of her also. Without her with us, my mom would've been in the Emergency room.

As we were walking out of the store, I started to dauntingly walk a different direction than my mom and Cheryl. Completely disconnect from the world, my mom said she continued to yell at me but I didn't listen. Was I not listening or did I not hear her?

In the moment when my mom gently grabbed my right shoulder to bring me toward our truck, I physically attacked her, bruised her face and she fell on the ground. Immediately she got back up and “started calling me names”, Cheryl said. Before we got to the truck, I came out of this brain freeze and began to ask my mom “Oh My God, what happened to you?”

You can imagine my mom’s confusion, frustration and contemplation as to why I seemed to disillusioned to the event. This object in my brain was moving again and this time caused a disconnect that changed my life traumatically, with myself and my mother.

A week before my Mom’s birthday, September 4, school had only jut begun and I was doing good until the long 3 days weekend for Labor Day. Labor day is the 1st Monday in September and my mom’s birthday happened to fall on that day however our doctors office was closed.

The very next day, with a luck of the draw, Dr Angerman, who I saw the previous years, had a slot open at 9am which my mom booked me without question. The findings were what had been daunting me for more than 15 months.

Ganglioglioma is low-grade tumor of mixed cell type. It is a type of brain tumor that contains properties of both glial cells (responsible for providing the structural support of the central nervous system) and neuronal cells (the functioning component of the central nervous system). It is very rare!! Being rare was one thing but with the location being life threatening inoperable, my mom burst into tears with fears of what to do with me.

My Ganglioglioma treatments included: Neurosurgery – to remove as much of the tumor as safely possible; surgery is often limited due to the deep, central placement of these tumors within the brain Chemotherapy – either before surgery to shrink the tumor or to kill cancer cells

Radiation therapy – precisely targeted treatment to control local growth of tumors; not recommended unless the child’s tumor has re-grown due to potential long-term side effects of therapy.

Cleveland Clinic has some of the most highly acclaimed doctors and surgeons in the world. They are one of the best trusted hospital resources for Neurological, Cardiac and Pulmonary operations. With a higher success rate than any other hospital affiliation on the entire planet, Dr Angerman relaxed my mom and assured her that I was in heaven’s hands. On March 12th, 2001, I became a successful survivor of this rare scare of a brain tumor however the end wasn’t close yet.

After 3 days, I was released from Cleveland Clinic Neurosurgery in Cleveland, Ohio, with 100% full confidence by Neurosurgeon Dr. Morris, that I would recover with no problems. March 16th, while at my grandmothers house, I had a stroke. I was paralyzed on the entire left side of my body for 6 weeks until April 29th 2001......

Dr Morris did an amazing job at my surgery and was the first person and step that gave me internal hope that led to my wellness path to what I call HEALTH however, it was the energy practices of Yoga& Pranayama, which no one in my red neck town had ever heard of), Mindfulness, Chiropractic, proper nutrition and guided imagery that allowed me to transform my mind, come back in tune with my body and provide positive feedback that would change my life, inside and out, forever.

It’s now 18.5 years later, Aug 2019, and my passion for helping people, inspiring wellness and Mind Body Medicine to everyone I meet, especially as a career, gains excitement everyday! My true meaning of HEALTH is Holistic Enhancements Aspiring Longevity Tranquility & Happiness. Because true health starts with me, not with money, a beautiful BMW, fancy vacations or diamonds... It starts at the HEART... tap deep within and you will win.... no matter what you are going through!

When we live life in a state of our own positive definition of HEALTH, whatever it may be, we are creating an art that is unique to us and us only, but its from the heart. Learn to BREATHE... and used the same formula components(letters) to BE HEART!

Sorry for any typos...

Namaste, Good Night friends.

#health #wellness #mindbodyconnection #thepowerofhealing #overcomingobstacles #lifechangingmoments #energymedicine #yogainspiration #iloveyoga #breathe #beaninspiration #survivingtothriving #cleveland clinic

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leebird-simmer · 3 years

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Psychology Chapter 3 Review

{Neurons: The Origin of Behavior}

- Neurons are the building blocks of the nervous system. They process information received from the outside world, communicate with each other, and send messages to the body’s muscles and organs. - Neurons are composed of three major parts: the cell body, dendrites, and the axon. The cell body contains the nucleus, which houses the organism’s genetic material. Dendrites receive sensory signals from other neurons and transmit this information to the cell body. Each axon carries signals from the cell body to other neurons or to muscles and organs in the body. - Neurons don’t actually touch. They are separated by a small gap, which is part of the synapse across which signals are transmitted from one neuron to another. - Glial cells provide support for neurons, usually in the form of the myelin sheath, which coats the axon to facilitate the transmission of information. In demyelinating diseases, the myelin sheath deteriorates. - Neurons are differentiated according to the functions they perform. The three major types of neurons include sensory neurons (e.g. bipolar neurons), motor neurons, and interneurons (e.g. Purkinje cells).

{The Electrochemical Actions of Neurons: Information Processing}

- The neuron’s resting potential is due to differences in the potassium (K+) concentrations inside and outside the cell membrane, resulting from open channels that allow K+ to flow outside the membrane, while closed channels prevent sodium ions (Na+) and other ions from flowing into the neuron. The conduction of an electrical signal within a neuron happens when the resting potential is reversed by an electrical impulse called an action potential. - If electrical signals reach a threshold, this initiates an action potential, an all-or-none signal that moves down the entire length of the axon. That action potential occurs when K+ channels in the axon membrane close and Na+ channels open, allowing the Na+ ions to flow inside the axon. - After the action potential has reached its maximum, a chemical pump reverses the imbalance in ions, returning the neuron to its resting potential. For a brief refractory period, the action potential cannot be reinitiated. Once it’s initiated, the action potential spreads down the axon, jumping across the nodes of Ranvier to the synapse. - Communication between neurons takes place through synaptic transmission, where an action potential triggers release of neurotransmitters from the terminal buttons of the sending neuron’s axon, which travel across the synapse to bind with receptors in the receiving neuron’s dendrite. Neurotransmitters bind to dendrites on specific receptor sites; they leave the synapse through reuptake, through enzyme deactivation, and by binding to autoreceptors. - Some of the major neurotransmitters are acetylcholine (ACh), dopamine, glutamate, GABA, norepinephrine, serotonin, and endorphins. - Drugs can affect behavior by acting as agonists- that is, by facilitating or increasing the actions of neurotransmitters -or as antagonists, by blocking the action of neurotransmitters. Recreational drug use can have an effect on brain function.

{The Organization of the Nervous System}

- Neurons make up nerves, which in turn form the human nervous system. - The nervous system is divided into the peripheral and the central nervous systems. The central nervous system is composed of the spinal cord and the brain. - The peripheral nervous system connects the central nervous system with the rest of the body and is itself divided into the somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system. The somatic nervous system, which conveys information into and out of the central nervous system, controls voluntary muscles, whereas the autonomic nervous system automatically controls the body’s organs. - The autonomic nervous system is further divided into the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems, which complement each other in their effects on the body. The sympathetic nervous system prepares the body for action in threatening situations, and the parasympathetic nervous system returns the body to its normal state. - The spinal cord can control some basic behaviors such as spinal reflexes without input from the brain.

{Structure of the Brain}

- The brain can be divided into the hindbrain, midbrain, and forebrain. - The hindbrain generally coordinates information coming into and out of the spinal cord with structures such as the medulla, the reticular formation, the cerebellum, and the pons. These structures respectively coordinate breathing and heart rate, regulate sleep and arousal levels, coordinate fine motor skills, and communicate this information to the cortex. - The structures of the midbrain, the tectum and tegmentum, generally coordinate functions such as orientation to the environment and movement and arousal toward sensory stimuli. - The forebrain generally coordinates higher-level functions, such as perceiving, feeling, and thinking. The forebrain houses subcortical structures, such as the thalamus, hypothalamus, limbic system (including the hippocampus & amygdala) and basal ganglia; all these structures perform a variety of functions related to motivation and emotion. - The endocrine system works closely with the nervous system to regulate thoughts, emotions, and behaviors through the release of hormones. The pituitary gland orchestrates the functioning of the endocrine system by releasing hormones that direct the functions of other glands. - Also in the forebrain, the cerebral cortex, composed of two hemispheres with four lobes each (occipital, parietal, temporal, and frontal) performs tasks like thinking, planning, judging, and behaving purposefully/voluntarily. - Neurons in the brain can be shaped by experience and by the environment, making the human brain amazingly plastic. - Nervous systems evolved from simple collections of sensory and motor neurons in simple animals (e.g. flatworms) to the elaborate centralized nervous systems found in mammals. The evolution of the human nervous system can be thought of as a process of refining, elaborating, and expanding structures present in other species. Reptiles and birds have almost no cerebral cortex. By contrast, mammals have a highly developed cerebral cortex. The human brain appears to have evolved more quickly than those of other species, to become adapted to a more complex environment.

{Genes, Epigenetics, and the Environment}

- The gene, or the unit of hereditary transmission, is built from strands of DNA in a double-helix formation that is organized into chromosomes. Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes, half of which come from each parent. A child shares 50% of his or her genes with each parent. - Monozygotic twins share 100% of their genes, whereas dizygotic twins share 50%, the same as any other siblings. Because of their genetic relatedness, twins are often participants in genetic research. - Epigenetics refers to the study of environmental influences that determine whether or not genes are expressed, without altering the basic DNA sequences that constitute the genes themselves. Epigenetic marks such as DNA methylation and histone modification influence whether specific genes are switched on or off. Epigenetic influences have been shown to play a critical role in the persistent effects of early experiences in both rats and humans. - The study of genetics indicates that both genes and the environment work together to influence behavior. Genes set the range of variation in populations within a given environment, but they do not predict individual characteristics; experience and other environmental factors play a crucial role as well.

{Investigating the Brain}

There are three major approaches to studying the link between the brain and behavior:

A. One approach is to observe how perceptual, motor, intellectual, and emotional capacities are affected after brain damage. By carefully relating specific psychological and behavioral disruptions to damage in particular areas of the brain, researchers can better understand how the brain area normally plays a role in producing those behaviors.

B. A second approach is to examine global electrical activity in the brain and the activity patterns of single neurons. The patterns of electrical activity in large brain areas can be examined from outside the skull using the electroencephalograph (EEG). Single-cell recordings taken from specific neurons can be linked to specific perceptual or behavioral events, suggesting that those neurons represent particular kinds of stimuli or control particular aspects of behavior.

C. The third approach is to use brain imaging to scan the brain as people perform different perceptual or intellectual tasks. Correlating energy consumption in particular brain areas with specific cognitive and behavioral events suggests that those brain areas are involved in specific types of perceptual, motor, cognitive, or emotional processing.

#study blog #my notes #psychology

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edgarnrud105-blog · 4 years

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Human Anatomy Atlas 2021

The area of anatomy becomes much more specialized, and the tiny anatomical world opened up to physiological scholarship. Another initial training course in makeup is Human Anatomy from The Hong Kong Polytechnic University. This complimentary, 6-week program takes a look at components of the body from the perspective of the healthcare professional as well as utilizes a case-study technique.

Human https://www.liveinternet.ru/users/jenide4qbc/post474860727/ composition, physiology, and biochemistry and biology are fundamental medical scientific researches, normally showed to medical trainees in their very first year at medical college. The nerve system contains the body's nerve cells as well as glial cells, which together form the nerves, ganglia and also gray matter which in turn form the mind and also relevant frameworks. The brain is the body organ of thought, emotion, memory, and sensory handling; it offers several aspects of interaction and also regulates numerous systems as well as functions. The eyes, ears, tongue, as well as nose gather details regarding the body's atmosphere. The major cells that comprise an organ often tend to have common embryologic origins, such as emerging from the same bacterium layer.

Anatomy Design.

In the 17th century, William Harvey (1578-- 1657) defined the circulatory system, introducing the mix of close observation with mindful experiment. In the 19th century, physical expertise began to accumulate at a quick rate with the cell theory of Matthias Schleiden and also Theodor Schwann in 1838, that microorganisms are comprised of cells. Claude Bernard (1813-- 1878) developed the principle of the milieu interieur, which Walter Cannon (1871-- 1945) later stated was Click here! regulated to a stable state in homeostasis. In the 20th century, the physiologists Knut Schmidt-Nielsen as well as George Bartholomew extended their researches to comparative physiology as well as ecophysiology. Most recently, transformative physiology has become a distinctive subdiscipline.

Discover the impacts of a stroke on the body along with the crucial aspects of composition for the application of numerous professional procedures. Microscopic anatomy, also known as histology, is the study of cells and tissues of animals, human beings and also plants that are as well small to been seen with the naked eye. The research of gross makeup may involve dissection Helpful site or noninvasive approaches. The purpose is to accumulate data regarding the bigger frameworks of body organs as well as organ systems.

Microscopic Makeup.

Find out about all the human makeup organs in addition to the major functions as well as importance of each of the body systems and also the function they play in health and pathology.

Take anatomy and also physiology programs online from the leading universities as well as institutions around the world.

Next off, learn about the cardio, urinary system as well as respiratory system systems followed by human neuroanatomy and the gastrointestinal, reproductive and also endocrine systems.

The University of Michigan offers a thorough, four-part XSeries program on human anatomy that shows the basic composition of every major organ system in addition to the connections between them.

The research study of the body involves makeup, physiology, histology and embryology.

Trick realities concerning the fundamental composition and also terminologyAnatomical terminologyA list of terms that concern with the composition of the human body. In Ancient Greece, the Hippocratic Corpus defined the composition of the skeletal system and muscles. The 2nd century medical professional Galen of Pergamum put together classical understanding of composition into a message that was made use of throughout the Center Ages. In the Renaissance, Andreas Vesalius (1514-- 1564) originated the contemporary research study of human makeup by breakdown, composing the influential publication De humani corporis fabrica.

Take composition and also physiology programs online from the leading universities as well as institutions worldwide. The University of Michigan offers an extensive, four-part XSeries program on human makeup that shows the basic makeup of every major organ system in addition to the partnerships in between them. Learn more about all the human anatomy organs in addition to the significant functions as well as significance of each of the body systems and the duty they play in wellness and pathology.

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The endocrine system, composed of the hormone-secreting glands as well as tissues, provides a chemical communications network for working with numerous body processes. The reproductive system, composed of the male or women sex organs, allows recreation and therefore makes certain the continuation of the varieties. This remains in conformity with the suggestion of developing an ontology that based upon position. The trunk is taken into consideration the "stem" of the human body, consisting of body organs and cells that are dispersed throughout the entire body, such as nerves, blood, as well as bones. Up previously, we have actually discussed gross composition, which takes care of the macroscopic or large frameworks of the body.

Systemic anatomy, the second branch of human makeup, subdivides the body right into discrete body organ systems that collaborate towards an usual goal or feature. The ten systems are called integumentary, bone and joint, worried, endocrine, blood circulation, respiratory system, digestive, urinary, reproductive, and also lymphatic. Human anatomy as well as physiology are dealt with in various articles.

The Body Systems.

Your contribution will make an effect, one that plays a critical duty by giving the opportunity for pupils to discover, train as well as research study. The arms are usually relocated slightly out as well as away from the body, to ensure that the hands don't touch the sides of the body. The settings of the limbs have essential ramifications for directional terms in those appendages.

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jensen-rs · 7 years

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Detachment

Warnings: Mentions cancer

Lyra dragged her marker across the smooth white paper. Crimson color exploded onto the page, bleeding past the thick black lines. She didn't care that it was messy, she just needed something to do to distract her from what was going on in her mind at the moment. And for some reason, the way her copic pen traveled across the paper, leaving behind a red trail, the faint smell of alcohol filling her nose, it calmed her. And that's all she needed right now; calm. Ever since the doctor visit, she hasn't been able to settle her mind. But now, with the shades filling the page, she felt at peace. She felt--

"Lyr!" Somebody said loudly, clapping a hand on her shoulder. She jumped, the marker in her hand slipping and created an angry red line on the page. The boy behind her flinched once he realized what he had done, and apologized profusely. Lyra was somewhat annoyed for a few seconds, before realizing that she could still save the drawing. She would incorporate the lines into the artwork, turn it into something else. She began making more of the lines while responding to the boy next to her.

"It's no big deal Jeremy, I can fix it," she explained.

"Still-"

"I said it's no big deal. Don't worry about it." Jeremy stopped talking, which made Lyra stop and look up from her drawing, visibly irritated. "Did you need something?"

"O-oh," He stammered, rubbing the back of his neck and quickly averting his eyes. "Yeah, I just wanted to check up on you, make sure you were alright."

"Of course I'm alright, why are you asking?" Lyra responded in a flat, unconvincing tone. Jeremy sighed and glanced back at Lyra to see if she was still looking at him. She was, and he looked away again, for her gaze made him feel out of place and uncomfortable.

Jeremy used to be able to look at her and feel a sense of joy and love. But a few months ago, something happened to Lyra, and things changed quickly. She stopped talking to everybody, including Jeremy. Her freckled nose became buried in that sketchbook of hers, and she always carried a pack of markers by her side. The girl that was once cheerful and bright began to show up at school with dark circles under her eyes, presumably from lack of sleep, and her grades began to drop. It wasn't a gradual decline, either. She went from a perky, straight-A student, to tired, anxious, and failing nearly all of her classes.

Jeremy wanted the old Lyra back. The one he could laugh with and count on. The girl whose smile could light up the world in a flash, and comfort you when you were sad. The Lyra who didn't mind listening to somebody ramble on and on about their interests for hours on end, even if she didn't share their interests. The girl that loved the water, hated basketball, helped her friends with their classwork, loved fuzzy socks, and smuggled a puppy to school just because she couldn't stand to leave it at home in a cage all by himself.

The person he faced now was somebody that he didn't know at all.

"How much do you know about brain cancer?" She asked suddenly. Jeremy's brow furrowed in confusion.

"...Brain cancer?"

"Yeah, specifically Astrocytomas? They come from a particular type of glial cell in the cerebrum," She said. Lyra had gone back to her drawing, but the strokes of the marker were more rapid, making the artwork messier than before.

"Well, not particularly, no. You seem to know more about that than I do, I never--wait, why are you asking me this?" He said.

"I don't know, I'm sorry. Just forget about it," She said with a nervous laugh. Jeremy was even more confused now.

"Wait, no, don't be sorry! I'm just- I don't know what you mean." Lyra stayed silent, her coloring becoming somewhat furious. Her hands often slipped and the lines became inconsistent. "People don't normally ask about information for brain cancer in everyday conversations." ore silence. Jeremy took a seat next to Lyra on the bench, not too close, but close enough to let her know that he's there for her if she needs him. He looked straight ahead, and just listened the sound of her rapid coloring. She was anxious, and he didn't want to push her too far, so he just sat and waited for her to calm down.

But she didn't calm down. Her breathing became loud and irregular, and when he looked over he could see tears streaming down her pale face. Jeremy tensed up, not knowing what to do at first, feeling as if he was about to panic himself.

But then he remembered--Lyra is his best friend, and there was obviously something very wrong. She was always there for him when he was upset, and right now, he could tell that she needed somebody right now, even if she was reluctant to admit it. So he scooted closer and leaned toward her, but didn't touch her, not wanted to make her more anxious or uncomfortable.

"Lyr..." he began softly, and she looked up at him, sniffling and nearly hyperventilating. Her lashes had been stuck together and glistened with tears, and her eyes were bloodshot.

"Two years, Jeremy," she choked out.

And suddenly he understood. He understood everything. Her odd behavior, her absence from school, her irritability, her anxiousness, her detachment from people--he understood all of it. And it shattered his heart into millions of pieces. Before he knew it, he had his own tears making tracks down his cheeks.

He pulled Lyra into a tight hug, and they both cried together.

AN: Wow so I didn't know where the hell that was going at first but there we go. It's done.

#its finished #why did i write this #this is terrible #cancer #yay #writing #short story #short stories

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solsarin · 3 years

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how many percentage of brain did einstein use

Hello, welcome to solsarin site. We’re glad you chose our site for the information you’ve been looking at. Our goal is to educate and answer your questions in this post we want to find out” ow many percentage of brain did einstein useh” Stay with us📷

Where does the myth originate?

No-one knows for sure. A popular theory has it that the journalist Lowell Thomas helped spread the myth in his preface to Dale Carnegie’s block-buster self-help book How to Win Friends and Influence People. Thomas misquoted the brilliant American psychologist William James as saying that the average person specifically “develops only 10 percent of his latent mental ability.” In fact James had referred more vaguely to our “latent mental energy.” Others have claimed that Einstein attributed his intellectual giftedness to being able to use more than 10 percent of his brain, but this is itself a myth. Another possible source of the 10 percent myth is neurosurgeon Wilder Penfield’s discovery in the 1930s of “silent cortex” – brain areas that appeared to have no function when he stimulated them with electricity. We know today that these areas are functional.

Is Lucy the first movie to use the 10 percent myth as a premise?

No, the 2011 movie Limitless, starring Bradley Cooper was based on the same idea, except the precise figure was placed at 20 percent. Cooper’s character takes a pill that lets him access the full 100 percent. Both the 1991 film Defending Your Life (thanks to A Voice in The Wilderness for flagging this up in the comments) and Flight of the Navigator (1986) include claims that most of us use a fraction of our brains. The myth is also invoked in the TV series Heroes, to explain why some people have special powers.

Does anyone really believe this myth anymore?

Apparently so. For example, in 2012, a survey of school teachers in Britain and The Netherlands found that 48 per cent and 46 per cent, respectively, endorsed the myth. Last year, a US survey by the Michael J Fox Foundation for Parkinson’s Research found that 65 percent of people believed in the myth.

Is there any truth to the myth?

Certainly there is no truth to the idea that we only use 10 percent of our neural matter. Modern brain scans show activity coursing through the entire organ, even when we’re resting. Minor brain damage can have devastating effects – not what you’d expect if we had 90 percent spare capacity. Also, consider the situation when neural tissue representing a limb is rendered redundant by the loss of that limb. Very quickly, neighbouring areas recruit that tissue into new functions, for example to represent other body regions. This shows how readily the brain utilises all available neural tissue.

So why does the myth persist?

For many people, the 10 percent myth sounds both feasible and appealing because they see it in terms of human potential. Many of us believe that we could achieve so much more – learning languages, musical instruments, sporting skills – if only we applied ourselves. It’s easy to see how this morphs into the shorthand idea that we use just 10 percent of our brain’s capacity or potential.

Does it matter that films like Lucy spread the 10 percent myth?

It certainly bothers a lot of neuroscientists. There are so many widely held misunderstandings about the brain that scientists find it extremely unhelpful to have more nonsense spread to millions of movie goers. Other people I’ve spoken to are more optimistic and think that audiences will realize that the claims are not meant to be taken seriously. I have to admit, I enjoyed Limitless despite the daft premise.

📷how many percentage of brain did einstein use

What Became of Albert Einstein’s Brain?

The Man

📷 On April 18, 1955, the great mathematician and physicist Albert Einstein died. He was 76 years old. Although Einstein’s body was cremated, his brain was saved. Dr. Thomas S. Harvey, a pathologist at Princeton Hospital, removed Einstein’s brain on the morning of Einstein’s death. What happened to the brain for years after this is somewhat of a mystery.

The Search

📷 In the mid 1970s, Steven Levy, a reporter for the New Jersey Monthly, hopped into his car and set out to find Einstein’s brain. Mr. Levy published his story in 1978. Mr. Levy discovered that Einstein’s brain was still with Dr. Harvey who was now in Wichita, Kansas. The brain was in two mason jars in a cardboard box that was marked with the words “Costa Cider.” Most of the brain, except for the cerebellum and parts of the cerebral cortex, had been sectioned (sliced).

The Paper

📷 There are several published scientific studies that have examined Einstein’s brain. One of the first papers, titled “On the Brain of a Scientist: Albert Einstein” was published in 1985 in the journal Experimental Neurology (vol. 88, pages 198-204, 1985) and written by Marian C. Diamond, Arnold B. Scheibel, Greer M. Murphy and …Thomas Harvey!

These scientists counted the number of neurons (nerve cells) and glial cells in four areas of Einstein’s brain: area 9 of the cerebral cortex on the right and left hemisphere and area 39 of the cerebral cortex on the right and left hemisphere. Area 9 is located in the frontal lobe (prefrontal cortex) and is thought to be important for planning behavior, attention and memory. Area 39 is located in the parietal lobe and is part of the “association cortex.” Area 39 is thought to be involved with language and several other complex functions. The ratios of neurons to glial cells in Einstein’s brain were compared to those from the brains of 11 men who died at the average age of 64.

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how many percentage of brain did einstein use

The Data

📷 The ratios of neurons to glial cells in Einstein’s brain, as compared to those in the 11 normal brains, were smaller in all four areas studied. However, when the numbers were examined more closely with statistics, only one area showed a significant difference – the ratio in the left area 39. In the left area 39, therefore, Einstein’s brain had fewer neurons to glial cells than the normal brains. In other words, there were more glial cells for every neuron in Einstein’s brain.

📷 The Conclusion

The authors concluded that the greater number of glial cells per neuron might indicate the neurons in Einstein’s brain had an increased “metabolic need” – they needed and used more energy. More recently, other researchers have noticed differences in glial cells (e.g., larger astrocytic process) in Einstein’s brain. In this way, perhaps Einstein had better thinking abilities and conceptual skills.

The Problems

📷 Scientists are trained to read published papers carefully and to evaluate the methods, results and conclusions of experiments. Although it is intriguing to use the results of this paper as an indication that Einstein’s genius was related to a particular brain region, it is perhaps a bit too early for such a statement.

First, the “normal” brains that were compared to Einstein’s may not have been the best group for comparison. The average age of these brains was 12 years younger than Einstein’s brain. In fact, the youngest brain in this group was only 47 years old. It is possible that the neuron to glial ratio seen in Einstein’s brain was quite normal for his age and that the younger comparison group just did not show these changes yet. Also, the paper did not describe the background of the comparison group. What was their intelligence and cause of death? Would these factors have anything to do with the observed brain differences?

Second, the “experimental group” had only one subject…Einstein! Additional studies are needed to see if these anatomical differences are found in other people with conceptual and mathematical skills like Einstein.

Third, it appears that only a very small portion of the four areas of each brain was studied. The paper states that “Four to six sections were cut from each block, Einstein’s and the controls?.” However, after staining, only ONE section from each block was studied! There is no indication that this single thin section was obtained from similar regions of area 39 and area 9 from the different brains. It is even unclear how much of each section was counted. Moreover, only the ratio of neurons to glial cells was published. The total number of cells that were counted is not given in the paper. This is important to get an idea of how the experimenters came to their conclusions.

It is important to remember that the areas 9 and 39 make important connections with many other areas of the brain. To assign a particular behavior or personality to a single brain area is too simple. Parts of the brain do not act by themselves. Rather, complex behavior is the result of many areas acting together.

A Second Paper

📷 A second paper (Neuroscience Letters, 1996) describing Einstein’s brain was published in 1996. Einstein’s brain weighed only 1,230 grams, which is less than the average adult male brain (about 1,400 grams). The authors also reported that the thickness of Einstein’s cerebral cortex (area 9) was thinner than that of five control brains. However, the DENSITY of neurons in Einstein’s brain was greater. In other words, Einstein was able to pack more neurons in a given area of cortex.

More Papers and The Future

Another study concerning Einstein’s brain was published in the British medical journal The Lancet (vol. 353, pages 2149-2153) on June 19, 1999. In this paper, the external surface characteristics of Einstein’s brain were compared to those from the brains of 35 men (average age, 57 years old) . Unlike the brain of these 35 men, Einstein’s brain had an unusual pattern of grooves (called sulci) on both right and left parietal lobes. This particular area of the parietal lobe is thought to be important for mathematical abilities and spatial reasoning. Einstein’s brain had a much shorter lateral sulcus that was partially missing. His brain was also 15% wider than the other brains. The researchers think that these unique brain characteristics may have allowed better connections between neurons important for math and spatial reasoning.

In 2012, photographs of the external surface of Einstein’s brain were analzyed and published in the journal Brain. Scientists who studied these photographs noted that compared to other brains, Einstein’s brain had a larger prefrontal cortex and expanded primary somatosensory and motor cortices especially in the face and tongue areas on the left hemisphere. In 2013, photographs through the middle (midsagittal section) of Einstein’s brain were used to compared the size of Einstein’s corpus callosum to that of right-handed, age-matched men and to a younger group of right-handed men. In this study, Einstein’s corpus callosum was found to be thicker in most areas compared to the corpus callosum of age-matched men and thicker in a few areas compared to the corpus callosum in younger men.

Although these results are interesting, it must be remembered that this study had only ONE brain in the experimental group…Albert Einstein’s brain. It remains to be seen if other mathematical geniuses also show these distinguishing brain characteristics. Moreover, the study did not investigate the brain at a microscopic level. In other words, the study says nothing about how neurons in these brains were connected and of course, could not tell if there were differences in the way the neurons functioned.

The importance of these differences is still unknown. There are still many questions about how the brain constructs personality, builds intelligence and forms creativity. Further research using modern brain imaging techniques (MRI/PET) that look at the anatomy and function of the brain in living geniuses may reveal what makes these people such giants.

📷how many percentage of brain did einstein use

Was Einstein’s brain different?

We’re used to talking about neurons when referring to the brain, but we also have what are called glial cells. In Greek, glia means “glue.” Glial cells were given their name because we thought they did little more than just hold the brain together. One kind of glial cell is the star-shaped astrocyte.

In 1985, Diamond’s findings were almost disappointing. Einstein’s brain did not contain more neurons overall than the average person’s.It did, however, contain more astrocytes, in the left inferior parietal area of the brain, a region associated with mathematical thinking.

Since intelligence was assigned to neurons and astrocytes were thought to be little more than “glue,” this finding did not make headline news and was largely ignored.

What did Einstein’s brain actually reveal?

If you insert human astrocytes into the brains of newborn mice, they grow up to be more intelligent. Their learning and memory are significantly sharper. It’s only in the past few years that we’ve come to understand the extraordinary reason why.

We have always assumed that a synapse, the point where two brain cells join to carry information, is made up of two brain cells. We were wrong. A synapse is made of two brain cells — and an astrocyte.

Astrocytes nurture synapses. Not only are they key in synaptic plasticity, but they are plastic themselves. They grow and change. One astrocyte can be in contact with two million synapses, coordinating their activity and plasticity across vast realms of the human brain – – and contributing to our intelligence.

How do astrocytes figure in artificial intelligence?

Artificial intelligence researchers from the University of A Coruña in Spain recently improved neural network performance by using an algorithm that included artificial astrocytes. When a neuron’s activity reached a maximum, the astrocyte was activated. It increased the weight of the neuron’s connections with the neurons of the adjacent layer by 25 percent, simulating what might happen in real life.

How do you increase astrocytes?

If Einstein was a genius because of his astrocytes, can we increase our astrocyte numbers and become geniuses too?

As early as 1966, Diamond and her team demonstrated that putting young rats in a stimulating environment rich with challenge and new experiences increased glial cells.

We now know that this even happens in elderly mice. Putting aged mice in an “enriched environment” increases astrocyte numbers and complexity, which correlates with better cognitive performance.

If you’re wondering, the effect is also seen in humans.

A study published this year followed production workers at a factory in Germany for 17 years. The volume of brain regions associated with executive function and motivation was larger in those who had been exposed to recurrent novelty in their work.This was associated with better cognitive performance at middle age.

📷how many percentage of brain did einstein use

Albert Einstein’s brain

The brain of Albert Einstein has been a subject of much research and speculation. Albert Einstein’s brain was removed within seven and a half hours of his death. His apparent regularities or irregularities in the brain have been used to support various ideas about. correlations in neuroanatomy with general or mathematical intelligence. Studies have suggested an increased number of glial cells in Einstein’s brain.[

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veronicaglass · 7 years

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Psycho break before packing ... Why and how the inappropriate relational modalities of the child's emotional environment will lead him to sublimation (failure of repression) rather than inhibition (global repression)? Before my appointment with my specialist wednesday, I believe she go to congratulate me with these steps.

( If you want to have the answer to this paragraph, it is located at the end: if you do not like to read. But I think the answer will trigger reading)

A whole parallel medicine to be taught during the university curriculum to general practitioners unless creating a dedicated sector and which could not only save a population of serious disorders that are easily preventable but also provide pathways of research beneficial to all for diseases Such as diabetes and the slowing of cellular aging.

1. The functioning of the brain

1.1. Neuronal velocity

The information circulates in the neurons, on average, at 2 m-s (variable according to the people and areas of the brain concerned)

In a gifted player, the speed is higher, usually about 0.05 meters per second for each additional IQ point. This can be between an IQ of 100 and an IQ of 130, an increase of 1.5 meters / second of the speed.

It is almost doubled.

1.2 Multispace processing

At the aforementioned neuronal velocity, the fact that, unlike the brain of everyone, their brain uses several areas of the brain simultaneously for the processing of the same information.

The brain of an average IQ person, on the other hand, processes information in well-defined areas according to their application.

The gifted have difficulty focusing on the right information, especially as they are supercharged with information by their 5 senses (see below).

This is called a latent inhibition deficit.

Latent inhibition allows the brain, in a given environment, to "filter" information and neglect to treat non-important ones (such as room temperature or the color of the wall-hung picture)

The brain of the gifted, does not make differences and treats this information with the same importance as those concerning the interlocutor who greets him.

An overload of data that actually forces him to mobilize more neuronal connections to draw a conclusion and make him say that he has, once again, full head.

1.3 The use of the two hemispheres of the brain

Generally, the left brain is the analytical brain, place of logical skills and language, while the right brain is more intuitive, creative and processes information more comprehensively.

The gifted mostly use their right brain with a thinking tree or any element can lead to different possibilities that themselves lead to other tracks and this, by association of ideas, to infinity.

A simple problem for them is not really.

If all the data of the problem have not been fully described, they will imagine all the possibilities of variables and find themselves managing a much more complex problem than you had imagined.

A stimulus, an idea, brings others, cluttering the brain of reflections more or less important or necessary in the moment but never ceasing.

2. The functioning of the 5 senses

Gifted people are subject to emotional hyper-receptivity. Their five senses are sharper than the average, and as we have seen above, send all the more information to their brain.

A particular sign, they often say they are subjected to hyperesthesia, even to synaesthesia. Hyperesthesia is an exacerbated sense sensitivity that makes the person feel the external stimuli more intensely.

The noise deafens, the colors jump to the eyes, the smells disturb ..

Synesthesia, on the other hand, is the ability to "read" the stimulus addressed to one of the 5 senses through another meaning. See the letters printed in color while they are in black on white, taste the music, feel the noise.

Being gifted associates a very high level of intellectual resources, an extraordinary intelligence, immense capacities of comprehension, analysis, memorization AND sensitivity, emotivity, affective receptivity, a perception of the five senses, a clairvoyance of which Magnitude and intensity invade the field of thought.

Physiology.

Studies the role, functioning and mechanical, physical and biochemical organization of living organisms and their components (organs, tissues, cells and cellular organelles).

Physiology also studies the interactions between a living organism and its environment. In all biological disciplines, by defining schematically levels of organization, physiology is a discipline close to histology, morphology and anatomy.

The physiology groups together processes that it studies in great functions that are:

. Nutrition functions . The reproduction function . The functions of relation: locomotion and sensory functions (see the detailed articles in the list below)

The term physiology was also used in the nineteenth century by realistic writers to describe small studies of typical character mores such as caretakers, country priests, convicts or the thirty-year-old woman, some of whom are grouped in the book Les French painted by themselves. Balzac published Physiologie du mariage in 1829.

Areas.

Electrophysiology is the part of physiology that measures the electrical currents of cells.

Electrical phenomena are numerous and varied in the body, especially in the excitable tissues (muscle, central nervous system), the heart, the kidney as well as certain glands.

The autonomic nervous system is a networked system formed of the organs of the senses, the nerves, the brain, the spinal cord, and so on. With the endocrine system (which is the set of hormone secreting glands), it ensures the homeostasis of the organism by acting by electrical impulses exerting an action on the muscles or the organs.

Neurophysiology.

Physiology of the brain and nerve cells (neuron and glial cell), is the part of the physiology that deals with the nervous system that can be separated into two parts:

. central nervous system . peripheral nervous system

Sensory physiology:

. Perception

. Taste . Smell . Hearing . View . Eye . somesthesia

The reproductive system.

In humans is the set of organs that contribute to the reproduction of an organism.

The development of the reproductive system and its proper functioning depend on glands secreting endocrine hormones.

. Reproductive System . Reproduction (biology) . Physiology of reproduction . Menstruation

The circulatory system, the motor organ of which is the heart, transports the chemical substances, respiratory gases and heat that the organism needs.

It is therefore used to maintain homeostasis. It consists of two subsystems:

The cardiovascular system.

. heart . blood . Blood circulation . The lymphatic system: . lymph . The circulatory system is essential to the functioning of other systems, respiratory, nutritional, immune, endocrine and thermoregulatory.

The respiratory system.

For an animal organism, the respiratory system allows oxygen supply to the cells and the release of CO2.

The respiratory system ensures the exchange of vital gases in the lungs.

While the circulatory system transports them from the cells to the lungs.

. Lung . Bronchus . Pulmonary lobe . Breathing . Human Respiration . Pulmonary ventilation

Engine system.

. Reflex (motor reaction) . Postural activities . Voluntary Movement . Muscular . Skeleton

Digestive System Feeding Excretion.

The function of digestive digestion is to transform food into physical and chemical forms capable of being absorbed and transported in the circulatory system (blood and lymph) to meet the needs of carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins, minerals and water Of the cells of an organism.

. Nutrition . Digestion . Energy reserves . Excretion

Thermoregulation allows an organism to maintain a constant temperature. It is the result of production and heat loss.

Homoeothermal organisms are distinguished from poikilotherms. Poikilotherms are animals whose internal temperature varies according to the external temperature.

Thermoregulation includes two phenomena.

. Thermolysis (biology) (heat loss) . Thermogenesis (heat production)

Plant physiology.

Plant physiology, or phytobiology, is the science that studies the functioning of plant organs and tissues and seeks to clarify the nature of the mechanisms by which the organs perform their functions.

In short, she seeks to unravel the secrets of life in plants.

The fields of study of plant physiology are very diverse and include:

Nutrition, in particular the absorption of mineral elements and the functions of synthesis:

. Carbon Nutrition . Nitrogenous nutrition . Nutrition . Photosynthesis

Respiration and gas exchange in plants.

Sweating is affected by heat and a dry, hot air circulation, thus loss of H2O in plants.

The relationships of plants with their environment. Growth and development.

Reproduction, vegetative or sexual.

Animal physiology.

This discipline focuses on the mechanisms of functioning of the various vital functions of living organisms of the animal kingdom, as well as its links with the organic structures present at different levels of organization: organs, tissues, cells, molecules.

Animal physiology attempts to paint an overview of the adaptations of animals to their environment, their diversity.

The importance of certain hormones playing the role of neurotransmitters in the brain chemistry of people with high potential and its implications in their daily lives.

The brain plasticity of early children is much higher, and they are able to collect and store more information than others.

From this point of view, they can be considered immature brain because they retain the same sleep characteristics as very young children (1 year)

On the other hand, the ratio of organizational capacities is very high 0.82 to 1.44, and there, they have characteristics of over-maturity.

• Newborns for plasticity • Adults for organizing information

They are thus doubly favored.

We can conclude from this research that the number of REM sleep phases is significantly higher among the GDM by inter alia the action of certain GABAergic neurons responsible for the inhibition of serotonergic and noradrenergic activity during paradoxal sleep, the production of serotonin is in fact lower in the gifted individual than in the lambda individual.

Moreover, the metabolic state during REM sleep is as high as during awakening, which adds fatigue to the gifted.

William Dement, a researcher in the field of sleep study, defines paradoxical sleep as the state of an active hallucinated brain in a paralyzed body.

Dement and his colleagues Eugene Aserinsky and Nathaniel Kleitman began in the mid-1950s to awaken people during the paradoxical sleep to realize that the vast majority of them reported that they were dreaming.

And in fact, they could detail the events of the dream, sometimes plausible but often punctuated by some oddities.

The behavior of the sleeper and the physiological changes that his body undergoes during the dream are just as singular. There is first the EEG whose high frequency and low amplitude evokes that of awakening.

Rapid movements of the accompanied eyes and discrete movements of the face and extremities of the limbs occurring discontinuously.

These phasic activities are evidence of a central activity, called PGO spikes as they are recorded in the ponto-geniculo-occipital regions on the EEG tracing and are also typical of REM sleep.

90% to 95% of people awake during this type of sleep say they were dreaming.

During REM sleep, the brain's oxygen consumption, which reflects its energy consumption, is very high, and even higher than that of the same waking brain that reflects on a complex cognitive problem.

And what about the almost total loss of muscle tone that occurs during REM sleep and makes us literally paralyzed during our dreams!

(Muscle atony is the consequence of hyperpolarization of spinal motoneurons by glycine, a neurotransmitter inhibitor released under the influence of the brainstem)

However, our respiratory and cardiac muscles provide "essential services" and our ocular muscles (and the tiny muscles of the inner ear) remain active in producing the famous rapid eye movements.

During REM sleep, the internal temperature of the body is no longer well regulated and tends to slip towards the temperature of the room, as in reptiles.

As the human baby spends a lot of time in paradoxical sleep, it is necessary to avoid the accidents of heating in the room where he sleeps because these could be detrimental to him.

On the other hand, cardiac and respiratory rates increase during REM sleep, but irregularly.

Finally, the penis enters erection and the clitoris becomes bloodstained, no matter if the dream has an erotic content or not.

This phenomenon makes it possible to make a diagnosis of impotence of psychological or physiological origin.

Serotonin.

Serotonin, also known as 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), is a monoamine, serving as a neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.

It is derived from tryptophan.

It is predominantly present in the body as a local (or autacoid) hormone.

Its share in the brain where it plays the role of neurotransmitter represents only 1% of the total body, but it plays an essential role.

Serotonin has the effect, when released into the body, of causing a feeling of well-being. It is mainly, and oddly, localized in the intestines, and regulates appetite, pain, mood and sleep.

Serotonin in the gastrointestinal mucosa accounts for about 80% of the body's total serotonin. It is synthesized and stored in chromaffin cells.

These also store peptide mediators (cholecystokinin, neurotensin, peptide PYY).

The release of serotonin by exocytosis plays a role in intestinal motility. Part of the serotonin in the digestive tract passes into the blood where it is stored in the blood platelets.

Serotonin is not synthesized because it is produced only in chromaffin cells, serotonergic neurons and bone tissue osteoclasts.

Changes in the frequency of action potentials in central serotoninergic neurons have been shown to affect the rate of 5-HT biosynthesis in the brain.

The arrival of the action potential (PA) in the nerve terminus allows calcium entry.

This calcium will allow the release of serotonin into the synaptic cleft. Some of the released serotonin will act on the post-synaptic receptors, thus allowing the transfer of information from one neuron to another.

The remaining serotonin will either be degraded or recaptured into the neuron via a conveyor to be recycled.

Thus, the serotonin contained in the synaptic cleft decreases - which stops the transmission of the nervous message.

If it is contained too much in the synaptic cleft, serotonin acts on its specific auto-receptors present on the axon endings and on the cell bodies of neurons and their dendrites.

Activation of these auto-receptors inhibits the synthesis of serotonin (negative feedback loop).

In the diet.

Serotonin is very much related to our diet. It regulates our tendency to eat sweet and thus indirectly our weight.

Several foods such as eggs, turkey, and pulses contain tryptophan to produce serotonin.

But if diet is not enough (in cases of intense stress or depression), griffonia simplicifolia, a plant that contains a lot of tryptophan, can be an effective dietary supplement to boost serotonin.

During the nerve impulse, serotonin is released and binds to enkephalin neurons, resulting in their release.

When the enkephalins are released, they bind to the opioid receptors located on the neurons to the substance P which delivers the nociceptive message.

This causes inhibition of this substance and blocks the transmission of pain. Morphine does not act directly on serotonin.

Now that we have seen that the gifted have lacked this hormone and that it has been presented in its various aspects, let us see in what way it may seem pertinent to study more closely the role of this hormone in a population of people "Gifted"

Indeed, one may wonder what is the relevance of maintaining a hormonal balance corresponding to the standard of a lambda person in the case of a gifted person.

Would there not be a real urgency to study closely the need for a rebalancing according to a hormonal scheme particular to the gifted. Given what we have just demonstrated with regard to the serotonin deficiency of this given population.

Let us see how an insufficient quantity of this hormone in the organism can be prejudicial to him.

Thermoregulation.

In the rat, induced hyperthermia triggers an increase in the activity of central serotoninergic neurons.

LSD, by blocking the activity of raphe neurons, prevents thermoregulation in hyperthermia. It seems that the serotonergic systems, of the hypothalamus in particular, are involved in thermolysis.

In the rabbit, the situation is reversed: it is thermogenesis that is under the control of serotoninergic neurons.

Diseases and behaviors related to serotonin.

Cécile Bost, in her blog Talent different, (and in her interview for the site Planète Douance), proposes a table establishing the consequences of the lack of this neurotransmitter.

She even wonders if it does not constitute a serious avenue to be explored in the difficulties experienced by the gifted and she proposes a fairly pertinent picture.

We have seen that serotonin causes a feeling of well-being and plays a role in our diet. It is also involved in the regulation of the circadian cycle and in various psychiatric disorders such as stress, anxiety, phobias and depression.

The serotonin of the mother plays an important role in the development of the embryo.

A serotonin imbalance accounts for 50% of sudden infant deaths. This neurotransmitter is thus the target of certain therapeutic tools used to treat various pathologies.

It is by studying its system of recapture that one has created the prozac. Serotonin (linked to dopamine) appears to be involved in some suicides, certain forms of depression and the development of aggressive behavior.

A low level of serotonin in the cerebrospinal fluid of adult men, and even more of 5-HIAA (its main metabolite) are associated with an increase in impulsive aggressiveness.

The isolation of male mice for a few weeks makes them aggressive with regard to other mice. Preliminary studies show that the activity of serotonergic neurons is decreased.

It would appear that the population of so-called high-potential individuals is particularly at risk of suicide.

Serotonin would be related to mood in both directions.

That is, serotonin levels would influence mood, and positive or negative thoughts would in turn influence serotonin levels.

Relative to mental status, depressive individuals have been observed to decrease the activity of biogenic amines, mainly serotonin.

Hyperstimulation of 5-HT2 receptors may favor the development of certain productive and negative symptoms of psychotic states. Serotonin, through its various types of presynaptic and postsynaptic receptors, modulates the activity of other mediators. It plays a decisive role in adaptation.

Serotonin is involved in allergic and inflammatory manifestations. It plays an important role in certain diseases:

Carcinoid Syndrome.

The tumors of the enterochromaffin cells of the digestive tract are metastasitic and secrete various substances, in particular a large amount of serotonin. This leads to diarrhea, flushes or flushes of cutaneous vasodilation followed by vasoconstriction, asthmatic dyspnea and sometimes cardiac valvular damage.

The biological diagnosis of these tumors is based on an increase in serotonin concentration in the blood and excretion of 5-hydroxyindolacetic acid or 5-HIAA in urine.

Migraine is a family disease characterized by iterative access to headache where vasomotor phenomena and serotonin play a determining role.

In the first prodromal phase there is vasoconstriction, and in the second painful phase vasodilation.

This vasodilation is reduced by vasoconstrictor drugs. In some cases of migraines, there was a decrease in plasma 5-HT and an increase in urinary excretion of 5-HIAA.

The vasoactive properties of 5-HT and observations suggesting an exaggerated release of indole-amine suggest that it plays a role in this disease. The therapeutic efficacy of methysergide tends to confirm this hypothesis.

Myocardial ischemia.

Serotonin released from platelets appears to aggravate myocardial ischemia by vasoconstriction.

Schizophrenia.

Some authors believe that disturbance of the central metabolism of 5-HT may be partially responsible for schizophrenia.

On the one hand, major psychodysleptics (LSD, psilocybin or mescaline) modify the activity of serotoninergic neurons, on the other hand, that urinary excretion of the minor psychodysleptic (bufotenin) is increased in Schizophrenics strongly suggest it.

E. Parkinson's disease.

Post-mortem assays have shown that in the gray nuclei of the base in parkinsonians, dopamine and 5-HT concentrations are low. L-dopa therapy sometimes leads to the development of acute depression.

The inhibition of the synthesis of serotonin by this drug (direct action on tryptophan hydroxylase, blocking the release of corticosteroids) could be responsible for this side effect.

To present this hormone, I will appeal to Wikipedia which states bluntly that oxytocin is a peptide hormone synthesized by the paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei of the hypothalamus and secreted by the posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis) which acts mainly on the smooth muscles The uterus and the mammary glands.

It is involved in sexual reproduction especially during and after birth. It is released in large quantities after distension of the cervix and uterus during labor, which facilitates the birth and after stimulation of the nipples, breastfeeding.

Recent studies have begun to suggest that oxytocin may have a role in various behaviors, such as orgasm, social recognition, empathy, anxiety, maternal behaviors, and so on.

If oxytocin is involved in empathy, it is a contrario deficient in the cases of asperger and autism.

On this subject, I now quote Kelly McGonigal, a health psychologist who spoke at a Technology-Entertainment-Design (TEDx) conference, a series of lectures to share ideas of brilliant minds.

To understand this part of stress, we need to talk about a hormone, oxytocin, and I know that oxytocin is already as common as a hormone can be. She even has her own little name, the hug hate, because she is released when you kiss someone.

But this is only a small part of the role of oxytocin. Oxytocin is a neurohormone.

It accurately adjusts the social instincts of your brain. It encourages you to do things that strengthen your intimate relationships. Oxytocin gives you the urge to make physical contact with your friends and family. It increases your empathy.

It makes you even more willing to help and support the people you love. Some people even suggested that we should sniff oxytocin to become more compassionate and caring.

But what most people do not understand about oxytocin is that it is a stress hormone.

Your pituitary gland produces it in response to stress. It is just as much part of your stress response as the adrenaline that makes your heart beat.

When oxytocin is released during the stress response, it prompts you to seek help.

Your biological response to stress forces you to express your feelings to someone instead of closing the lid on.

Your stress response wants to make sure that you will notice if someone else in your life is in trouble, so that you can support each other. When life is difficult, your response to stress is that you are surrounded by people who care about you.

Depression is due to stress, which according to kelly Mc Gonigal is a triggering factor of oxytocin, gold, high potential people have stress opportunities higher than the standard lambda.

The anxieties of anticipation generate significant predispositions to the existential depression that can wreak havoc.

Following the demonstration by Madam MacGonigal, it can be extremely important to teach this population how to live stress and decode the body signals that it sends to the body to take full advantage of this production of oxytocin and to live behaviors Which will help to overcome it.

What also gives thought to a different hormonal system is that people working with gifted teenagers are struck by an atypical hormonal development.

The gifted have a hormonal system that triggers an early puberty before guaranteeing a really younger physical aspect once they reach adulthood.

Why and by what mechanisms?

At this stage, it seems natural to ask whether such a slowdown in aging, which we will take here for granted, although there is, to our knowledge, no study on the subject, is directly related to the consumption of Glucose of the gifted. Indeed, a brain working not only differently but more requires more glucose but by what mechanisms?

A very interesting study carried out at the University of Montreal and published in the journal PLoS Genetics shows that it is the ability of cells to detect the presence of sugar that intervenes in the phenomenon of cellular aging rather than its use.

The researchers know, however, that there is a direct relationship between aging and calorie intake and among these glucose. In mice, for example, a 50% reduction in the amount of calories absorbed in a normal diet can result in a forty percent increase in life expectancy.

When the nutrients reach the cells, there are sensors on the surface of the cells that detect the presence of glucose.

Then, glucose enters the cells to be transformed into energy. Researchers (biochemistry professor Luis Rokeach and student Antoine Roux in collaboration with biochemistry professors Pascal Chartrand and Gerardo Ferbeyre of the Université de Montréal) discovered that cells unable to consume glucose as a source of energy remained Sensitive to the pro-aging effects of glucose through its detection only.

On the other hand, the removal of the sensor measuring the glucose levels significantly increased the lifetime.

Could it be that people with high potential divert glucose to brain activity to the point that these sensors do not have to measure glucose levels and that this slows down aging?

Since we also know that the regulation of blood sugar involves the hormonal system, as well as several organs (mainly the pancreas, liver and kidney) and that this regulation is part of the processes of maintaining homeostasis within the body .

Moreover, it seems that the amount of sleeping hours affects glucose-related diseases such as diabetes, why not its quality? This study shows that short sleep times are associated with an increase in the prevalence of disorders of glucose metabolism.

So that we would revert to the initial hypothesis concerning the number of phase of paradoxical sleep higher in the gifted and therefore a greater consumption of oxygen and glucose during these phases which would involve a whole chain of cause and effect on The ability of the body to manage the disorders of glucose metabolism and thus the hormonal system.

Cécile Bost says on her blog: I have already mentioned the existence of a CNRS study published in 2002 on The state of research on so-called gifted children.

Chapter 3 is a Contribution of developmental neuropsychology to the study of subjects with high potential written by Isabelle Jambaqué (pp. 48-60 of the CNRS report, including bibliography)

Page 50, it is mentioned that functional brain imaging work has also shown lower glucose consumption in PET (Positron Emission Tomography) in high-potential subjects when performing different verbal tasks And non-verbal (Haier et al., 1988, Parks et al., 1988)

According to Professor Laurence Vaivre-Douret, head of the research team Neurodevelopment and learning disorders at the INSERM Unit-669 hosted by Necker-Enfants Malades (expert, trainer, she is also the founder of Center referent on language and learning disorders), among the gifted, a lower consumption of glucose during the performance of certain tasks, would bring an "economy" in the performance of certain tasks.

Recent studies have demonstrated the advance of neuro-sensorimotor maturation and a particular cerebral functioning of children with high potentialities.

This advance would be due, on the one hand, to an increased speed of conduction of the nerve impulse which leads to a higher treatment rate and, on the other hand, to a cross-linked substance having an early functional capacity.

Again, we see a very different functioning! However, given the increased rate of conduction of the nerve impulse, which results in a higher rate of treatment, it seems normal that since the information was processed faster, cerebral functioning required less glucose.

However the gifted are known not to be able to stop thinking, to the point of experiencing very serious difficulties of falling asleep by inability to "unplug" the machine to mill thought.

What about the use of glucose in this case?

What appears to be true, although the studies are fragmented and few in number, is that such originality of operation deserves new studies.

We strongly hope that researchers specializing in neuroscience will be sufficiently intrigued by this originality to try to decode the mechanisms.

Not only do people with high potential need it, learn how to best manage their serotonin levels in order to escape depression, learn how to manage their liver according to a lesser doses-based medication system, and distrust Of good behavior with regard to medicines acting on the hormonal brain (I am thinking in particular about the use of morphine), to learn how to calculate their ideal amount of sleep, as well as some rules of nutrition.

Among children with high potential (HP) understanding, gifted or precocious, there are now two very distinct profiles.

In any case, this is what has been brought to light by an unprecedented study carried out over the past year by the Cermep, Center de l'imagery of life in Lyon, and financed by the Apicil Foundation.

The majority of these high potential children learn much faster than the average, are perfectly suited to their environment and have no problems.

In other words, they are the first of the class.

The researchers baptized them as laminaires.

However, 30% of HP suffer from behavioral problems and hypersensitivity.

Unlike laminaria, it is virtually impossible for them to pass the baccalauréat, they are called complexes.

Through functional MRI, researchers were able to observe the brains connections of these HP children and highlight the differences that separate the two types identified.

In laminaria, MRI confirms that they activate more areas than complex children: both the areas of the cortex involved in associative links which allows them to have a very good episodic memory linking events And emotions and conflict management areas, which allow for selecting the right answer.

Another variation visible at MRI is the improved connectivity between the right and left hemispheres, which is a sign of a greater ability to adapt.

On the other hand, the MRs of complex HP children reveal a cystic dyssynchrony, confirming what is observable: a formidable learning capacity, a tenfold sense of injustice, but also behavioral disorders.

Fortunately, this observation is in no way fatal for the children concerned, neurosciences help to facilitate their learning, and to devise pedagogical methods better suited to their cognitive functioning.

Gifted children: Genius or madness.

Theoretical and projective joints. C Goldman

The notion of integration contained in the title of the laboratory expresses the notion of plurality of the approaches to cognitive functioning.

The perspective is integrated because it takes intelligence into account in its links to the emotional personality.

Our professional profiles are, in the continuity of this openness, very differentiated: Psychiatrists, Neuro-Psychologists, Psychologists Psychoanalysts, Speech-Language Pathologist and Psychomotrician meet the same children, with their own tools, and compare their looks during a weekly synthesis meeting .

The peaceful consensus surrounding these investigations and common reflections, despite our sometimes very different theoretical frameworks, deserves to be notified.

It is established that the most cognitivists among us are admirable thought-technicians capable of highly sophisticated cross-sectional explorations.

The work on the aetiology of disorders, when no lesion is at stake, comes naturally to psychoanalysts, who willingly give the option of instrumental rehabilitation when it can relieve, support, narcissise Child in difficulty.

According to Freud, Psychoanalysis thus introduces us to the idea that every undertaking of knowledge, at the same time as it is an act of perception, is also a movement of taking possession of the object and pleasure in the vision of it.

Perception is also subject to the control of a function whose psychoanalytic theory postulates existence, a sort of pellicle on the periphery of the perceptual apparatus: the excitation-excitation system. It is a system that has a double vocation, modulating and protective.

Freud had made it clear that within the psychic apparatus, affect and representation formerly derived from perception could have divergent spells, the affect undergoing the effects of representation while the representation was undergoing the effects of repression.

But at the first time of perception, affect is inseparable from perception: it is an integral part of perception and representation.

The affective state thus guarantees to the perceptual experience the bases of continuity, and gives it its first meaning.

We see here the importance of the affective base of every perception so that it acquires a meaning and integrates the field of human experience.

This device not only discriminates between external and internal excitations, between the hallucinatory dream and reality, but also this adhesion without necessity of proof to the reality of perception (P. Ferrari, Psychoanalysis and cognition, 1997).

This belief has as a counterpart the feeling of doubt, open breach on the world of certainties.

This doubt about the reality of what is perceived is the feeling that Freud invaded on the Acropolis, which he relates in his letter to R. Rolland (S. Freud quoted by P. Ferrari, in Psychoanalysis and Cognition, 1997) and Which he connects with his feeling of filial piety and guilt: according to the testimony of my senses, I am now on the Acropolis, but I can not believe it.

Doubt about the reality of perception is accompanied by the feeling of a reality that has become strangely disturbing.

The primary processes and the realization of desire which underlie perception push the whole of the psychic and perceptive apparatus to the hallucinatory and the invalidation of the test of reality.

The hallucinatory impels to transform into perception unconscious representations unacceptable to the inner world of the subject, when the unconscious repressed becomes too strong or the reality too intolerable. And Freud reminds us on this occasion that the hallucinatory is at work in what he calls the inoffensive psychosis of the dream (S. Freud, The interpretation of dreams, 1900), consequence of a withdrawal Momentum of the outside world.

The perceptual apparatus, a real permanent work of the hallucinatory which tends to tear from the perceived to the psyche: negative hallucination, matrix and framework on which the positive hallucinations will rely but which can also operate alone and then constitute a white of perception, A sort of hypnotic state that breaks the relation of the ego to reality.

It is a similar mechanism that Freud describes in denial, at work in fetishism, which is both a refusal to recognize a perception, but also a refusal to recognize a meaning (the fundamental human dimension of the difference between the sexes)

This mechanism has the peculiarity of cleaving the ego in two parts: one that perceives reality, the other that denies it.

Finally, Freud distinguishes three developmental profiles: When this period of infantile sexual inquiry ended in a surge of energetic sexual repression, it follows from the subsequent fate of the investigative drive three different possibilities arising from its connection With sexual interests.

The inhibition of thought: Either the investigation divides the destiny of sexuality, the avarice of knowledge remains inhibited and the free activity of limited intelligence, perhaps for life, especially since, Shortly afterwards, through education, comes into play the powerful inhibition of thought due to religion.

This is the type of neurotic inhibition. We understand very well that the weakness of thought acquired in this way actively promotes the onset of a neurotic condition.

The neurotic compulsion to think: In a second type, intellectual development is strong enough to resist the sexual repression that harasses it.

Some time after the disappearance of infantile sexual inquiry, the intelligence, once fortified, offers, in remembrance of its former ties, its help in circumventing sexual repression, and repressed sexual investigation returns from the unconscious, under A form of compulsion of rumination, deformed certainly and not free, but powerful enough to sexualize the thought itself and to imprint on the intellectual operations the mark of the pleasure and anguish inherent to the sexual processes properly so called. Investigation here becomes a sexual activity, which often excludes any other.

The sensation of liquidation in the form of thoughts, of decantation, is put in the place of sexual satisfaction; But the character of infantile inquiry, which is to remain without conclusion, is also reproduced in the fact that this rumination never finds an end, and that the intellectual sensation of solution, which is sought, is always more and more distant.

The profile of the creative genius: The third type, the rarest and the most perfect, escapes, thanks to a particular disposition, the inhibition of thought, as well as the neurotic compulsion to think.

Sexual repression is also involved here, but it does not succeed in returning to the unconscious a partial drive of sexual desire.

On the contrary, the libido escapes the destiny of repression by sublimating itself from the beginning in the avidity of knowledge and associating itself with the powerful instinct of investigation as a reinforcement.

Again, investigation becomes a sort of compulsion and substitute for sexual activity, but as a result of the total difference in nature of the underlying psychic processes (sublimation instead of irruption out of the unconscious), Characteristics of neurosis remain absent, the subjection to the original complexes of infantile sexual inquiry is lacking, and the instinct can act freely in the service of intellectual interest.

She still takes into account the sexual repression that made her so strong by the contribution of sublimated libido, avoiding to deal with sexual themes.

Why and how the inappropriate relational modalities of the child's emotional environment will lead him to sublimation (failure of repression) rather than inhibition (global repression)?

Three theoretical arguments now seem to emerge from the readings.

The first concerns the significant influence of the cultural shift from neurotic problems to narcissistic concerns.

Freud associates with his illustration the first type of profile (neurotic inhibition):

The powerful inhibition of thought due to religion.

Psychopathology is influenced by culture. Yet our era, far from encouraging repression, instead encourages the performance and deployment of all individual qualities in view of the gratifications they will give (some would say that television and consumer society have replaced temples and prayers ... )

The phenomenal spread of scientific communications, research on gifted children, and the proliferation of cases of over-reliance and abusive screening (which is certainly more indicative of this cultural influence) illustrate this displacement more directly. Thus our era encourages less repression than academic performance.

The second argument appears in the traits of particularly legitimate reasons for questioning origins.

Factor affecting some real facts of the life of the child and which could hinder the repression of these child sexual questions.

When Freud evokes a special disposition for this form of expression, in order to present the third profile which seems to unite Leonardo da Vinci and our gifted children, we can only think of the often truly original birth conditions of gifted children.

We often find in these children a singular family history around their conception.

Singularities that may have been enigmatic for the child himself: we think in particular of adoption cases, children of blind parents, children born of medically assisted procreation or more commonly used

To children who were ignorant of a parent (usually the father) or who had been confronted with a parental couple whose relationship was extremely violent.

These family configurations may have influenced this particular intra-psychic disposition by amplifying the child's questions about his origins, conception and birth.

These two factors contribute to a third aspect which seems to us to be even more fundamental.

It is the intensity of maternal investment, both in terms of intellectual stimulation of the ego, and of libidinal investments, factors of failure of transformed repression In early sublimation, at the service of investigative impulses.

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