#bangla lecture

[waz909]

পদ্মা মেঘনা যমুনার তীরে | ইসলামী সংগীত | আল হেলাল ক‍্যাডেট মাদরাসা |pod...

[entertain24]

মালয়েশিয়া আজহারির সম্পূর্ন নতুন ওয়াজ 1✅ Mizanur Rahman Azhari✅ মিজানুর র...

[lawyerbd]

Navigate the Seas of Opportunities: A Guide to Landing Your Dream Bangladesh Govt Job

For many Bangladeshis, securing a government job represents stability, prestige, and a fulfilling career path. With numerous positions across diverse fields, the Bangladesh government sector offers a vast ocean of opportunities for qualified individuals. But navigating this vast landscape can be daunting. Fear not, aspiring candidates! This comprehensive guide equips you with the knowledge and tools to chart your course towards your dream Bangladesh government job.

1. Dive into the Depths: Exploring Job Categories

The Bangladesh government encompasses a multitude of ministries, departments, and organizations, each with its unique job requirements. Familiarize yourself with the diverse categories:

Civil Service: Encompassing administrative, managerial, and professional roles across various ministries.

Defense Services: Including positions in the Army, Navy, Air Force, and Border Guard Bangladesh.

Education: From teachers and lecturers to administrators in universities and schools.

Healthcare: Doctors, nurses, paramedics, and other medical professionals serving public hospitals and clinics.

Technical Fields: Engineers, IT specialists, scientists, and technicians contributing to infrastructure development and research.

Public Sector Enterprises: Opportunities in banks, telecommunication companies, and other government-owned entities.

2. Chart Your Course: Eligibility and Qualifications

Each job category has specific eligibility criteria, usually outlined in official job circulars. Meticulously review these documents to ensure you meet the educational qualifications, experience requirements, and age restrictions. Remember, some positions require specific examinations, like the Bangladesh Civil Service (BCS) exams for administrative roles.

3. Stay on Course: Job Search Resources

Several valuable resources can guide your job search:

Bangladesh Public Service Commission (BPSC) Website: The official portal for government job notifications and application procedures.

Ministry Websites: Individual ministries often publish job openings on their websites.

Online Job Boards: Platforms like BDJOBS and Alljobs by Teletalk aggregate government job postings.

Newspapers and Magazines: Job circulars are frequently published in national and regional newspapers.

4. Navigate the Currents: Application Process

Once you identify a suitable position, carefully follow the application process outlined in the job circular. This typically involves:

Online Application: Most government jobs require online applications through designated portals.

Document Submission: Prepare and submit the required documents, including certificates, transcripts, and experience letters.

Examinations: Some positions involve written tests or competitive examinations.

Interview: Shortlisted candidates are usually called for interviews to assess their suitability.

5. Weather the Storms: Stay Updated and Persistent

The government job application process can be competitive and time-consuming. Stay updated on new job openings, diligently prepare for examinations, and don't be discouraged by setbacks. Persistence and a well-honed skillset are key to success.

Remember:

Stay informed: Regularly check job boards and relevant websites for new opportunities.

Network: Build connections with individuals working in your desired field.

Seek guidance: Consider professional guidance or coaching to enhance your application and interview skills.

With dedication, preparation, and the right resources, you can navigate the vast ocean of Bangladesh government jobs and land your dream position. So, set sail, equip yourself with knowledge, and chart your course towards a fulfilling career in the public sector!

[kawsarkhanuniverse-blog]

Quran and Bible in the Light of Science Full Lecture Bangla। ডক্টর জাকির...

[fancyranchskeletonpalace]

Us Bangla Medical College - Full Campus Visit

US-Bangla Medical College is one of the top colleges in Bangladesh. It was established in 2015 and is located in Tarabo, Rupgonj, Bangladesh. The college is affiliated with the University of Dhaka. It offers a 5 year Couse of MBBS to the aspirants. The college offers the MBBS course to foreign students also at an affordable price. When the student completes his/her graduation he/she can take training in the hospital. The language of instruction is English that makes it more comfortable for foreign students to study and communicate in the college. As compared to other countries MBBS in Bangladesh from US-Bangla Medical College is less expensive. The graduated students are eligible to get a job anywhere in the world because they are highly skilled and educated by the well-recognized college of Bangladesh.

Special features of USBMC:

The college is affiliated with The University of Dhaka.

The graduated students are eligible to get a job anywhere in the world because they are recognized.

There is a disciplined and peaceful atmosphere in the college.

Fully air-conditioned library is there with a vast collection of books.

The college contains adequate Lecture Galleries and well-equipped laboratories.

As compared to other countries MBBS in Bangladesh from USBMC is less expensive.

Followings are some facilities that are provide by US-Bangla Medical college to its students :-

Infrastructure and Campus

The academic building is equipped with an adequate number of lecture rooms, dissection halls, laboratories, and museums. The Internet facility is also provided in all the departments with access of facilities such as multimedia, audio-visual, scanners and others. The campus is connected with all the essential facilities such as ATM's, Railway Station and Airport in between the distance of about 5-10 kilometers that makes it easy for the students to avail these facilities.

Hospital

All the patients receive the same care and facilities at the hospital. The doctors and nurses working over there are highly dedicated and experienced. The techniques that are being used by the doctors of US-Bangla Medical College Hospital are ensuring the best services for many years. The hospital has equipped with the latest technology and equipment.

USBMC provides the following facilities :-

The hospital's OPD remains open for 365 days.

The cost of the hospital can be easily affordable.

The environment of the hospital is women and baby-friendly.

It have skilled teachers and staff and the students are trained by the doctors.

College Class Rooms

There are fully air-conditioned classrooms in the college and tutorial rooms attached with respective departments. Air-conditioned Anatomy Dissection Hall is also provided to the students. The college also provides different laboratories for various departments like Biochemistry and Pathology, etc.

College Library

The college library is furnished with air conditioners and a silent atmosphere. The library have an internet connection that makes students' studies more effective and interesting. For enriching the knowledge and developing the standard of learning the college has equipped a Central Library is the storehouse of information. They have computers for students’ use and faculty members.

College Hostel

The college hostel is very near to the college campus. The hostel is a well-furnished and secured place for the students as it is under the supervision of the superintendent of the hostel. There are two separate hostels in the college. One is for boys and the another is for girls.

College Canteen

A large canteen is also there in the college campus with delicious food. The canteen is fully furnished with modern furniture and utensils. The hygienic food is there and Indian food is also available. The priority is given to the cleanliness of the canteen that will help students to live healthy and happy life.

[amazingtechbangla99]

A digital marketing course

A digital marketing course

Money is rapidly being drained away from conventional marketing towards digital platforms, and, with that, the need for marketing professionals to get well-versed with digital techniques and analytical fundamentals has also increased.

What one will learn in Digital marketing course?

Search Engine Optimization (SEO): SEO is becoming a critical channel for marketing and helps in boosting your websites rank by fetching more traffic with keyword management, on- and off-page optimization, URL building, link building and many more of such facet. Students will be given a chance to do so on the Word Press site by using Yeast SEO plug-in.

Social media marketing: A social media campaigning strategy for a product or service is crafted and implemented on different platforms like Facebook and YouTube. Further, the success of the strategy amongst targeted audience is analyzed for conversion rate and amplification. It also gives an insight into how social media can play a critical role in brand building and if likes on social media really help in improving sales.

Web analytics: This part provides a chance to deal with real data in order to authenticate or confirm the hypotheses is real for any e-commerce store. Google analytics tool is quite handy and proved its value over time and, therefore, is the most used tool. Students can download the mobile application of Google Analytics for getting well- versed with the same.

Online advertisements: This gives an opportunity to get glibness in paid platforms on internet such as Google Ad Words, Facebook Ads and YouTube Ads to target the potential buyers, figure out the acquisition cost and campaigning costs. A spreadsheet is prepared to evaluate the profit margins and thoroughly compare the cost-per-click with average order price and customer lifetime value.

Data visualization: This segment deals with converting raw data into useful information for crafting dashboards to help the stakeholders remain updated with important figures and changes in them over time.

Opportunity to work with real e-commerce companies: Institutes invite designers, campaign strategists, and expert marketers to deliver special lectures on various topics like pros and cons of different marketing tools, email marketing, online network building, search engine optimization, user experience designing and mobile marketing etc. Students also get an opportunity to deal with these tools first hand by doing group as well as solo projects and building their personal website in Word Press. They are also made to work with e-commerce companies in real-time once they are well equipped with the knowledge of various facets of digital marketing.

Career prospects after the course

Students after clearing various exams conducted from time to time get a firm grasp on all tactics of digital marketing, various tools and resources that are available. They are also provided with quality placement assistance. It is one of the highest paid departments in any company. You have an option to work as a freelancer or get associated with companies and work in a more organized environment. Following are the posts available for marketing graduates with specialization in digital marketing:

Digital marketing manager

Content marketing manager

Social media marketing specialist

SEO executives

Copywriters

Content writers

Conversion rate optimizers

Search engine marketers

Inbound marketing experts

Marketing enthusiasts of Singapore now have an opportunity to become certified digital marketing strategists. Select a digital marketing course that suits your pace and interest and give new heights to your career. Amazing Tech Bangla is the best institute for digital marketing certification course in Singapore known for the highest placements in top companies across the world. Get the first-hand experience and learn efficiently through case studies, interaction sessions, engaging projects and class activities and after training assistance.

Visit here for more details: https://www.youtube.com/@AmazingTechBangla/videos

[naanik]

Project 15:  Ektu Vebe Dekhun (Video production)

Course Code and Name: MSJ4161 Entertainment Education Communication

Name of the Project: Video production

Project Date: Spring 2022

Project Description: Students were required to make a video production as part of this course. The video is based on a social issue. Our topic was “sex education”. The main requirement of this course was communicate people and educate people through entertainment. So, we made an entertaining video to educate people about sex education as a final project under this course.

Project Justification: Students were expected to learn how to communicate and educate mass people through entertainment. The core objective of this course was after completing the course the students would be able to deal with an underdevelopment issue in three ways: entertainment, education, and communication.  The topic was opened. We took sex education because it is a taboo in our country. Most of the people are not aware about it. Sex education is a very sensitive issue, and for this reason, we had to be very concerned about our sequences & dialogues at the meantime we tried to make it as entertaining. As our target audiences are school teachers, guardians, and youth we have chosen our language Bangla. Alongside we designed our dialogue sincerely so that it hit the main points and provoke thoughts among the mass audience.

Project Link:

Project

Production Report on

“একটু ভেবে দেখুন‘’

Course title: Entertainment Education Communication

Course code: MSJ 4161

Term: Spring 2022

Department: Media Studies and Journalism

Submitted by:

Shekh Md. Arafat, Ahmed Tanvir Shams, Fawaaz Rashid, Taranna Tabassum Most. Shanzida Khanom, Awry Ehsan Choudhury, Nowsad Ahamed Siddique

Submitted to:

Humayun Farid Adjunct Lecturer

Media Studies and Journalism

Date of submission: 03rd June, 2022.

Acknowledgment

This production is a final project of our enrolled course titled ‘Entertainment Education Communication.’ We had Humayun Farid as our instructor for the course. The core objective of this course was after completing the course the students would be able to deal with an underdevelopment issue in three ways: entertainment, education, and communication. From the very first day of the semester, the instructor told us what he expected from us at the end of the semester and he guided us accordingly. It was a very tough job to deal with any underdevelopment issue while we had to meet the demands that any content we tended to make must have these three aspects: entertainment, education, and communication. It was very easy to include education and communication in a production script but the real hardship occurred when it came to entertainment. Here we have to mention that the instructor spent four regular classes showing examples of entertainment-education communication, for example, the Meena cartoon series, Sisimpur, Boi Pori Jibon Gori, etc. These screenings would help us when we went to develop our script for this production. Also, our instructor conducted sessions on script writing, shot divisions, and the three stages of production. We benefitted from these while we were working on the final project. It would not be exaggerated to mention that we got enough flexibility from our instructor. We would not be able to make this production unless we get this much flexibility.

We are also grateful to the ULAB Media Lab to help us with providing the necessary equipment and a meeting room during our shooting. Without this help, the production would remain unsatisfactory.

Last but not least, we are thankful to every member of our group to participate and give their efforts in every aspect of this production.

Script writing & development

Undoubtedly, selecting an idea is at the heart of script writing, which narrates the exact story. As we had to work on a development issue with some comic relief we had to brainstorm a lot to find out an idea. Finally, when we finalized our topic ‘Sex education’, Arafat made the first draft of the script. We all liked it immediately when he shared it and started working on improvising it together.

We wanted the script to be thought-provoking as well as entertaining. After discussing for a couple of times the story took this shape:

A student in a renowned school is caught red-handed by a teacher while watching pornography. The teacher is furious and wants to expel the students. From that, all the teachers of that school start a meeting to address this issue to help the students. In that meeting, they argue about the importance of sex education in school. The story ends with a notion that intrigues the audience to realize the necessity of proper sex education.

Following this draft narrative, we worked on our dialogues according to our assigned roles. The story was developed collaboratively and approved by all.

Location hunting

For our project, we needed the environment of an educational institution as it is a school-based drama. We found the ULAB campus B perfect to be the location of our shooting, as it has classrooms, a student corner, meeting room- everything that we needed for our production. Also, the media lab support was right there and the B campus basement is free from noise, which made it our priority. Before selecting this place we thought to shoot at any school or our permanent

campus, but those places are usually chaotic. For portraying our story, the location of ULAB campus B was a perfect and convenient match.

Rehearsal

Before starting the shooting we rehearsed the script a couple of times. Except for Awry, none of us had acting experience before. She helped us to improvise our acting. We tried to act naturally rather than memorizing the script so that the end result does not seem monotonous to the audience. We also controlled the camera and boom angle and position according to the requirement during the rehearsal to avoid any interruption during the final recording. When we were satisfied with rehearsing our parts we started recording.

Scheduling

We planned our schedule perfectly so we could complete it within a day. While filming we kept that in mind and managed our time very wisely for each part. All of the team members reached the set on time with the perfect costumes. Hence, without any delay, we could start filming our production. Commitment and regularity of the group members helped to maintain our schedule.

A critical evaluation of our production

Bangladesh is gradually rising from the least developed to a developed country. In the meantime, our country is dealing with many underdeveloped issues that need to be fixed. Our production titled “একটু ভেবে দেখুন” focused on one of the important issues which is sex education. We have chosen this topic because this topic is related to various burning and underdeveloped issues like Child abuse, rape, sexual health, contraceptive method, child marriage, abusive teenage relationship, and so on. “Bangladesh Sishu Adhikar Forum” published data during lockdown where 1,387 child abuse cases have been filed. This article also mentioned 122 children

murdered where 22 children were raped and then killed (Report, 2020). But the matter of great regret is that maximum children do not know what child abuse is? If they suffer then, how and whom they can get any help? This knowledge gap pushes them into the trauma that causes depression. UNICEF noted in one of their web articles that, the transition rate of girls in high school is comparatively better but there is a high prevalence of physical abuse in public places which is another reason girls drop out of school (Children in Bangladesh, n.d.). Even it is scarier when girls blame themselves for this harassment as well as in our culture Bollywood movie plays a great role where abusive relationships get fantasized about, girls are accused of unwanted sexual intimacy or pregnancy (Imran & Fariha, 2018). With this kind of visual presentation alongside a lack of sex education, girls are misguided, and the consequences are very bad for their mental health. Sex education is important here for sexual health also. In our country, people are unaware of STIs or STDs, along with there are very misconceptions about the contraceptive method. Most of the time females have to take pills that are very dangerous for their health. The child marriage rate is higher in our country. During the pandemic, it gets doubled. Bangladesh contains the tenth position for child marriage. This article also mentioned that 51% of females get married before eighteen (Bangladesh: Child marriage rises manifold in pandemic, n.d.). It will be continued if victims do not raise their voices. Teens will raise their voices only when they will know how these are affecting their health and future. When students will be educated then they will be able to make the right decisions about their sexual health, girls & boys will be aware of consent, and contraceptive methods, and will get a healthy sexual life. It will also reduce child rape, abuse, sexual disease threat, and so on.

Sex education is important, but it is not broadly accepted according to our societal view. Even in our country, NCTB did not approve this subject in their syllabus, any non-governmental school is

not teaching this subject also. Some youth organizations teach students by their own initiative but they suffered from various kinds of obstacles to teaching this sensitive issue. The main question here is, why society did not accept it while it has great importance? Actually, the majority of people do not have a clear idea of what sex education is, and they think it contains sexual arousal things that will ruin teenagers' minds. Our main focus of this production is to deliver the message to society that, sex-education doesn’t contain sexual arousal things. As well as it is important for the growing up children to take the right decision about their sexual health. In our production, we try to show what kind of misconceptions have in society. Also, we give alter logical points to reduce this misconception.

The characters we have in this production are playing the role of school teachers. We have the Principle, the Bangla teacher, the Religion teacher, the English teacher, the Social Science teacher, and the Arts teacher. Each character has their own point of view which we observe in this production. While developing our characters we planned to include two characters who will oppose the idea of providing sex education to the students proposed by the other characters. To include entertaining vibes in the production, we developed the characters like Bangla teacher (Shanzida) and the Religion teacher (Nowshad). These two characters resemble the ‘shopkeeper’ character from the Meena cartoon series who also oppose everything if Meena suggests a good idea to reduce any problem. The characters like the Arts teacher (Awry) and the Social Science teacher (Taranna) resemble the character ‘Meena’ herself. In the production, we observe them suggesting a good idea to teach the students sex education which will help them to understand their own bodies and enable them to identify abuse and rape. Here, in this production, the Principle (Fawaaz) plays an important role as he dismisses the meeting by putting a question in front of the teachers, especially the Bangla teacher and the Religion teacher, and the audience.

We do not want to conclude the production by simply showing that all of the teachers have agreed to include sex education in the curriculum all of a sudden. Rather we planned to conclude it by throwing a question to the teachers and the audience.

In the first sequence, we see a student caught by their religion teacher while he was watching porn.

In the second sequence, the student is in the teacher's room, and the student is grabbing his ears as a punishment. Other teachers are very worried about the method and then decided to fix a meeting with the head teacher.

In the third sequence, all the teachers are in the meeting room to decide what to do with this student? While Religion and Bangla teachers suggest giving T.C. on the contrary Art, English and social science teachers suggest educating them with sex education. Religion and Bangla teachers totally disagreed with that and express their opinion that actually represents a societal view on sex education. At the same time, other teachers who support the subject expressed their logical points of view. During the conversation, two side teachers get involved in a quarrel. Then the head teacher stopped it and delivers his opinion which is very thought-provoking.

Our production is very much inspired by UNICEF's development of digital content. UNICEF makes different digital & audio-visual content that addresses many underdeveloped issues for example, “Ending Child Marriage”, “Meena Raju Internet Journey”, “Ensuring Safe Motherhood”, and “Alo Amar Alo”. This kind of content addressed very serious issues but they present it in an entertaining way. These productions are not monotonous at all, as well as dialogue is very thought-provoking. These content dialogues follow their target audience’s language. They keep designing their dialogue in a way so every people can understand the

meaning. We have designed our production according to this way. Sex education is a very sensitive issue, and for this reason, we had to be very concerned about our sequences & dialogues at the meantime we tried to make it as entertaining. As our target audiences are school teachers, guardians, and youth we have chosen our language Bangla. Alongside we designed our dialogue sincerely so that it hit the main points and provoke thoughts among the mass audience. For example, the head-teacher last dialogue was, “we are social beings we should think about these problems also. We cannot avoid them”. We choose all the characters sincerely and all the characters were significant which is also very common in UNICEF productions. A

We have divided our audio-visual into three major segments: Educative, entertaining, and communicative. Our sequence, props, metaphor, dialogues, and expression has been designed accordingly to these three major points. We kept some dialogues that deliver the message of why sex education is important? How it can save our children's futures. At the same time first and second sequences add some comedy when students are caught by teachers, also in the third scene quarrel between the teachers is also funny. Head teachers' dialogues were thought-provoking that direct raise questions in the audience's mind. So that we can say this production is entertaining, educative, and communicative.

We believe our production holds a great significance. It is based on an important issue that is hidden by society. Even though there are some articles but there is not any significant audio-visual production about sex-education importance. We are highly enthusiastic to bring a change through our production. Though we all were students of Communication and development majors for this reason we did not have much idea about acting, design of the set alongside the budget was very poor. The types of equipment were not enough. For this reason,

We can achieve 70-80% according to our plan. Due to all these obstacles, we have made this product with our heart and hard work.

References

Bangladesh: Child marriage rises manifold in pandemic. (n.d.). Retrieved June 2, 2022, from https://www.aa.com.tr/en/asia-pacific/bangladesh-child-marriage-rises-manifold-in-pande mic/2184001

Children in Bangladesh. (n.d.). Retrieved June 2, 2022, from https://www.unicef.org/bangladesh/en/children-bangladesh

Imran, F. (2018, April 17). Sex education in Bangladeshi culture: A personal story. The Bangladeshi                                                                      Identity                                                  Project. https://medium.com/bangladeshiidentity/sex-education-in-bangladeshi-culture-a-personal

-story-5faa306a6ad3

(2020, July 7) At least 1,387 children faced abuse this year. Dhaka Tribune. https://archive.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/2020/07/07/bangladesh-shishu-adhikar-foru m-the-pandemic-could-not-stop-child-abuse

Learning and outcomes (Self-reflection)

Learned about acting on camera.

Learned about script writing.

Learned the three production phase, pre-production, production and post production.

Learned group management skill.

[khutbahs]

ছোট দুইটি মূলনীতি সারা জীবন মনে রাখুন

Shaikh Mujaffor Bin Mohsin

[rvexillology]

Was bored in class. So took my atlas and drew this. Took me a week of not listening Chemistry and Bangla lectures. Hope you all like it. First post.

from /r/vexillology Top comment: You should be paying attention, but pretty picture

[rangpurdaily]

কেন সন্তান কথা শোনে না?

কেন সন্তান কথা শোনে না?

কেন সন্তান কথা শোনে না? সন্তান অবাধ্য এই অভিযোগ সব বাবা-মা’র কাছেই শোনা যায়। অবাধ্য ছেলে বা মেয়ের দৌরাত্ম্য নিয়ে আত্মীয় বা বন্ধু মহলে আলোচনা করা কম হয় না। কিন্তু একবার ভেবে দেখেছেন, কেন আপনার সন্তান কথা শোনে না ? শুধু কি কেবলই তার দোষ, না কি সেখানে আপনার ক্ষেত্রে কোন ফাঁক থেকে যাচ্ছে ? মায়ের অবাধ্য সন্তান মায়ের অবাধ্য সন্তান সন্তানকে উপযুক্ত করে লালন করার ক্ষেত্রে অনেক বাবা-মায়েরা ধারণা করেন…

[kawsarkhanuniverse-blog]

আমাদের জীবনের উদ্দেশ্য কি ? ডাঃ জাকির নায়েক | Dr. Zakir Naik Bangla Lecture

[khutbahs]

সবচেয়ে ভাগ্যবান কারা? | 

 Bangla Islamic Lecture on ‘Who are the luckiest’?

[notetaeker]

October 10, 2022 - Monday | Fall Studying Challenge 1/30

No class today because of Indigenous Peoples’ Day! I filled in some days I missed in my planner, finished my first embroidery project (for the most part), did some journaling, and found a new lecture series to listen to. I also ate some mint choco Milano cookies my beloved 🍪💓

Day 1: What is your major/What do you study?

In college I studied biology (she’s my bias), and also minored in political science… nowadays im teaching. In terms of my own studying, I love languages - Arabic, Spanish, Bangla, and Korean are the ones that I know and one of my dreams is to achieve fluency in all 5 languages 💕 I signed up for some arabic + islamic studies courses for next semester that start in the January so I’m excited for those! Esp since Arabic is my most neglected language fhdjdj I lost so much fluency in it I haven’t touched it since 2009 but hopefully this class helps!Oh! I also I love art so that’s also something I post abt and ‘study’ I suppose. As you can see tho I am an incoherent mess😌 there’s a reason my blog title is ‘try everything’ 😭

[comparatist]

finished revising the second lecture of 6.1B[bangla literature in translation] on history of modernist trends in bengali poetry. my semesters starts from 19th, had to put up with an all-nighter. i have 12 lectures more to revise. ☘️🏳️‍🌈

i'm taking up the summer study challenge started by @myhoneststudyblr , i'm really excited as to see where this goes. my assignments are due and i'll be completing them within today and tomorrow. i've never taken a study challenge and hence really looking forward to it. i hope i can attend every prompt each day. i'll urge others to take this challenge as well, as it's super productive and the questions are too nice. please go to the tagged blog and hop on the bandwagon! ❤️🌿

since it's 11th July, here's today’s prompt.

What is your favourite vacation memory?

a higher secondary vacation to a different district which gave me the opportunity to go away from my parents for at least 3 days.

[masumhossanbd]

16 December 1971 history of Bangladesh bangle.

Victory Day (বিজয় দিবস – Bijoy Dibos): 

Is a national holiday in Bangladesh celebrated on December 16 to commemorate the victory of the Allied forces High Command over the Pakistani forces in the Bangladesh Liberation War in 1971. The Commanding officer of the Pakistani Forces General AAK Niazi surrendered his forces to the Allied forces commander Lt. Gen. Jagjit Singh Aurora, which marked ending the 9 month-long[1] Bangladesh Liberation War and 1971 Bangladesh genocide and officially secession of East Pakistan into Bangladesh.

History:

The Bangladesh Liberation War (Bengali: মুক্তিযুদ্ধ Muktijuddho) was a South Asian war of independence in 1971 which established the sovereign nation of Bangladesh. The war pitted East Pakistan and India against West Pakistan, and lasted over a duration of nine months. It witnessed large-scale atrocities, the exodus of 10 million refugees and the displacement of 30 million people.

The war broke out on 26 March 1971, when the Pakistan Army launched a military operation called Operation Searchlight against Bengali civilians, students, intelligentsia and armed personnel, who were demanding that the Pakistani military junta accept the results of the 1970 first democratic elections of Pakistan, which were won by an eastern party, or to allow separation between East and West Pakistan. Bengali politicians and army officers announced the declaration of Bangladesh’s independence in response to Operation Searchlight. Bengali military, paramilitary and civilians formed the Mukti Bahini (Bengali: মুক্তি বাহিনী “Liberation Army”), which engaged in guerrilla warfare against Pakistani forces. The Pakistan Army, in collusion with religious extremist militias (the Razakars, Al-Badr and Al-Shams), engaged in the systematic genocide and atrocities of Bengali civilians, particularly nationalists, intellectuals, youth and religious minorities Neighboring India provided economic, military and diplomatic support to Bengali nationalists, and the Bangladesh government-in-exile was set up in Calcutta.

India entered the war on 3 December 1971, after Pakistan launched pre-emptive air strikes on northern India. Overwhelmed by two war fronts, Pakistani defenses soon collapsed. On 16 December, the Allied Forces of Bangladesh and India defeated Pakistan in the east. The subsequent surrender resulted in the largest number of prisoners-of-war since World War II.

Recognition of Bangladesh: 

The Surrender of Pakistan Armed Forces marked the end of the Bangladesh Liberation War and the creation of Bangladesh (later reduced to a single word). Most United Nations member nations were quick to recognize Bangladesh within months of its independence.

Celebration: 

The celebration of Victory Day has taken place since 1972. The Bangladesh Liberation War became a topic of great importance in cinema, literature, history lessons at school, the mass media, and the arts in Bangladesh. The ritual of the celebration gradually obtained a distinctive character with a number of similar elements: Military Parade by Bangladesh Armed Forces at the National Parade Ground, ceremonial meetings, speeches, lectures, receptions and fireworks. Victory Day in Bangladesh is a joyous celebration in which popular culture plays a great role. TV and radio stations broadcast special programs and patriotic songs. The main streets are decorated with national flags. Different political parties and socioeconomic organizations undertake programs to mark the day in a befitting manner, including the paying of respects at Jatiyo Smriti Soudho, the national memorial at Savar near Dhaka.

Background: 

In August 1947, the Partition of British India gave birth to two new states; a secular state named India and an Islamic state named Pakistan. But Pakistan comprised two geographically and culturally separate areas to the east and the west of India. The western zone was popularly (and for a period of time, also officially) termed West Pakistan and the eastern zone (modern-day Bangladesh) was initially termed East Bengal and later, East Pakistan. Although the population of the two zones was close to equal, political power was concentrated in West Pakistan and it was widely perceived that East Pakistan was being exploited economically, leading to many grievances.

On 25 March 1971, rising political discontent and cultural nationalism in East Pakistan was met by brutal suppressive force from the ruling elite of the West Pakistan establishment in what came to be termed Operation Searchlight.

The violent crackdown by West Pakistan forces led to East Pakistan declaring its independence as the state of Bangladesh and to the start of civil war. The war led to a sea of refugees (estimated at the time to be about 10 million) flooding into the eastern provinces of India. Facing a mounting humanitarian and economic crisis, India started actively aiding and organizing the Bangladeshi resistance army known as the Mukti Bahini.

Political Differences: 

Although East Pakistan accounted for a slight majority of the country’s population, political power remained firmly in the hands of West Pakistanis. Since a straightforward system of representation based on population would have concentrated political power in East Pakistan, the West Pakistani establishment came up with the “One Unit” scheme, where all of West Pakistan was considered one province. This was solely to counterbalance the East wing’s votes.

After the assassination of Liaquat Ali Khan, Pakistan’s first prime minister, in 1951, political power began to be devolved to the President of Pakistan, and eventually, the military. The nominal elected chief executive, the Prime Minister, was frequently sacked by the establishment, acting through the President.

East Pakistanis noticed that whenever one of them, such as Khawaja Nazimuddin, Muhammad Ali Bogra, or Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy was elected Prime Minister of Pakistan, he were swiftly deposed by the largely West Pakistani establishment. The military dictatorships of Ayub Khan (27 October 1958 – 25 March 1969) and Yahya Khan (25 March 1969 – 20 December 1971), both West Pakistanis, only heightened such feelings.

The situation reached a climax when in 1970 the Awami League, the largest East Pakistani political party, led by Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, won a landslide victory in the national elections. The party won 167 of the 169 seats allotted to East Pakistan, and thus a majority of the 313 seats in the National Assembly. This gave the Awami League the constitutional right to form a government. However, Zulfikar Ali Bhutto (a Sindhi), the leader of the Pakistan Peoples Party, refused to allow Rahman to become the Prime Minister of Pakistan. Instead, he proposed the idea of having two Prime Ministers, one for each wing. The proposal elicited outrage in the east wing, already chafing under the other constitutional innovation, the “one unit scheme”. Bhutto also refused to accept Rahman’s Six Points. On 3 March 1971, the two leaders of the two wings along with the President General Yahya Khan met in Dhaka to decide the fate of the country. Talks failed. Sheikh Mujibur Rahman called for a nationwide strike.

On 7 March 1971, Sheikh Mujibur Rahman (soon to be the prime minister) delivered a speech at the Racecourse Ground (now called the Suhrawardy Udyan). In this speech he mentioned a further four-point condition to consider the National Assembly Meeting on 25 March:

The immediate lifting of martial law.

Immediate withdrawal of all military personnel to their barracks.

An inquiry into the loss of life.

Immediate transfer of power to the elected representative of the people before the assembly meeting 25 March.

He urged “his people” to turn every house into a fort of resistance. He closed his speech saying, “Our struggle is for our freedom. Our struggle is for our independence.” This speech is considered the main event that inspired the nation to fight for its independence. General Tikka Khan was flown in to Dhaka to become Governor of East Bengal. East-Pakistani judges, including Justice Siddique, refused to swear him in.

Between 10 and 13 March, Pakistan International Airlines cancelled all their international routes to urgently fly “Government Passengers” to Dhaka. These “Government Passengers” were almost all Pakistani soldiers in civilian dress. MV Swat, a ship of the Pakistani Navy, carrying ammunition and soldiers, was harbored in Chittagong Port and the Bengali workers and sailors at the port refused to unload the ship. A unit of East Pakistan Rifles refused to obey commands to fire on Bengali demonstrators, beginning a mutiny of Bengali soldiers.

Operation Searchlight: 

A planned military pacification carried out by the Pakistan Army — code-named Operation Searchlight — started on 25 March to curb the Bengali nationalist movement by taking control of the major cities on 26 March, and then eliminating all opposition, political or military, within one month. Before the beginning of the operation, all foreign journalists were systematically deported from East Pakistan.

The main phase of Operation Searchlight ended with the fall of the last major town in Bengali hands in mid-May. The operation also began the 1971 Bangladesh atrocities. These systematic killings served only to enrage the Bengalis, which ultimately resulted in the secession of East Pakistan later in the same year. The international media and reference books in English have published casualty figures which vary greatly, from 5,000–35,000 in Dhaka, and 200,000–3,000,000 for Bangladesh as a whole.

According to the Asia Times,

At a meeting of the military top brass, Yahya Khan declared: “Kill 3 million of them and the rest will eat out of our hands.” Accordingly, on the night of 25 March, the Pakistani Army launched Operation Searchlight to “crush” Bengali resistance in which Bengali members of military services were disarmed and killed, students and the intelligentsia systematically liquidated and able-bodied Bengali males just picked up and gunned down.

Although the violence focused on the provincial capital, Dhaka, it also affected all parts of East Pakistan. Residential halls of the University of Dhaka were particularly targeted. The only Hindu residential hall — the Jagannath Hall — was destroyed by the Pakistani armed forces, and an estimated 600 to 700 of its residents were murdered. The Pakistani army denies any cold blooded killings at the university, though the Hamood-ur-Rehman commission in Pakistan concluded that overwhelming force was used at the university. This fact and the massacre at Jagannath Hall and nearby student dormitories of Dhaka University are corroborated by a videotape secretly filmed by Prof. Nurul Ullah of the East Pakistan Engineering University, whose residence was directly opposite the student dormitories.

Hindu areas suffered particularly heavy blows. By midnight, Dhaka was burning, especially the Hindu dominated eastern part of the city. Time magazine reported on 2 August 1971, “The Hindus, who account for three-fourths of the refugees and a majority of the dead, have borne the brunt of the Pakistani military hatred.”

Sheikh Mujibur Rahman was arrested by the Pakistani Army. Yahya Khan appointed Brigadier (later General) Rahimuddin Khan to preside over a special tribunal prosecuting Mujib with multiple charges. The tribunal’s sentence was never made public, but Yahya caused the verdict to be held in abeyance in any case. Other Awami League leaders were arrested as well, while a few fled Dhaka to avoid arrest. The Awami League was banned by General Yahya Khan.

Atrocities: 

During the war there were widespread killings and other atrocities – including the displacement of civilians in Bangladesh (East Pakistan at the time) and widespread violations of human rights – carried out by the Pakistan Army with support from political and religious militias, beginning with the start of Operation Searchlight on 25 March 1971. Bangladeshi authorities claim that three million people were killed, while the Hamoodur Rahman Commission, an official Pakistan Government investigation, put the figure as low as 26,000 civilian casualties. The international media and reference books in English have also published figures which vary greatly from 200,000 to 3,000,000 for Bangladesh as a whole. A further eight to ten million people fled the country to seek safety in India.

Large sections of the intellectual community of Bangladesh were murdered, mostly by the Al-Shams and Al-Badr forces, at the instruction of the Pakistani Army. Just 2 days before the surrender, on 14 December 1971, Pakistan Army and Razakar militia (local collaborators) picked up at least 100 physicians, professors, writers and engineers in Dhaka, and murdered them, leaving the dead bodies in a mass grave. There are many mass graves in Bangladesh, and as years pass, more are being discovered (such as one in an old well near a mosque in Dhaka, located in the non-Bengali region of the city, which was discovered in August 1999). The first night of war on Bengalis, which is documented in telegrams from the American Consulate in Dhaka to the United States State Department, saw indiscriminate killings of students of Dhaka University and other civilians. Numerous women were tortured, raped and killed during the war; the exact numbers are not known and are a subject of debate. Bangladeshi sources cite a figure of 200,000 women raped, giving birth to thousands of war babies. The Pakistan Army also kept numerous Bengali women as sex-slaves inside the Dhaka Cantonment. Most of the girls were captured from Dhaka University and private homes. There was significant sectarian violence not only perpetrated and encouraged by the Pakistani army, but also by Bengali nationalists against non-Bengali minorities, especially Biharis.

On 16 December 2002, the George Washington University’s National Security Archive published a collection of declassified documents, consisting mostly of communications between US embassy officials and United States Information Service centers in Dhaka and India, and officials in Washington DC. These documents show that US officials working in diplomatic institutions within Bangladesh used the terms selective genocide and genocide to describe events they had knowledge of at the time. Genocide is the term that is still used to describe the event in almost every major publication and newspaper in Bangladesh, although elsewhere, particularly in Pakistan, the actual death toll, motives, extent, and destructive impact of the actions of the Pakistani forces are disputed.

Liberation War: 

March to June

At first resistance was spontaneous and disorganized, and was not expected to be prolonged.[45] But when the Pakistani Army cracked down upon the population, resistance grew. The Mukti Bahini became increasingly active. The Pakistani military sought to quell them, but increasing numbers of Bengali soldiers defected to the underground “Bangladesh army”. These Bengali units slowly merged into the Mukti Bahini and bolstered their weaponry with supplies from India. Pakistan responded by airlifting in two infantry divisions and reorganizing their forces. They also raised paramilitary forces of Razakars, Al-Badrs andAl-Shams (who were mostly members of the Muslim League, the then government party and other Islamist groups), as well as other Bengalis who opposed independence, and Bihari Muslims who had settled during the time of partition.

On 17 April 1971, a provisional government was formed in Meherpur district in western Bangladesh bordering India with Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, who was in prison in Pakistan, as President, Syed Nazrul Islam as Acting President, and Tajuddin Ahmed as Prime Minister. As fighting grew between the army and the Bengali Mukti Bahini an estimated 10 million Bengalis, mainly Hindus, sought refuge in the Indian states of Assam and West Bengal.

June – September

Bangladesh forces command was set up on 11 July, with Col. M A G Osmani as commander in chief, Lt. Col. Abdur Rab as chief of Army Staff and Group Captain A K Khandker as Deputy Chief of Army Staff and Chief of Air Force. Bangladesh was divided into Eleven Sectors each with a commander chosen from defected officers of the Pakistani army who joined the Mukti Bahini to conduct guerrilla operations and train fighters. Most of their training camps were situated near the border area and were operated with assistance from India. The 10th Sector was directly placed under a Commander in Chief (C-in-C) and included the Naval Commandos and C-in-C’s special force. Three brigades (11 Battalions) were raised for conventional warfare; a large guerrilla force (estimated at 100,000) was trained.

Guerrilla operations, which slackened during the training phase, picked up after August. Economic and military targets in Dhaka were attacked. The major success story was Operation Jackpot, in which naval commandos mined and blew up berthed ships in Chittagong on 16 August 1971. Pakistani reprisals claimed lives of thousands of civilians. The Indian army took over supplying the Mukti Bahini from the BSF. They organised six sectors for supplying the Bangladesh forces.

October – December

Bangladesh conventional forces attacked border outposts. Kamalpur, Belonia and Battle of Boyra are a few examples. 90 out of 370 BOPs fell to Bengali forces. Guerrilla attacks intensified, as did Pakistani and Razakar reprisals on civilian populations. Pakistani forces were reinforced by eight battalions from West Pakistan. The Bangladeshi independence fighters even managed to temporarily capture airstrips at Lalmonirhat and Shalutikar. Both of these were used for flying in supplies and arms from India. Pakistan sent 5 battalions from West Pakistan as reinforcements.

Declaration of Independence: 

The violence unleashed by the Pakistani forces on 25 March 1971, proved the last straw to the efforts to negotiate a settlement. Following these outrages, Sheikh Mujibur Rahman signed an official declaration that read:

Today Bangladesh is a sovereign and independent country. On Thursday night, West Pakistani armed forces suddenly attacked the police barracks at Razarbagh and the EPR headquarters at Pilkhana in Dhaka. Many innocent and unarmed have been killed in Dhaka city and other places of Bangladesh. Violent clashes between E.P.R. and Police on the one hand and the armed forces of Pakistan on the other, are going on. The Bengalis are fighting the enemy with great courage for an independent Bangladesh. May Allah aid us in our fight for freedom. Joy Bangla.

Sheikh Mujib also called upon the people to resist the occupation forces through a radio message. Mujib was arrested on the night of 25–26 March 1971 at about 1:30 a.m. (as per Radio Pakistan’s news on 29 March 1971).

A telegram containing the text of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman’s declaration reached some students in Chittagong. The message was translated to Bangla by Dr. Manjula Anwar. The students failed to secure permission from higher authorities to broadcast the message from the nearby Agrabad Station of Radio Pakistan. They crossed Kalurghat Bridge into an area controlled by an East Bengal Regiment under Major Ziaur Rahman. Bengali soldiers guarded the station as engineers prepared for transmission. At 19:45 hrs on 27 March 1971, Major Ziaur Rahman broadcast the announcement of the declaration of independence on behalf of Sheikh Mujibur. On 28 March Major Ziaur Rahman made another announcement, which was as follows:

This is Shadhin Bangla Betar Kendro. I, Major Ziaur Rahman, at the direction of Bangobondhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, hereby declare that the independent People’s Republic of Bangladesh has been established. At his direction, I have taken command as the temporary Head of the Republic. In the name of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, I call upon all Bengalis to rise against the attack by the West Pakistani Army. We shall fight to the last to free our Motherland. By the grace of Allah, victory is ours. Joy Bangla.

The Kalurghat Radio Station’s transmission capability was limited. The message was picked up by a Japanese ship in Bay of Bengal. It was then re-transmitted by Radio Australia and later by the British Broadcasting Corporation. M A Hannan, an Awami League leader from Chittagong, is said to have made the first announcement of the declaration of independence over the radio on 26 March 1971. There is controversy now as to when Major Zia gave his speech. BNP sources maintain that it was 26 March, and there was no message regarding declaration of independence from Mujibur Rahman. Pakistani sources, like Siddiq Salik in Witness to Surrender had written that he heard about Mujibor Rahman’s message on the Radio while Operation Searchlight was going on, and Maj. Gen. Hakeem A. Qureshi in his book The 1971 Indo-Pak War: A Soldier’s Narrative, gives the date of Zia’s speech as 27 March 1971.

26 March 1971 is considered the official Independence Day of Bangladesh, and the name Bangladesh was in effect henceforth. In July 1971, Indian Prime Minister Indira Gandhi openly referred to the former East Pakistan as Bangladesh. Some Pakistani and Indian officials continued to use the name “East Pakistan” until 16 December 1971.

Surrender & Aftermath: 

On 16 December 1971, Lt. Gen A. A. K. Niazi, CO of Pakistan Army forces located in East Pakistan signed the instrument of surrender. At the time of surrender only a few countries had provided diplomatic recognition to the new nation. Over 90,000 Pakistani troops surrendered to the Indian forces making it the largest surrender since World War II. Bangladesh sought admission in the United Nations with most voting in its favor, but China vetoed this as Pakistan was its key ally. The United States, also a key ally of Pakistan, was one of the last nations to accord Bangladesh recognition. To ensure a smooth transition, in 1972 the Simla Agreement was signed between India and Pakistan. The treaty ensured that Pakistan recognized the independence of Bangladesh in exchange for the return of the Pakistani PoWs. India treated all the PoWs in strict accordance with the Geneva Convention, rule 1925. It released more than 90,000 Pakistani PoWs in five months.

Further, as a gesture of goodwill, nearly 200 soldiers who were sought for war crimes by Bengalis were also pardoned by India. The accord also gave back more than 13,000 km² of land that Indian troops had seized in West Pakistan during the war, though India retained a few strategic areas; most notably Kargil (which would in turn again be the focal point for a war between the two nations in 1999). This was done as a measure of promoting “lasting peace” and was acknowledged by many observers as a sign of maturity by India. But some in India felt that the treaty had been too lenient to Bhutto, who had pleaded for leniency, arguing that the fragile democracy in Pakistan would crumble if the accord was perceived as being overly harsh by Pakistanis.

Thank you...

“Md. Masum Hossan”