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aedislumen · 8 months ago

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Today I finally decided to check something a friend told me a while ago. It was about Robespierre allegedly supporting and pushing for a full scale invasion of Italy, an idea that came from his younger brother Augustin and Napoléon.

The evidence for such claim is mentioned in Mary Young's biography on Augustin Robespierre. This is what Young has to say about it:

(page 142).

So not only was Carnot - someone who's considered responsible for turning a war of defense into one of conquest by robespierrist historians - unexpectedly against the idea of invading Piedmont, but Maximilien Robespierre, even more unexpectedly, was pushing for it.

And there's more: at page 154 - 155, Young mentions, quoting a work by J. Colin, that the reason why the CSP fell apart was because Robespierre interfered with war affairs to the point of alienating Carnot. While the latter was indeed against invading foreign countries, Robespierre, on the contrary, approved it and wanted it to be accomplished:

So it seems like the story about great advocate of peace, Maximilien Robespierre, is indeed just a story...!

Because of course a historian, whose book presents a foreword by Marisa Linton, wouldn't completely intentionally or unintentionally twist and misunderstand sources, right?

Right!?

Wrong.

The sources which Young uses to support her ideas are from Histoire de la campagne de 1794 en Italie by Gabriel Fabry vol 2, p. 438 and L’Éducation Militaire de Napoléon by J. Colin. Let's give them a quick look.

Fabry's histoire simply reports a CSP decree showing a certain eagerness in wanting to invade Piedmont. The excerpt, as you can see, doesn't include any signature.

(pages 438 - 439.)

Since Young said that Robespierre approved it, one would be inclined to think that it was Maximilien who wrote and signed the decree, with his signature being the first one. Of course the handwriting and signature of a CSP member isn't absolute proof of approval, but I usually see these two things used as arguments to show that a CSP member agreed; even by reputed historians; so I wasn't surprised to see Young making such a bold assumption. I then checked Aulard's Recueil and surprise surprise that decree was written and signed by Carnot only. No trace of Robespierre:

(I underlined in cyan the part similar to what Fabry reported, since Aulard made only a summary of the decree.)

Concerning the fact that Carnot was opposed to Robespierre's - yes, because Colin considers it as such - warmongering plans, the latter mentions a letter dated 26 Thermidor, in which Carnot complains about it:

I happened to find that letter in Correspondance générale de Carnot vol. 4, p. 575 - 576:

To sum up, it says that the plan comes from the mind of Augustin, but that it was the tyranny of his brother that inspired it.

Now, this is a letter written shortly after the fall of the Robespierrists, it doesn't take much to understand that this is purely thermidorian propaganda, not only because of its content, but also for the wording used. Moreover, it's not a personal letter, in which Carnot rambles with a friend or relative, it's an official one from the Committee of Public Safety.

Saying that Carnot didn't approve the conquest of Piedmont whereas Maximilien Robespierre did - I actually don't know if it was Augustin's idea, but this is not the point right now - is simply wrong since the decree of 19 floréal quoted above has been written and signed exclusively by him.

Thinking that a historian didn't care to double check their sources leading to such a misinformed mess is... truly appalling. This is proof of how one should always double check sources when possible, even if they come from historians we trust or appreciate!

Not that I personally trust or appreciate Young, considering that another of her bizarre claims based on dubious sources almost caused a sort of Thermidor in the community almost one year ago...

EDIT: Mary Young wasn't a historian, but a psychologist, so I did wrong in calling her as such. I do still think that someone of the reputation of Marisa Linton should have done a much better job in reviewing the book.

#frev #french revolution #mary young #augusting robespierre #maximilien robespierre #robespierre #lazare carnot

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greatworldwar2 · 3 months ago

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• Fokker D.XXI Fighter

The Fokker D.XXI fighter was designed in 1935 by Dutch aircraft manufacturer Fokker in response to requirements laid out by the Royal Netherlands East Indies Army Air Force (Militaire Luchtvaart van het Koninklijk Nederlands-Indisch Leger, ML-KNIL). The D.XXI was designed as an inexpensive, rugged, and compact fighter aircraft that would possess respectable performance for its era.

On November 14th, 1934, design proposals for a new fighter aircraft were submitted by Fokker to the Luchtvaartafdeling (Dutch Army Aviation Group). Fokker's design team, led by Erich Schatzki, and based at the firm's newly completed plant in the southern district of Amsterdam, had sought to incorporate and combine various new concepts and recent features from successful fighter aircraft, including the previous C.X and D.XVII aircraft. The proposed aircraft was a low-wing monoplane which adopted an entirely enclosed cockpit; initial design work had been conducted in cooperation with British engine manufacturer Rolls-Royce, and it had been originally envisaged that the type would be powered by a Rolls-Royce Kestrel IV. Projections of the aircraft's performance included a maximum speed of 420 km/h at an altitude of 4,350 meters, a range of 888 km, and an altitude ceiling of 10,000 meters. The planned armament included rifle-calibre machine guns or 20mm cannons, which were to be embedded into the wings and fuselage.

In early 1935, the Luchtvaartafdeling signed a contract for a single prototype of the proposed fighter to be constructed for an evaluation to be performed by the Royal Netherlands East Indies Army. This prototype, designated FD-322, which was powered by a single Bristol Mercury VI-S radial engine which drove a three-blade, two-pitch propeller, performed its maiden flight at Welschap Airfield, Eindhoven, on March 27th, 1936. According to aviation author G.H. Kamphuis, the prospects for series production of the new fighter looked doubtful shortly after the first flight was performed due to a high level change in Dutch defence policy; Minister for Foreign Affairs Hendrik Colijn informed the Ministry of War that, in response to the changing international situation, a higher priority would be placed on building up a substantial bomber capability over new fighter aircraft. In addition to the Luchtvaartafdeling's interest in a trainer aircraft, the service had also attached great importance to the concept of a heavily armed 'cruiser' aircraft capable of performing multiple mission types. Further doubts and confusion were added by the emergence of a competing aircraft proposal in the form of the Koolhoven F.K.58, which had also been designed by Ir. Schatzki. It was decided that the D.XXI and F.K.58 should participate in a series of comparative tests against one another, leading to the D.XXI prototype being dispatched to Soesterberg Air Base, Utrecht, in November 1936. However, head-to-head testing between the two types was delayed by the F.K.58, which did not perform its first flight until September 1938.

During 1937, the Dutch government gave funding and its approval for a limited expansion of the Army Aviation Group, which resulted in an order being placed for 36 Fokker D.XXI fighters, to be powered by the 830 h.p. Bristol Mercury VII or VIII engines. According to Kamphuis, Dutch interest in the D.XXI had been revived, in part, due to an examination of the first aircraft by an evaluation board, which itself had been conducted due to interest expressed by the Finnish Air Force, which itself would result in export sales being made to Finland. On July 20th, 1938, the first Luchtvaartafdeling D.XXI conducted its first flight, after which it participated in test flights prior to deliver to Soesterberg. On September 8th, 1939, the final aircraft of the first batch of 36 was delivered. Even as the domestic demand for the D.XXI was being questioned, the type had attracted the attention of a number of foreign governments. In 1937, the Finnish government decided to place an order for an initial batch of seven aircraft, further negotiations were also conducted towards the acquisition of a manufacturing license, under which Finland proceeded to domestically produce further aircraft as well. Throughout 1940 and 1941, the Finnish State Aircraft Factory set about reconditioning the aircraft that had been used in the Winter War for continued service; an additional 50 D.XXIs were ordered in 1941, which were powered by the Pratt & Whitney R-1535 Twin Wasp Junior engine, acquired via Sweden. The Danish government ordered a pair of D.XXI fighters along with arrangements for its own manufacturing license. The Danish D.XXI fighters were powered by a 645 h.p. Bristol Mercury VI-S radial and carried a Madsen 20 mm cannon under each wing. Ten aircraft were completed by the Royal Army Aircraft Factory in Copenhagen prior to the German invasion of Denmark in April 1940. The Second Spanish Republic also acquired a manufacturing license for the D.XXI. Reportedly, a total of 50 fuselages were manufactured on the Spanish production line; however, the Spanish plant in which the fighter was being produced was overrun by Nationalist forces before any of the Spanish-built aircraft were completed.

The Fokker D.XXI was a low-wing monoplane fighter aircraft. Following standard Fokker design practice of the period, it featured a welded steel tube fuselage that was largely covered by fabric, including the flight control surfaces; element forward of the trailing edges of the wings were covered by detachable aluminum panels instead. The wings were of a wooden construction, being composed of two box spars attached to ribs made of plywood. The aircraft was outfitted with a fixed spatted undercarriage with cantilever legs; braking was provided by independently-operated pedals using compressed air. The cockpit of the D.XXI was fully enclosed by a plexiglas hood featuring large sliding sections, and was entirely jettisonable in an emergency situation to enable pilots to bail out. Pilots were protected against turnover injuries by means of a pylon built into the structure of the aircraft set behind the seat. Fuel was housed in a 350-litre (77 imp gal) tank located aft of the engine. The main armament consisted of two pairs of 7.92mm M36 FN-Browning machine guns, one pair housed within the wings, carrying 300 rounds of ammunition each, and the other pair within the forward fuselage and shooting through the propeller blades, carrying 500 rounds each. Upon its entry to service in 1938, the D.XXI represented a significant leap forward for the Dutch Army Aviation Group, whose fighter force had until that time consisted of aging biplanes with open cockpits. The new Fokker quickly proved to be an extremely sturdy aircraft, being capable of attaining a speed of 700 km/h in a dive.

The Fokker D.XXI was first used in combat by the Finnish Air Force during the 1939–1940 Winter War between the Soviet Union and Finland. Upon the war's outbreak, a total of 41 aircraft were in Finnish service, all powered by the Mercury VIII engine. On December 1st, 1939, the D.XXI achieved its first victory with the shooting down of a Soviet Tupolev SB. The Fokker was evenly matched against the aircraft of the Soviet Air Force, and its rugged design with a radial engine and fixed undercarriage made it well suited for Finnish conditions. As the Winter War continued and newer models of Soviet fighters appeared, the Fokker D.XXI proved to be increasingly underpowered and too lightly armed to compete; plans to arm the Fokkers with 20 mm cannons were dropped, and only one fighter was armed with two 20 mm cannons and two 7.92 mm/.312 in machine guns. The conflict between Finland and the Soviet Union was resumed in the Continuation War (1941–1944), the D.XXI was again a key element of the Finnish Air Force. During the first air battle, six Mercury-engined D.XXIs shot down a pair of Soviet Ilyushin DB-3 bombers. Several Finnish Air Force pilots became fighter aces with the Fokker D.XXI.

Although the order by the ML-KNIL was cancelled, the Luchtvaartafdeling (Dutch Army Air Force before World War II) placed an order of 36 aircraft, which were all delivered in time to participate in the war against the Germans in May 1940. On May 10th, 1940, the day that Germany launched its invasion of the Netherlands, 28 D.XXIs were serviceable and ready for operations. That first day, six D.XXIs escorted a formation of Fokker T.V bombers to attack the Meuse bridges to hinder the German advance; they were intercepted by nine German Messerschmitt Bf 109s, and during the ensuing dogfight, one Bf 109 was shot down and two more damaged for the loss of one D.XXI and two T.Vs. That same day, a flight of D.XXIs intercepted and shot down 37 out of 55 inbound Junkers Ju 52 transports which had crossed the border during the early morning. Due to many aircraft becoming unserviceable as a result of battle damage after the first day, it was decided to regroup at Buiksloot, north of Amsterdam, on May 11th. For the following four days, missions out of Buiksloot were flown by D.XXIs flying in both solo and small formations to escort friendly units as well as in the search-and-destroy role. Sorties against the numerically superior German forces continued until the middle of May 14th, at which point news of the Dutch capitulation reached Buiksloot, upon which both the remaining aircraft and the airstrip were destroyed to prevent their use by the Germans. Out of the original force of 28 D.XXI aircraft, eight fighters had remained airworthy. The D.XXI, although much slower and more lightly armed than the Bf 109, performed surprisingly well in combat due to its manoeuvrability. It was also one of the few aircraft that could follow a Stuka bomber into its dive. Nonetheless, the numerical superiority of the Luftwaffe led to the destruction of most Luchtvaartafdeling D.XXI fighters during the campaign. The LVA (Netherlands Air Force) scored a total of 38 victories against the Luftwaffe during their struggle against the German juggernaut. 16 of those went to Fokker D.XXI pilots.

A Mercury-engine Finnish-built Fokker D.XXI, FR-110, is on display at the Finnish Air Force Museum, Jyväskylä, Finland. This is the highest scoring (10 victories) D.XXI airframe. It was the mount of Lt. Viktor Pyötsiä during the Winter War. In 2022, a flyable replica was completed at Hoogeveen Airport by veteran aircraft restorer Jack van Egmond. A number of original parts was used and the plane was built according to original Fokker build specifications as Jack van Egmond is in possession of 397 out of 416 Fokker blueprints.

#second world war #world war 2 #world war ii #wwii #military history #aviation #military aircraft #dutch history #winter war #aircraft #ww2 planes #dutch #dutch air force

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white-assassin · 7 months ago

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Français

[ANNONCE – MOMENTS PROJECT, LANCEMENT] (English below)

Aujourd’hui, et après un long moment d’absence, je suis fière de vous annoncer le lancement de mon plus gros projet de fanfiction à ce jour >w<

Quatre issues, deux camps, une histoire ; la vôtre.

Deux mois. C’est le temps qui s’est écoulé depuis ce terrible soir où le Q.G. militaire de Central s’est effondré, emportant Roy et Alphonse, qui y avaient foncé tête baissée au secours d’Edward, kidnappé par les homonculi. Depuis lors, Riza n’a plus revu aucun d’entre eux. On les dit « portés disparus » ; « supposés morts », même. Mais la soldate, elle, est convaincue du contraire : elle en est sûre, elle l’a aperçu au milieu de ce paysage désolé, Edward est bel et bien vivant… et toujours aux mains de l’ennemi.

Pour le sauver et espérer retrouver les deux disparus, Riza va devoir se retrousser les manches et remonter la piste des miettes de pain que l’alchimiste a laissées dans son sillage. Mais la chose n’est pas pour plaire à tout le monde : dans l’ombre, des forces qui la dépassent sont à l’œuvre et n’entendent pas de cette oreille que la jeune femme cherche à leur arracher la pièce maîtresse de leur plan…

Embarquez pour une aventure épique de plus de 360 000 mots ! Basée sur le Pride!Ed ending du jeu BlueBird’s Illusion, cette fanfiction, dont vous serez le héros, vous placera tour à tour dans la peau des personnages de l’un et l’autre des camps, avec à la clef, quatre fins possibles. Tous vos choix auront une incidence sur la fin de l’histoire et conduiront à des scènes inédites !

Réussirez-vous à sauver Edward ? Retrouverez-vous les disparus ? Arrêterez-vous les homonculi, ou bien servirez-vous leurs plans et condamnerez-vous Amestris et ses habitants à une fin tragique ? Toutes ces questions ont leurs réponses ; celles-ci sont entre vos mains.

Découvrez Moments dès le 3 octobre prochain !!!

❈◦☽✧☾◦❈ ❈◦☽✧☾◦❈ ❈◦☽✧☾◦❈

English

Today, after a long absence, I’m proud to announce the launch of my biggest fanfiction project to date >w<

Four endings, two factions, one story; yours.

Two months. That’s how long it’s been since that dreadful night when Central’s military headquarters collapsed, taking Roy and Alphonse with it after they rushed headlong to rescue Edward, who had been kidnapped by the homunculi. Since that terrible day, Riza hasn’t seen any of them. They are said to be ‘missing’; even ‘presumed dead.’ But Riza is convinced otherwise: she’s certain she saw the boy amidst that desolate landscape. Edward is very much alive… and still in the hands of the enemy.

To save him and hopefully find the two missing men, Riza will have to roll up her sleeves and follow the breadcrumbs the alchemist has left in his wake. But it won't be easy: in the shadows, dark forces are at work and won’t allow the young woman to snatch the key piece of their plan from them…

Embark on an epic adventure of over 360,000 words! Based on the Pride!Ed ending of the BlueBird’s Illusion game, this choose-your-own-adventure fanfiction allows you to experience the story from the perspectives of characters in both factions, leading to four possible endings. All your choices will impact the story’s outcome and lead to unique scenes!

Will you manage to save Edward? Will you find Roy and/or Al? Will you stop the homunculi, or will you serve their plans and doom Amestris and its inhabitants to a tragic end? The answers to all these questions are in your hands!

Discover “Moments”, starting on October 3rd!!!

#edward elric #envy #izumi curtis #fmab #fma #fullmetal alchemist #homonculus #fma brotherhood #fanfiction #pride!ed #fullmetal alchemist brotherhood #illustration #csp #clip paint studio #鋼の錬金術師 #エンヴィー #イズミ #エドワード

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empirearchives · 1 year ago

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Is it true that Napoleon Bonaparte used to know and associate with the Robespierre brothers? Like from what I've heard, he was pretty serious about it, to the point that it hampered his career post-thermidor. (It would make the stereotypical depictions of the Terror in Napoleon 2023 pretty hillarious, honestly.)

Yeah, it’s true. According to Saliceti (a Montagnard politician from Corsica), Napoleon was “their man” (1).

The first known mention of Robespierre by Napoleon was on 23 January 1791. He wrote a piece called Lettre à Buttafuoco. Matteo Buttafuoco was a Corsican politician. In it, he writes: “O Lameth! Oh Robespierre! O Pétion! O Volney! O Mirabeau! O Barnave! O Bailly! O La Fayette! This is the man who dares to sit next to you!” (2)

Napoleon was a political ally of the Robespierre brothers. As far as I know, he never met the older Robespierre brother in person, but he did meet and know the younger brother. They were associates and even became friends. Augustin Robespierre wrote to his older brother “the citizen Bonaparte commanding the artillery is of transcendent merit.” (2)

In 1794, Napoleon accepted an “unofficial” position in the Committee of Public Safety’s war office, specifically at the historical and topographical office. While he worked there, he wrote to his brother “I am swamped with work at the Committee.” (3)

This is how Pontécoulant, who oversaw him at the topographical bureau, described Napoleon at this job:

“It was not a mere sinecure that he had accepted, he sometimes worked fifteen hours a day, . . . and the considerable number of memoranda, reports, letters, and documents of all kinds that he wrote . . . would fill several volumes. Never, even during the campaign of 1794, had the topographical office of the Committee of Public Safety . . . deployed such activity; he maintained continuous communications with the leaders of the different armies, and their staffs, astonished, learned from then on to know this nervous style, full of precision, movement and masculine energy.” (4)

It was during this time that he was asked to write a general memorandum on grand strategy. It was titled Sur la position politique et militaire de nos armées de Piémont et d'Espagne (On the political and military position of our armies of Piedmont and Spain). The person he submitted it to was Augustin Robespierre in June 1794.

Frank McLynn’s description of the memoranda:

“Basing his strategy on the writings of Guibert de Bourcet, Napoleon devised a plan that enabled the Army of Italy to advance to the watershed of the Maritime Alps, having secured control of the passes of Col d'Argentière, Tende and St-Bernard. With the enthusiastic support of Augustin Robespierre, who took Bonaparte's memorandum to Paris with him, Napoleon argued that if the French attacked in Piedmont, Austria would be forced to come to the aid of her Austrian possessions and thus weaken her position on the Rhine, allowing the French to strike a knockout blow there. Napoleon's chances of getting the plan accepted looked good, for his new commander-in-chief, General Dumerbion, deferred in all things to the political commissars; Saliceti and Augustin Robespierre, in turn, nodded through anything military that came from the pen of Napoleon.” (5)

Augustin sent Napoleon to Genoa for a diplomatic mission on 11 July 1794. So, the Robespierres were behind the beginning of Napoleon’s long diplomatic career. In fact, Napoleon was still on this mission when he learned about the death of the Robespierre brothers (28 July 1794).

Earlier that year, the younger Robespierre brother had actually proposed that Napoleon take command as head of the Paris National Guard and replace François Hanriot in Paris. Napoleon considered it, but decided to keep his post instead.

Hanriot was executed the same day as the Robespierre brothers. Who knows, perhaps the same fate would have happened to Napoleon had he accepted the offer.

Nevertheless, according to Jean Tulard “the 9th of Thermidor opens a difficult period for him”. (2) He was arrested in the south of France for his association with the Robespierre brothers. The order was signed on August 6th, and he was imprisoned for over a week (August 9th-20th).

The fact that Napoleon had been in a foreign country (Genoa) on a mission for the Robespierre brothers at the time of 9 Thermidor was used against him.

According to Patrice Gueniffey, “Napoleon spent his spare time reading the history of Marshal Maillebois’s campaigns in Italy and writing a long, self-justifying memorandum addressed to the representatives […] without saying anything against Robespierre”. (3)

The appeal which released him specified his military acumen. He was considered too crucially important to the war effort to kill or keep imprisoned.

“We are convinced of the possible utility to us of this soldier's talents, which, we cannot deny it, are becoming very necessary in an army that he knows better than anyone, and in which men of this kind are extremely difficult to find.” (3)

So he was released, with his head still attached to his body. But, the situation had definitely changed for him. The representatives were cautious about him and refused to reemploy Napoleon as commander of the artillery. Nevertheless, he continued to work on the campaigns as part of the staff of General Dumerbion, and working his way up from there.

In 1797, Napoleon evoked Robespierre in a speech in Ancona to a surprised dinner party. He defended Robespierre for his “alleged crimes” and said of him:

“Since its origin,” he tells us, “France has had only one strong government: that of Robespierre.”

The impression of horror that the memory of this man had left on everyone’s minds was so recent, so profound, that it is difficult to imagine the painful surprise this opinion excited, and with what ardor it was opposed. Far from abandoning it, General Bonaparte tenaciously supported it:

“What,” he said, “is a strong government? It is one which has a well-determined useful purpose; the firm will to achieve it; the force capable of making will triumph; finally, the intelligence necessary to properly lead this force. Let’s examine if Robespierre combined all these advantages: What was his goal? The triumph of the revolution. He felt that a counter-revolution would be more bloody, would lead to more cruel, more lasting evils than those that our revolution had demanded and would still require. So he wanted to accomplish it at all costs.” (6)

Did this association have an effect on Napoleon’s career? I would say it definitely impacted his reputation and the perception everyone had of him.

To Madame de Staël (and eventually Victor Hugo), Napoleon was “Robespierre on horseback” (2). Mallet du Pan calls Napoleon “a Corsican terrorist” (7). The royalist pamphleteers had titles like “Robespierre and Buonaparte or the two tyrannies” and “The Jacobins and Buonaparte or historical essay on the alliance of the two tyrannies which oppressed the French nation” (2). In them, Napoleon was described as a “worshiper of Marat, accomplice of Robespierre, vile complacent of Barras” (2). To Metternich, “Napoleon seemed to me the incarnation of the Revolution” (8). He tried to warn the other countries in Europe against making peace with France, because, to him, “No peace is possible with a revolutionary system, whether with a Robespierre who declares war on chateaux or a Napoleon who declares war on Powers” (9). William Pitt the Younger spoke of the “jacobinism of Robespierre, of Barrere” and called Napoleon “the child and the champion of all its atrocities and horrors” (10).

This is a royalist caricature of Napoleon created by Pierre-Marie Bassompierre Gaston. The caption says “One is always faithful to one's first love”. (Source)

Here is Napoleon’s stance on Robespierre:

“Robespierre died because he tried to stop the effects of the Revolution, and not as a tyrant. Those who wanted to bring him down were crueler than he was: Billaud-Varenne, Collot d'Herbois, etc. He had against him Danton's party, which was powerful and immense. Probably he could not have acted otherwise. I believe that Robespierre was without ambition. . . . Everything I read in the Moniteur teaches me nothing, but it confirms me in the opinion that I had, and settles me in it even more. To be sure, Robespierre was not an ordinary man. He was very superior to everything around him. His discourse on the Supreme Being proves it. Disgusted by what he was hearing, he felt the necessity of a religious system among people who did not want anything, either religion or morals. Morality had to be raised up again. He had the courage to do it and he did it... That was great politics. No doubt he shed blood; that is the other side of the coin, but he is certainly less guilty than Tallien, who slaughtered Bordeaux, or Fréron whom I saw in Marseille taking poor unfortunates by the collar to have them shot. Those men were real killers. Had he [Robespierre] not succumbed, he would have been the most extraordinary man who appeared.” (3)

Sources:

(1) Adam Zamoyski, Napoleon: A Life

(2) Jean Tulard, De Napoléon et de quelques autres sujets: Robespierre vu par Napoléon

(3) Patrice Gueniffey, Bonaparte: 1769–1802

(4) Le Doulcet de Pontécoulant, Souvenirs historiques et parlementaires

(5) Frank McLynn, Napoleon: A Biography

(6) J. P. Collot, La chute de Napoléon

(7) Albert Sorel, L'Europe et la Révolution française, V. 5

(8) Memoirs of Prince Metternich 1773-1815 Vol. 1

(9) Henry Kissinger, A World Restored: Metternich, Castlereagh and the Problems of Peace 1812–1822

(10) The speeches of the Right Honourable William Pitt, in the House of Commons, V. 3

#Napoleon #napoleon bonaparte #napoleonic era #napoleonic #first french empire #19th century #french empire #france #history #asks #my answers #answers #ask #augustin robespierre #robespierre

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infosisraelnews · 5 months ago

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Les citoyens ont vu un drone du Hezbollah au-dessus de Yokneam, mais la défense aérienne a répondu : « C’est le nôtre ».

Quatre soldats tués dans une attaque de drone sur une base d’entraînement près de Binyamina ont été nommés. Il s’agit des sergents Omri Tamari, Yoav Agmon, Alon Amitai et Yosef Haeb. Tous des soldats âgés de 19 ans qui suivaient un entraînement à la base d’entraînement de la Brigade…

#base militaire beinyamina #drone hezbollah #unité golani

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carbone14 · 1 year ago

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Douglas A-20C Havoc en cours de maintenance à la base aérienne de Langley – Virginie – Etats-Unis – Juillet 1942

Photographe : Alfred T. Palmer

©United States Library of Congress - LC-USW36-203

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nanalineni · 2 months ago

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Encore une fois c'est une dinguerie genre en temps que scientifique tous les petits machins ridicules qu'il faut justifier qu'on utilise en argent public, les méthodes expérimentales qu'on ne peut pas avoir parce qu'une machine à 70000€ ça ne s'achète pas comme ça, les labos qui ne peuvent pas se permettre des confs s'ils payent des salaires aux étudiants. Et à côté vas-y tkt on met en place un couvre-feu à Mayotte on trouvera bien l'argent pour maintenir une mesure coloniale raciste plutôt que de donner des aides. Vas-y tkt on investit je sais pas combien de milliards pour réparer une église mais par contre la voie publique autour va te faire foutre. Vas-y tkt deux milliards et demi un essai de service militaire sur la base du volontariat qui a mis en danger la santé de tous les participants. Vas-y tkt la déportation des sans-abris parisiens pour cacher la misère pendant les JO.

Vous savez combien de profs et de chauffeurs de bus il manque pendant qu'on dilapide l'argent public dans la fascisation du pays ?

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ptns-orageuses-rpg · 3 months ago

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TW — police, corps militaire, oppression, surveillance, toxicophobie, violence policière.

A-BISSE

Altéré — Bloc d’Intervention Spécialisé en Surveillance et en Encadrement

Les gosses paumés, ça se retrouve toujours dans des coins sombres. Parce qu'on a tous peur du noir, mais on a chacun notre façon de fuir : il y a les Misérables et l'A-BISSE qui s'battent pour la lumière. On le définit en corps armé, rempli d'altéré·es, dont le but est d'intervenir quand il y a des altérations dans le merdier. C'est un peloton d'intervention avec chiens, colonnes et boucliers : rangers alignées et ordres grésillés au talkie.

Ils ont été créé dans les années 70, parce que l'État ne voulait "plus de bavures", "plus de conneries". L'idée de base n'étais pas conne : former des altéré·es à en gérer ceux qui perdaient le contrôle de leur altération. Positionner dans une idée de médiation, ça a vite dérapé sur du contrôle et de la surveillance. L'érythryle en bouc émissaire, ils font passer beaucoup de lois liberticides "pour notre bien". En première ligne d'une manif altérée, c'est eux qui calment les ardeurs des casseurs. Tu t'amuses à voler avec ton altération, c'est eux qui t'interpellent à 6h du mat.

Pour la plupart de la population, même chez les altéré·es, ce sont des bons gars qui font leur boulot. Ils éviteraient la guerre civile, maintiendraient la paix. Pour ceux qui se terrent dans les catacombes, et tous les survivants, c'est un putain de cauchemar éveillé.

ALPHA. BRAVO. INDIA. SIERRA. SIERRA. ECHO. A-BISSE

LIEUTENANT SYLLA — m / nb (libre) • +45 ans TW — description graphique, mort, répression, toxicophobie, overdose.

Son père était flic, c'est comme ça qu'une passion nait. À son époque, le service militaire obligatoire n'était qu'une porte ouverte à son rêve. Pas d'études supp', direct dans le corps de gendarmerie : il a toujours connu l'A-BISSE comme des bons gars. Il a connu le projet un peu avant son shift : une médiation courtoise entre altéré·es. Par cliché : on aurait pu dire qu'une perte proche l'a rendu un peu plus morne, sévère, qu'à ses débuts. Mais non. Il a vu de plus en plus d'altéré·es perdre pied, de plus en plus de synapses exploser rouge sang. Tant de mioches morts trop tôt, tant de vies injustement brisées : il a fini par s'rapprocher de la politique pour (trop) prévenir des dangers de la came. Ça fait un peu plus de cinq piges qu'il dirige l'unité de terrain, mais on sait pas si c'est pour le mieux.

À l'époque, c'était un grand ami de La Matriache de Bescel, aujourd'hui : même elle a tendance à dire qu'elle le reconnait plus trop.

FT. Tom Hardy, ...

ADJUDANT-CHEF DANTE — m / nb (libre) • +45 ans TW — répression.

Rien de pire que d’arriver la tête pleine de rêves. Lui il a grandi dans la galère, les yeux grands ouvert. L’envie de changer la merde de l’intérieur. Une fois plongé il a perdu pied. Parce qu’un homme seul ça résiste pas à la marée. Sa force, elle s’est perdue entre deux convocations pour insubordination. Tout ce qui lui reste c’est la douleur. Mais c’est vrai vous savez, chez lui, il y a encore du bon. Sa spécialisation il l’a fait avec les chiens. Parce qu’ils sont moins pourris qu’les hommes. Virgule c’est sa coéquipière. Malinoise renifleuse d’Érythryle. Quand à deux ils se pointent, tu sais que t’es dans la merde.

FT. Rahul Kohli, ...

MARÉCHAL DES LOGIS-CHEF MEZOX — m (joué par Ekkymose) • 27 ans TW — mort, dépendance, drogue.

Il trompe la mort, Lazare, arrache de ses mains celles et ceux qu'elle avait pris. Il y a pourtant pas plus honnête que la mort : elle aime bien sans détour et elle prend ce qu'elle désire. Mais lui, c'est un menteur, un trompeur. Il tronque les chiffres, parce qu'il n'y a pas de bavures s'il n'y a pas de morts. En fardeau, chaque vie arrachée à la faucheuse s'marque dans sa peau, si bien que sa grande carcasse se traine sur des béquilles ou sur un fauteuil. C'est à lui maintenant de teinter ses synapses de rouge. Il tape dans les stocks confisqués : les collègues acceptent, « lui au moins l'utilise bien ». Pourtant, Lazare ; il voulait bien faire. Gosse sans étude, sans avenir, gosse à la porte de l'oubli qu'a été aveuglé par la lumière que lui a présentée l'A-BISSE. Il suit les opérations, dirige quand il se fait pas couper la parole. C'est qu'il doute de plus en plus, surtout depuis les échecs récents à choper les Misérables. Alors, il y a son partenaire (secret) qui l'épaule, enfin qui tente. Mais leur couple aussi bat de l'aide. C'est-à-dire qu'il voit flou, le gamin : à force de regarder dans le noir de l'uniforme, l'uniforme s'est mis à le regarder en retour.

FT. Tamino Amir

MARÉCHAL DES LOGIS-CHEF AELLO — nb (libre) • 25 - 30 ans TW — mort, expérience de mort imminente.

C'est un·e ami·e d'enfance de Lazare, c'est ellui qui volait la bouffe quand il y avait plus rien dans les placards. Aello connaît le Refuge de Bescel, il connaît aussi les façons d'en fuguer. L'insubordonné·e n'a jamais marché droit, sauf dans l'ombre de son partenaire. C'était pas son idée la brigade, c'était celle de Lazare : iel a juste suivi parce que dans les catacombes il fait noir tout·e seul·e. Aello, c'est une harpie. Alors, iel a monté vite dans le corps armé. C'est les bras, les griffes, les ongles. C'est le monstre au service du bien, celui qu'on aime bien parce qu'il suit les ordres. Iel protège Lazare, parfois un peu trop ; faut dire qu'iel lui doit beaucoup. La vie, pour commencer. Aello a été tué·e par un altéré, il y a deux ans. Lazare l'a ressuscité·e et ils se sont embrassés. C'était bizarre, intense. Et depuis, c'est trop tout et jamais assez le reste.

Et lui, il doute et ellui, le sent. Sauf qu'iel panique, alors iel merde. Parce qu'iel a le trouille du noir, encore plus foutrement la trouille du noir. Iel veut pas que les ténèbres la regardent de nouveau. Ce serait comme mourir deux fois, ce serait comme mourir pour toujours.

FT. King Princess, ...

GENDARME NARCISSE — m (libre) • ≈ 30 ans TW — maladie, drogues, sang.

Il est chiant. Nos excuses, une description se doit d'être objective : il est insupportable. Monsieur fait mieux que toi et le sait. Monsieur sait mieux que toi et le fait. Il rabaisse pas, cependant ; ou alors, il le fait pas exprès. Il bosse à fond comme s'il avait peur de plus être vu. Il joue solo, c'est vrai : mais si un·e collègue est dans la merde, il reste joignable n'importe quand. Il dirige la visite des petits nouveaux, s'applique à bien faire, à un humour simple (parfois trop), mais divertis de son petit spectacle. Narcisse, c'est une taupe : une taupe sortie du terrier par une vie pas facile. Il a une sœur malade à en crever. Il n'y a jamais eu de traitement, jamais eu d'espoir. Elle s'fait tuer par son altération, ça arrive parfois : c'est pas de chance. Au plus mal, il y a une personne qui s'est pointée par miracle. Un drôle de phénomène : ses crachats, c'est des anti-douleurs. Elle fait des médocs avec son sang, de la drogue avec ses larmes. Mithridate, c'est l'un·e des principales sources d'Erythryle à Paris. Mais c'est aussi cellui qui sauve sa sœur. On pourrait penser à un pacte horrible, déchirant. Mais les deux sont devenus bizarrement potes de galères, unis par des cicatrices communes.

Narcisse a un reflet : c'est un mec bien sur lui, tête à claque. Un sourire corpo clean et un soldat courageux droit dans ses bottes. Personne le suspecte, il a une telle dévotion pour son métier. Il est en amoureux, parfois, de ce reflet. Sauf que ça reste un chien galeux, blessé et meurtri : comme absolument tous les autres.

FT. Austin Butler, ...

GENDARME DE NOAILLES — f / nb (libre) • 25 - 30 ans TW — mort (description graphique).

Bien gentille sur elle, bonne tête. Ne fait pas de vague, si ce n'est pour être célébrée de ses résultats. Bonne soldate, bien polie : « bonjour, merci ! », « avec plaisir monsieur, au revoir ! ». La gendarme file vers une vie d'officier dans quelques années. Sa prochaine étape, être maréchal des logis-chef. Ses buts s'alignent comme un escalier aussi droit que solide. A des tendances madame-je-sais-tout, mais ne le fait pas méchamment. Elle aspirait à être médecin, infirmière, mais son altération la conduite sur le terrain sous l'uniforme bleue. Ça ne la dérange pas, elle aime le cadre, elle aime suivre. Un peu candide, elle s'est enrôlée pour aider les concitoyen·nes française·s. Elle souhaite aider son prochain, remettre sur les rails des altéré·es perdu·es, combattre le terrible Érythryle ! Puis, elle a vu Aello crever devant elle, la bouche ouverte et les yeux révulsés. Il y a un truc qu'a claqué au fond de ses rétines, à De Noailles. Depuis, elle est bizarre, mais on ne sait pas trop de quelque côté sa nuque va pencher.

FT. Natalia Dyer, ...

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