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covid-safer-hotties · 3 months ago

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Patients With Long-COVID Show Abnormal Lung Perfusion Despite Normal CT Scans - Published Sept 12, 2024

VIENNA — Some patients who had mild COVID-19 infection during the first wave of the pandemic and continued to experience postinfection symptoms for at least 12 months after infection present abnormal perfusion despite showing normal CT scans. Researchers at the European Respiratory Society (ERS) 2024 International Congress called for more research to be done in this space to understand the underlying mechanism of the abnormalities observed and to find possible treatment options for this cohort of patients.

Laura Price, MD, PhD, a consultant respiratory physician at Royal Brompton Hospital and an honorary clinical senior lecturer at Imperial College London, London, told Medscape Medical News that this cohort of patients shows symptoms that seem to correlate with a pulmonary microangiopathy phenotype.

"Our clinics in the UK and around the world are full of people with long-COVID, persisting breathlessness, and fatigue. But it has been hard for people to put the finger on why patients experience these symptoms still," Timothy Hinks, associate professor and Wellcome Trust Career Development fellow at the Nuffield Department of Medicine, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre senior research fellow, and honorary consultant at Oxford Special Airway Service at Oxford University Hospitals, England, who was not involved in the study, told Medscape Medical News.

The Study Researchers at Imperial College London recruited 41 patients who experienced persistent post-COVID-19 infection symptoms, such as breathlessness and fatigue, but normal CT scans after a mild COVID-19 infection that did not require hospitalization. Those with pulmonary emboli or interstitial lung disease were excluded. The cohort was predominantly female (87.8%) and nonsmokers (85%), with a mean age of 44.7 years. They were assessed over 1 year after the initial infection.

Exercise intolerance was the predominant symptom, affecting 95.1% of the group. A significant proportion (46.3%) presented with myopericarditis, while a smaller subset (n = 5) exhibited dysautonomia. Echocardiography did not reveal pulmonary hypertension. Laboratory findings showed elevated angiotensin-converting enzyme and antiphospholipid antibodies. "These patients are young, female, nonsmokers, and previously healthy. This is not what you would expect to see," Price said. Baseline pulmonary function tests showed preserved spirometry with forced expiratory volume in 1 second and forced vital capacity above 100% predicted. However, diffusion capacity was impaired, with a mean diffusing capacity of the lungs for carbon monoxide (DLCO) of 74.7%. The carbon monoxide transfer coefficient (KCO) and alveolar volume were also mildly reduced. Oxygen saturation was within normal limits.

These abnormalities were through advanced imaging techniques like dual-energy CT scans and ventilation-perfusion scans. These tests revealed a non-segmental and "patchy" perfusion abnormality in the upper lungs, suggesting that the problem was vascular, Price explained.

Cardiopulmonary exercise testing revealed further abnormalities in 41% of patients. Peak oxygen uptake was slightly reduced, and a significant proportion of patients showed elevated alveolar-arterial gradient and dead space ventilation during peak exercise, suggesting a ventilation-perfusion mismatch.

Over time, there was a statistically significant improvement in DLCO, from 70.4% to 74.4%, suggesting some degree of recovery in lung function. However, DLCO values did not return to normal. The KCO also improved from 71.9% to 74.4%, though this change did not reach statistical significance. Most patients (n = 26) were treated with apixaban, potentially contributing to the observed improvement in gas transfer parameters, Price said.

The researchers identified a distinct phenotype of patients with persistent post-COVID-19 infection symptoms characterized by abnormal lung perfusion and reduced gas diffusion capacity, even when CT scans appear normal. Price explains that this pulmonary microangiopathy may explain the persistent symptoms. However, questions remain about the underlying mechanisms, potential treatments, and long-term outcomes for this patient population.

Causes and Treatments Remain a Mystery Previous studies have suggested that COVID-19 causes endothelial dysfunction, which could affect the small blood vessels in the lungs. Other viral infections, such as HIV, have also been shown to cause endothelial dysfunction. However, researchers don't fully understand how this process plays out in patients with COVID-19.

"It is possible these patients have had inflammation insults that have damaged the pulmonary vascular endothelium, which predisposes them to either clotting at a microscopic level or ongoing inflammation," said Hinks.

Some patients (10 out of 41) in the cohort studied by the Imperial College London's researchers presented with Raynaud syndrome, which might suggest a physiological link, Hinks explains. "Raynaud's is a condition of vascular control or dysregulation, and potentially, there could be a common factor contributing to both breathlessness and Raynaud's."

He said there is an encouraging signal that these patients improve over time, but their recovery might be more complex and lengthy than for other patients. "This cohort will gradually get better. But it raises questions and gives a point that there is a true physiological deficit in some people with long-COVID."

Price encouraged physicians to look beyond conventional diagnostic tools when visiting a patient whose CT scan looks normal yet experiences fatigue and breathlessness. Not knowing what causes the abnormalities observed in this group of patients makes treatment extremely challenging. "We need more research to understand the treatment implications and long-term impact of these pulmonary vascular abnormalities in patients with long-COVID," Price concluded.

#long covid #covid #covid news #mask up #pandemic #covid 19 #wear a mask #public health #sars cov 2 #still coviding #coronavirus #wear a respirator #covid conscious #covid is airborne #covid isn't over #covid pandemic #covid19 #covidー19

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snarp · 2 months ago

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Oops.

Relevant catechin here is epigallocatechin gallate aka EGCG. I'd noticed that the lisinopril didn't seem to be doing anything most days... This is just one 10-person study, but I might have just made it 11. Thanks, @ms-demeanor .

#medical cw #food cw #lisinopril #ace inhibitors #tea #sencha #green tea #epigallocatechin gallate #egcg

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coupleoffanfics · 1 year ago

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Two Are Better Than One

CW: Mentions of suicidal ideation.

Part 1 | Part 2

Half of the day y/n was left alone. She was given a few books to read, but she didn't bother touching them. She would have thrown them at whoever came through the door. It didn't matter if it was Jeremiah or Ecco, just as long as it hurt. But that wouldn't be the best thing to do. You can catch more flies with honey as they say.

She believed that they could still talk this out. If they hear each other out then they could move on from this. They moved on from a lot of things and this could be one of them. She didn't care how delusional it sounded, she was always in it for the long hall when Jeremiah was involved.

Reverting to her old ways y/n slept her worries away. Whenever things become too much she always rolled into bed and slept. It wasn't easy to sleep this time with her one hand being cuffed but she managed somehow.

She would be woken up by Jeremiah. "It's time to take your medicine." She slightly grimaced when she opened her eyes but sat up and gave him a confused look. "Ecco took everything you needed from your apartment." He explained as he handed her the glass of water.

It would have been so easy for y/n to throw it at him or just smash it against his forehead until it broke. It would be easy, but it'd only get her into trouble.

"Open wide." y/n felt her face heat up hearing him say that. This felt a bit humiliating and he must have found it amusing by the grin on his face. Not wanting to be perceived as reluctant or defiant, she opened her mouth so that he put the pill in her mouth. After that, she closed her mouth and took a sip of the water.

She almost choked on the water when she made eye contact with him. His eyes were one of the many things she liked about him. A simple glance made her flustered, and when his eyes were on her it made her squirm. He still has the effect but it didn't make her squirm or giggle like it used to. It could be because of the context of this situation, but his now-green eyes always put her off.

She took her medication without too much trouble. She said a quiet thank you before holding the cup out to him trying to hand it back. "You have one more pill to take."

"Another one? I only take Zoloft."

"I know, darling, but you have to take this."

y/n was taken aback a bit by the pet name. She was always the one to call him a pet name. Sometimes just to embarrass him, but he'd always just call her by her name. She quickly shook that out of her head to ask, "What is it?"

"ACE."

Angiotensin-converting enzyme, y/n remembers her doctor recommending it. She denied it along with any other medication recommended for her heart failure because she wanted to die faster.

She didn't want to prolong the inevitable. She didn't want to feel hopeless and numb anymore. She didn't want to watch the only person in her life devolve into madness. She didn't want to wake up the next morning.

Jeremiah must have known exactly what y/n was thinking too. He gave her a hard look and he dropped his grin after telling her the name of it. He wonders what she'd say or do while he watches the flash of realization appear on her.

It was interesting because Jeremiah didn't know what route she'd take. This morning showed her defiance, but aggressiveness wasn't in her nature. He knew she wasn't the smartest person at times, yet she knew there wasn't a freedom of choice. How she reacts will determine how restricted things will be. Even then he can't always predict what she'll do regardless of their years of being together and how she'd tell him just about every little thing.

But he doubts that she'd openly tell him she wanted to kill herself faster. Of course, he knows her history of mental instability. He's watched her fall into those depressive lows multiple times. Suicide was a different story. Anything about suicide or even self-harm is off the table of discussion for y/n. It was least off the table when having casual conversations.

Suddenly y/n opened her mouth much to Jeremiah's delight. Silently complying. Once she had successfully taken the ACE, he lightly patted her cheek, "Good girl." He watched as her face contorted into embarrassment for a moment. He knew he had power over her, but he didn't know how much until now. It was like their roles had been reversed.

y/n slightly moved her head to the right as if that would stop him from touching her face. "Miah, honey," She started with an anxious smile, "Why do feel like you have to do this?" Right after the question came out of her mouth he raised an eyebrow and slightly squinted his eyes. She felt her mouth go dry as she was scrambling to explain, "I mean, I understand what you mean when you explained earlier. I think we could compromise."

Jeremiah slowly spoke while holding back a laugh, "Compromise? You want to compromise with me?" Her lips moved to the left and she slightly pounded. She was being serious. He bit down on his tongue so a laugh couldn't escape. Quickly inhaling and exhaling, he asked her to continue.

Still full of hope, or what could be called delusion, y/n spoke of different ideas. That's maybe he could still take that blood sample or not at all. She'll never doubt or bring up her past concern about his sanity. In each idea, she promised not to leave the bunker. Jeremiah would be lying if he said her ideas weren't tempting.

But not tempting enough. The whole time his amused smile did not filter once because he knew what his final verdict was.

"No." Her shoulders slumped and a defeated sigh came out. He needed her to know that there was no point in trying to fight. That she didn't have any control and that she'd be better off listening to him. There wasn't going to be anyone else that she'd want or need, but him.

"Someone's going to notice I'm gone. My therapist, my professors, and my family." He rolled his eyes at the last example. "I've already dropped your therapist for you through your email. College isn't a problem for you anymore. As for your family."

She didn't like how he dragged out 'your family' with such disdain. "Do you think they'll search for you? They'll send a few search teams and act sad, but they aren't going to look for you." She mentally scolded herself for being so quick to believe him. Even if it was just for a second. It was a second that she believed that they were anything, but moral people.

"You know that's a lie. When Jerome-"

Jeremiah's mood soured at the name. "Who wouldn't be worried? Jerome stands for nothing and will burn everything. When I–" He stopped to prevent himself from becoming so pressed, "Can't you see that they're just acting at this point? They wouldn't be pretending if didn't make them look heartless."

"Because they aren't heartless. You've never even met them, so I don't think it's even fair to judge them." Jeremiah couldn't understand why after all this time, she still defends them. The nights when poured out her feelings towards her family are still fresh in his mind. She'd get so emotional when talking about how alone she was and how she wished they could be a normal family.

"You're right, I never met them because they never showed up to anything. Not once have they shown up to any of your art galleries or even your graduation. I had to comfort you because they always upset you somehow. You've been fine without them for years, and you'll be fine without them now."

y/n let out a frustrated sigh. The Wayne family was complicated and held many secrets. Secrets that she couldn't talk about meaning he'd never have the full picture. They were good people deep down, she knows it. It wasn't fair for her to demand their attention after they came back from saving lives. Yet it reminded her that she wasn't worthy of their time or effort after she quit.

"They're good people, it's just that they're always so busy."

"Your father or brothers can't give you an hour of their time? Jesus Christ, y/n, I know you have attachment issues but come on." Her eyes widen in surprise.

"I don't have attachment issues," She balls her hands into fists, "I'm mentally sound and have normal, healthy relationships with others." Her words made Jeremiah tisk, yet almost smile at the same time.

"You're accusing me of being mentally ill, but look at yourself. You had to go to therapy weekly, every few years you'll end up in the ER for suicidal ideation, and you rely on medication to make you feel normal. This morning you attacked Ecco when she did nothing wrong." The look of hurt painted y/n's face.

"Okay, but I wasn't-"

He faked a shocked expression like he was outraged by the few things she had said. "y/n, you don't have to yell at me. I know you're insecure about your mental health, but you have to accept that you are nothing without anyone." She tried to say something, but he spoke over her. "It's clear you aren't ready to talk about this by how emotional you are. I'll give you some time to calm down."

He got up and began making his way out of the room. As he was leaving and closed the door he could hear y/n begging him to come back. To not leave her alone. That she was sorry, in a perfect world he might have gone back to comfort the distraught girl, but there was too much work and so little time.

When passing by Ecco he said, "If she doesn't quite down give her midazolam."

Right after y/n was handed her diploma, she quickly walked off the stage with a clenched jaw and a big smile. Jeremiah sighed as he looked at the text he received not long after she fled. 'I'm ready to go. I'll be waiting in the car.' He glanced around the people seeing the families hugging and praising their loved ones. Yeah, he could understand and he didn't want to be there any longer himself.

Leaving the school he found y/n sitting in the passenger seat with the side of her head resting against the window. He couldn't tell because it was dark out, but he was sure her eyes were slightly reddened. While he got behind the steering wheel he asked, "Do you want to go back to my place?" She nodded her head.

y/n has been making it a habit of going to Jeremiah's place instead of home. He doesn't understand it personally, but he did understand the reasoning behind it to a certain extent. She told him of how lonely Wayne Manor was because everyone was doing their own thing. Saying that she didn't want to disturb their work which he found ironic because she'd always try to distract him when he was doing something. Still, his place was less lonely because he still lived with his Uncle.

During the ride back to his apartment the radio filled the silence. Every so often he'd glance at her to see that she was staring out the window. The look on her face didn't tell him that she was numbing herself by ignoring her feelings. Instead, her eyebrows were furrowed as hugged herself. He would have liked to know what she thinking, but he didn't want to push her to tell him.

When they made it in front of the mixed-use building they just sat there. The radio and the purring engine no longer provided a slight distraction. Jeremiah waited a moment for y/n to move. It took a little longer, but eventually, she pulled herself out of the car. Her movements held no energy in them and it made her seem like she had just got out of her nine-to-five.

She didn't grab his hand and intertwine their fingers just to feel close. She only walked beside him slightly slouching. He wanted to reach out for her hand, but there was this pit in his stomach that made him anxious. This mildly intense feeling made him worry about what he should do.

Comfort. He didn't know how to comfort her let alone anyone. Yes, there were moments when she'd open up about what was bothering her but all he did was be there. Listen to the [hair color] haired girl ramble more so towards herself than him. If she wanted to, which was often, she asked him for a hug or something that didn't require him to do much.

He could do that right now, right? A hug or a kiss on the cheek– no. It was too risky. This was uncharted territory for Jeremiah, to be the one to entail any physical affection. When y/n suddenly held his hand or pecked his cheek that'd fluster him a bit. Flustered doesn't describe what he feels when thinking of reaching out to her hand because his heart races and his hands start to feel shaky. Panicked might be the word.

Jeremiah's thoughts were suddenly cut off when they entered the apartment and were greeted by a sweet aroma. He was surprised his uncle didn't jump out to greet y/n into their home as if she doesn't sleep there four times a week. y/n didn't seem bothered and made a beeline toward Jeremiah's room. He could hear her flop onto the bed.

He wandered around the kitchen to find a note with a cake next to it.

'I might be still working by the time you get back. To congratulate her on graduation, I baked a cake for her. Tell her I said congratulations.'

Glancing, he slightly smiled at his uncle's gesture. Putting down the piece of paper he entered his room to find y/n had rolled herself up in his blankets. Hearing his footsteps she opened her eyes. "My uncle made you a cake and wanted to tell you congratulations."

y/n only lazily hummed a response but he could see her face soften. She watched Jeremiah from his bed as he pulled out the chair from his desk to sit on it. Then listened to him write and scribe on some paper while she stared at the ceiling thinking to herself.

It felt awkward. At least to him. Once again he didn't know what to do except wait. That in itself is fine and normal for them, but this time just felt different. Maybe it was because the problem was different. He didn't know except that he didn't want to wait for her. Wait for her to talk or cling to him for comfort. He wanted to do something. He had to do something.

"Do you want to talk about it?" His quiet, almost soft voice startled her. Looking at him, she slightly smiled, "Do you think I was stupid to get my hopes up?"

He struggled to think of a response. He wanted to say the right thing and think of a long response. Yet he only blurted out, "Of course not." Not getting a response immediately made him slightly panicked. Fearing that he had somehow worsened her mood with his words.

"Do you…" The question y/n was going to ask quickly died when she realized it would have been too specific to ask. So she quickly thought of a different way to ask her original question, "Do you think I'm worthless?" Her words hung in the air before she spoke up again. "Nevermind. Forget what I asked, it's stupid."

"y/n…"

She looked at his face. Those deep blue eyes look back at her with a mixture of emotions. The ones she could identify were pity or sadness. It made her shift her eyes away out of embarrassment. In an attempt to move away from her weird question, she asked him to please lie in bed with her.

Now they lay on their side holding each other. She had her ear resting against his chest while his chin sat atop her head. Being close to each other like this made it seem like tonight was just like any other night.

The steady thumping of his heart was putting her to rest until it started picking up the pace. He took a deep breath before quietly telling her, "I love you, y/n."

She broke out into a huge smile. It was the first time he ever said this. When she says it, she never expected a response back because of how flustered he'd looked after hearing it. Not wanting to show how much of a big deal it was to her, she earnestly responded.

"I love you too, Xander, and I won't ever stop."

Masterlist I might as well make this into a series, but I have no ideas for the next part. The heart failure plotline is inspired by an old Jeremiah x Reader story I read a while ago. I'll look for it later, but I remember liking the idea because I found it beautifully horrifying. If I do find the fanfic I'll link it here.

#jeremiah x reader #jeremiah x batsis reader #jeremiah valeska x reader #yandere jeremiah x reader

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willowreader · 1 year ago

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Story out! An albumin fused ACE2 design that blocks all SARS-CoV-2 variants. The design has a long plasma half-life and can be delivered in a needle-free manner across mucosal surfaces.

This is fantastic news. A COVID blocker is exactly what we need.

#covid 19 #covid #sars cov 2

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petfurri · 4 months ago

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Captopril for Dogs: Benefits, Dosage, Side Effects, and More

Captopril for Dogs

Captopril is an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor commonly used in veterinary medicine to manage heart conditions in dogs, particularly congestive heart failure (CHF) and systemic hypertension (high blood pressure). Initially developed for human use, captopril has found its place in treating canine patients with cardiovascular issues, offering numerous benefits but also requiring careful administration and monitoring due to potential side effects.

Understanding Captopril and Its Mechanism of Action

Captopril works by inhibiting the angiotensin-converting enzyme, which is responsible for converting angiotensin I into angiotensin II, a potent vasoconstrictor. Angiotensin II causes blood vessels to narrow, leading to increased blood pressure and making the heart work harder. By blocking this conversion, captopril allows blood vessels to relax and widen, reducing the workload on the heart and lowering blood pressure. This action is particularly beneficial for dogs suffering from CHF, as it helps to improve blood flow and reduce fluid buildup in the lungs and other tissues.

Benefits of Captopril for Dogs

Managing Congestive Heart Failure (CHF): CHF is a common condition in dogs, especially in older or certain breeds like Cavalier King Charles Spaniels. Captopril helps manage CHF by reducing the resistance the heart faces when pumping blood, thus improving cardiac output and reducing symptoms like coughing, difficulty breathing, and lethargy.

Lowering Blood Pressure: For dogs diagnosed with systemic hypertension, captopril can effectively lower blood pressure, preventing damage to organs such as the kidneys, eyes, and brain, which can result from prolonged high blood pressure.

Improving Quality of Life: By easing the burden on the heart and lowering blood pressure, captopril can significantly improve a dog's overall quality of life. Dogs may exhibit increased energy levels, better appetite, and greater overall comfort as a result of treatment.

Potential Renal Protection: In some cases, captopril may offer renal protection by reducing the progression of kidney disease, particularly in dogs with proteinuria (protein in the urine), which is often associated with high blood pressure.

Dosage and Administration

The dosage of captopril for dogs must be carefully determined by a veterinarian, as it varies depending on the dog's weight, the severity of the condition being treated, and the presence of any other health issues. Captopril is usually administered orally, with or without food, typically two to three times a day.

Typical Dosage: The usual starting dose is around 0.5 to 2 mg per kg of body weight, given every 8 to 12 hours. The dosage may be adjusted based on the dog’s response to the medication and any side effects observed.

Monitoring: Regular monitoring is crucial when a dog is on captopril. Blood pressure, kidney function (via blood tests for creatinine and blood urea nitrogen levels), and electrolyte levels should be checked periodically to ensure the medication is working effectively without causing harm.

Potential Side Effects of Captopril

While captopril can be highly beneficial, it also carries the risk of side effects, particularly if not used correctly. Some of the potential side effects include:

Gastrointestinal Issues: Dogs may experience vomiting, diarrhea, or loss of appetite. These symptoms are usually mild but should be reported to the veterinarian if they persist.

Hypotension (Low Blood Pressure): As captopril lowers blood pressure, there is a risk that it may cause blood pressure to drop too low, leading to weakness, dizziness, or fainting. This is more likely to occur in dogs that are dehydrated or have other underlying health conditions.

Kidney Dysfunction: Captopril can affect kidney function, particularly in dogs with pre-existing kidney issues. It’s important to monitor kidney parameters closely during treatment to avoid exacerbating any renal problems.

Hyperkalemia (High Potassium Levels): Captopril can cause an increase in potassium levels, which can lead to dangerous heart rhythms if not managed properly. Regular blood tests are essential to monitor electrolyte levels.

Coughing: A persistent dry cough is a less common side effect but can occur due to the buildup of bradykinin, a substance that captopril can increase in the body.

Allergic Reactions: Though rare, some dogs may have an allergic reaction to captopril, manifesting as itching, rash, or swelling. Immediate veterinary attention is required in such cases.

Precautions and Considerations

Captopril should be used with caution in dogs with pre-existing kidney disease, dehydration, or electrolyte imbalances. It should not be used in dogs that are pregnant, as it can cause harm to the developing fetus. Additionally, it’s important to inform the veterinarian of any other medications the dog is taking, as captopril can interact with other drugs, including diuretics and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), potentially leading to adverse effects.

#dog #pets #pet lovers #dog parent

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didanawisgi · 7 months ago

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#spike protein #Covid-19 vaccine #mast cells #mast cell activation syndrome

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dyingroses · 1 year ago

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The different meanings I associate with the same initials:

human resources

heart rate

rest and recreation

respiratory rate

body odor

behavioral observation

significant other

superior officer

commanding officer

cardiac output

ACE

angiotensin-converting enzyme

adverse childhood experience

academic center for excellence

before the common-era/before christ

birth control

because

right now

registered nurse

#nursing school #nursing student #nursing students #languages #language #stuff #nurseblr #post

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nursingscience · 2 years ago

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Medical Abbreviations on Pharmacy Prescriptions

Here are some common medical abbreviations you may see on pharmacy prescriptions:

qd - once a day

bid - twice a day

tid - three times a day

qid - four times a day

qh - every hour

prn - as needed

pc - after meals

ac - before meals

hs - at bedtime

po - by mouth

IV - intravenous

IM - intramuscular

subQ - subcutaneous

mL - milliliter

mg - milligram

g - gram

mcg - microgram

stat - immediately, right away

NPO - nothing by mouth

cap - capsule

tab - tablet

susp - suspension

sol - solution

amp - ampule

inj - injection

Rx - prescription

C - Celsius

F - Fahrenheit

BP - blood pressure

HR - heart rate

RR - respiratory rate

WBC - white blood cell

RBC - red blood cell

Hgb - hemoglobin

Hct - hematocrit

PT - prothrombin time

INR - international normalized ratio

BUN - blood urea nitrogen

Cr - creatinine

Ca - calcium

K - potassium

Na - sodium

Cl - chloride

Mg - magnesium

PO2 - partial pressure of oxygen

PCO2 - partial pressure of carbon dioxide

ABG - arterial blood gas

CBC - complete blood count

BMP - basic metabolic panel

CMP - comprehensive metabolic panel.

ECG - electrocardiogram

EEG - electroencephalogram

MRI - magnetic resonance imaging

CT - computed tomography

PET - positron emission tomography

CXR - chest x-ray

CTX - chemotherapy

NSAID - nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug

DMARD - disease-modifying antirheumatic drug

ACE - angiotensin-converting enzyme

ARB - angiotensin receptor blocker

SSRI - selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor

TCA - tricyclic antidepressant

ADHD - attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

COPD - chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

CAD - coronary artery disease

CHF - congestive heart failure

DVT - deep vein thrombosis

GI - gastrointestinal

UTI - urinary tract infection

OTC - over-the-counter

Rx - prescription

OD - right eye

OS - left eye

OU - both eyes.

TID - thrombosis in dementia

TDS - ter die sumendum (three times a day)

BOM - bilaterally otitis media (infection in both ears)

BT - body temperature

C&S - culture and sensitivity

D/C - discontinue or discharge

D/W - dextrose in water

ETOH - ethyl alcohol

FUO - fever of unknown origin

H&P - history and physical examination

I&D - incision and drainage

I&O - intake and output

KVO - keep vein open

N&V - nausea and vomiting

PERRLA - pupils equal, round, reactive to light and accommodation

PR - per rectum

QAM - every morning

QHS - every bedtime

QOD - every other day

S/P - status post (after)

TPN - total parenteral nutrition

UA - urinalysis

URI - upper respiratory infection

UTI - urinary tract infection

VO - verbal order.

XRT - radiation therapy

YOB - year of birth

BRBPR - bright red blood per rectum

CX - cervix

DVT - deep vein thrombosis

GB - gallbladder

GU - genitourinary

HCV - hepatitis C virus

HPI - history of present illness

ICP - intracranial pressure

IVP - intravenous pyelogram

LMP - last menstrual period

MRSA - methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus

MVA - motor vehicle accident

NKA - no known allergies

PEG - percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy

PRN - pro re nata (as needed)

ROS - review of systems

SOB - shortness of breath

TAH - total abdominal hysterectomy.

TIA - transient ischemic attack

Tx - treatment

UC - ulcerative colitis

URI - upper respiratory infection

VSD - ventricular septal defect

VTE - venous thromboembolism

XR - x-ray

w/c - wheelchair

XRT - radiation therapy

ASD - atrial septal defect

Bx - biopsy

CAD - coronary artery disease

CKD - chronic kidney disease

CPAP - continuous positive airway pressure

DKA - diabetic ketoacidosis

DNR - do not resuscitate

ED - emergency department

ESRD - end-stage renal disease

FFP - fresh frozen plasma

FSH - follicle-stimulating hormone.

GCS - Glasgow Coma Scale

Hct - hematocrit

Hgb - hemoglobin

ICU - intensive care unit

IV - intravenous

JVD - jugular venous distension

K - potassium

L - liter

MCH - mean corpuscular hemoglobin

MI - myocardial infarction

Na - sodium

NGT - nasogastric tube

NPO - nothing by mouth

OR - operating room

PCN - penicillin

PRBC - packed red blood cells

PTT - partial thromboplastin time

RBC - red blood cells

RT - respiratory therapy

SOA - short of air.

SCD - sequential compression device

SIRS - systemic inflammatory response syndrome

STAT - immediately

T - temperature

TPN - total parenteral nutrition

WBC - white blood cells

ABG - arterial blood gas

A fib - atrial fibrillation

BPH - benign prostatic hypertrophy

CBC - complete blood count

CO2 - carbon dioxide

COPD - chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

CPR - cardiopulmonary resuscitation

CT - computed tomography

CXR - chest x-ray

D5W - dextrose 5% in water

Dx - diagnosis

ECG or EKG - electrocardiogram

EEG - electroencephalogram

ETO - early termination of pregnancy.

FHR - fetal heart rate

GSW - gunshot wound

H&P - history and physical exam

HCG - human chorionic gonadotropin

I&D - incision and drainage

IBS - irritable bowel syndrome

ICP - intracranial pressure

IM - intramuscular

INR - international normalized ratio

IOP - intraocular pressure

LFT - liver function test

LOC - level of consciousness

LP - lumbar puncture

NG - nasogastric

OA - osteoarthritis

OCD - obsessive-compulsive disorder

OTC - over-the-counter

P - pulse

PCA - patient-controlled analgesia

PERRLA - pupils equal, round, reactive to light and accommodation.

PFT - pulmonary function test

PICC - peripherally inserted central catheter

PO - by mouth

PRN - as needed

PT - physical therapy

PT - prothrombin time

PTSD - post-traumatic stress disorder

PVC - premature ventricular contraction

QD - once a day

QID - four times a day

RA - rheumatoid arthritis

RICE - rest, ice, compression, elevation

RSI - rapid sequence intubation

RSV - respiratory syncytial virus

SBP - systolic blood pressure

SLE - systemic lupus erythematosus

SSRI - selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor

STAT - immediately

TB - tuberculosis

TIA - transient ischemic attack.

TID - three times a day

TKO - to keep open

TNTC - too numerous to count

TPN - total parenteral nutrition

URI - upper respiratory infection

UTI - urinary tract infection

V-fib - ventricular fibrillation

V-tach - ventricular tachycardia

VA - visual acuity

WNL - within normal limits

AED - automated external defibrillator

ARDS - acute respiratory distress syndrome

BID - twice a day

BP - blood pressure

BUN - blood urea nitrogen

CAD - coronary artery disease

CHF - congestive heart failure

CVA - cerebrovascular accident

D/C - discontinue

DKA - diabetic ketoacidosis.

DM - diabetes mellitus

DVT - deep vein thrombosis

EGD - esophagogastroduodenoscopy

ER - emergency room

F - Fahrenheit

Fx - fracture

GI - gastrointestinal

GTT - glucose tolerance test

HCT - hematocrit

Hgb - hemoglobin

HRT - hormone replacement therapy

ICP - intracranial pressure

IDDM - insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus

IBS - irritable bowel syndrome

IM - intramuscular

IV - intravenous

K - potassium

KVO - keep vein open

L&D - labor and delivery

LASIK - laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis.

ROM - range of motion

RT - radiation therapy

Rx - prescription

SCD - sequential compression device

SOB - shortness of breath

STD - sexually transmitted disease

TENS - transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation

TIA - transient ischemic attack

TSH - thyroid-stimulating hormone

UA - urinalysis

US - ultrasound

UTI - urinary tract infection

VD - venereal disease

VF - ventricular fibrillation

VT - ventricular tachycardia

WBC - white blood cell

XRT - radiation therapy

XR - x-ray

Zn - zinc

Z-pak - azithromycin (antibiotic).

AAA - abdominal aortic aneurysm

ABG - arterial blood gas

ACS - acute coronary syndrome

ADL - activities of daily living

AED - automated external defibrillator

AIDS - acquired immunodeficiency syndrome

ALS - amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

AMA - against medical advice

AML - acute myeloid leukemia

APAP - acetaminophen

ARDS - acute respiratory distress syndrome

ASCVD - atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease

BPH - benign prostatic hyperplasia

BUN - blood urea nitrogen

CABG - coronary artery bypass graft

CBC - complete blood count

CHF - congestive heart failure

COPD - chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

CPAP - continuous positive airway pressure

CRF - chronic renal failure.

CT - computed tomography

CVA - cerebrovascular accident

D&C - dilation and curettage

DVT - deep vein thrombosis

ECG/EKG - electrocardiogram

EEG - electroencephalogram

ESRD - end-stage renal disease

FSH - follicle-stimulating hormone

GERD - gastroesophageal reflux disease

GFR - glomerular filtration rate

HbA1c - glycated hemoglobin

Hct - hematocrit

HIV - human immunodeficiency virus

HPV - human papillomavirus

HTN - hypertension

IBD - inflammatory bowel disease

IBS - irritable bowel syndrome

ICU - intensive care unit

IDDM - insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus

IM - intramuscular.

IV - intravenous

LFT - liver function test

MI - myocardial infarction

MRI - magnetic resonance imaging

MS - multiple sclerosis

NPO - nothing by mouth

NS - normal saline

OCD - obsessive-compulsive disorder

OSA - obstructive sleep apnea

PCOS - polycystic ovary syndrome

PMS - premenstrual syndrome

PPD - purified protein derivative

PSA - prostate-specific antigen

PT - prothrombin time

PTT - partial thromboplastin time

RA - rheumatoid arthritis

RBC - red blood cell

RSV - respiratory syncytial virus

SLE - systemic lupus erythematosus

TB - tuberculosis.

It is important to remember that medical abbreviations can vary based on location and specialty.

Healthcare professionals should use medical abbreviations with caution and only when they are familiar with their meanings.

Patients should always communicate any questions or concerns they have about their medications or medical care to their healthcare provider or pharmacist to ensure they receive safe and accurate medical care.

10 notes · View notes